Problema 8.

6:

R.D. Snee (“Experimenting with a large number of variables,” in experiments in Industry:

Design, Analysis and Interpretation of Results, by R. D. Snee, L.B. Hare, and J. B. Trout,
Editors, ASQC, 1985) describes an experiment in which a 25-1 design with I = ABCDE was used
to investigate the effects of five factors on the color of a chemical product. The factors are A=
solvent/reactant, B = catalyst/reactant, C = temperature, D = reactant purity, and E = reactant pH.
The results obtained were as follows:

Tratamientos Resultados
e -0.63
a 2.51
b -2.68
abe 1.66
c 2.06
ace 1.22
bce -2.09
abc 1.93
d 6.79
ade 5.47
bde 3.45
abd 5.68
cde 5.22
acd 4.38
bcd 4.30
abcde 4.05

a) Prepare a normal probability plot of the effects. Which effects seem active?
 Normal Probability Plot of the Effects
(response is Results, Alpha = .05)
99
Effect Type
Not Significant
95 D Significant
90 F actor N ame
A A
80 B B
70 C C
Percent
60 D D
E E
50
40
30
20

10
5

1
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Effect
Lenth's PSE = 0.76125

El efecto significativo es la D = pureza del reactante.

b) Calculate the residuals. Construct a normal probability plot of the residuals and plot the
residuals versus the fitted values. Comment on the plots.

R e s idua l P lots for R e s ults

No rm al P ro b ab ilit y P lo t o f t h e R esid u als R esid u als V ersu s t h e Fit t ed V alu es
99
2
90
Residual
Percent

0
50

10 -2

1
-4 -2 0 2 4 0.0 1.2 2.4 3.6 4.8
Re sidual F itte d V alue

H ist o g ram o f t h e R esid u als R esid u als V ersu s t h e O rd er o f t h e D at a

3 2
Frequency

2
Residual

1
-2

0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Re sidual O bse r v a tion O r de r

Los residuales muestran un comportamiento aproximadamente normal y al compararlos con los

fitted values no se ve un cambio en la varianza poco significativo.
 c) If any factors are negligible, collapse the 25-1 design into a full factorial in the active
factors. Comment on the resulting design, and interpret the results.

Factorial Fit: Respuesta versus D

Estimated Effects and Coefficients for Respuesta (coded units)

Term Effect Coef SE Coef T P

Constant 2.708 0.4039 6.70 0.000
D 4.420 2.210 0.4039 5.47 0.000

S = 1.61556 R-Sq = 68.14% R-Sq(adj) = 65.86%

Analysis of Variance for Respuesta (coded units)

Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P

Main Effects 1 78.146 78.1456 78.146 29.94 0.000
Residual Error 14 36.541 36.5407 2.610
Pure Error 14 36.541 36.5407 2.610
Total 15 114.686

Unusual Observations for Respuesta

Obs StdOrder Respuesta Fit SE Fit Residual St Resid
3 3 -2.68000 0.49750 0.57119 -3.17750 -2.10R

R denotes an observation with a large standardized residual.

Alias Structure
I
D

Residual Plots for Respuesta

Normal Probability Plot of the Residuals Residuals Versus the Fitted Values
99
2
90
Residual
Percent

0
50

10 -2

1
-4 -2 0 2 4 0.0 1.2 2.4 3.6 4.8
Residual Fitted Value

Histogram of the Residuals Residuals Versus the Order of the Data

3 2
Frequency

2
Residual

1
-2

0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Residual Observation Order
Problema 8.8:

An article in Industrial and Engineering Chemistry uses a 25-2 design to investigate the effect of
A = condensation temperature, B = amount of material 1, C = solvent volume, D = condensation
time, and E = amount of material 2 on yield. The results obtained are as follows:

Tratamientos Resultados
e 23.2
ab 15.5
ad 16.9
bc 16.2
cd 23.8
ace 23.4
bde 16.8
abcde 18.1

a) Verify that the design generators used were I = ACE and I = BDE.

Factors: 5 Base Design: 3, 8 Resolution: III

Runs: 8 Replicates: 1 Fraction: 1/4
Blocks: 1 Center pts (total): 0

* NOTE * Some main effects are confounded with two-way interactions.

Design Generators: D = ABC, E = AC

Alias Structure (up to order 3)

I + ACE + BDE

A + CE + BCD + ABDE
B + DE + ACD + ABCE
C + AE + ABD + BCDE
D + BE + ABC + ACDE
E + AC + BD + ABCDE
AB + CD + ADE + BCE
AD + BC + ABE + CDE
ABCD

Los generadores si son ACE y BDE.

 b) Write down the complete defining relation and the aliases for this design.

A = CE = BCD = ABDE
B = DE = ACD = ABCE
C = AE = ABD = BCDE
D = BE = ABC = ACDE
E = AC = BD = ABCDE
AB = CD = ADE = BCE
AD = BC = ABE = CDE
ABCD

c) Estimate the main effects.

Estimated Effects and Coefficients for Respuesta (coded units)

Term Effect Coef SE Coef T P

Constant 19.238 0.7871 24.44 0.002
A -1.525 -0.763 0.7871 -0.97 0.435
B -5.175 -2.587 0.7871 -3.29 0.081
C 2.275 1.138 0.7871 1.45 0.285
D -0.675 -0.337 0.7871 -0.43 0.710
E 2.275 1.138 0.7871 1.45 0.285

S = 2.22626 R-Sq = 88.95% R-Sq(adj) = 61.34%

Normal Probability Plot of the Effects

(response is Respuesta, Alpha = .05)
99
Effect Ty pe
Not Significant
95 Significant
90 F actor N ame
A A
80 B B
70 C C
Percent

60 D D
E E
50
40
30
20

10
5

1
-7.5 -5.0 -2.5 0.0 2.5 5.0
Effect
Lenth's PSE = 2.7375

No se ve ningun factor significativo sin embargo se verifico que factor tiene un efecto mayor
sobre la respuesta con el siguiente grafico:
 Main Effects Plot (data means) for Respuesta
A B C
22

20

Mean of Respuesta 18

16
-1 1 -1 1 -1 1
D E
22

20

18

16
-1 1 -1 1

Se observa que B es el que mas impacta la respuesta.

d) Prepare an analysis of variance table. Verify that the AB and AD interactions are
available to use as error.

Analysis of Variance for Respuesta (coded units)

Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P

Main Effects 5 79.826 79.826 15.965 * *
2-Way Interactions 2 9.913 9.913 4.956 * *
Residual Error 0 * * *
Total 7 89.739

Effects Plot for Respuesta

Alias Structure
I + A*C*E + B*D*E + A*B*C*D
A + C*E + B*C*D + A*B*D*E
B + D*E + A*C*D + A*B*C*E
C + A*E + A*B*D + B*C*D*E
D + B*E + A*B*C + A*C*D*E
E + A*C + B*D + A*B*C*D*E
A*D + B*C + A*B*E + C*D*E
A*B + C*D + A*D*E + B*C*E

Dejando las interacciones mencionadas por fuera no se obtiene aun grados de libertad para el
error. Sabiendo que B es el que mas impacta, se procedió a realizar una anova incluyendo solo el
factor B:
Factorial Fit: Respuesta versus B

Estimated Effects and Coefficients for Respuesta (coded units)

Term Effect Coef SE Coef T P

Constant 19.238 0.8682 22.16 0.000
B -5.175 -2.588 0.8682 -2.98 0.025

S = 2.45552 R-Sq = 59.69% R-Sq(adj) = 52.97%

Analysis of Variance for Respuesta (coded units)

Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P

Main Effects 1 53.5612 53.5612 53.561 8.88 0.025
Residual Error 6 36.1775 36.1775 6.030
Pure Error 6 36.1775 36.1775 6.030
Total 7 89.7388

Unusual Observations for Respuesta

Obs StdOrder Respuesta Fit SE Fit Residual St Resid

7 2 16.9000 21.8250 1.2278 -4.9250 -2.32R

R denotes an observation with a large standardized residual.

* NOTE * Normal and Pareto effects plots require at least 3 terms.

Alias Structure
I
B
e) Plot the residuals versus the fitted values. Also construct a normal probability plot of the
residuals.

Residual Plots for Respuesta

Normal Probability Plot of the Residuals Residuals Versus the Fitted Values
99

90
0.0
Residual
Percent

50
-2.5
10

1 -5.0
-5.0 -2.5 0.0 2.5 5.0 16 18 20 22
Residual Fitted Value

Histogram of the Residuals Residuals Versus the Order of the Data

2.0

1.5 0.0
Frequency

Residual

1.0
-2.5
0.5

0.0 -5.0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Residual Observation Order
Se observa un comportamiento aproximadamente normal, pero parece que a mayor valor en la
respuesta mayor varianza en los residuales.

Problema 13.9:

An experiment was performed to investigate the capability of a measurement system. Ten parts
were randomly selected, and two randomly selected operators measured each part three times.
The tests were made in random order, and the data below resulted.

Part number Operator 1 Operator 2

1 2 3 1 2 3

1 50 49 50 50 48 51
2 52 52 51 51 51 51
3 53 50 50 54 52 51
4 49 51 50 48 50 51
5 48 49 48 48 49 48
6 52 50 50 52 50 50
7 51 51 51 51 50 50
8 52 50 49 53 48 50
9 50 51 50 51 48 49
10 47 46 49 46 47 48

General Linear Model: results versus operador, Part number

Factor Type Levels Values

operador random 2 1, 2
Part number random 10 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

Analysis of Variance for results, using Adjusted SS for Tests

Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P

operador 1 0.417 0.417 0.417 0.69 0.427
Part number 9 99.017 99.017 11.002 18.28 0.000
operador*Part number 9 5.417 5.417 0.602 0.40 0.927
Error 40 60.000 60.000 1.500
Total 59 164.850
 Normal Probability Plot of the Residuals
(response is results)
99.9

99

95
90
80
70

Percent
60
50
40
30
20
10
5

0.1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Residual

Según lo anterior la interacción de las partes con el operador no es significativa.

b) Find point estimates of the variance components using the analysis of variance method.
σ2 = MSE = 1.5
σ2τβ = (MSAB – MSE) / n = (0.6018 - 1.5) / 3 < 0, asumiendo σ2τβ = 0
σ2τ = (MSB – MSAB) / an = (11.0018 - 0.6018) / 2*3 = 1.733
σ2β = (MSA – MSAB) / bn < 0, asumiendo σ2τ = 0