Part A

1-Write a note on estimation

• In any construction activity, following two basic things are involved,

 Quantity aspect

 Quality aspect

An estimate of the project is a forecast of its probable cost. The process of preparing an
estimate is known as the estimating and it includes the following 2 items,

 Taking out quantities

 Abstracting or bill of quantities

2-Short account of necessity of estimation

• To ascertain the probable time for contract.

• To control expenditure during excavation

• To estimate requirement of any controlled materials like cement and steel.

• To frame tender document and arrange for the contract.

• To manage finance of the project

• To obtain administrative approval and technical sanction for the project

• To prepare bill for interim and final payments.

• To prepare construction schedules and programme

3-List out the types of estimates

• All estimates are more or less approximations because the actual cost of
construction of the structure cannot be known until it is completed in all
respects. Usually estimates are of the following types,

 Detailed estimate

 Approximate estimate

 Quality Estimate

 Revised Estimate

 Supplementary Estimate

 Revised Estimate
  Complete Estimate

 Annual maintenance or Repair Estimate

4-List a few purposes for approximate estimates

• It is worked out before preparation of a detailed estimate of a work or a project

to serve the following purpose,

– To investigate feasibility

– To save time and money

– To investigate benefits and comparison of cost utility.

– Adjustment of planning

– To obtain administrative approval

– For insurance and tax schedule

5- List out the factors to be considered for preparation of an estimate

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR PREPARING ESTIMATE

• Availability of local labour

• Quality of materials

• Availability of materials

• Transportation of materials

• Location of site

• Local labour charges

PART B

6 b) Write down the measurement principles of basic materials like wood, brick and
concrete

MEASUREMENT OF BRICK WORK

• The brick work is measured in cubic metres for one brick wall to 3 brick walls.

• For modular brick of size 19cmX 9cmX 9cm,thk of wall for 1 to 3 brick walls
shall be 20cm,30cm,40cm,50cm and 60cm.
 • The size of traditional brick is 22.9cm X 11.4cm X 7.6cm.

• If thk of wall is more than 3 brick wall, the actual thk is measured to nearest 1
cm.

• Half brick partition wall and wall having thk less than half bricks are measured
in square metres.

• The brick of arch is measured in cubic metres.

• Reinforced brick work measured in cub m and its reinforcement in kg.

• Brick edging by sides of roads measured in running metre.

• Honey comb brick is measured in sq.m. the holes of openings are not deducted
from measurement.

• If c/s area of fire place, chimneys does not exceed 0.25 sq.m, the brick wall is
measured in cu m.no deduction been made for cores for flues.

• It should be noted while taking measurement of brickwork, the walls are treated
as solid walls without any openings.

• But after measurements are completed the deductions are made for doors,
windows, ventilators, lintels, etc.

MEASUREMENT FOR WOOD WORK

• In case of wood work, the type of material and quality of material finish should
be clearly mentioned in specifications.

• The rate of any type of wood work includes fabrication, fixation, fastenings,
fixtures and 3 coats of oil paint.

• Measurement taken for the net work done and no consideration is given to
wastage of material.

• However tolerance of 2mm is allowed.

• Rectangular wooden beams and vertical wooden posts are measured in cubic
metres.

• Frames of door, windows, ventilators and cupboards are measured in cubic

metres.

• Wooden truss measured in cubic metres.

• Wooden door, window, ventilators and cupboards are measured in sq. m

• Wooden stairs measured in terms of number of steps and specification defines

type and width of stair.
 • Wooden cornice, picture rails, shelves, etc are measured in running metres.

MEASUREMENT FOR CONCRETE WORK

• Foundation concrete is measured in cubic metres. The depth is measured as per

actual concrete laid.

• Plain cement concrete work is paid in cubic metres.

• RCC slab,RCC partition wall and RCC box are measured in square metres.

• RCC stairs measured in terms of number of steps.

• Half landing and quarter landing are considered as equivalent to four steps and
two steps respectively.

• RCC weathershed is measured in square metres.

• Damp proof course is measured in square metres.

• Precast cement concrete jali work or louvers are measured in square meters.

Precast concrete, posts, struts, etc. measured in cubic metres.

Rules for deduction in concrete

– No deductions are made for the following in concrete work.

• Ends of joists, purlins, trusses, etc. having c/s area less than 500 sq
cm or 0.5 sq m

• Opening having area less than 0.05 sq m.

• Volume occupied by reinforced bars.

• Volume occupied by conduits of pipes c/s less than 25 sq cm.

• Small voids not exceeding 40 sq cm in area, mould, etc.

Formwork

centering or shuttering or formwork is measured separately in sq m as the actual

surface in contact with the concrete.

7 a) Elucidate in detail about the approximate method of estimating for a building

• The following are the common methods used to estimate building and are as
follows,

– Plinth area or square method

• Floor area
 • Carpet area

• Covered area

• Rentable area

• Circulation area or free space area

– Horizontal circulation area

– Vertical circulation area

– Cubic rate or cubic metre method

– Approximate quantities with bill method

– Service unit or unit rate method

– Bay method

– Cost comparison method

– Cost from materials and labour

BILL OF QUANTITY

The objectives of the Bill of Quantities are:

• (1) to provide sufficient information on the quantities of Works to be performed

to enable bids to be prepared efficiently and accurately; and when a contract has
been entered into,

• (2) to provide a priced Bill of Quantities for use in the periodic valuation of
works executed.

• In order to attain these objectives, works are itemized in the Bill of Quantities in
sufficient detail to distinguish between the
different classes of works, or between works of the same nature carried out in
different locations or in other circumstances which may give rise to different
considerations of cost.

• Consistent with these requirements, the layout and content of the Bill of
Quantities are required to be as simple and brief as possible.

• The large data bank of information contained in the Bill of Quantities can be
used in many ways to help the post-contract control of a project.

REQUIREMENT FOR PREPARING ESTIMATION

• Drawing
 • Specifications

• Rates

• Updated mode of measurement for std deductions

• Standing circulars for taxes and insurance

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR PREPARING ESTIMATE

• Availability of local labour

• Quality of materials

• Availability of materials

• Transportation of materials

• Location of site

• Local labour charges

CONTIGENCIES

• The term indicates the incidental expenses of a miscellaneous character which

cannot be reasonably predicted during preparation of estimate and to meet such
unforeseen expenses an additional amount of 3% to 5%.

• 3%according to practise of CPWD and 5% for PWD

• The provision for contingencies may not be diverted to any new work or repair
which is not provided in the estimate and of which the cost exceeds Rs 2000
without the sanction of Supt engineer.

8 a) Write a note on Detailed Estimate

• It includes detailed particulars for the quantities, rates and cost of all the item
involved for satisfactory completion of project.

• Quantities of all items of work from their respective dimensions on the drawings
on a measured sheet.

• Multiplying the quantities by their respective rates in a separate sheet, the cost of
all items of work are worked out individually and then summarised.

• This is the best and most accurate estimate that can be prepared.

• A detailed estimate accompanied by,

 Specification
  Detailed drawing showing plans, sections, key or index plan etc.,

 Design data and calculations

 Basics of rate

How to prepare a detailed estimate

• The unit quantity method is followed to prepare a detailed estimate.

• The procedure for the preparation of a detailed estimate is divided into 2 parts

Measurement form

Abstract of Estimate form