COMMUNITY VIEWS IN CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION (CCTV)

TECHNOLOGY SOLVING CRIMES

A Thesis Proposal
Presented to the Faculty of the
College of Criminal Justice
University of Cebu
Cebu City

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirement of the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

By

RODA, CLARK JAMES D.

OCTOBER 2018
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The researcher would like to show his deep gratitude to the following

persons who, in one way or another contributed and extended their

valuable assistance in the preparation and completion of the study:

First and foremost to:

Atty. Dodelon F. Sabijon, Dean College of Criminology, for the trust

he gave to the researchers to conduct a study like this.

Likewise, the researcher would like to express his special thanks to

Dr. Gaspar Boniao, instructor of English 6D, for his support and

encouragement. Also, to the members of the faculty and the staff of the

College of Criminology.

Last but not the least, to his inspiration, his family for all the support

they have shown and most of all, to the God our Father, for answering his

prayers, and for giving him enough the strength, courage and wisdom to

complete these studies.

Clark James D. Roda

Researcher
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages

Title Page i

Acknowledgment ii

Table of Contents iii

Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

Rationale of the Study 1

Theoretical Background 5

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem 11

Significance of the Study 12

THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design 15

Research Environment 15

Research Informants 15

Research Instruments 16
 Research Procedure 16

Gathering of Data 16

Data Analysis 17

Ethical Considerations 17

DEFINITION OF TERMS 18

REFERENCES 19

APPENDICES

Appendix A-1 Transmittal Letter 21

Appendix A-2 Transmittal Letter 22

Appendix A-3 Transmittal Letter 23

Appendix B-1 Information Consent 24

Appendix B-2 Questionnaire 25

Appendix C-1 Map of the Research Environment 26

Appendix C-2 Map of the Research Environment 27

CURRICULUM VITAE 28
 Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
INTRODUCTION

Rationale of the Study

CCTV was first developed in the late 1970s and was initially confined

to high-risk security targets, such as banks. The units were expensive and

picture quality was poor for a long time, with the vague grainy silhouettes of

fugitives attracting some public derision when broadcast on programs such

as 'Crimewatch'.Since then, the quality of CCTV has improved dramatically

and the use of CCTV has arisen exponentially, with shops and the police

the primary consumers of the technology.

Modern CCTV cameras are now capable of remote operation and

produce high-resolution color picture quality. CCTV has come so far that it
is now capable of recognizing individual car number plates and recording

them on central databases. The congestion-charging scheme introduced in

London in 2003 is an example of the advancing potential of CCTV

technology.

Many countries around the world are installing closed-circuit

television (CCTV) surveillance camera systems as an additional tool in

fighting crime and making their streets safe. The very presence of camera

surveillance systems has discouraged criminals, thus preventing crimes

from happening.

Police investigators across the globe are using footage from

surveillance cameras in their investigations of crimes. They clearly state

over and again, that the videos captured are very effective in solving crimes

because they record and capture the crime as it unfolds and create

valuable evidence for court trials. Additionally, home and business owners

are also finding great value in using CCTV footage when their homes or

businesses are compromised.

One of the many countries that employ CCTV camera system in both

public and private spaces is Great Britain. The popularity of surveillance

cameras in the country is due to their effectiveness in solving crimes. A

great number of murders investigated by detectives from Scotland Yard

have benefited by using camera footage as evidence. A 2009 report

showed that of the 90 murder cases recorded during the year, CCTV

footage was used in 86 of the cases. According to senior police officers, 65

of the cases were solved because the crimes were captured on camera or

the movements of the criminals were tracked before or after their attacks.

MANILA, Philippines - With the rise in crime rates in the country

today, CCTV cameras have become an important aspect in our modern

world. As far as property crime is involved, such as car theft, there has

been found many times over a reduced rate when CCTV cameras are

being used in the area. It can reduce property theft by deterring those who

would otherwise commit these crimes when they see a CCTV there. This

type of deterrent can also work well when it comes to shoplifting and

vandalism. In fact, it has shown to bring a decrease to both of these

violations, making installing a CCTV in these types of situations invaluable.

In Cebu City,CCTV cameras for residential subdivisions,

condominiums, hotels, inns, motels and hospitals etc. will be at the

entrance and exit. CCTV cameras were highly installed in banks, currency

exchange shops, lending institutions, pawn shops, gasoline stations,

internet shops, schools, factories, privately-owned wet and dry markets,

hotels, motels and inns, travel agencies, coffee shops, junk shops,

terminals, retail establishments.

The researcher is encourage to conduct this study about CCTV

cameras in order to know how it affects to the future offenders in

committing crime and how it will deter such criminal acts. Additionally, the

researcher also wants to know how CCTV cameras help in solving crimes

in an establishment which is prone for crimes such as theft, acts of

lasciviousness, vandalism and murder.

Theoretical Background

This study in anchored on Rational Choice Theory, by Cornish and

Clarke, this theory adopts a utilitarian belief that man is a reasoning actor

who weighs means and ends, costs and benefits, and makes a rational

choice. This method was designed to assist in thinking about situational

crime prevention. It is assumed that crime is purposive behavior designed

to meet the offender’s commonplace needs for such things as money,

status, sex and excitement, and that meeting these needs involves the

making of (sometimes quite rudimentary) decisions and choices,

constrained as these are by limits, ability, and the availability of relevant

information (Akers, R. L. 2000).

Criminals always weigh costs and benefits before they do their

actions. Their decision making is affected by three factors – their individual

traits, their attitude towards the crime and social factors. Because criminals

know what they are doing, society must decrease the opportunity to

commit crime. Crime control may include programs that are rewarding to

people but more certain of punishment – more security for the door

entrance, more surveillance camera, and other means of deterrence

(Hagan, 2013).

The rational choice theory of crime and its cognate field of study,

situational crime prevention, have exerted a considerable influence in

criminal justice policy and criminology. This article argues that, while

undeniably useful as a means of reducing property or acquisitive crime,

rational choice‐inspired situational crime prevention initiatives are limited

when it comes to offering protection against a growing number of so‐called

‘expressive crimes’. Developing this critique, the article will criticize the

sociologically hollow narrative associated with rational choice theories of

crime by drawing on recent research in social theory and consumer

studies. It argues that the growing tendency among many young

individuals to engage in certain forms of criminal decision‐making

‘strategies’ may simply be the by‐product of a series of subjectivities and

emotions that reflect the material values and cultural logic associated with

late modern consumerism (Hayward, K. (2007).

 It has been claimed that the rational choice perspective, which sees

criminal behavior as the outcome of decisions and choices made by the

offender, can provide a useful framework for analyzing crime control

policies. By developing the concept of “choice‐structuring properties,”

which refers to the constellation of opportunities, costs, and benefits

attaching to particular kinds of crime, this paper attempts to develop

rational choice theory in order to improve analysis of crime displacement a

concept frequently invoked by the critics of opportunity‐reducing measures

of crime prevention. Therefore, rational choice perspectives integrated with

CCTV cameras, street crimes can be prevented and more crimes will be

solved (Cornish, D. B., & Clarke, R. V. (2001).

In support of this theory, are Wilson and Kellings’ Broken Windows

Theory.The Broken Windows Theory originated from a 1982 Atlantic

Monthly article of the same name written by James Q. Wilson and George

Kelling. They postulated that broken windows and other unchecked social

and physical disorder are direct antecedents to criminal behavior. The

article led to the development of popular broken windows policing or zero‐

tolerance policing strategies that targeted minor offenses, such as

panhandling, public drunkenness, and vandalism as a mechanism to

reduce more serious offenses. This style of policing has been credited with
reducing crime in several major cities including New York City. Broken

windows theory and the associated policing policies have been heavily

criticized. Opponents of the theory argue that social and physical disorder

are symptoms of the same underlying problems that lead to crime under a

social disorganization theory framework, including poverty and high rates

of residential mobility. Opponents of broken windows policing argue that it

unfairly targets the homeless, the poor, and minorities. In other words, the

community must regular conduct by making the environment less attractive

to predators, more police patrols, more involvement of the community in

criminal watch, and more environment changes like additional street lights

with a CCTV cameras installed (Maskaly, J., &Boggess, L. N. 2014).

Broken Windows Theory which states three points: First,

neighborhood disorder creates fear. Urban areas filled it with street people,

youth gangs, prostitutes, and the mentally disturbed people are ones most

likely to maintain a high degree of crime. Second, neighborhoods give out

crime – promoting signals. A neighborhood filled with deteriorated housing,

broken windows and unattended disorder behavior gives out crime –

promoting signals. Honest citizens live in fear in these areas, and predatory

criminals are attracted to them. Third, police need citizen’s cooperation, if

the police are to reduce fear and successfully combat crime in these urban
areas, they must have the coopereation, support, and assistance of the

citizens.

Two Mindanao congressmen are proposing the installation of closed

circuit television (CCTV) in all business establishments and government

offices, throughout the country. Cagayan de Oro City Representative Rufus

Rodriguez and his brother Maximo, representative of the party list group

Abante Mindanao, made the proposal in bill 2449 titled “CCTC Act of

2013”. The authors said that the presence of closed circuit television

(CCTV) would not only prevent crimes but would help the police solve

crimes. In the case of state offices could deter and solve corruption, they

said “One way to lower the crime rate is to provide deterrent, which would

make criminals to think twice and to reconsider. One of the very effective

forms of deterrent is the installation of closed circuit television (CCTV)

(Philippine Star, November 3, 2013).

Two lines of critiques have developed in reference to broken windows

theory: (1) Concentrated disadvantage appears to be more intricately linked

with disorder than the theory allows for; and (2) There is concern that

disorder and crime lack discriminant validity in that people do not actually

distinguish between the two. The present study integrated these two

perspectives by examining whether concentrated disadvantage—including

disorder itself—affects the extent to which people view disorder and crime

as separate problems. Multivariate models showed that people who believe

their neighborhood to be more disorderly were more likely to make

distinctions between disorder and crime. Theoretical recommendations for

future tests of broken windows theory are presented and the policy

implications for order maintenance policing programs are discussed (Gau,

J. M., & Pratt, T. C. 2010).

 THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

This study delves the community views on closed circuit

television (CCTV) technology in solving crimes in Barangay Soong, Lapu -

Lapu City, Cebu, C.Y. 2018-2019.

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following sub-

problems:

1. What are the community views of the informants in Closed Circuit

Television (CCTV) technology in reducing crimes?

2. How does the Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) technology

provide security and safety of the people?

 3. How does Closed Circuit Television it help in solving crimes?

Significance of the Study

This study will beneficial to the following:

PNP (Philippine National Police). This study will help them in order

to have a wide implementation of CCTV (Closed Circuit Television)

installations in every establishment in Cebu City.

Security Guards. This study will help them to improve their

effectiveness in their respective designation area. Provides better security

to the establishment they have been serving.

Business Establishments. This study will give them a full security of

their premises and real-time recording as well as remote online access by

owner/manager lowers the risk and prevents costly incidents such as

burglary, fire, vandalism, etc.

 Employees. This study will provide an honest employee and it will

prevent wrong doing by company employees. Even if something happens,

the recorded video will prevent wrong accusation and lack of trust among

all staff.

Customers. This study will give a customers a sense of security and

safety as they are protected and gives them confidence in doing business

with company owners.

Community Residents. The success of this research will help them

educate about why there is a need to have a CCTV (Closed Circuit

Television) to an area which is prone to crimes.

National Government. The success of this study will somehow

upholds the campaign in promoting a competitive community, town, city,

and country, and also to have a safe and secure place where CCTV is

highly installed.
 Researchers. The knowledge of the researcher about this social

concern will be completed and will widen due to information that will soon

to be gathered. This will open the mind of the researcher to understand and

know what the community views in CCTV (Closed Circuit Television)

cameras solving crimes.

Future Researchers. The study will serve as useful insights and

basis for the future researcher as a good point for conducting related

studies by putting additional variables for deepening the findings.

 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study utilizes a qualitative study with the aid of questionnaire

follow-up interviews. This is to group the view of the community in

relation of the Closed Circuit Television (CCTV). A qualitative data seems

necessary approach to an undertaking.

Research Environment

This study will be conducted in an establishment: Sanitary Care

Products of Asia Inc. (SCPA) in Barangay Soong, Lapu-lapu City, Cebu,

Philippines and asked their views towards the Closed Circuit Television

(CCTV) solving crimes within their establishments.

Research Informants

The informants of this study will be the employees who worked in

Sanitary Care Products of Asia Inc. The prospected informants are those

employees who worked more than five (5) years such as manager, office

staff, sales staff, production crew, maintenance crew and all warehouse

staff including men and women.

Research Instruments

The researcher will utilize a questionnaire as an interview guide in the

survey and a transmittal letter to collect data and information for this study.

Research Procedure

The process of this study will be carried out through asking

permissions from the Dean of The College of Criminal Justice for approval

to conduct this research.

Gathering of Data

The researcher will send a letter request asking permission to the

Manager of the Sanitary Care Products of Asia Inc. (SCPA) to gather data

from the employees and people in the area. After the approval the

informants will be given ample time to answer the questionnaires, after that,
questionnaires will be collected, tabulated, analyzed and interpreted. To

obtain more data, the researcher will be able to conduct interview from the

informants and also to the security guards who were usually in the

establishment for 24/7 to hear their opinions and views to this particular

study.

Data Analysis

This study will employ a qualitative type of research utilizing a

researcher – made questionnaire, an instrument in gathering data designed

to determine the community views in CCTV Solving Crimes.

Ethical Considerations

All concerned procedure will be entirely taken after to guarantee on

all around research stream over the examination and every moral thought

were watched throughout the exploration procedure.

 DEFINITION OF TERMS

For a better understanding of the study, the following words are

operationally defined.

Closed Circuit Television (CCTV). A technology that was installed

in school, business establishments and other buildings that is prone to

crime. It also plays a great role in solving a crime.

Community Views. This refers to views and opinions of group of

people towards a certain problem.

Establishment. A structure such as schools, malls, banks, hospitals

and many more, that is commonly be found in urban areas.

 REFERENCES

BOOKS

Hagan, F. (2013). Introduction to Criminology . Los Angeles: Sage

Publications, Inc. (Retrieved August 2018)

INTERNET SOURCES

Akers, R. L. (2000). Rational choice, deterrence, and social learning theory

in criminology: The path not taken. J. Crim. L. & Criminology, 81, 653.
From:https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/j
clc81&div=29&id=&page= (Retrieved July 2018).

Cornish, D. B., & Clarke, R. V. (2001). Understanding crime displacement:

An application of rational choice theory. Criminology, 25(4), 933-948.
From: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1745-9125.198
7.tb00826.x (Retrieved July 2018)

Gau, J. M., & Pratt, T. C. (2010). Revisiting broken windows theory:

Examining the sources of the discriminant validity of perceived
disorder and crime. Journal of criminal justice, 38(4), 758-766. From:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004723521000104
(Retrieved July 2018)

Hayward, K. (2007). Situational crime prevention and its discontents:

rational choice theory versus the ‘culture of now’. Social Policy &
 Administration, 41(3),232250.From: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi
/abs/10.1111/j.14679515.2007.0050.x ( Retrieved July 2018).

Maskaly, J., &Boggess, L. N. (2014).Broken windows theory

Encyclopedia of Theoretical Criminology, 1-4. From:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118517390.wbe
tc12 (Retrieved July 2018).

PUBLISHED THESIS

Bayron, Jasmin T. (March 2014). Benefits of Closed Circuit Television

(CCTV) in a University. University of Cebu – Main Campus
(Retrieved September 2018).
ARTICLES

Philippine Star, (November 3, 2013). Proposing the installation of closed

circuit television (CCTV) (Retrieved September 2018).
 Appendix A-1

Transmittal Letter

October 2018

MR. DODELON F. SABIJON

Dean of College of Criminal Justice University of Cebu
Cebu City

Dear Mr. Sabijon:

Greetings

The undersigned researcher is undertaking a research entitled “Community

Views in CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) Solving Crimes” as a partial
requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology. One of
the major purposes of this research is to determine the views of the
community towards CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) cameras solving
crimes and to know how it helps in solving crimes and also to know how it
will provide the safety of the community and the establishments where the
CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) cameras were highly installed.

In this regards, I respectfully ask from your office to allow me to assign for a
particular location in which the CCTV cameras is solving a crime for the
fulfillment of my research. I assure you the identity to the respondent will be
treated with utmost confidentiality.
I am hoping for your kind approval.

Very respectfully yours,

RODA, CLARK JAMES D.

Researcher

Noted by:
GASPAR BONIAO, Dev. Ed. D.

Atty. DODELON F. SABIJON, Ph.D.Crim

Dean, College of Criminal Justice
Appendix A-2

Transmittal Letter

October 2018

MR. ARRAN POE ANTEGRO

Manager Sanitary Products of Asia (SCPA) Inc.
Soong, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu

Dear Mr. Aran:

Greetings:

The undersigned researcher is undertaking a research entitled “Community

Views in CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) Solving Crimes” as a partial
requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology. One of
the major purposes of this research is to determine the views of the
community towards CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) cameras solving
crimes and to know how it helps in solving crimes and also to know how it
will provide the safety of the community and the establishments where the
CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) cameras were highly installed.

In this regards, I respectfully ask from your office to allow me to assign for a
particular location in which the CCTV cameras is solving a crime for the
fulfillment of my research. I assure you the identity to the respondent will be
treated with utmost confidentiality.
I am hoping for your kind approval.

Very respectfully yours,

RODA, CLARK JAMES D.

Researcher

Noted by:
GASPAR BONIAO, Dev. Ed. D.

Atty. DODELON F. SABIJON, Ph.D.Crim

Dean, College of Criminal Justice
Appendix B-1

INFORMATION CONSENT

This informed consent from the employees of Sanitary Care Products of

Asia Inc., who I am inviting to participate in the research entitled
“Community Views in CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) Technology
Solving Crimes”.

Introduction

I am Roda, Clark James D., student from College of Criminal Justice

of the University Of Cebu – Main Campus. I’m doing a research on the
topic “Community Views in CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) Solving
Crimes” will give information and invited you to be part of this research.

This content form may contain words that you do not understand.
Please ask me to assist through the information that you are not capable of
and I am willing to take time to explain each. If you have some questions,
you are free to ask.
 Appendix B-2

Questionnaire

Research Instrument

Interview Guide

Part: Sub-problem

Community Views in CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) Technology

Solving Crimes, In Sanitary Care Products Of Asia Inc., Barangay
Soong, Lapu – Lapu City, Cebu.

1. What are the community views of the informants in Closed

Circuit Television (CCTV) in reducing crimes?
1.1 What can you say about CCTV Camera?
1.2 Do you agree that this technology can solve many crimes?
1.3 In what way does this technology solved crimes?

2. How does the Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) technology

provide security and safety of the people?
2.1 What can you say about Closed Circuit Television (CCTV)
Camera?
2.2 Is it helpful to you?
 2.3 How can you say that Closed Circuit Television (CCTV)
Camera is important?
2.3 Are you aware on its purpose?

3. How does CCTV help in solving crime?

3.1 Can you cite examples in which the Closed Circuit Technology
(CCTV) solved the crime in an establishment?
3.2 Are you aware that Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) can
deter
your wrong doings inside the establishment?
3.3 Is it necessary to recommend Closed Circuit Television
(CCTV) in every establishment in Cebu City.

Appendix C-1

Map of the Research Environment

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name: : Clark James D. Roda

Date of Birth : September 20, 1995

Place of Birth : Ginatilan, Cebu

Nationality : Filipino

Weight : 75 Kgs.

Height : 5’7

Status : Single

Gender : Male

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary : Kabatuan Elementary School

Poblacion, Ginatilan, Cebu

March 2007

Secondary : Saint Peter Academy of Alegria Inc.

Alegia, Cebu

March 2011

College : University of Cebu – Main Campus

Sanciangko St., Cebu City

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Present