Culture of Poverty in The Philippines: Img106/313 - Cross-Cultural Studies in Management

CULTURE OF POVERTY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
IMG106/313 – CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES IN MANAGEMENT
Report by: Jariyaporn Seenay || 58-51024-25552 || 15th , Nov., 2018

CULTURE OF POVERTY IN THE PHILIPPINES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. WHAT IS POVERTY?
II. POVERTY AROUND THE WORLD
III. POVERTY IN THE PHILIPPINES
IV. CAUSES OF POVERTY
V. POPULATION’S ADAPTATION TO POVERTY
VI. SOLUTION TO POVERTY
VII. CONCLUSION
VIII. REFERENCES
JARIYAPORN SEENAY FOR IMG106/313 – CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES IN

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I. WHAT IS POVERTY?
In a general term, poverty is the situation in which one lacks the resources to
provide themselves with the basic necessities for day-to-day life. The necessities include
food, clothing, shelter, security, sanitation, education, healthcare and the internet. The
necessities differ according to the importance of each factor in a country.
A universal concept to poverty in the minds of the commoners is when people do

not have enough money. However, poverty is not just not being able to afford things.
In the words of The World Bank Organization, given below is their definition of
Poverty:
“Poverty is hunger. Poverty is lack of shelter. Poverty is being sick and not
being able to see a doctor. Poverty is not having access to school and not knowing how to
read. Poverty is not having a job, is fear for the future, living one day at a time. Poverty is
losing a child to illness brought about by unclean water. Poverty is powerlessness, lack of
representation and freedom.
Poverty has many faces, changing from place to place and across time, and has
been described in many ways. Most often, poverty is a situation people want to escape. So
poverty is a call to action -- for the poor and the wealthy alike -- a call to change the world
so that many more may have enough to eat, adequate shelter, access to education and
health, protection from violence, and a voice in what happens in their communities ”
Poverty is different in every country and an individual’s experience of that varies

and will not be the same everywhere. There is not just one cause of poverty, and the
consequences of each are distinctive in every case. It varies considerably from differe nt
locations and their situations. Poverty and inequality exist across the world.

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II. POVERTY AROUND THE WORLD

The World Bank characterizes extreme poverty as living under $1.90 per day and
moderate poverty as under $3.10 a day.
Therefore, statistically speaking:
 More than 3 billion people live under $2.50 a day whereas more than 1.3 billion
live in extreme poverty where they live under $1.25 a day.
 805 million people worldwide don’t have sufficient food for consumption and
more than 750 million people lack proper access to clean drinking water.
 1.6 billion people live without electricity.
 In 2013, 21.8 million children under the age of 1-year-old worldwide haven’t
been vaccinated and the number is likely to have increased due to the increase in
poverty and political reasons (Anti-Vaxx Movement)
 2 million children a year die from diseases who are too poor to afford proper
treatment.
 Unhygienic condition kills 842,000 people every year globally (2,300 people per
day)
 As stated by UNICEF, approximately 22,000 children die each day due to
poverty.
According to the World Food Program:
“The poor are hungry and their hunger traps them in poverty.”

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III. POVERTY IN THE PHILIPPINES

Comprising of 7,641 islands, the Republic of the Philippines is a country located in the
western Pacific Ocean with the population of. Poverty has always been present and is one
of the biggest and seemingly the most evident problem in the country.
 As of 2016, there are approximately 22 million poor Filipinos.

 As of 2016, for every 1,000 babies born 27 die before their fifth birthday.
 5 Filipina women die of childbirth every day.
 In big families, 2 out of 5 children will be stunted.
IV. CAUSES OF POVERTY

The underlying cause of poverty is complex and all linked to each other. Below are
some of the many reasons of poverty.
Lack of Education
The majority of poor Filipino households have only achieved basic levels of education
– the minimum being of middle-school level and the highest being high school graduates.
The problem of lack of education and miseducation links to a series of more complicatio ns
on the long run which will be covered further in this report.
According to the Annual Poverty Indicators Survey (APIS) in 2017, around 9% of the
approximate 39.2 million Filipinos aged 6 – 24 years old are considered Out-of-School
Children & Youth (OSCY).
In the 3,528,000 of OSCYs:
 83.1% were 16 – 24 years old

Majority of the OSCYs are females (63.3%) in comparison to males (36.7%)

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The reasons for not attending school were:
 Family matters (37.0%)

 Lack of interest (24.7%)
 Financial issues (17.9%)
Majority of the families barely have access to health and education services.
Lack of Jobs
The main source of income for rural inhabitants are agriculture – mainly farming
and fishing. However, the areas they live in are vulnerable to natural disasters and a place
of conflict. Therefore, this leads to a declination in productivity. Also, unsustainab le
projects have resulted in deforestation and lowered fish stocks.
In reference to the above, there is a lack of jobs for people with low-level education.
Therefore, it will be extremely difficult for them to compete with graduates who possess
high-level education and graduates from other countries in terms of getting a job. This
increases the chances of unemployment and puts children at risk. Unemployed individ ua ls
will not be able to earn a living. Thus, they will need to depend on others who are employed
for their basic needs. Also, child labor is one of the results of poverty. Children will be
working in order to survive instead of going to school resulting in a more uneducated
population.
Without proper employment opportunities for the people, they then turn to stealing,
especially since family sizes are quite big and there are many members to provide and look
out for. In this case, there are too many people and not enough resources. With such
conditions, especially in times of desperation, people will do anything and practice drastic
measures to provide for themselves and their families.
Large family size

On average, poor family in the Philippines consists of six or more family members.
Miseducation as referred previously leads to this.

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The main reasons to why families are large in number are because the lack of sex
education, poor access to health services and the effects of Christianity in the country.
The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 (Republic Act
No. 10354), informally known as Reproductive Health Law (or RH Law) which states that
there shall be universal access to contraception, sexual education and maternal care in
which the Philippine government and also the private sectors will fund and manage
nationwide distribution of birth control devices such as condoms, contraception pills, and
IUDs whereas sexual education will be taught in schools and maternal care will be handled
by the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)
Despite the implementation of the law, the idea of safe sex is still frowned upon
because of religious reasons and misinformation.
The age of consent in the Philippines is 12 years old. However, females would
require their parents' permission to get contraception or an HIV test if they are under 18.
Teen pregnancy is declining everywhere in Asia whereas it has remained steady in

the Philippines. According to the World Health Organization, 7% of teenage girls in the
Philippines have at least given birth once. As of 2017, Filipino women aged 15-19 who
began childbearing dropped to 9% as of 2017 from 10% as of 2013, stated by the
Philippines’ National Demographic & Health Services. This number still remains very high
in comparison to other countries.
As of 2017, the percentage of young Filipino women getting pregnant were 1%

pregnant at the age of 15, 12% at the age of 18 and 22% at the age of 19.
There are at least 600 live births a day from teenage parents in Philippines making
219,000 teenage mothers every year.

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“They said it [contraception] damaged the uterus. So I got scared … That's why I kept
getting pregnant.” – Angela, teenage mother.
Source: Aljazeera’s 101 East – The Philippines’ Baby Factory (8:53 – 9:03)
However, 5 years later, the RH Law has yet to be implemented because of the
aggressive resistance of the church as well as pro-life movements who strongly oppose and
challenge the Supreme Court.

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“All human life is good. Even life that is helpless. Even life that belongs to a poor family.
Even human life that is unwanted by the mother” – Dennis Socrates, Vice Governor for
Palawan
Source: Aljazeera’s 101 East – The Philippines’ Baby Factory (11:22 – 11:31)
The RH Law wasn’t fully implemented until late of 2017 because of a court order
by the Supreme Court that had banned 51 types of contraceptives believed to have cause
abortions. The ban has then been lifted after the Philippines’ Food & Drug Administra tio n
(FDA) showed that it does not.
Overpopulation contributes on why a large number of people go through poverty.

With a quickly growing population, it’ll be difficult to accommodate all the people in the
labor force. It will be hard to ensure the every Filipino will be able to get a job and earn a
living. The more people that is unemployed, the more people will suffer from poverty and
have extreme difficulty accommodating their basic needs.

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Inequality & Corruption

Inequality – the gap between the rich and the poor is quite high and often widening
to this day. The inequality of income distribution means that the rich will only get richer
while the poor becomes poorer.
With such an unequal distribution of income, there is a low demand for food
suppliers in less developed areas that are home to low-income residents because they are
unable to afford it. In addition, the quality of the food is also decreasing. Rice used to be
the main source of food for Filipinos but it has been replaced with instant noodles because
of its cheap price but the downside to that is that it’s not nutritious. As a result of this
unbalanced and unhealthy diet, malnutrition has become a lot more common.
As of 2017, Philippines scored 34, ranking the country 111 th out of 180 countries
according to the Corruption Perception Index (CPI)
Given below is a reference of global CPI:

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Corrupt leaders thrive on the ignorance on their people. They want their people
especially the voters to be ignorant so that no one will make oppose them and their corrupt
acts.
The RH Law is meant to supply various contraceptives for free but there does not
appear to be sufficient contraceptives for everyone because the government does not have
the funds to implement what the law demands.
Despite President Rodrigo Duterte’s persistent campaign against the corrupted, it

is mostly futile because citizens, organizations and the media are punished (often resulting
in ‘accidental’ deaths) whenever they came forward. In addition to that, the corrupted are
hesitant to be honest about their dirty ways in fear of paying for their crimes.
There is corruption and bribery in almost every part of the country.
As of the Judicial System, there is a case where a businessman who filed an

administrative complaint in the country’s Supreme Court against a Makati City judge for
allegedly asking for a 15 million PHP bribe in exchange for a favorable ruling in an
insurance claim. (Inquirer, Aug. 2016)
The National Police Force is widely regarded as one of the most corrupt institutio ns
in the country (ABS CBN, Jan. 2017). Police Commissioner Mr. Sombero, is under
investigation for allegedly facilitating a PHP 50 million bribe from gambling tycoon Jack
Lam, who tried to bribe immigration authorities in order to release approximately 1,300
Chinese nationals who were working in his resorts illegally (CNN Philippines, Feb. 2017).
In the Public Services, irregular payments and bribes in the public services sector
sometimes occur (GCR 2015-2016) where almost half of business executives reported
being asked for a bribe by someone in the government in 2016 (SWS 2016).
 3 out of 5 businesses reported expecting to give gifts in order ‘to get things done’
 1 in 10 reported expecting to give gifts to get an operating license (ES 2015).
Tax Administration poses a high risk in corruption as well. 1 in 7 companies indicate they
expect to give gifts in meetings with tax officials (ES 2015). There is a case where an

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officer with the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) was caught extorting PHP 125,000
from a local company (Philippine News, Mar. 2017)
The Bureau of Customs (BOC) has indicated that smuggling of goods, among
which cigarettes, vehicles, and oil, into the Philippines has led to the evasion of taxes worth
at least USD 1 billion yearly (Philstar, Feb. 2017).
The lack of funds because of the corrupt and poor allocation of the budget has left
the country with limited to no programs to aid the poor and needy in the country.
V. POPULATION’S ADAPTATION TO POVERTY

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs consists of 5 levels – with the first level being
Physiological needs proceeding upwards to Safety, Love/Belongingness, Esteem and
ultimately, Self-Actualization.
People in poverty are barely making ends meet. It’s extremely difficult to sustain a
proper living condition so most are stuck in the first level – Physiological Needs while
some barely scratching the surface and once they are unable to fulfill the needs, they will
eventually lose the battle for survival from their harsh standard of living.
This report shall cover their food consumption and habitations.
Pagpag – The 5-Second Rule doesn’t apply here

“Pagpag” or “Batchoy” is a term that refers to leftover food from restaurants
foraged from garbage and dump sites.
“Pagpag” is a Tagalog/Filipino verb which means “To shake/brush off dust and
dirt”. In this case, it tells about the act of removing the dirt from the food in order to eat it.
Whereas “Batchoy” is just another Filipino dish that has the same name. Though their
method of preparation is different from each other. While this batchoy refers to the leftover
foods, the other batchoy refers to the dish from La Paz, Philippines which does not use
ingredients from garbage. People who forage food from garbage and dump sites are called
“Mambabatchoy”

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Here we follow Norberto Lucion – a restaurant owner who sells pagpag for a living
in Happyland.
Happyland is located in Tondo near Manila which is the largest slum area in one of
the most densely populated places in the world habiting of over 1.8 million people. The
slum is filled with garbage and they earn money by collecting trash that can then be resold.
Stage 1: Collection
Source: Would you eat recycle landfill meat? – BBC News (00:45)
The very first stage is the scavenging of ingredients in garbage dumps which begins
in the early hours of 4 AM. Most of the food obtained are discarded by restaurants,
especially from those in the fast food industry. The food can also be of expired frozen meat,
poultry, fish, or vegetables discarded by supermarkets. In those cases, the scavenging
occurs in garbage trucks where those expired foods are acquired.
Norberto purchases a bag of pagpag from the mambabatchoy.
Stage 2: Cooking

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After purchasing a bag of pagpag, Norberto goes to the market to purchase

additional ingredients such as garlic, onion, carrots, tomato sauce, seasonings, etc.
according to his recipe.
Before cooking, he properly examines and discard of any bones from the pagpag to
ensure that only the skin and meat remains in the food. Dirt, muck and inedible residues
are removed in this process. Once removed, it can be eaten as is but it can also be further
processed which depends upon the condition of the pagpag.

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Moving on with the cleansing process, he proceeds to thoroughly wash it while the
sauce simmers in preparation for the final cooking process. After rinsing, he dumps it in
the sauce, mixes it together and allow it cook until it’s ready to be served.

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Stage 3: Eating
At 9 AM, the food is now ready to be served and sold to hungry people where one
bowl costs ₱10 ($0.20)
It took a total of 5 hours from the scavenging stage at 4 AM, to purchasing of

pagpag and ingredients, to cooking and finally on the table then inside consumer’s stomach
at 9 AM.
The verdict? According to Nonoy Moralles …

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“I eat pagpag because it’s tasty. It’s all about having a strong stomach. As for us, we’re
used to it. It is what it is. This is what we [the poor] can afford and as long as we’re here,
we’re going to continue eating it ” – Nonoy Morallos, pagpag consumer
Pagpag poses a health risk to eaters which includes the ingestion of poisonous
substances, toxins and food-borne diseases such as Hepatitis A, typhoid, diarrhea and
cholera. Pagpag sellers claim that no one has died of eating them yet and the reason for this
may be because the body has built a resistance and became immune overtime but children
are prone to getting sicknesses after the consumption.

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Are Graveyards home for the Dead? Or the Living?
Sitting on a tomb, Lorgen Lozano, 14, watches a soap opera in the mausoleum where her
family lives. She sleeps on the tomb at night.
Source: Adam Dean for The New York Times
Classes are taught in mausoleums, children play with their friends in between
graves, and families sleep on top of tombs and the living spend their days among the dead.
This is a typical day for people who live in public cemeteries across the Philippines.
The existence of communities that live in cemeteries are common all around the
nation. Residents of the country work as cemetery groundskeeper in exchange for a place
to live in. They very much prefer this mode of living as it’s significantly better and more
luxurious than that of an overcrowded slum where the situations are worse.

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A family eating lunch in Manila North Cemetery, where they live among the tombs.
Source: Adam Dean for The New York Times
In 1904, Manila North Cemetery first opened which is one of the oldest and biggest
cemetery that serves as a resting place for an approximately one million deceased and a
home for an estimate of 6,000 to 10,000 of the living. People have been living in cemeteries
for decades, not just in Manila North Cemetery but all over the country.
Pasay City is another cemetery that houses hundreds of informal settlers. These
residents play a significant role in the cemetery’s operations. They work as gravediggers
as the cemetery is overcrowded. Burials have 5-year leases and if the payment is not done,
then the body will be exhumed for the next deceased body. The gravediggers are
impervious to such work. Money keeps them motivated that they don’t process they’re
moving multiple decomposed corpses daily. In a way, they’ve become immune to it.
When a gravedigger was questioned about this job, he states that he isn’t
emotionally affected by it.
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“I don’t feel anything. You should be afraid of the living, not the dead.” – Ralph,
Gravedigger, Pasay Cemetry
Source: SBS Dateline – Living with the Dead (10:12 – 10:20)
Some work as groundskeepers to clean the area every day to keep it neat and tidy
on behalf of deceased families.

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They distract themselves by playing with other children to pass time as the grave
digging and funerals occur around them every day.
Despite the harsh living conditions, children have showed to be mature about the
deceased.
Source: SBS Dateline – Living with the Dead (11:06 – 11:20)

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Cemetery authorities do not approve of the inhabitants as they steal resources like
electricity, water and property from the cemetery office increasing their usage and not
paying any bills for their consumption.
“We can’t stop 300 families who steal electricity and water from us. The truth is, we don’t
condone them living here. We don’t like them living here, not because we don’t like them,
but because it’s not fair. This is a cemetery. ” – Christina Tuason, Manager, Pasay City
Public Cemetery
Source: SBS Dateling – Living with the Dead (13:33 – 14:07)
Many have been asked to move but those who leave have nowhere else to go and
end up in worse living conditions in poorer, constricted, disease-ridden slum areas where
their chances of survival will significantly decrease. Cemeteries are seen alternative to slum
areas.
Everywhere is a place to live but everywhere is not a home.

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VI. SOLUTION TO POVERTY

In order to overcome poverty, Filipinos have to address the issues of the causes of
poverty which was previously mentioned. They are all linked to each other, therefore,
solving one crisis will in turn solve the next and so on but it should require a strong
foundation, careful planning and immaculate strategies to directly tackle the problem. Or
else everything will be executed with no sense of direction which will draining resources
and then there shall be unwanted results afterwards.
In my opinion, money is the way out of poverty. Therefore, there should be at least
some jobs provided for them. Job opportunities will allow breadwinners to be able to
support their families – feeding them with better quality food and cleaner water that will
lower their risk of getting ill which means they do not have to make doctor appointme nts
and also decreasing their expenses, having newer clothes to increase their comfort and
happiness, and sending their children to school to open more opportunities for their future.
The breadwinners themselves will not be able to provide everything at once for such large
families and hence, there should also be the involvement of the government.
There should be maternal care for pregnant women to care for during and after their
pregnancies – educate them on their bodies, the births and health of their babies which will
help them understand themselves and others better. As we care for the newborns, let’s not
forget the existing children. They should create programs and opportunitie s for them to
allow them to get back on track and let them have the childhood they never had before.
Educating and disciplining them properly at a young age will make them a better person
later on and they will in turn lead peaceful lives lowering the crime rates in the country.
Keep in mind that the children of today is the future of tomorrow.
Ultimately, as time pass, they may be able to afford proper housing and they can move
away from inferior standards of living to significantly better ones. This will be able to
slowly but eventually lift them out of poverty.

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All mentioned in the above paragraph has been addressed in the Government’s
long-term vision of AmBisyon 2040 as well as the Philippine Development Plan 2017 –
2022 where their goal is to turn the country into a middle-class society.
The Philippines needs to do more to end poverty.
So I, as a Filipino, it is also my duty to help the people. As members of the society,

we’re all socially responsible for one another. We need to lookout for each other and
completely eliminate the crab mentality* that has been engraved in the minds of Filip ino
people for generations. This needs to begin from within and should be led by example by
helping people, being selfless during the right situations, do not expect anything in return
immediately, respect others first without demanding to be the one respected, lower their
underestimation of people once they’re on a higher status. We need to learn to be decent
civilians in society for it to run smoothly and effectively because we are the one that makes
society.
*Crab mentality – A phrase among Filipinos that refers to the behavior of crabs in
a bucket. When one crab tries to escape, the others would do their best to do bring
it down back to the same level as them so they all suffer in unison.
In terms of human behavior, this is when one tries to reduce someone’s self-
confidence and pride as well as hurting their self-esteem out of jealousy,
resentment, spite, conspiracy or their competitive nature to slower or stop the
person’s progress/development.
The best phrase to describe this is: “If I can’t have it, neither can you!”

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VII. CONCLUSION
Poverty in Philippines has forced people to live in extreme conditions. They
unfortunately live in rural areas with limited access to quality education, health services,
clean and safe drinking water and food. In addition to that, they also have limited access
to roads and transportation to go to their jobs or bring their produce to market which
makes it extremely difficult for them to earn money. Some poor families live in areas
scarred by disputes or that are susceptible to natural calamities. Conflicts can force
families to move far away from their homes in areas they have never been to leaving
everything behind. Disasters can knock down families that are struggling to climb the
economic ladder.
Safe to say, there is still hope in getting out of this and improve the progress and
development of the country using strong economic fundamentals.
As of last year, there was an implementation of the Philippine Development Plan

2017 – 2020 to turn the country into a prospering society.
President Duterte wants to focus on the developments by putting in of more

infrastructure and providing more job opportunities to reduce poverty and sustain the
growth of the Philippine economy.
So far, projects have been carried out to the poor and the needy and a lot more have
yet to be done.
The Republic of the Philippines has created and continues to create improvements in
poverty reduction. However, overpopulated urban regions and the absence of economic
opportunities for the rural population still produce a desire for additional progress.
In hindsight, it is was also an opportunity that different forms of media has attracted
attention to the living conditions of these people in order to let the existing issues be address
globally. If it weren’t for the surveillance of the world, there wouldn’t be as much efforts
put into the reduction of poverty.
It is the very fact that such problems are receiving recognition from political leaders
and numerous organizations is making hope for the Philippines and its people.

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VIII. REFERENCES
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Official Poverty Statistics | Philippine Statistics Authority. (2018). Psa.gov.ph. Retrieved

November 12, 2018, from https://psa.gov.ph/tags/official-poverty-statistics
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though-its-now-free-by- law
2018. Psa.Gov.Ph. Accessed November 12, 2018.

https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Philippines%20NDHS%20KIR.pdf.
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growing-problem/
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(2018). Ph.theasianparent.com. Retrieved November 12, 2018, from
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🇵🇭 The Philippines' Baby Factory | 101 East | Ang Pabrika ng Sanggol ng Pilipinas.
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Philippines. Aljazeera.com. Retrieved 13 November 2018, from
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philippines-180123080457459.html
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Culture of Poverty in The Philippines: Img106/313 - Cross-Cultural Studies in Management

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CULTURE OF POVERTY IN

IMG106/313 – CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES IN MANAGEMENT

Report by: Jariyaporn Seenay || 58-51024-25552 || 15th , Nov., 2018

II. POVERTY AROUND THE WORLD

III. POVERTY IN THE PHILIPPINES

IV. CAUSES OF POVERTY

V. POPULATION’S ADAPTATION TO POVERTY

VI. SOLUTION TO POVERTY

JARIYAPORN SEENAY FOR IMG106/313 – CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES IN

A universal concept to poverty in the minds of the commoners is when people do

Poverty is different in every country and an individual’s experience of that varies

JARIYAPORN SEENAY FOR IMG106/313 – CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES IN

II. POVERTY AROUND THE WORLD

Therefore, statistically speaking:

According to the World Food Program:

JARIYAPORN SEENAY FOR IMG106/313 – CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES IN

III. POVERTY IN THE PHILIPPINES

 As of 2016, there are approximately 22 million poor Filipinos.

IV. CAUSES OF POVERTY

In the 3,528,000 of OSCYs:

 83.1% were 16 – 24 years old

Majority of the OSCYs are females (63.3%) in comparison to males (36.7%)

JARIYAPORN SEENAY FOR IMG106/313 – CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES IN

The reasons for not attending school were:

 Family matters (37.0%)

Large family size

JARIYAPORN SEENAY FOR IMG106/313 – CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES IN

Teen pregnancy is declining everywhere in Asia whereas it has remained steady in

As of 2017, the percentage of young Filipino women getting pregnant were 1%

JARIYAPORN SEENAY FOR IMG106/313 – CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES IN

JARIYAPORN SEENAY FOR IMG106/313 – CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES IN

Overpopulation contributes on why a large number of people go through poverty.

JARIYAPORN SEENAY FOR IMG106/313 – CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES IN

Inequality & Corruption

Given below is a reference of global CPI:

JARIYAPORN SEENAY FOR IMG106/313 – CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES IN

Despite President Rodrigo Duterte’s persistent campaign against the corrupted, it

There is corruption and bribery in almost every part of the country.

As of the Judicial System, there is a case where a businessman who filed an

JARIYAPORN SEENAY FOR IMG106/313 – CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES IN

V. POPULATION’S ADAPTATION TO POVERTY

This report shall cover their food consumption and habitations.

Pagpag – The 5-Second Rule doesn’t apply here

JARIYAPORN SEENAY FOR IMG106/313 – CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES IN

Norberto purchases a bag of pagpag from the mambabatchoy.

JARIYAPORN SEENAY FOR IMG106/313 – CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES IN

After purchasing a bag of pagpag, Norberto goes to the market to purchase

JARIYAPORN SEENAY FOR IMG106/313 – CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES IN

JARIYAPORN SEENAY FOR IMG106/313 – CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES IN

It took a total of 5 hours from the scavenging stage at 4 AM, to purchasing of

The verdict? According to Nonoy Moralles …

JARIYAPORN SEENAY FOR IMG106/313 – CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES IN

we’re going to continue eating it ” – Nonoy Morallos, pagpag consumer

JARIYAPORN SEENAY FOR IMG106/313 – CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES IN

Are Graveyards home for the Dead? Or the Living?

Source: Adam Dean for The New York Times

JARIYAPORN SEENAY FOR IMG106/313 – CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES IN

Source: Adam Dean for The New York Times

Source: SBS Dateline – Living with the Dead (10:12 – 10:20)

JARIYAPORN SEENAY FOR IMG106/313 – CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES IN

Source: SBS Dateline – Living with the Dead (11:06 – 11:20)

Source: SBS Dateling – Living with the Dead (13:33 – 14:07)