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41st HAGI Annual Convention and Exhibition 2016 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 132 (2018)
1234567890 ‘’“” 012017 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/132/1/012017

Distribution Analysis of Sulphide Mineral (Pyrite) Using

Induced Polarization Method in Libureng, Bone, South
Sulawesi

Muhammad Altin Massinai1*, Lantu1, Hidayat Latuconsina2, Muhammad Fawzy

Ismullah M1
1
Geophysics Dept., Hasanuddin University, Indonesia
2
Assistant Geophysics PT. Vale Indonesia, Tbk., Indonesia

*altin@science.unhas.ac.id

Abstract. Sulphide minerals are any member of a group of compounds of sulphur with one or
more metals. Some of these sulphide minerals are economically important. This study used
induced polarization method to identify distribution and mineralized zone of sulphide mineral
(Pyrite), in Libureng, Bone Regency, South Sulawesi. The data processing yielded resistivity
value, percent frequency effect (PPE) value, and metal factor (MF) value which were then
used to produce 2-D and 3-D section model. Based on the data interpretation, an anomaly
linked to pyrite deposits was seen in four trajectories with resistivity value <= 50, PFE => 3%,
and MF >= 150, deposited in hydrothermal alteration zone, sericite zone.

1. Introduction
Sulphide minerals are a group of compounds of sulphur with certain substances such as metal, silver,
copper, lead, zinc, and mercury. Some of these minerals are economically important in the form of ore,
such as Pyrite, Chalcocite, Galena, and Sphalerite [1, 2]. The method able to detect the existence of
subsurface sulphide mineral distribution is Geoelectric method. This method studies the nature of the
flow of electricity in the earth and how to detect it in the earth's surface [3]. Geoelectric method
consists of several methods such as method of geoelectric resistivity, IP (Polarization Index), self
potential (Self Potential) and others. Induced method Polarization (IP) is a geoelectric method that is
widely used in the exploration of base metals (base-metal) because of the phenomenon of polarization
in a medium rock [4]. This phenomenon of polarization signifies metal content below the surface that
are not detected properly when using the resistivity method [5].

Measurement and analysis of data in the form of a cross-induced polarization of 2D and 3D

distribution of sulphide minerals. The data used is primary data obtained from research sites in
Libureng, Bone, South Sulawesi. The main objective of this research is to create 2D and 3D cross
sections based resistivity data, the data PFE and MF to identify the distribution of sulphide minerals
(pyrite) [6].

Induced polarization measurements are usually made at or below a frequency of 10 Hz in order to

remain in the area of non-induction. Two measurements are generally carried out namely Percent

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41st HAGI Annual Convention and Exhibition 2016 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 132 (2018)
1234567890 ‘’“” 012017 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/132/1/012017

Frequency Effect (PFE) and Metal Factor (MF). PFE is defined as the ratio between the difference in
voltage at low frequencies with a voltage at high frequency is measured on the electrode voltage. FE
value or PFE is a response from the existence of minerals contained in rock pores. The higher the
concentration of minerals in rocks the greater the value of PFE and vice versa [7, 8, 9]. PFE value can
be obtained using the following equation:

(  2  1 )
PFE  100 (1)
1
Where
PFE : Percent Frequency Effect (%)
ρ1: apparent resistivity measured at 10 Hz
ρ2: apparent resistivity measured at 5 Hz

The following table shows PFE value as a reference in this study.

TABLE 1. PFE value for several rocks [5 & 10].

Material PFE
Sulphide-containing rocks >10
Cu ore porphyry (2-10) % Sulfida 5 – 10
Rocks with sulphide content 2 % 2–5
Volcanic Tuffs 2–4
Sandstone, Siltstone 1–3
Basalt 1–2
Granite 0.1 – 0.5

Metal Factor is defined as the amount of sulphide minerals contained in rocks, in which the amount
depends on the value FE [8]. Metal factor can be formulated as follows:

(  2  1 )
MF  2 X 105
 2 1 (2)
Where
MF: Metal Factor
ρ1: apparent resistivity measured at 10 Hz
ρ2: apparent resistivity measured at 5 Hz

The following table shows MF value of some types of rocks

TABLE 2. MF value for several rocks [11].

Material PFE
Massive Sulphides 10.000
Fracture – Filling Sulphides 1000 – 10.000
Massive Magnetite 3 – 3000
Porphyry Copper 30 – 1.500

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41st HAGI Annual Convention and Exhibition 2016 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 132 (2018)
1234567890 ‘’“” 012017 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/132/1/012017

Shale Sulphides 3 – 300

Clay 1 – 300
Sandstone 1 – 2% Sulphides 2 – 200
Fincly Dissem Sulphides 10 – 100
Tuffs 1 – 100
Graphite Sandstone and Limestone 4 – 60
Gravels 0 – 200
Alluvium 0 – 200
Precambrian Gneises 10 – 100
Granites, Monzonites, Diorites 0 – 60
Various Vulvanics 0 – 80

2. Methodology
2.1 Location
This research was conducted in Libureng, Bone Regency, South Sulawesi. The following picture
shows a map of the location of the study [12].
119°54'0"E 119°57'0"E 120°0'0"E 120°3'0"E 120°6'0"E 120°9'0"E

119°54'0"E 119°57'0"E 120°0'0"E 120°3'0"E 120°6'0"E 120°9'0"E

Figure 1. Location of The Study

2.2 Data Acquisition

• Data from field measurements processed using equation (1) for the PFE value and equation, (2) to
obtain the value of M.
• Apparent resistivity, PFE and MF plotted using software for 2D section,
• 3D modelling done using inversion and pseudo

3. Analysis, Interpretation and Discussion

The process of analysis and interpretation of each track was based on the apparent resistivity values,
PFE and MF supported by surface geological data. The difference of the apparent resistivity values,
PFE and MF is proportional to the concentration of sulphide minerals contained in a rock [5, 13]. The

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41st HAGI Annual Convention and Exhibition 2016 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 132 (2018)
1234567890 ‘’“” 012017 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/132/1/012017

mineralized sulphide area was then determined by comparing the qualitative anomalies seen in the 2D
cross section with the possibilities that exist in Table 3. Based on the table, it is generally assumed that
sulphide minerals present in a rock if it has [14, 15]:
• Low resistivity value, for sulphide minerals have electrically conductive properties (conductive),
• PFE prices high, because the larger the presentation PFE value, the higher the concentration of
sulphide minerals in a rock,
• High MF, because the higher the MF value, the greater the metal content in a rock.

Data processing produced resistivity values, PFE and MF which were then used to create 2D
subsurface tomographic cross section in 4 lines. These 2D cross sections only show areas with
resistivity values ≤50 Ωm, PFE values ≥3% and MF values ≥150 mhos / m which indicated the
presence of pyrite. This area is characterized by the presence of an overlay among the three physical
parameters. The four lines of each measurement have the same value for resistivity, PFE and MF. The
results of the analysis of each line can be seen in the following presentation:

PSEUDOSECTION LINE 1
Coordinate: 4°48'42.01"S; 120° 7'8.42"E
North
Depth(m) South
1.25
9.26
15.9
24.0
33.8

45.6 Resistivity ≤ 50 Ωm
52.4 MF ≥150 mhos/m
PFF≥3%
0.83 2.11 4.79 6.31 8.20

(a)
PSEUDOSECTION LINE 2
Coordinate: 4°48'41.65"S; 120° 7'8.58"E
West
Depth(m) East
1.25
9.26
15.9
24.0
33.8
Resistivity ≤ 50 Ωm
45.6
52.4 MF ≥150 mhos/m
PFF≥3%
1.12 2.02 2.91 3.08 4.01

(b)
PSEUDOSECTION LINE 3
Coordinate: 4°48'38.71"S; 120° 7'4.28"E
Depth(m)

1.25 North
South
9.26
15.9
24.0
33.8
Resistivity ≤ 50 Ωm
45.6
52.4 MF ≥150 mhos/m
PFF≥3%
0.28 1.42 2.56 4.83 6.02 7.10 8.24

(c)

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41st HAGI Annual Convention and Exhibition 2016 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 132 (2018)
1234567890 ‘’“” 012017 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/132/1/012017

PSEUDOSECTION LINE 4
Coordinate: 4°48'47.43"S; 120° 7'5.06"E
West
Depth(m)
East
1.25
9.26
15.9
24.0
33.8

45.6
Resistivity ≤ 50 Ωm
52.4
PFF≥3% MF ≥150 mhos/m
0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5

(d)
Figure 2. (a) Overlay Between Resistivity Section, PFE and MF For Track 1, (b) Overlay Between
Resistivity Section, PFE and MF For Line 2, (c) Overlay Between Resistivity Section, PFE and MF
For Line 3, (d) Overlay Between Resistivity Section, PFE and MF For Line 4

Figure 2 each has line has different direction, 310o NW, 220o SW, 310o NW, and 40o SW,
respectively.

The figures are an overlay between apparent resistivity cross-section, PFE and MF on each
trajectory measurements. The figures show that there are six locations that showed the prospect of
sulphide minerals. Layers of sulphide minerals have 0.01-100 Ωm of resistivity values, 2-5% of
PFE and 3-300 mhos/m of MF, bedrock layer has > 300 Ωm of resistivity value. In each image can
be seen blue-stripped polygons which are the distribution of resistivity values with values ≤50 Ωm.
Orange polygon is the distribution of sulphide minerals with PFE values ≥3% and polygons with
black dots is the distribution of sulphide minerals with ≥150 mhos of MF / m.

The indicated area in the research location is a zone of sericite alteration. The main characterization
of this zone is the emergence of intensive mineral sericite and quartz mineral alteration (secondary).
This alteration zone is characterized by the emergence of minerals in the form of clay minerals,
whereas secondary biotite and chlorite found in very small amounts. Sulphide minerals in this zone
are dominated by pyrite whose content is growing towards the outside of this zone. The most
prospective continuity of the mineralized zone is on line 1 and at the intersection of line 1 and line
2, also at the intersection of the line 2-3 and line 3-4.

Based on the analysis above, a 3D model was then made to map the prospect area of sulphide
mineralization in the area, according to resistivity values anomaly, the value of PFE and the MF as
shown in Figure 3. In this figure, only the area with resistivity values ≤50 Ωm, PFE values ≥3%
and MF values ≥150 mhos / m is shown, which is interpreted as a zone of sulphide mineralization
prospect in the study sites.

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41st HAGI Annual Convention and Exhibition 2016 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 132 (2018)
1234567890 ‘’“” 012017 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/132/1/012017

Figure 3. 3D Model Was Then Made To Map The Prospect Area of Sulphide Mineralization In The
Area

Conclusion
The conclusions drawn from this study are as follow:
 The apparent resistivity value resulted is 0.28 – 14036, range of PFE value is 0.12 – 8.5 and MF
is 20.3 – 1336.
 The 2D section of the apparent resistivity, PFE and MF indicates prospective sulphide
mineralization i.e pyrite.
 Sulphide minerals in this zone are dominated by pyrite whose content is growing towards the
outside of this zone. The most prospective continuity of the mineralized zone is on line 1 and at
the intersection of line 1 and line 2, also at the intersection of the line 2-3 and line 3-4. This
condition signed based on the 3D modelling of apparent resistivity, PFE and MF, with mineral
distribution direction at 310o NW indicating hydrothermal alteration zone of sericite.
 From the test results of sulphide mineral sample containing pyrite using XRF analyser, the
elements contained are SO3 72.13%, 27.16% Fe2O3, P2O5 0:51%, 0.043% MnO, ZnO
0.0014%.

Acknowledgement
The authors wish to express their gratitude to the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,
Hasanuddin University, for the permission to publish this article, which is part of the thesis carried out
by the second author.

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41st HAGI Annual Convention and Exhibition 2016 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 132 (2018)
1234567890 ‘’“” 012017 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/132/1/012017

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