Saqartvelos Mcenareebi Plants of Georgia 2007

PLANTS
OF GEORGIA
Field Guide
Tsig n is Sa kh e lo sn o
Tbilisi
2007
2
saqarTvelos
mcenareebi
savele megzuri
w i g nis sa x elosn o
Tbilisi
2007
3
saqarTvelos mcenareebi. savele megzuri
daviT qiqoZe, maia TavarTqilaZe, Teimuraz svaniZe. 2007.
mTavari redaqtori: prof. revaz gagniZe; inglisuri te-

qstis redaqtori: daniel aTa; naxatebi: valeri petrovi;
rukebi: nikoloz kvaliaSvili (garemosdacviTi sakonsul-
tacio kompania “Zelqva”), daculi teritoriebis departa-
menti
foto garekanze: Trimli (Cotinus coggygria Scop.)
wigni gamoica saqarTvelos garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi

resursebis saministrosa da daculi teritoriebis de-
partamentis iniciativiT saqarTvelos daculi teri-
toriebis ganviTarebis proeqtis farglebSi, romelsac
marTavs mdgradi ganviTarebis proeqtebis ganmaxorcie-
lebeli saagento (SPDIA) msoflio bankisa (WB) da garemos
globaluri fondis (GEF) finansuri mxardaWeriT.
daculi teritoriebis departamenti

garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministro
q. Tbilisi, guluas q. 6, V sarTuli
tel./faqsi: 75 23 55
el-fosta: info@dpa.gov.ge
veb-gverdi: www.dpa.gov.ge
wigni momzadebulia garemosdacviTi sakonsultacio

kompania “Zelqvisa” da saqarTvelos bunebis SenarCunebis
centris mier
tel.: (995 32) 36 26 43 tel.: (995-32) 32-64-96

faqsi: (995 32) 36 69 29 faqsi: (995-32) 53-74-78
el-fosta: dzelkva@gol.ge el-fosta: office@gccw.org
veb-gverdi: www.gccw.org
ISBN 978-99928-70-69-3
© 2007. daculi teritoriebis departamenti.
4
Plants of Georgia. Field Guide
David Kikodze, Maia Tavartkiladze, Teimuraz Svanidze. 2007.
Editor-in-chief: Prof. Revaz Gagnidze; Editor of English text:

Daniel Atha; Illustrations: Valery Petrov; Maps: Nikoloz Kvaliashvili
(Environmental Advisory Services Company DZELKVA), Department
of Protected Areas
Cover Photograph: Smoke tree (Cotinus coggygria Scop.)
The book is produced under the initiative of the Ministry of

Environment Protection and Natural Resources of Georgia and
the Department of Protected Areas in the framework of the
Georgia Protected Areas Development Project administered
by the Sustainable Development Projects Implementation Agency
(SDPIA), with financial support from the World Bank (WB) and
Global Environmental Facility (GEF).
Department of Protected Areas

Ministry of Environment Protection and Natural Resources
Gulua Str. 6, V floor, Tbilisi, Georgia
Tel.: (995 32) 75 23 55
E-mail: info@dpa.gov.ge
Web-site: www.dpa.gov.ge
The book is prepared by the Environmental Advisory Services

Company DZELKVA and the Georgian Center for the Conservation of
Wildlife, GCCW
Tel.: (995 32) 36 26 43 Tel.: (995-32) 32-64-96

Fax: (995 32) 36 69 29 Fax: (995-32) 53-74-78
E-mail: dzelkva@gol.ge E-mail: office@gccw.org
www.gccw.org
ISBN 978-99928-70-69-3
© 2007. Department of Protected Areas.
5
Sesavali
saqarTvelos mcenareuli samyaro gansakuTrebiT

mdidari da mravalferovania. es ganpirobebulia qveynis
fizikur-geografiuli pirobebis nairgvarobiTa da kon-
trastulobiT, geologiuri warsulis sirTuliT...
saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRricxulia farul- da
SiSvelTeslovnebisa da gvimranairebis 4000-ze meti, xav-
sebis 700-mde da wyalmcenareebis 2000-ze meti saxeoba.
calke unda iTqvas sokoebisa da liqenebis mraval-
ferovnebis Sesaxeb: maT xSirad ganixilaven, rogorc
cocxal organizmTa – mcenareebisa da cxovelebisagan
gansxvavebul – samefos. saqarTveloSi maTi raodenobac
didia: amJamad registrirebulia sokoebis 7000-mde da
liqenebis 800-ze meti saxeoba.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia mcenareulobis mravali
tipi: zRvispira qviSnarebis mcenareuli dajgufebebidan
dawyebuli subnivaluri sartylis mcenareuli kompleqse-
biT damTavrebuli, naxevrad udabnos mcenareulobidan
dawyebuli kolxeTis teniani tyeebiT damTavrebuli...
maRalia saqarTvelos floris endemizmis done – saxe-
obebis mexuTedze meti mxolod saqarTvelosa da kavka-
siaSi izrdeba. bevria mxolod saqarTvelosaTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli mcenareuli dajgufeba.
mcenareuli samyaro saqarTvelos umniSvnelovanesi
ekonomikuri da humanitaruli resursia. mis SenarCune-
baze damokidebulia qveynis mosaxleobis axlandeli da
momavali Taobebis keTildReoba da TviT arsebobac.
am wignSi mocemulia saqarTvelos floris 125 saxeobis
botanikuri daxasiaTeba, informacia maTi gavrcelebis,
adgilsamyoflis tipis, konservaciuli statusisa da eko-
nomikuri mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. wigni ilustrirebulia
mcenareTa suraTebiT.
saxeobaTa taqsonomia da nomenklatura moyvanilia
“saqarTvelos floris” me-2 gamocemisa (1971-2003), Czerep-
anov, S. K. (1995), Vascular Plants of Russia and Adjacent States
(the Former USSR)-isa da r. gagniZis (2005) “saqarTvelos
floris konspeqtis” mixedviT. “saqarTvelos floridan-
vea” aRebuli qveynis floristuli daraionebis sqema.
wignSi aRwerilia rogorc saqarTveloSi farTod
gavrcelebuli, aseve viwrolokaluri da maRali sakon-
servacio Rirebulebis mcenareebi, Tumca am naSromis
SezRuduli formatis gamo, yvela aseTi mcenare masSi ver
moxvda. saqarTvelos floris ufro sruli cnobaris Se-
qmna momavlis saqmea. wigns, ra Tqma unda, sxva xarvezebic
eqneba – madlobeli viqnebiT saqmiani SeniSvnebisTvis.
6
Introduction
The plant life of Georgia is particularly rich and diverse. It is

conditioned by diverse climatic and topographic features and a
complex geologic history.
Over 4,000 species of conifer, flowering plant and fern; up to
700 mosses; and over 2,000 algae are recorded for Georgia.
The diversity of fungi and lichen (frequently regarded as a sep-
arate kingdom apart from the plants and animals) are not treated
here. However, the number of species recorded for Georgia is
likewise high, with up to 7,000 fungi and over 800 lichens record-
ed. Additional species remain to be discovered.
Georgia supports many vegetation types ranging from coast-
line (littoral) sand communities and subtropical Colchic forests in
the west, semi-deserts in the east and extensive subnival habitat
throughout the country at higher elevations.
Endemism of the Georgian flora is relatively high with over one
fifth of the total number of species occurring only in Georgia or the
Caucasus. In addition, there are many plant communities which
are characteristic to Georgia only.
The vegetation is one of the most significant economic and
humanitarian resources of Georgia. The welfare of current and
future generations is dependent on sustainable conservation of
these natural resources.
This guide describes 125 species of the Georgian flora and
provides information on their distribution, habitat preference, con-
servation status and economic importance. The guide also in-
cludes illustrations of every species.
Taxonomy and nomenclature follow the second edition of the
“Georgian Flora” (1971 - 2003), Czerepanov S.K. (1995), Vascu-
lar Plants of Russia and Adjacent States (the former USSR) and
“Conspectus of the Georgian Flora” by R. Gagnidze (2005). Floris-
tic regions follow the “Georgian Flora”.
This guide describes plants widely distributed in Georgia as
well as some species with high conservation value but with nar-
rower ranges. Unfortunately, the limited format of this edition pre-
cludes inclusion of additional species. A comprehensive treatment
of the Georgian flora is the subject of a future, substantially more
voluminous and strenuous undertaking. Shortcomings and inac-
curacies are the responsibility of the authors. Comments, sugges-
tions and corrections are welcome and highly appreciated.
7
saqarTvelos floristuli daraionebis
sqema
Floristic Division of Georgia
8
didebuli saTovlia
(Colchicum speciosum Stev.)
Autumn Crocus
voronovis TeTryvavila
Green Snowdrop (Galanthus woronowii A.Losinsk.)
9
ganyofileba PTERIDOPHYTA - gvimranairebi
ojaxi Equisetaceae - Svitisebrni
Equisetum arvense L. - mindvris Svita

Equisetum-is gvaris 30-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia
mTel dedamiwaze, garda avstraliisa da axali zelandiisa.
saqarTveloSi 10 saxeobaa.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. aqvs niadagSi
Rrmad dafluli moSavo fesura, romelzec aqa-iq aseve
moSavo patara tuberebia. Reroebi 10-50 sm simaRlisaa.
adre gazafxulze fesuridan amodis rbili dautotavi
Reroebi, romelTa kenweroebze sporangiumebi viTardeba.
sporangiumebi Svitis sqesobrivi gamravlebis organoebia.
maTSi warmoiqmneba sporebi _ gansakuTrebuli ujredebi,
romlebiTac mcenare mravldeba da gansaxldeba (Svita
mravldeba vegetatiuradac _ fesuris saSualebiT). spo-
rangiumebiani Reroebi sporebis momwifebis Semdeg xmeba.
zafxulSi fesuridan aRmocendeba mwvane, datotvili
unayofo (usporangiumebo) Reroebi. Reros im adgilebze,
sadac rgoluri gamsxvilebebia (e. w. “muxlebi”), wvrili,
qerclismagvari foTlebi sxedan.
gavrcelebulia saqarTvelos yvela mxareSi, dablobi-
dan mTis Sua sartylamde. izrdeba tenian mdeloebze, mdi-
narispira silnarebze, yanebSi.
gamoiyeneba medicinaSi.
Division PTERIDOPHYTA – Ferns and Fern Allies

Equisetaceae – Horsetail Family
Equisetum arvense L. – Field Horsetail

About 30 species of Equisetum are distributed throughout the world,
except Australia and New Zealand. Ten species are found in Georgia.
Perennials. Rhizomes dark-felted, blackish, tuber-bearing. Stems di-

morphic, ribbed, 10–50 cm tall. Sterile stems branched or unbranched,
green, appearing in summer, the nodes bearing toothed sheaths (scale
leaves). Fertile stems unbranched, pale brown, appearing in early spring,
terminated by cone-shaped sporangia, the stems withering as the spores
mature. Like ferns, horsetails reproduce and are dispersed by spores.
Horsetails may also be dispersed by rhizomes and root pieces (vegetative
reproduction).
Distributed throughout Georgia from the lowlands to the mid-montane
zone. Inhabits damp meadows, riverside sands and cultivated fields.
Medicinal.
10
Equisetum arvense
11
ojaxi Dryopteridaceae (Aspidiaceae) - Cadunisebrni
Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott - Caduna

Dryopteris-is gvaris daaxloebiT 150 (sxva monaceme-
biT, 225) saxeoba gavrcelebulia umTavresad dedamiwis
Crd. naxevarsferos zomier sartyelSi. saqarTveloSi 10
saxeobaa.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. msxvili, qer-
qlebiT dafaruli, vertikaluri fesura aqvs. foTlis
yunwi moklea, ZirSi Semofenilia xSiri Calisferi qer-
qlebiT. foToli orjerfrTisebria. foTlis pirveli
rigis nakvTebi lanceturia, erTmaneTze mWidrod mijri-
li, meore rigisa _ momrgvalo. norCi foToli lokokinis
niJarisebraa daxveuli. sorusebi foTlis qveda mxareze
sxedan. isini saburvliTaa dafaruli.
sporebi viTardeba ivlis-agvistoSi.
saqarTveloSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli gvimraa. izrde-
ba TiTqmis yvela mxareSi, tyeebSi; zogan xSir, erT m-ze ma-
Ral rayas qmnis.
dekoratiulia. fesura medicinaSi gamoiyeneba.
Dryopteridaceae (Aspidiaceae) – Wood Fern Family
Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott – Male Fern

About 150 (225 according to some sources) species of Dryopteris are
distributed in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere. Ten species
are reported for Georgia.
Perennials. Rhizomes erect, stout, scaly. Petioles short, with dense,
straw-colored scales at the base. Leaves 2-pinnate, the primary pinnae lan-
ceolate, densely attached to each other. The fronds (fern leaf) first take
the form of a fiddlehead—so called because it is tightly rolled up. Pinnules
ovate. Sori born on the underside of the leaves, covered by an indusium.
Spores ripen July-August.
This is the most common fern in Georgia. It occurs in forests almost
throughout the country; locally, it may form dense, 1m high thickets.
Ornamental. Rhizomes used in medicine.
12
Dryopteris filix-mas
13
ojaxi Hymenophyllaceae - himenofilumisebrni
Hymenophyllum tunbrigense (L.) Smith - tunbrigenis

himenofilumi
Hymenophyllum-is gvaris 20-ze meti (sxva monacemebiT,
300) saxeoba gavrcelebulia dedamiwis orive naxevars-
feros tropikul sartyelSi. saqarTveloSi mxolod es
saxeobaa.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. Zafiseburi, mx-
oxavi, Zlier datotvili fesura aqvs. norCi fesura da-
farulia moyavisfro bewvebiT, asakovani SiSvelia. foTo-
li orjerfrTisebria, 2-5 sm sigrZisa. iseve, rogorc yve-
la sxva gvimra, mravldeba sporebiT. sporebi warmoiqmneba
sporangiumebSi, romelTa jgufebi _ sorusebi foTlis
zeda nawilis nakvTTa kideebze sxedan.
sporebi viTardeba agvistoSi.
iSviaTi mcenarea. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia aWar-
aSi, z. d. 100-700 m farglebSi. izrdeba tenian, xavsiT da-
farul kldeebsa da lodebze.
Setanilia saqarTvelos wiTel wignSi (1982 w.). misi
populaciebi daculia mtiralas erovnul parkSi.
dekoratiulia.
Hymenophyllaceae – Filmy Fern Family
Hymenophyllum tubridgense (L.) Smith – Tunbridge Filmy-Fern

More than 20 (300 according to some sources) species of Hymenophyl-
lum occur mostly in the tropical zones of both hemispheres. Only this single
species is found in Georgia.
Perennials. Rhizomes filiform, prostrate and branching, covered with
dense brownish hairs when young, glabrous later. Leaves 2-pinnate, 2–5
cm long. Spores are produced in sporangia; clusters of sporangia - sori are
born on the upper edges of the leaves. Spores ripen August.
This rare plant is found only in Ajara, between 100 and 700 m elevation.
It grows on moss-covered moist rocks and large stones.
This species is included in the Red Data Book of Georgia (1982). Its
populations are protected in the Mtirala National Park.
Ornamental.
14
Hymenophyllum tunbrigense
15
ojaxi Osmundaceae - osmundisebrni
Osmunda regalis L. - samefo gvimra

Osmunda-s gvaris 12-13 (sxva monacemebiT, 27) saxeoba
gavrcelebulia dedamiwis orive naxevarsferos zomier
sartyelsa da tropikuli sartylis mTebSi. saqarTveloSi
mxolod es saxeobaa.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. mokle, msxvili
da datotvili fesura aqvs. foToli orjerfrTisebria,
Zalian didi _ 1-1.5 m-mde _ sigrZisa. sorusebi foTlis
zeda nawilis nakvTebis orive mxareze sxedan.
sporebi viTardeba mais-ivnisSi.
iSviaTi mcenarea. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia afx-
azeTSi, samegreloSi, guriasa da aWaraSi. izrdeba kolx-
eTis dablobis Waobian tyeebsa (murynarebSi) da WaobebSi.
Setanilia saqarTvelos wiTel wignSi (1982 w.). misi popu-
laciebi daculia kolxeTis erovnul parksa da qobuleTis
saxelmwifo nakrZalSi.
dekoratiulia. arsebobs misi sabaRo formebi.
Osmundaceae – Royal Fern Family
Osmunda regalis L. – Royal Fern

The 12 or 13 species (27 according to some sources) of Osmunda
inhabit temperate and tropical regions in both hemispheres. Only this single
species is recorded for Georgia.
Perennials. Rhizomes short, stout and branching. Leaves 2-pinnate,
large in size (1–1.5 m long). Sori born on both sides of the upper edges of
leaves.
Spores ripen May-June.
This species, rare in Georgia, occurs in Abkhazeti, Samegrelo, Guria
and Ajara and is widely introduced elsewhere. It grows in swampy (alder)
forests and wetlands of the Colchis lowlands.
populations are protected in the Kolkheti National Park and the Kobuleti
Nature Reserve.
Ornamental. There are some cultivars of horticultural value.
16
Osmunda regalis
17
ojaxi Pteridaceae - tabelasebrni
Pteris cretica L. - tabela

Pteris-is gvaris daaxloebiT 250 saxeoba gavrcele-
bulia umTavresad dedamiwis subtropikul da tropikul
sartylebSi. saqarTveloSi mxolod es saxeobaa.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. mura qerqlebiT
dafaruli fesura aqvs. saspore foToli (foToli,
romelzec sporangiumebi viTardeba) grZelia (100-120
sm sigrZisa), steriluri (usporangiumo) _ ufro mokle
(60-80 sm sigrZisa). foToli 3-9 wyvili, mopirispired gan-
lagebuli nakvTebisagan Sedgeba.
sporebi viTardeba ivlis-agvistoSi.
gavrcelebulia das. saqarTveloSi. izrdeba dablobsa
da mTis qveda sartylebSi, tenian tyeebSi. misi populacie-
bi arsebobs kintriSis saxelmwifo nakrZalsa da mtiralas
erovnul parkSi.
dekoratiulia.
Pteridaceae – Maidenhair Fern Family
Pteris cretica L. – Cretan Brake

About 250 species of Pteris are distributed mostly in the tropical and
subtropical zones throughout the world. Only this single species is recorded
for Georgia.
Perennial herbs. Rhizomes covered with brownish scales. Fronds with

3–9 pairs of opposite pinnae. Fertile fronds long, 100–120 cm; sterile fronds
shorter, usually 60–80 cm.
Spores ripen July–August.
Distributed in West Georgia. Occurs in the lowlands and low montane
zones, in moist forests.
It is found in the Kintrishi Nature Reserve and the Mtirala National
Park.
Ornamental.
18
Pteris cretica
19
ganyofileba SPERMATOPHYTA – Teslovani mcenareebi
qveganyofileba GYMNOSPERMAE - SiSvelTeslovnebi
ojaxi Cupressaceae - kviparosisebrni
Juniperus foetidissima Willd. - myrali Rvia

Juniperus-is gvaris 70-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia
ZiriTadad dedamiwis Crd. naxevarsferoSi, nawilobriv
tropikebis mTianeTSi. saqarTveloSi am gvaris 7 saxeobaa.
maradmwvane wiwvovani xe an buCqia. simaRle 17 m-s aRw-
evs. piramiduli an konusuri, iSviaTad naxevarsferuli
varji aqvs. axalgazrda totebis qerqi mowiTalo-muraa,
asakovanisa_ruxi. totebi 4-waxnagovania, xSirad rkalise-
br moxrili. wiwvi 2-5 mm sigrZisaa, Cveulebriv mCxvletavi.
axalgazrda totis wiwvi mogrZo-rombisebri moyvanilo-
bisaa, asakovani totisa_lanceturi. wiwvebi totze jvare-
dinadaa ganlagebuli. wiwvebs usiamovno suni aqvs (mcenaris
saxelwodeba aqedan warmodgeba). mdedrobiTi (saTesle)
girCa sferosebri an momrgvalo-kvercxisebri formisaa,
mowiTalo-Savi, lega nafifqiT dafaruli; totis boloze
martoulad zis an ramdenime erTadaa Sekrebili. Tesli 1-2
an, iSviaTad 3-ia, dafarulia muqi-wiTeli rbilobiT.
mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi girCebi viTardeba april-
maisSi, Tesli mwifdeba meore wlis zafxulis bolos.
gavrcelebulia aRm. saqarTveloSi, mTis qveda da
Sua sartylebSi. qmnis (sakmlis xesTan, qarTul muxasTan,
mravalnayofian, grZelwiwvian da wiTel RviebTan da sxv.
erTad) meCxer, e. w. `naTel~ tyeebs.
aqvs mkvrivi, xangamZle merqani.
Setanilia saqarTvelos wiTel wignsa (1982 w.) da wiTel
nusxaSi (2006 w.). misi populaciebi daculia vaSlovanis
saxelmwifo nakrZalSi.
Division SPERMATOPHYTA – Seed Plants

Subdivision GYMNOSPERMAE – Gymnosperms
Cupressaceae – Cypress Family
Juniperus foetidissima Willd. – Stinking Juniper

About 70 species of Juniperus are distributed mostly in the Northern
Hemisphere, with some species extending in tropical mountains. There are
4 species of Juniperus in Georgia.
Evergreen trees or shrubs to 17 m tall. Crowns pyramidal or conical,
occasionally semispherical. Young shoots reddish to medium brown, turning
grey on older trees. Branches quadrangular, curved. Needles 2–5 mm long,
acicular. Needles of young branches oblong and rhombic, lanceolate on old
trees, arranged crosswise on branches, with unpleasant smell (hence the
common name). Female cones spheroid or ovoid-globose, reddish-black,
with bluish-green bloom, solitary or in groups at the edges of the branches.
Seeds 1–2, rarely 3, covered with dark red flesh.
Male and female cones develop April–May, seeds ripen by the end of
the next summer.
Distributed in East Georgia, in the low and mid-montane zones. It forms
thinned, so-called light (open) woodlands in association with pistachio-tree,
Georgian oak, eastern, long-needle and red-berry junipers, etc.
Valuable economic plant due to its durable and hard timber.
This species is included in the Red Data Book of Georgia (1982) and
Georgian Red List (2006). Its populations are protected in the Vashlovani
Nature Reserve.
20
Juniperus foetidissima
21
ojaxi Pinaceae _ fiWvisebrni
Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach – soWi (kavkasiuri,

anu nordmanis soWi)
Abies-is gvaris 40-ze meti saxeoba gavrcelebulia de-
damiwis Crd. naxevarsferos zomier sartyelSi. saqarTve-
loSi mxolod es saxeobaa.
maradmwvane wiwvovani xea. 50-60 m simaRlis izrdeba,
mTavari Reros diametri 2 m-s aRwevs. konusuri daweuli
varji aqvs, tyis gareT mozardi xis qveda totebi lamis
miwas exeba. norCi totebis qerqi yviTeli an mowiTaloa,
mTavari Rerosi_nacrisferi an ruxi. wiwvi brtyelia,
blagwveriani an wverze odnav amokveTili, qveda mxareze 2
TeTri zoli gasdevs, 2-3 (1,5-4) sm sigrZis da 2 mm-mde siga-
nisa. wiwvebi totze ormwkrivadaa ganlagebuli.
mdedrobiTi (saTesle) girCa cilindrulia, 12-15 (20)
sm sigrZis da 4-5 sm siganisa, totis boloze martoulad
zis. Tesli solisebri formisaa, grZelfrTiani.
maisSi, Tesli mwifdeba da cviva imave wlis seqtember-no-
emberSi.
gavrcelebulia mTel das. saqarTveloSi, z. d. 800-2200
m farglebSi (calkeuli xeebi izrdebian ufro dablac),
agreTve qarTlsa (patara liaxvis auzamde) da mesxeT-
Si (sof. manglisamde). qmnis wminda soWnarebs, agreTve
Sereul naZvnar-soWnar, wiflnar-soWnar da sxv. tyeebs.
saukeTeso merqani aqvs. qerqi mTrimlav nivTierebebs
Seicavs. wiwvebisagan iReben eTerzeTebs. dekoratiulia.
Pinaceae – Pine Family
Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach – Caucasian Fir

Nearly 50 species of Abies are distributed in the temperate zone of the
Northern Hemisphere. Only a single Abies species occurs in Georgia.
Evergreen trees 50–60 m tall, the trunks to 2 m diam. Crowns coni-
cal; specimens growing in open areas outside forests are characterized by
pendulous branches almost to the ground. Bark of young shoots yellow-
ish or reddish, trunk bark grey or medium brown. Needles 2-ranked on the
branches, flat, (1.5–) 2–3 (–4.0) cm long and 2 mm wide, the apices blunt
to emarginate, with two white bands on the underside. Female cones on
branch edges, solitary, erect, cylindrical, 12–15 (–20) 4–5 cm. Seeds ob-
long, long-winged.
Female and male cones develop April–May, seeds ripen and dissemi-
nate September to November of the same year.
The native distribution covers mostly West Georgia, from 800 to 2200 m
elevation (individual trees may be found even at lower altitudes). Caucasian
Fir grows also in Kartli (as far east as the basin of the Patara Liakhvi River)
and Meskheti River (easternmost border being Manglisi). Forms pure stands,
but also occurs in mixed forests in association with spruce, beech, etc.
Valuable timber tree. Bark contains tannins. Ethereal oils sourced from
needles. Ornamental.
22
Abies nordmanniana
23
Picea orientalis (L.) Link -naZvi (aRmosavluri naZvi)
Picea-s gvaris 50-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia Crd. evro-
paSi, aRm. da centr. aziasa da Crd. amerikaSi. saqarTveloSi
mxolod es saxeobaa.
maradmwvane wiwvovani xea. 40 (60) m simaRlis izrdeba,
mTavari Reros diametri 1.5 m-s aRwevs. konusuri varji
aqvs, totebi daxrilia. norCi da axalgazrda xis Reros
qerqi Ria ruxi da gluvia, xnovani xis qveda nawilisa - muqi
ruxi da daxeTqili. wiwvi 4-waxnagovania, 1 sm-mde sigrZis
da 1 mm-mde siganisa. wiwvebi totebze spiraluradaa gan-
lagebuli.
mdedrobiTi (saTesle) girCa TiTistarisebri moy-
vanilobisaa, 6-8 (10) sm sigrZis da 2-3 sm siganisa. girCebi
(TiTo-TiTo, 2-2 an 3-3) totebze Camokidebulia. Tesli
kvercxisebri formisaa, moklefrTiani.
maisSi, Tesli mwifdeba da cviva imave wlis ivlis-agvistoSi.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia yvela mxareSi, garda
kaxeTis, qiziyis, javaxeTis da gardabnisa; z. d. 300-2400 m
farglebSi. qmnis wminda naZvnarebs, agreTve Sereul wi-
wvovan (soWTan da fiWvTan erTad) da wiwvovan-foTlovan
(wifelTan, rcxilasTan da sxv. erTad) tyeebs.
Zvirfasi merqani aqvs. qerqi mTrimlav nivTierebebs
Seicavs. dekoratiulia.
Picea orientalis (L.) Link – Oriental Spruce

Approximately 50 species of Picea are distributed in northern, eastern
and central Europe and North America. Only a single Picea species occurs
in Georgia.
Evergreen tree to 40 (–60) m tall, the trunks to 1.5 m diam. Crown
conical, with pendulous branches. Bark pale grey and smooth when young,
turning dark grey and fissured in the lower parts at maturity. Needles spirally
arranged, quadrangular, 1 cm x 1 mm.
Female cones fusiform, 6–8 (–10) x 2–3 cm. Cones pendulous from
branch ends, (single, or in 2’s or 3’s). Seeds ovoid, short-winged.
Male and female cones develop in April-May, seeds ripen and dissemi-
nate in July-August of the same year.
Common conifer distributed almost throughout the country except
Kakheti, Kiziki, Javakheti and Gardabani; found from 300 up to 2400 m.
Forms pure stands, also grows in mixed coniferous forests (with fir and pine)
and coniferous-deciduous woodlands (with beech, hornbeam, etc.).
Valuable timber tree. Bark contains tannins. Ornamental.
24
Picea orientalis
25
Pinus sosnowskyi Nakai (Pinus kochiana Klotzsch
ex K. Koch)-fiWvi (kavkasiuri fiWvi)
Pinus-is gvaris 100-mde saxeobis umetesoba gavrcele-
bulia dedamiwis Crd. naxevarsferos zomier sartyelSi,
zogierTi _ tropikulSi.
maradmwvane wiwvovani xea. 20-35 m simaRlis izrdeba,
mTavari Reros diametri erT m-s aRwevs. piramiduli an
momrgvalo varji aqvs. Reros qveda nawilis qerqi muraa,
zeda nawilisa _ mowiTalo-yviTeli. wiwvi grZeli da
wvrilia _ 3-8 sm sigrZis da 1.5-2 mm siganisa, blagvi _ an
moblagvowveriani. wiwvebi totze ganlagebulia wyvil-
wyvilad. mdedrobiTi (saTesle) girCa kvercxis formisaa,
3-5 (7) sm sigrZis da 3-4 (5) sm siganisa; martoulia an 2-4 er-
Tad sxedan. Tesli 4-5 mm sigrZisaa, grZelfrTiani.
maisSi, Tesli mwifdeba da cviva meore wlis seqtember-oq-
tomberSi.
gavrcelebulia TiTqmis mTel saqarTveloSi (garda
qiziyisa da gardabnis mxarisa) dablobidan dawyebuli
tyis zeda sazRvriT damTavrebuli, umTavresad ki mTis
Sua da zeda sartylebSi. qmnis wminda fiWvnarebs, agreTve
Sereul tyeebs (wifelTan, naZvTan, soWTan da sxv. erTad).
sagangebod misi populaciebis dacvis mizniTaa daarsebu-
li mariamjvris saxelmwifo nakrZali.
Zvirfasi merqani aqvs. wiwvebisagan miiReba eTerzeTi
(“fiWvis zeTi”) da vitamini C, fisisagan_skipidari. deko-
ratiulia.
Pinus sosnowskyi Nakai (Pinus kochiana Klotzsch ex K. Koch)

– Caucasian Pine
Most of the approximately 100 species of Pinus are distributed in the
temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, extending to the tropics (par-
ticularly in Mexico).
Evergreen trees 20–35 m tall. Trunks to 1 m diam. Crown pyramidal or
spherical. Bark brown in the lower parts of the stem and reddish yellow in
the upper parts. Needles arranged in fascicles of 2, 3–8 cm x 1.5–2 mm, the
apices blunt or nearly so. Female cones solitary or in groups of 2-4, ovoid,
3–5 (–7) x 3–4 (–5) cm. Seeds 4-5 mm, long-winged.
Female and male cones develop in April-May, seeds ripen and dissemi-
nate in September-October of the next year. .
Distributed almost throughout Georgia except Kiziki and Gardabani. Al-
titudinal range varies between the lowlands and vertical limits of forest dis-
tribution; especially common in the mid- and upper montane zones. Forms
pure stands, but also occurs in mixed forests with beech, spruce, fir, etc.
The Mariamjvari Nature Reserve is designated specifically to protect Cau-
casian Pine forests.
Valuable timber tree. Ethereal oils (so-called pine oils) and vitamin C
are sourced from needles. The resin is an important source of turpentine. A
species of ornamental value.
26
Pinus sosnowskyi
27
ojaxi Taxaceae _ urTxelisebrni
Taxus baccata L. _ urTxeli, uTxovari

Taxus-is gvaris 8 saxeoba gavrcelebulia dedamiwis
Crd. naxevarsferos zomier sartyelSi. saqarTveloSi
mxolod es saxeobaa.
maradmwvane wiwvovani xea. 20-25 (35) m simaRlisaa, mTa-
vari Reros diametri 1.5 m-s aRwevs. xSirtotiani, sferose-
bri da kvercxisebri moyvanilobis an piramiduli varji
aqvs. mTavari Reros qerqi mowiTalo-yavisferia, gluvi;
xandazmuli xis qerqi sigrZivad Rrmad daxeTqilia. wiwvi
brtyelia, odnav moRunuli, wveroSi wawvetili, 4 sm-mde
sigrZis da 2.5 mm siganisa. wiwvis qveda mxares sigrZivi Sua
ZarRvi gasdevs. wiwvebi totze ormwkrivadaa ganlagebuli.
gamravlebis organoebi gazafxulze viTardeba. Tes-
lkvirti qerqlebiTaa dafaruli da misi garCeva safoTle
kvirtisagan mxolod lupiT SeiZleba; yviTeli miniaturu-
li samtvreebi ylortis gaswvriv sxedan. Tesli mwifdeba
imave wlis Semodgomaze. Tesli dafarulia e. w. TanaTes-
liT. TanaTesli wiTelia, xorcovani da motkbo gemosi.
amis gamo mas frinvelebi etanebian. Tesli aRmocenebis un-
ars frinvelis kuW-nawlavSi gavlis Semdegac inarCunebs.
gavrcelebulia mTel saqarTveloSi, tyeebSi, dablo-
bidan z. d. 1500-1800 m-mde. zogan qmnis wminda koromebs.
amaTgan yvelaze vrceli (TiTqmis 4000 ha farTobisa) kaxe-
TSi, md. bawaras xeobaSi arsebuli uTxovriania, romelsac
saxelmwifo nakrZalis statusi aqvs miniWebuli (bawaras
nakrZali). nakrZalSi arsebobs uTxovris TiTqmis 1500-
wliani egzemplarebi.
Setanilia saqarTvelos wiTel wignsa (1982 w) da wiTel
nusxaSi (2006 w.).
didad fasobs misi mowiTalo, xangamZle, lamazteqs-
turiani merqani. dekoratiulia.
Taxaceae – Yew Family
Taxus baccata L. – Common Yew

Species of Taxus (8 in total) are distributed in the temperate zone of the
Northern Hemisphere. Only this single species is recorded for Georgia.
Evergreen trees 20–25 (–35) m tall. Trunks to 1.5 m diam. Crown py-
ramidal or spherical to egg-shaped, densely branched. Bark reddish brown,
smooth, turns furrowed with age. Needles appearing 2-ranked, flat, slightly
curved, acute, 4 cm x 2.5 mm, with white stomatal band beneath. Genera-
tive organs are developed in spring. Seed-bud is covered with scales and
can be distinguished from the leaf buds only using magnifying lens; yellow
conspicuous stamens are arranged along the young shoots. Seeds ripen
fall, surrounded by red fleshy aril with sweet taste attractive to birds, still
capable of germination after the passage through the gut of birds.
Distributed almost throughout the country. Grows in forests, between
1500 and 1800 m elevation. Forms pure stands locally, of which the larg-
est is in Kakheti (gorge of the Batsara River, the Batsara Nature Reserve)
occupying almost 4,000 hectares. Some specimens of yew growing in this
Reserve are almost 1500 years old.
Georgian Red List (2006).
Valuable tree for its reddish, durable, fine textured timber. Ornamental.
28
Taxus baccata
29
qveganyofileba ANGIOSPERMAE - farulTeslovnebi
klasi Dicotyledonae - orlebnianebi
ojaxi Aceraceae - nekerCxlisebrni
Acer campestre L. - Cveulebrivi nekerCxali

Acer-is gvaris daaxloebiT 150 saxeoba gavrcelebulia
dedamiwis Crd. naxevarsferos zomier, subtropikul da
nawilobriv tropikul sartylebSi (erTi saxeoba _ samx.
naxevarsferoSi). saqarTveloSi 11 saxeobaa.
foTolmcvivani xea. 15-20 (25) m simaRlisaa. mTavari
Rero monacrisfro-muraa, qerqi sigrZivadaa damskdari.
foToli 5-, iSviaTad 3-nakvTiania, 4-8 sm sigrZis da 4-
10 sm siganisa. yvavilebi moyviTalo-mwvanea, Sekrebilia
yvaviledebad (farisebri mtevani); xis SefoTvlisas an
odnav gvian iSlebian. nayofs 2-3.5 sm sigrZis, horizon-
talurad gaSlili 2 frTa aqvs.
yvavilobs april-maisSi, nayofi mwifdeba zafxulis
bolos_Semodgomis dasawyisSi.
gavrcelebulia TiTqmis mTel saqarTveloSi mTis qve-
da sartylidan tyis zeda sazRvramde. izrdeba foTlovan
tyeebSi.
kargi merqani aqvs. dekoratiulia.
Subdivision ANGIOSPERMAE – Angiosperms

Class Dicotyledonae – Dicotyledons
Aceraceae – Maple Family
Acer campestre L. – Field Maple

About 150 species of Acer are distributed in the temperate and sub-
tropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere; also found in the tropics, with
one species extending to the Southern Hemisphere. Eleven species of Acer
are recorded for Georgia.
Deciduous trees 15–20(–25) m. Bark of trunks greyish-brown, cracked
and fissured. Leaf blades 5-, rarely 3-lobed, 4–8 x 4–10 cm. Flowers in
corymbs, yellowish-green, open after leaves are developed, or later. Fruits
2–3.5 cm long, with two almost horizontal wings.
Flowers April-May, fruits ripen by the end of summer or early fall.
Distributed almost throughout Georgia from the low montane zone to
the upper forest limit. Occurs in deciduous forests.
Valuable timber plant. Ornamental.
30
Acer campestre
31
ojaxi Anacardiaceae _ TuTubosebrni
Pistacia mutica Fisch. et C. A. Mey. - sakmlis xe, saRsa-

Raji
Pistacia-s gvaris 20-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia xmelT-
aSuazRveTSi, das., Sua da aRm. aziaSi, Crd.-aRm. afrikasa
da centr. amerikaSi. saqarTveloSi mxolod es saxeobaa.
foTolmcvivani xea. 5-10 (15) m simaRlisa izrdeba, mTa-
vari Reros diametri erT m-s aRwevs. mrgvali an naxevars-
ferosebri varji aqvs. foToli frTisebria_3(5)-7(9)
xeSeSi, kidemTliani foTolakisagan Sedgeba; foTolaki
kvercxisebri, kvercxisebr-lanceturi an mogrZolance-
turi moyvanilobisaa, mokleyunwiani an TiTqmis mjdomare,
4-5(7) sm sigrZis da 1.5-2.5(3) sm siganisa. yvavilebi calsqe-
siania. mcenare orsaxliania _ mdedrobiTi (butkoiani)
da mamrobiTi (mtvrianiani) yvavilebi sxvadasxva Zirze
viTardeba. yvavilebi Sekrebilia yvaviledebad. mdedro-
biTi yvaviledebi ufro meCxeria, vidre mamrobiTi. nayofi
mSrali kurkianaa, dafarulia tyavisebri garsiT.
yvavilobs april-maisSi, nayofi mwifdeba ivnis-agvis-
toSi.
aqvs mkvrivi, mZime, gamZle merqani. gamoyofs fiss,
romelic gamoiyeneba farmacevtul da parfiumerul war-
moebebSi, kevis dasamzadeblad da sxv. Tesli saWmelad
vargisia. dekoratiulia.
gavrcelebulia aRm. saqarTveloSi, dablobsa da
mTiswinebze. qmnis meCxer, e.w. “naTel” tyeebs.
Setanilia saqarTvelos wiTel wignsa (1982) da wiTel
nusxaSi (2006 w.). sakmlis xis vrceli koromi daculia vaS-
lovanis nakrZalSi.
Anacardiaceae – Cashew Family
Pistacia mutica Fisch. & C. A. Mey. – Pistachio-Tree

About 20 species of Pistacia are distributed in the Mediterranean area,
West, Middle and East Asia, North-East Africa and Central America. Only a
single species of this genus grows in Georgia.
Deciduous trees 5–10(–15) m, trunks to 1 m diam. Crown rounded or
hemispherical. Leaves pinnate; leaflets short-petioled or almost sessile,
3(5)–7(9), ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 4–5(7) x 1.5–2.5(–
3) cm, rigid, the margins entire. Dioecious. Inflorescences racemes; female
flowers form sparser racemes than males. Fruits dry drupes, covered with
leathery coat.
Flowers April-May, fruits ripen June-August.
Distributed in the lowlands and foothills of East Georgia. Forms thinned,
so-called light forests (also referred to as open woodlands).
Pistachio-Tree has hard and durable timber. Its gum is used in the
pharmaceutical industry and perfumery. Seeds are edible.
Georgian Red List (2006). Extensive stand of Pistachio-Tree is protected in
the Vashlovani Nature Reserve.
32
Pistacia mutica
33
ojaxi Araliaceae _ surosebrni
Hedera colchica (K. Koch) K. Koch - kolxuri suro

Hedera-s gvaris daaxloebiT 15 (sxva monacemebiT, 6)
saxeoba gavrcelebulia evropasa da samx.-aRm. aziaSi. sa-
qarTveloSi 3 saxeobaa.
maradmwvane liana-buCqia. Rero sahaero misakidi fes-
vebis daxmarebiT sayrdenze (xeze, kldeze da sxv.) TiTqos
micocavs da 20 m da met simaRles aRwevs. foTlebi didia
(15-20 sm sigrZis), sqeli, tyavisebri, priala; miwaze garTx-
muli unayofo da mcocav ylortTa foTlebi farTokver-
cxisebri, iSviaTad rombuli moyvanilobisaa, zogjer
odnav danakvTuli; sanayofe ylortTa (ylortebi, rom-
lebzec yvavilebi viTardeba) foTlebi rombulia. norCi
totebi da foTlis yunwebi wiTuri bewvebiTaa mofenili.
yvavilebi momwvano-yviTelia, Sekrebilia yvaviledebad
(qolgisebri yvaviledi), yvaviledebic wiTuri bewvebiTaa
Sebusuli. nayofi wvniania, sqeli kaniT dafaruli (kenk-
rismagvari nayofi), mrgvali, Savi.
yvavilobs seqtember-oqtomberSi, nayofi mwifdeba
Semdegi wlis gazafxulsa da zafxulSi.
gavrcelebulia ZiriTadad das. saqarTveloSi.
dekoratiuli da Taflovani mcenarea.
Araliaceae – Ginseng Family
Hedera colchica (K. Koch) K. Koch – Colchic Ivy

Up to 15 (6 according to some sources) species of Hedera are distrib-
uted in Europe and South-East Asia. Three ivy species are recorded for
Georgia.
Evergreen lianas, the stems creeping or climbing over trees by adventi-
tious roots up to 20 m. Leaves large, 15–20 cm long, thick, glabrous; leaves
on creeping infertile and climbing shoots broadly-ovate; leaves on fertile
shoots rhombic. Young shoots and petioles covered with reddish hairs.
Flowers in umbels, greenish-yellow. Inflorescences also covered with red-
dish hairs. Fruits fleshy berries, globose, black, with thick skin.
Flowers September-October, fruits ripen the next spring and summer.
Distributed predominantly in West Georgia.
Ornamental and honey plant.
34
Hedera colchica
35
ojaxi Berberidaceae _ kowaxurisebrni
Berberis vulgaris L. - Cveulebrivi kowaxuri

Berberis-is gvaris TiTqmis 180 saxeoba gavrcelebulia
evraziaSi, Crd. afrikasa da amerikaSi. saqarTveloSi 2 sa-
xeobaa.
foTolmcvivani xea. 1.5-3 m-s aRwevs, iSviaTad ufro
maRalia. erT wlamde asakis totebi monacrisfro mwvanea,
Semdeg_nacrisferi. totebi eklebiania (qacvebiani). fo-
Toli Txelia, Seubusavi; elifsuri an mogrZo-lanceturi
moyvanilobis, fuZisken Seviwroebuli, kidedakbiluli.
yvavili wvrilia, yviTeli; yvavilebi Sekrebilia 5-10 sm
sigrZis mtevan yvaviledebad. nayofi kenkrisebria, elif-
suri formisa; wiTeli, iSviaTad yviTeli.
yvavilobs mais-ivnisSi, nayofi mwifdeba ivlis-seqtem-
berSi.
izrdeba mTel saqarTveloSi, mTis qveda da Sua
sartylebSi; naTel tyeebSi, tyis pirebze, buCqnarebSi.
nayofi iWmeba. misgan amzadeben sawebels, murabas da
sxv. Taflovani da dekoratiuli mcenarea.
meore saxeoba _ Berberis iberica Stev. et Fisch. ex DC.
- qarTuli kowaxuri kavkasiis endemia. Cveulebrivi kowa-
xurisagan ZiriTadad imiT gansxvavdeba, rom kidemTliani
an odnavdakbiluli foToli aqvs. nayofi mogrZocilin-
druli formisaa, wiTeli an vardisferi, lega nafifqiT
dafaruli.
Setanilia saqarTvelos wiTel wignsa (1982). misi mcire
populaciebi arsebobs vaSlovanisa da mariamjvris nakrZa-
lebSi da yoruRis aRkveTilis teritoriaze.
Berberidaceae – Barberry Family
Berberis vulgaris L. – European Barberry

Approximately 180 species of Berberis are distributed in Eurasia, North
Africa and America. Two barberry species are recorded for Georgia.
Deciduous trees 1.5–3 m tall (rarely taller). Shoots to 1-year old grey-
ish green, older bark grey. Leaves papery, elliptical or oblong-lanceolate,
narrowed towards the base, the margins spinulate. Inflorescences 5-10 cm
long racemes. Flowers conspicuous, yellow. Fruits berries, elliptical, red,
rarely yellow.
Flowers May-June, fruits ripen July-September.
Distributed throughout Georgia from the low to the mid-montane zone.
Occurs in light forests, forest edges, and scrub.
Berries are used to make sauce, jam, etc. Honey plant. Ornamental.
Another species of barberry – Berberis iberica Stev. & Fisch. ex DC.
(Georgian Barberry) is endemic to the Caucasus. B. iberica differs from
B. vulgaris by its entire or slightly serrate leaves. Fruits of B. iberica are
oblong-cylindrical, red or pink, with bluish waxy surface bloom.
This species is included in the Red Data Book of Georgia (1982). Small
populations of Georgian Barberry are found in the Vashlovani and Mariam-
jvari Nature Reserves, and in the Khorughi Managed Reserve.
36
Berberis vulgaris
37
Gymnospermium smirnowii (Trautv.) Takht. (Leontice
smirnowii Trautv.) - mrgvali wamali
Gymnospermium-is gvaris 6 saxeoba gavrcelebulia ev-
raziaSi, saberZneTidan Crd. koreamde. saqarTveloSi mxo-
lod es saxeobaa.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. tuberisebr
gamsxvilebuli fesura aqvs. foToli rTulia_5 foTo-
lakisagan Sedgeba. yvavilebi yviTelia, Sekrebilia yvavi-
ledebad (mtevani yvaviledi). nayofi kolofia. yvavilo-
bas iwyebs TebervalSi, nayofic adre _ mart-aprilSi _
mwifdeba.
samxr.-aRm. kavkasiis endemia. saqarTveloSi gavrcele-
bulia mxolod kaxeTSi _ lagodexis midamoebsa da sof.
gulgulasTan. izrdeba mTis qveda sartylis tyeebSi.
Setanilia saqarTvelos wiTel wignSi (1982 w.). dacu-
lia lagodexis nakrZalSi.
Gymnospermium smirnowii (Trautv.) Takht. (Leontice smirnowii

Trautv.) – Smirnow’s Gymnospermium
Six species of Gymnospermium are distributed in Eurasia from Greece
to North Korea.
Only this single species is recorded for Georgia.
Perennial herbs with tuber-like rhizomes. Leaves pinnate; leaflets 5.
Inflorescences racemes. Flowers yellow. Fruits capsules.
Flowers February, fruits ripen March-April.
Endemic to South-East Caucasus.Within Georgia, this plant is known
to occur only in Kakheti – environs of town Lagodekhi and Gulgula Village.
Grows in forests of the low montane zone.
This species is included in the Red Data Book of Georgia (1982). Pro-
tected in the Lagodekhi Nature Reserve.
38
Gymnospermium smirnowii
39
ojaxi Betulaceae – aryisebrni
Alnus barbata C. A. Mey. - Cveulebrivi muryani

Alnus-is gvaris 40-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia um-
etesad dedamiwis Crd. naxevarsferoSi. saqarTveloSi 2
saxeobaa.
foTolmcvivani xea. 30-38 m simaRlis izrdeba. mTavari
Reros qerqi ruxia, damskdari; norCi totebi mura Sefer-
ilobisaa, odnav webovani, Tavdapirvelad Txlad Sebu-
suli, Semdeg umetesad SiSveli. foToli farToovaluri
an ukukvercxisebri, zogjer momrgvalo moyvanilobisaa,
kideebze xerxisebr dakbiluli. yvavilebi calsqesiania.
isini Sekrebilia yvaviledebad: mamrobiTi (mtvrianiani)
yvaviledebi (mWada yvaviledebi) ganlagebulia ylor-
tis zeda nawilSi, mdedrobiTi (butkoiani) yvaviledebi
(TavTavisebri yvaviledebi)_ylortis fuZesTan. nayofi
wvrili, 2 frTiT aRWurvili erTTesliani kakalia.
yvavilobs mart-aprilSi, nayofi mwifdeba agvisto-oq-
tomberSi.
gavrcelebulia saqarTvelos yvela mxareSi, garda
javaxeTisa; zRvis donidan dawyebuli mTis Sua sarty-
lamde. kolxeTis dablobze qmnis e.w. Waobian murynarebs.
maRla ahyveba mdinareTa xeobebs, tenian ferdobebze Se-
dis Sereuli foTlovani tyeebis SemadgenlobaSi; zogan
qmnis wminda murynarebsac.
Cveulebrivi murynis Ria-mowiTalo, rbili merqani
wyalSi did xans ar lpeba. qerqi da nayofis gaxevebuli
kedlebi Seicavs mTrimlav nivTierebebs.
Betulaceae – Birch Family
Alnus barbata C. A. Mey. – Black Alder

About 40 species of Alnus are distributed in the Northern Hemisphere.
Two Alnus species are known to grow in Georgia.
Deciduous trees 30–38 m. Bark of trunk greyish, fissured. Young shoots
glutinous, tomentose, glabrous in age. Leaves broadly elliptic or obovate,
occasionally suborbicular, the margins sharply serrate. Flowers unisexual,
in catkins; male catkins terminal, female catkins produced at the base of
shoots. Fruits small, 1-seeded nuts with 2 wings.
Flowers March-April, fruits ripen August-October.
Distributed throughout Georgia except Javakheti. Vertical distribution
ranges between sea level and mid-montane zone. Forms wet alder forests
on Colchis Lowland. Grows along river gorges, occurs in mixed broad-
leaved forests on moist slopes, pure alder woods localized.
Its light red, soft timber is water resistant. Bark and woody walls of fruits
contain tannins.
40
Alnus barbata
41
Betula litwinowii Doluch. - litvinovis aryi
Betula-s gvaris 70-mde (sxva monacemebiT, 120-mde)
saxeoba gavrcelebulia dedamiwis Crd. naxevarsferoSi
subtropikebidan tundramde. saqarTveloSi am gvaris 5
saxeobaa.
foTolmcvivani xea. simaRle 15-18 m-s aRwevs. mTavari
Rero metwilad mrudea. Reros qerqi moTeTroa, xSirad
Ria vardisferi gadahkravs. misi zeda Sre advilad iqer-
cleba. foToli kvercxisebri, kvercxisebr-rombisebri
an ovalur-rombisebri moyvanilobisaa, maxvilwveriani an
odnav wawvetebuli, fuZesTan ufro xSirad farTosolise-
bri, iSviaTad wakveTili an momrgvalebuli. mdedrobiTi
da mamrobiTi yvavilebi cal-calke yvaviledebadaa (mWada
yvaviledi) Sekrebili. yvaviledebi iSleba gazafxulze,
xeebis SefoTvlisas. nayofi kakalia, patara, brtyeli. mas 2
apkisebri frTa gaaCnia; mwifdeba Semodgomaze.
gavrcelebulia TiTqmis mTel saqarTveloSi, tyis
zeda da subalpur sartylebSi, z. d. 1900-2500 (2600) m far-
glebSi. zogan ufro dablac Camodis. tyis zeda sazRvarze
qmnis subalpur tanbrecil tyes. subalpur tyes, maT So-
ris subalpur arynars, udidesi niadagdacviTi da wyal-
maregulirebeli mniSvneloba aqvs.
Betula litwinowii Doluch. – Litwinow’s Birch

Up to 70 (c. 120 according to some sources) species of Betula are dis-
tributed from the subtropical zone to the tundra in the Northern Hemisphere.
Five Birch species are recorded for Georgia.
Deciduous trees 15–18 m. Trunks mostly twisted. Bark of trunks whitish,
frequently a little pinkish. Leaves ovate, ovate-rhombic or elliptical-rhombic,
acute or acuminate, the bases broadly cuneate, rarely rounded. Male and
female flowers in separate catkins. Catkins open in spring, appearing with
the leaves. Fruits small, flat nuts with 2 wings.
Fruits ripen fall.
Distributed almost throughout Georgia in the upper forest and subal-
pine zones between 1900 and 2500 (–2600) m elevation. May also be found
locally at lower altitudes. Forms subalpine (birch-dominated) crook-stem
forests at the upper forest limit. Birch-dominated crook-stem forests are of
exceptional importance in soil protection and water regulation in high-mon-
tane regions.
42
Betula litwinowii
43
Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. – uxravi
Ostrya-s gvaris 5-7 (sxva monacemebiT, 10) saxeoba
gavrcelebulia evraziaSi, Crd. da centr. amerikaSi.
saqarTveloSi mxolod es saxeobaa.
foTolmcvivani buCqi an xea. Tu xed izrdeba, misma si-
maRlem SeiZleba 15 (iSviaTad, 20) m-s miaRwios. xSiri varji
aqvs, totebi odnav daweulia. Rero ruxi, grZel zolebad
aqerclili qerqliTaa dafaruli. foToli mogrZo-kver-
cxisebri moyvanilobisaa, wawvetebuli, fuZeSi momrgva-
lebuli an mcired amokveTili, ormagad kidedakbiluli.
norCi foToli Sebusulia, zrdasruli_SiSveli an Se-
busvas ZarRvTa kuTxeebSi, zogjer maT gaswvrivac inar-
Cunebs. yvavili calsqesiania, patara, momwvano; Sekrebil-
ia yvaviledebad (mWada yvaviledi). mamrobiTi (mtvriani-
ani) yvaviledi ufro grZelia, vidre mdedrobiTi (butkoi-
ani). yvavilebi aprilSi iSleba, foTlebTan erTad. nayofi
mSralia, erTTesliani (kakluWi), mTlianadaa dafaruli
saburvliT, romelic mofenilia wvrili, Calisfer-yviTe-
li, Cxvletia bewvebiT. nayofebi jguf-jgufadaa totebze
Camokidebuli. isini xes damaxasiaTebel iers aZleven.
gavrcelebulia mTel das. saqarTveloSi, agreTve
qarTlsa da mesxeTSi.
nusxaSi (2006 w.). misi populaciebi arsebobs borjomis na-
krZalSi.
Zalian mZime, magari, gamZle merqani aqvs (aqedan modis
mcenaris qarTuli saxelwodeba). dekoratiulia.
Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. – European Hop Hornbeam

Five to seven (10 according to some sources) species of Ostrya are
distributed in Eurasia, North and Central America. Only this single species
is found in Georgia.
Deciduous trees or shrubs to 15 (rarely, 20) m tall. Crown dense, the
branches arched. Bark grey, fissured, coming off in flakes. Young leaves pu-
bescent, glabrous or pubescent along veins in age. Inflorescences catkins.
Male catkins longer than the female. Flowers unisexual, small, greenish.
Flowers open in April with appearance of leaves. Fruits dry, 1-seeded nuts,
enveloped by involucre with brownish-yellow, rigid bristles. Fruits hanging
on shoots make the specific appearance of the tree.
Distributed throughout West Georgia, also found in Kartli and Meskheti.
Georgian Red List (2006). Populations occur in the Borjomi Nature Re-
serve.
Its timber is very heavy, hard and durable. Ornamental.
44
Ostrya carpinifolia
45
ojaxi Buxaceae _ bzisebrni
Buxus colchica Pojark. - bza (kolxuri bza)

Buxus-is gvaris 30-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia xmelT-
aSuazRveTSi, aRm. da samx.-aRm. aziasa da centr. amerikaSi.
maradmwvane buCqi an xea. Zalian nela izrdeba da
zRvrul simaRles _ 5-18 m-s _ 400-500 wlisa aRwevs.
xSirtotebiani varji aqvs. Rero monacrisfroa. foTlebi
mokleyunwiania, tyavisebri, SiSveli, kvercxisebri an lan-
ceturi moyvanilobisa; totze mopirispired (iSviaTad
morigeobiT), mWidrod ganlagebuli. yvavilebi calsqe-
siania, momwvano-yviTeli; Sekrebilia yvaviledebad (Ta-
vakisebri yvaviledi). erTsaxliani mcenarea (mamrobiTi da
mdedrobiTi yvavilebi erT Zirze sxedan). nayofi kolo-
fia, 3-budiani; TiTo budeSi 2 momrgvalo, moSavo Seferi-
lobis Teslia.
yvavilobs Teberval-aprilSi, nayofi mwifdeba ivnis-
seqtemberSi.
gavrcelebulia das. saqarTveloSi_TiTqmis yvelgan,
aRm. saqarTveloSi iSviaTia_napovnia zogan borjomis
xeobaSi, mdinareebis liaxvisa da qsnis xeobebSi, sagura-
mos qedze, yvarlis midamoebSi da sxv. izrdeba foTlovani
da muqwiwvovani (naZvnari, soWnari) tyeebis meore iarusSi
an qvetyeSi.
Setanilia saqarTvelos wiTel wignsa (1982 w.) da wi-
Tel nusxaSi (2006 w.). misi populaciebi arsebobs fsxu-gu-
misTis, biWvinTa-miuseris, kintriSis, saTafliisa da sa-
guramos nakrZalebSi, mtiralasa da borjom-xaragaulis
erovnul parkebSi.
aqvs uZvirfasesi merqani. dekoratiulia.
Buxaceae – Box Family
Buxus colchica Pojark. – Colchic Box

About 30 species of Buxus are distributed in the Mediterranean area,
East and South-East Asia and Central America. Only this single species
occurs in Georgia.
Evergreen trees or shrubs, slow-growing, reaching maximum height of
5–18 m by the age of 400–500 years. Crown densely branched. Bark grey-
ish. Leaves opposite (rarely alternate), short-petioled, ovate or lanceolate,
leathery, glabrous. Flowers in clusters, unisexual, greenish-yellow. Dioe-
cious. Fruits capsules, 3-locular. Seeds 2 per capsule, suborbicular, black.
Flowers February-April, fruits ripen June-September.
Distributed nearly throughout West Georgia; rare plant in East Georgia,
found locally in Borjomi gorge, in the gorges of Liakhvi and Ksani Rivers,
Saguramo ridge, environs of Kvareli, and elsewhere. Occurs in the second
layer or understory of broad-leaved or dark coniferous forests dominated
by spruce and fir.
Georgian Red List (2006). Populations of Colchic Box are found in the
Pskhu-Gumista, Bichvinta-Miusera, Sataplia and Saguramo Nature Re-
serves, and the Mtirala and Borjomi-Kharagauli National Parks.
Valuable timber tree. Ornamental.
46
Buxus colchica
47
ojaxi Campanulaceae _ maCitisebrni
Campanula latifolia L. - aloSa

Campanula-s gvaris 350-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia
dedamiwis Crd. naxevarsferos zomier sartyelSi, umTa-
vresad samx. evropasa da mcire aziaSi. saqarTveloSi 60-ze
meti saxeobaa.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea, 120 sm-mde sima-
Rlis, kenweromde SefoTlili, SiSveli an Txlad Sebu-
suli Rero aqvs. foTlebi kvercxisebri moyvanilobisaa,
SiSveli an zogjer xaoiani, kidedakbiluli; qveda da Sua
foTlebi yunwiania, 7-10(16) sm sigrZis da 5-7 sm siganisa;
zeda _ mjdomare, bevrad ufro viwro. yvavilebi molur-
joa, farTozarisebri formisa; Sekrebilia yvaviledebad
(mtevnisebri yvaviledi). nayofi kolofia.
yvavilobs da nayofi mwifdeba ivnis-agvistoSi.
gavrcelebulia TiTqmis mTel saqarTveloSi, mTis Sua
da zeda da subalpur sartylebSi. izrdeba mdeloebze.
dekoratiulia.
Campanulaceae – Bellflower Family
Campanula latifolia L. – Giant Bellflower

About 350 species of Campanula are distributed in the temperate zone
of the Northern Hemisphere, predominantly in Southern Europe and Asia
Minor. More than 60 Bellflower species are found in Georgia.
Perennial herbs. Stem to 120 cm long, glabrous, rarely hirsute. Leaves
basal and apical, ovate, occasionally scabrid, the margins doubly-serrate;
basal and lower leaves petiolate, 7–10 (–16) x 5–7 cm, upper leaves sessile,
considerably narrower. Inflorescences racemes. Flowers bluish, wide-cam-
panulate. Fruits capsules.
Flowers and fruits produced in June-August.
Distributed throughout the country. Occurs in the upper montane and
subalpine zones. Grows in meadows.
Ornamental.
48
Campanula latifolia
49
ojaxi Capparaceae _ kaparisebrni
Capparis spinosa L. - ekliani kapari

Capparis-is gvaris 250-300 saxeoba gavrcelebulia um-
etesad dedamiwis tropikul da subtropikul sartyleb-
Si. saqarTveloSi mxolod es saxeobaa.
foTolmcvivani buCqia. Rero garTxmulia, 1-2 m sigr-
Zisa. foToli elifsuri an ukukvercxisebri moyvanilo-
bisaa. yvavili martoulia, grZelyunwiani, TeTri an mkr-
Tali vardisferi; dRisiT daxurulia, saRamoze ixsneba.
nayofi xorcovania, kenkrisebri.
yvavilobs maisSi, nayofi mwifdeba ivlis-agvistoSi.
gavrcelebulia aRm. saqarTvelos zogierT mxareSi,
izrdeba mSral ferdobebze. gauSlel sayvavile kvirtebs
(kokrebs), zogjer norC ylortebsa da nayofebsac amwn-
ileben. dekoratiulia _ ulamazesi yvavilebi aqvs.
Capparaceae – Caper Family
Capparis spinosa L. – Common Caper

About 250–300 species of Capparis are distributed mainly in the tropics
and subtropics. Only a single Capparis species occurs in Georgia.
Deciduous prostrate shrubs 1–2 m high. Leaves elliptic or obovoid.
Flowers solitary, white or pale pink, the pedicles long; flowers closed in the
daytime, open in the evening. Fruits fleshy, berry-like.
Flowering May; fruiting July-August.
Distributed in some provinces of East Georgia; growing on dry slopes.
Immature flower buds, semi-mature fruits and young shoots are collected
and pickled. Ornamental with very showy flowers.
50
Capparis spinosa
51
ojaxi Caryophyllaceae _ mixakisebrni
Cerastium argenteum M. Bieb. - pirTeTra

Cerastium-is gvaris 100-mde saxeoba gavrcele-
bulia TiTqmis mTel dedamiwaze, umetesad evraziaSi.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. sqel kords qm-
nis. mravali, kargad SefoTlili, 10-30 sm (iSviaTad, 4-7 sm)
simaRlis Rero aqvs. foTlebi viwro-lanceturia, kidee-
bze gadakecili, 1-3.5 sm sigrZis da 1-3 mm siganisa. mTeli
mcenare TeTri mwolare bewvebiTaa Sebusuli_vercx-
lisfrad brwyinavs. yvavilebi TeTria, Sekrebilia meCxer,
kenwrul yvaviledebad. nayofi kolofia, romelsac Tavze
swormdgomi an odnav gadaxrili kbilebi aqvs.
yvavilobs ivnisSi, nayofi mwifdeba zafxulis bolos.
aRm. saqarTvelos endemia. gavrcelebulia qarTlsa da
mesxeTSi, mTis yvela sartyelSi; izrdeba mSral qva-Ror-
Rian adgilebsa da kldeebze. dekoratiulia.
Caryophyllaceae – Pink Family
Cerastium argenteum M. Bieb. – Silver Chickweed

Up to 100 species of Cerastium are distributed mostly in Eurasia, but
also found almost throughout the world. The flora of Georgia comprises 25
species of Cerastium.
Perennial herbs, forming dense tussocks, the whole plant with white
adpressed-pubescence. Stems numerous, foliate, 10–30 (rarely 4–7) cm
long. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 1–3.5 cm x 1–3 mm, the edges rolled under.
Inflorescences terminal, sparse. Flowers white. Fruits capsules, with erect
or curving teeth.
Flowers June, the fruits ripening by the end of summer.
Endemic to East Georgia. Occurs in all montane zones in Kartli and
Meskheti. Inhabits dry, rock-scree places and rocks. Ornamental.
52
Cerastium argenteum
53
ojaxi Celtidaceae _ akakisebrni
Celtis caucasica Willd. - akaki (kavkasiuri akaki)

Celtis-is gvaris 50-ze meti (sxva monacemebiT, 70-dan
150-mde) saxeoba gavrcelebulia dedamiwis Crd. naxevars-
feros mSral regionebSi. saqarTveloSi 3 saxeobaa.
foTolmcvivani xea. 10 m-mde simaRlisaa, iSviaTad buC-
qadac izrdeba. mWidro varji aqvs. foToli kvercxisebri
an kvercxisebr-rombisebri moyvanilobisaa, xeSeSi, wverSi
wawvetebuli, zeda mxareze xaoiani, qvedaze _ mTel zeda-
pirze an mxolod ZarRvebis gayolebiT Sebusuli, kidee-
bze xerxisebr dakbiluli, kbilebs kauWiviT wvetebi aqvT;
3-8 sm (zogjer meti) sigrZis da 1.5-5 sm siganisa. Zlieri
gvalvis dros foTlebi ikrunCxeba da cviva. wvimis Sem-
deg xe xelaxla SeifoTleba. yvavili momwvanoa. ylortis
zeda nawilSi, foTlis iRliebSi orsqesiani (mtvrianian-
butkoiani) yvavilebi sxedan, qvedaSi _ konebad Sekrebi-
li mamrobiTi (mtvrianiani) yvavilebi. nayofi mowiTalo-
yviTeli kurkianaa.
yvavilobs mart-aprilSi, nayofi mwifdeba seqtember-
oqtomberSi.
gavrcelebulia aRm. saqarTveloSi, mTis qveda
sartylidan Sua sartylamde (z. d. 1800 m-mde). izrdeba
mSral adgilebSi, meCxeri tyeebis erT-erTi Semqmnelia.
aqvs magari, mZime, gamZle merqani. nayofi iWmeba.
populaciebi arsebobs vaSlovanis nakrZalSi.
Celtidaceae – Hackberry Family
Celtis caucasica Willd. – Caucasian Hackberry

Over 50 (70 to 150 according to some sources) species of Celtis are
distributed in dry regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Three Celtis species
Deciduous trees to 10 m tall, rarely grows as a shrub. Crown dense.
Leaves ovate or ovate-rhombic, 3–8 x 1.5–5 cm, rigid, pubescent above and
beneath (occasionally only along the veins), the margins serrate, with bristle
tips, the apices acute. Leaves wilting or shedding in droughts, appearing
again after rain. Flowers greenish, polygamous arranged in the upper part
of the shoots, male flowers arranged in clusters born on the lower part of
shoots. Drupes reddish-yellow.
Flowers March-April, fruits ripen September-October.
Distributed in East Georgia from the low to mid-montane zones (up
to 1800 m elevation). Inhabits dry places, forms thinned forests. Timber of
Caucasian Hackberry is hard, heavy and durable. Fruits are edible.
This species is included in the Red Data Book of Georgia (1982).
54
Celtis caucasica
55
ojaxi Compositae (Asteraceae) _ rTulyvavilovnebi
Artemisia lerchiana Web. (Artemisia fragrans Willd.) -

avSani
Artemisia-s gvaris 400-mde (sxva monacemebiT, 250)
saxeoba gavrcelebulia evraziaSi, afrikasa da Crd. ameri-
kaSi. saqarTveloSi 12 saxeobaa.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. ramdenime an
mravali, Suidan cota zemoT datotvili, ZirSi gaxeve-
buli Rero aqvs. 20-60 sm simaRlisa izrdeba. qveda foT-
lebi yunwiania, orjer frTisebrgankveTili; nakvTebi
moklea, blagwveriani. Sua da zeda foTlebi mjdomarea,
erTjer frTisebrgankveTili (sul zeda, yvaviledTanuri
foTlebi agreTve mjdomarea, mTliani). mTeli mcenare
vegetaciis dasawyisSi moTeTro-qeCisebr Sebusulia.
yvavilebi yviTelia. 3-6 yvavili Sekrebilia yvaviledad,
e.w. “kalaTad” (kalaTa iseTi yvaviledia, romlis yvavilebi
sxedan saerTo RerZis zeda gamsxvilebul nawilze. kala-
Tas gars akravs gareTa yvavilTa mfaravi foTlebisagan
an, amaTTan erTad, saxeSecvlili kenwruli foTlebisagan
Seqmnili saburveli). nayofi Tesluraa (Teslura ewodeba
mSral, erTTeslian nayofs, romelic Txeli tyavisebri
garsiTaa dafaruli). Tesluras safreni mowyobiloba_
”qoCori” ar gaaCnia.
yvavilobs agvisto-seqtemberSi, nayofi mwifdeba se-
qtember-oqtomberSi.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia qarTlsa da mesxeTSi,
mTiswinebSi. izrdeba kldovan da qvian adgilebze.
gazafxulsa da Semodgomaze cxvari kargad Zovs.
msxvilfexa pirutyvi ar etaneba. foTlebi eTerzeTsa da
mTrimlav nivTierebebs Seicavs.
Compositae (Asteraceae) – Sunflower Family
Artemisia lerchiana Web. (Artemisia fragrans Willd.) – Fragrant

Wormwood
About 40 species of Artemisia (250 according to some sources) are
distributed in Eurasia, Africa and North America. Twelve Artemisia species
grow in Georgia.
Perennial herbs, entire plant densely white canescent. Stems several
to many, 20–60 cm long, branched from the middle; stock woody. Lower
leaves petiolate, 2-pinnatisect; segments short, obtuse. Upper leaves ses-
sile, pinnatisect. Bracts sessile, entire. Flowers yellow. The capitulum is sur-
rounded by an involucre of bracts, 3–6 flowered (a capitulum is an inflores-
cence consisting of closely packed flowers which arise on a flattened axis).
Pappus absent. Fruits achenes, covered with thin leathery skin.
Flowers August-September, fruits ripen September-October.
Occurs in the foothills of Kartli and Meskheti. Inhabits rocky and stony
places. Grazed by sheep in spring and fall, but avoided by cattle. Leaves
contain ethereal oils and tannins.
56
Artemisia lerchiana
57
Grossheimia macrocephala (Muss.-Puschk. ex Willd.)
Sosn. et Takht. - didTava grosheimia
Grossheimia-s gvaris ramdenime saxeoba gavrcelebulia
kavkasiasa da mcire aziaSi. saqarTveloSi 2 saxeobaa.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. erT m-mde sima-
Rlis, datotvili, iSviaTad dautotavi, sqlad SefoT-
lili, daRaruli Rero aqvs. qveda foTlebi mogrZoa,
lanceturi; zeda foTlebi _ SedarebiT mokle. Rero da
foTlebi (orive mxareze) xuWuWa bewvebiTaa mofenili.
yvavilebi yviTelia, milisebri; Sekrebilia sferosebri
formis yvaviledebad (kalaTebad). kalaTas Sua yvavilebi
orsqesiania, ramdenime rigad ganlagebuli; ganapira
yvavilebi _ usqeso, erTrigad ganlagebuli. yvaviledi
xeSeSi foTlebisagan Seqmnili saburvliTaa garSemorty-
muli. nayofi Tesluraa, “qoCriani”.
yvavilobs ivlisSi, nayofi mwifdeba seqtemberSi.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia raWa-leCxumSi, qarTl-
Si, gare kaxeTSi, TrialeTze, mesxeT-javaxeTSi; mTis zeda
da subalpur sartylebSi. izrdeba mdeloebze da sub-
alpur maRalbalaxeulobaSi.
afxazeTSi, svaneTSi, raWa-leCxumSi, aWarasa da Sida
qarTlSi, mTis zeda sartyelSi mdeloebze izrdeba
agreTve Grossheimia polyphylla (Ledeb.) Holub -mravalfo-
Tola grosheimia.
orive saxeoba dekoratiulia.
Grossheimia macrocephala (Muss.-Puschk. ex Willd.) Sosn. &

Takht. – Bighead Grossheimia
Several species of Grossheimia are distributed in the Caucasus and
Asia Minor. Two Grossheimia species are recorded for Georgia.
Perennial herbs to 1 m tall. Stems branched, or occasionally simple,
fissured, densely foliate. Lower leaves elongate, lanceolate; upper leaves
shorter. Stems and leaves (both surfaces) hirsute. Inflorescences capitula.
Flowers yellow, funnel-shaped. Central flowers hermaphroditic, in several
rows, marginal ones neuter, arranged in a single row. Involucres of rigid
phyllaries. Achenes with pappus.
Flowers July, fruits ripen September.
Distributed in Racha-Lechkhumi, Kartli, Gare (Outer) Kakheti, Trialeti,
Meskheti and Javakheti. Occurs in the upper montane and subalpine zones.
Inhabits meadows and subalpine tall herbaceous vegetation.
Another Grossheimia species – Grossheimia polyphylla (Ledeb.)
Holub is found in Abkhazeti, Svaneti, Racha-Lechkhumi, Ajara and Shida
Kartli. This plant occurs in meadows in the upper montane zone.
Both species are ornamentals.
58
Grossheimia macrocephala
59
ojaxi Cornaceae _ Sindisebrni
Cornus mas L. - Sindi

Cornus-is gvaris 4 saxeoba gavrcelebulia samx. da aRm.
evropaSi, mcire aziaSi, iaponiaSi, CineTsa da Crd. ameri-
kaSi. saqarTveloSi mxolod es saxeobaa.
foTolmcvivani buCqi an xea. xed gazrdilis simaRle
zogjer 9 metrs aRwevs. Reros qerqi mura-nacrisferia,
xangamoSvebiT nafleTebad Zvreba. foTlebi kvercxisebri
an elifsuri moyvanilobisaa, mokleyunwiani, orive mxri-
dan jagriseburi bewvebiT dafaruli. yvavilebi xasxasa
yviTelia, Sekrebilia yvaviledebad (qolgisebri yvavil-
edi). TiToeul yvaviledSi 5-dan 9-mde yvavilia. yvaviledi
garSemortymulia oTxfoTliani moyviTalo-mwvane, Sebu-
suli saburvliT. nayofi wvniania, erTTesliani (kurkiana),
momrgvalo, msxlisebri, elifsuri an cilindruli formi-
sa; mwife nayofi vardisferi, Ria an muqi wiTelia, iSviaTad
yviTeli. Tesli (kurka) elifsuri an TiTistarisebria.
yvavilobs Zalian adre _ Teberval-martSi, nayofi
mwifdeba agvisto-seqtemberSi.
gavrcelebulia TiTqmis mTel saqarTveloSi, mTis qve-
da da Sua sartylebSi, z. d. 1300 m-mde. izrdeba foTlovan
tyeTa qvetyeSi.
saukeTeso veluri xilia. aqvs mZime, mkvrivi da drekadi
merqani. Taflovani da dekoratiuli mcenarea. arsebobs
Sindis bevri sabaRo forma.
Cornaceae – Dogwood Family
Cornus mas L. – Dogwood

Four species of Cornus are distributed in South and East Europe, Asia
Minor, Japan, China and North America. Only this single species grows in
Georgia.
Deciduous shrubs or small trees to 9 m tall. Bark brown-grey, coming
off in patches from time to time. Leaves ovate or elliptical, short-petioled,
both surfaces with rigid hairs. Inflorescences in 5-9-flowered umbels. Flow-
ers bright yellow, the bracts 4, yellowish-green, pubescent. Fruits drupes,
suborbicular, pyriform, elliptical or cylindrical, the mature fruits pink, dark red
or occasionally yellow. Stones elliptical or fusiform.
Flowers early February–March, fruits ripen August-September.
Distributed almost throughout Georgia from the low to the mid-montane
zones up to 1300 m elevation. Grows as an understory plant in broad-leaved
forests.
Wild fruit of exceptional quality. Its timber is hard, heavy and resilient.
Ornamental and honey plant. There are many horticultural varieties of Dog-
wood.
60
Cornus mas
61
ojaxi Corylaceae _ Txilisebrni
Carpinus caucasica Grossh. - rcxila

Carpinus-is gvaris 30-mde (sxva monacemebiT, 50-mde)
saxeoba gavrcelebulia umTavresad dedamiwis Crd. nax-
evarsferos zomier sartyelSi. saqarTveloSi 2 saxeobaa.
foTolmcvivani xea. 20-35 m simaRlis izrdeba. xSiri
varji aqvs. Reros qerqi nacrisferia, gluvi an odnav dam-
skdari. foToli elifsuri moyvanilobisa, yunwiani. cal-
sqesiani yvavilebi aqvs. yvavilebi Sekrebilia yvavilede-
bad (e. w. “mWada” yvaviledebi). mdedrobiTi yvavilebi wy-
vil-wyvilad sxedan yvaviledis kenweroze, mamrobiTi_
TiTo-TiTod, yvaviledis fuZeSi. yvaviledi dafarulia
foTlisebri 3-nakvTiani saburvliT. nayofi (kakali) kver-
cxisebri formisaa, wiboebiani, odnav Sebrtyelebuli.
yvavilobs mart-aprilSi; nayofi mwifdeba ivnis-mais-
Si, cviva Semodgomaze (an xes mTeli zamTris ganmavlobaSi
SerCeba xolme).
izrdeba mTel saqarTveloSi, mTis qveda da Sua
sartylebSi, zogan ufro maRlac. qmnis wminda koromebs,
Sedis Sereuli tyeebis SemadgenlobaSi.
aqvs mkvrivi merqani. dekoratiulia.
saqarTveloSi aseve farTodaa gavrcelebuli Carpi-
nus orientalis Mill. - jagrcxila. buCqi an patara xea. Tu xed
izrdeba, misi simaRle 10, iSviaTad 18 m-s aRwevs.
bunebaSi rcxila da jagrcxila ZiriTadad zomiT gan-
sxvavdeba. amave dros, jagrcxilis foTolic ufro pa-
taraa. kargi ganmasxvavebeli niSania is, rom jagrcxilis
yvaviledis saburveli mTliani an odnav danakvTulia
(rcxilisa _ samnakvTiani).
Corylaceae – Hazel Family
Carpinus caucasica Grossh. – Caucasian Hornbeam

About 30 (about 50 according to some sources) species of Carpinus
are distributed predominantly in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemi-
sphere. The flora of Georgia comprises two hornbeam species.
Deciduous trees 20–35 m tall. Crown dense. Bark grey, smooth or
slightly fissured. Leaves elliptic, petioled. Flowers unisexual; female flowers
terminal, in pairs; male flowers solitary, born at the base of inflorescences.
Involucres leafy, 3-lobed. Fruits nuts, ovoid, ribbed, slightly compressed.
Flowers March-April, fruits ripen June-May, dropping in autumn (or re-
maining on the tree throughout winter).
Distributed throughout Georgia in the low and mid-montane zones, may
also extend locally to higher altitudes. Forms pure stands. Occurs in mixed
forests.
Valuable timber tree. Ornamental.
Another Carpinus species - Carpinus orientalis Mill. (Oriental Horn-
beam) is also widespread in Georgia. It is a small tree or shrub to 10, (rarely
18) m tall.
Oriental and Caucasian Hornbeams differ in size in the wild. In addi-
tion, the leaves of Oriental Hormnbeam are smaller than those of Caucasian
Hornbeam. They also differ in the shape of the involucres- entire (or slightly
lobed) in Oriental Hornbeam and 3-lobed in Caucasian Hornbeam.
62
Carpinus caucasica
63
Corylus avellana L. - Cveulebrivi Txili
Corylus-is gvaris 20-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia
evraziis (gansakuTrebiT aRm. aziis) da Crd. amerikis zomi-
er sartyelSi. saqarTveloSi 6 saxeobaa.
foTolmcvivani buCqi an xea. xed SeiZleba 5-6 m sima-
Rlis gaizardos. foToli mokleyunwiania, momrgvalo an
ukukvercxisebri moyvanilobisa, kideebze araTanabrad
dakbiluli. foTlis zeda mxare xaoiania, qveda_ZarRveb-
is gayolebaze Sebusuli. yvavilebi calsqesiania. mamrobi-
Ti (mtvrianiani) yvaviledebi Sekrebilia mWada yvavilede-
bad, mdedrobiTi (butkoiani) yvaviledebi Zalian moklea
da TiTqmis dafarulia sayvavile kvirtis mfaravi qer-
qlebiT. adre gazafxulze (zogjer TebervalSic), rode-
sac mze totebs kargad gaaTbobs, mamrobiTi yvaviledebi
dagrZeldeba da yviTel mtvers (mtvris marcvlebs) gamo-
abnevs; amave dros, kvirtidan Tavs gamohyofs mdedrobiTi
yvavilebis wiTeli butkoebi. nayofi momrgvalo kakalia,
romelic naxevarze metad dafarulia Ria mwvane saburv-
liT; mwifdeba agvisto-oqtomberSi.
gavrcelebulia TiTqmis mTel saqarTveloSi, mTis qve-
da sartylidan subalpur sartylamde. izrdeba qvetyeSi
an tyis pirebze, sadac zogjer rayas qmnis.
CvenSi umTavresi veluri kaklovani mcenarea. qerqi
Seicavs mTrimlav nivTierebebs. totebisagan kalaTebs da
sxva amgvarebs wnaven.
Corylus avellana L. – Common Hazel

Approximately 20 species of Corylus are distributed in the temperate
zones of Eurasia (predominantly East Asia) and North America. Six Corylus
species are recorded for Georgia.
Deciduous trees or shrubs, 5–6 m tall. Leaves short-petioled, roundish
or obovate, slightly pubescent above, pubescent along veins beneath, the
margins unevenly toothed. Flowers unisexual. Male flowers in catkins, fe-
male flowers small, almost enclosed in flower bud scales. When the shoots
are warmed by sun in spring (sometimes even in February), male catkins
elongate and release yellow pollen. Simultaneously, the red pistils of female
flowers appear from buds. Fruits nuts, subglobose, enclosed by light green,
leafy involucre.
Fruits ripen August-September.
Distributed almost throughout Georgia from the low-montane to the
subalpine zones. Occurs in forest understories and edges, sometimes form-
ing thickets.
Most important wild nut-bearing plant. Bark contains tannins. Twigs and
branches are used for making baskets, etc.
64
Corylus avellana
65
ojaxi Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) _ jvarosnebi
Pachyphragma macrophyllum (Hoffm.) N. Busch - xaxia

Pachyphragma-s gvarSi mxolod es saxeobaa. gavrcele-
bulia mcire aziasa da kavkasiaSi.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. erTi an ramden-
ime, ufro xSirad, datotvili Rero aqvs, 20-40 sm sima-
Rlisa izrdeba. qveda foTlebi didia (4-12 sm sigrZis da
siganisa), gulisebri an Tirkmlisebri moyvanilobis, grZe-
lyunwiani; zeda _ SedarebiT patara, kvercxisebri moy-
vanilobis, mokleyunwiani. yvavili TeTria, 8-10 mm sigr-
Zisa; jamis foTolakebi _ Ria yviTeli, 3 mm-mde sigrZisa.
yvavilebi Sekrebilia yvaviledebad (mtevani yvaviledi).
nayofi 1-2-Tesliani Wotakia (Wotaki mSrali, xsnadi nayo-
fia, romelsac SigniT sifrifana tixari aqvs; misi sigrZe
da sigane TiTqmis Tanabaria).
yvavilobs aprilSi, nayofi mwifdeba ivlisSi.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia yvela mxareSi, garda
qvemo qarTlis, qiziyis da javaxeTisa; z. d. 2000 m-mde.
izrdeba tyeebSi, umetesad wiflnarebsa da soWnarebSi.
Cruciferae (Brassiceae) – Mustard Family
Pachyphragma macrophyllum (Hoffm.) N. Busch – Large-leaved

Pachyphragma
Genus Pachyphragma comprsises only a single species distributed in
Minor Asia and the Caucasus.
Perennial herbs with one or several branched stems, 20–40 cm long.
Basal leaves large, cordate or kidney-shaped, 4–12 x 4–12 cm, long-peti-
oled. Upper leaves smaller, ovate, short-petioled. Inflorescence racemes.
Flowers white, 8–10 mm long; petals light yellow, to 3 mm long. Fruits 1-2
seeded siliculas (a silicula is a dry, dehiscent fruit with a thin membrane
inside; its width is roughly the same as its length).
Flowers April, fruits ripen July.
Distributed throughout Georgia except Kvemo (Lower) Kartli, Kiziki and
Javakheti. Grows in forests with predominance of beech and fir, up to 2000
m elevation.
66
Pachyphragma macrophyllum
67
ojaxi Dipsacaceae _ goqSosebrni
Scabiosa caucasica M. Bieb. - cis folio

Scabiosa-s gvaris TiTqmis 100 saxeoba gavrcelebulia
evraziasa da afrikaSi. saqarTveloSi 15 saxeobaa.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. 20-60 sm sima-
Rlis, dautotavi an mcired datotvili Rero aqvs. fes-
vTanuri foTlebi wagrZelebul-lanceturia an ufro
iSviaTad farTolanceturi, mTliani an zogjer frTise-
br-danakvTuli. Reroseuli foTlebi frTisebr-danakv-
Tulia. yvavilebi Sekrebilia 3.5-6 sm diametris momrgva-
lo yvaviledebad. yvaviledis gareTa yvavilebi kaSkaSa
lurjia, SigniTa _ cisferi, iSviaTad TeTri. yvaviledis
qveda umetesi nawili dafarulia saburvliT, romlis fo-
Tolakebi lanceturia.
gavrcelebulia saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela mxareSi,
mTis zeda, subalpur da alpur sartylebSi. am sartyleb-
is nairbalaxovani mdeloebis, agreTve samx. saqarTve-
los mTis vaciwveriani stepis erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli
saxeobaa.
dekoratiulia.
Scabiosa-s gvaris ramdenime saxeoba saqarTvelos en-
demia. erT-erTi aseTia Scabiosa colchica Stev. - kolxuri
folio. vardisferi an TiTqmis wiTeli yvavilebi aqvs. ga-
vrcelebulia raWa-leCxumsa da imereTSi, mTis qveda da
Sua sartylebSi. izrdeba qva-RorRian adgilebsa da kir-
qvian kldeebze.
dekoratiulia.
Dipsacaceae – Teasel Family
Scabiosa caucasica M. Bieb. – Caucasian Scabious

About 100 species of Scabiosa are distributed in Eurasia and Africa.
Fifteen Scabiosa species are recorded for Georgia.
Perennial herbs, 20–60 cm tall. Stems simple or little-branched. Lower
leaves oblong-lanceolate or occasionally broadly lanceolate, entire or rarely
pinnatisect. Upper leaves pinnatisect. Flowers arranged in radiant capitula,
3.5–6 cm across. Outer flowers bright blue, the inner flowers pale blue, oc-
casionally white. Involucral bracts lanceolate.
Distributed almost throughout Georgia. Grows in the upper-montane,
subalpine and alpine zones. Characteristic species of forb meadows, and
Stipa dominated grasslands of South Georgia.
Ornamental.
Several Scabiosa species recorded for Georgia are country endemics,
including Scabiosa colchica Stev. (Colchic Scabious) which has pink or
almost red flowers. Its range within Georgia includes Racha-Lechkhumi and
Imereti. This plant grows on screes and calcareous rocks in the low and
mid-montane zones.
Ornamental.
68
Scabiosa caucasica
69
ojaxi Droseraceae _ cvrianasebrni
Drosera rotundifolia L. - mrgvalfoTola cvriana

Drosera-s gvaris 100-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia de-
damiwis tropikul da zomier satylebSi, umTavresad avs-
traliasa da axal zelandiaSi. saqarTveloSi 3 saxeobaa.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. sayvavilo Rero
5-25 sm simaRlisaa (aseTi Rero 1-3 aqvs). foTlebi fesvTa-
nuria, garTxmuli; momrgvalo, 4-10 mm sigrZis da 4-18 mm
siganisa. yvavilebi pataraa, TeTri, yvaviledebad (mtevani
yvaviledi) Sekrebili. nayofi 3-5-sagduliani kolofia.
Tesli mravalia.
yvavilobs maisSi, nayofi mwifdeba zafxulis meore
naxevarSi.
mweriWamia mcenarea. foTlis zeda mxareze, Sua naw-
ilSi ganlagebulia 0.5-1 mm sigrZis, xolo kideebze ufro
grZeli _ 4-5 mm sigrZis _ jirkvlovani bewvebi. isini
gamohyofen siTxes, romelic webovania da organul niv-
TierebaTa momnelebel fermentebs Seicavs. Tu patara
mweri am xafangSi gaebmeba, mcenare mas moinelebs.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia mxolod aWarisa da
guriis torfian WaobebSi.
populaciebi daculia qobuleTis nakrZalSi.
Droseraceae – Sundew Family
Drosera rotundifolia L. – Round Leaf Sundew

Up to 100 species of Drosera are distributed in the tropical and temper-
ate zones, mostly Australia and New Zealand. Three species of Drosera are
found in Georgia.
Perennial herbs. Scapes 1–3 (–25) cm. Leaves basal, spreading, or-
bicular, 4–10 x 4–18 mm. Inflorescence cymes. Flowers small, white. Fruits
capsules, made up of 3–5 carpels. Seeds numerous.
Flowers May, fruits ripen the second half of summer.
Insectivorous plant. Leaves with 0.5–1 mm long glandular hairs above
and 4–5 mm long bristles on margins. They produce sticky liquid containing
digestive ferments. When small insects land on the sundew leaves, they get
captured (trapped) and digested.
Round Leaf Sundew is found in Georgia only in the peatlands of Ajara
and Guria. The species is included in the Red Data Book of Georgia (1982).
Populations are protected in the Kobuleti Nature Reserve.
70
Drosera rotundifolia
71
ojaxi Ebenaceae _ abanozisebrni
Diospyros lotus L. - Cveulebrivi xurma

Diospyros-is gvaris 500-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia
tropikul (umetesad malais arqipelagis tyeebSi) da sub-
tropikul sartylebSi; zogierTi saxeoba_iaponiasa da
Crd. amerikaSi. kavkasiaSi, kerZod saqarTveloSi mxolod
es saxeobaa.
foTolmcvivani xea, 25 m-mde simaRlisa. momrgvalo an
piramiduli varji aqvs. mTavari Reros qerqi muqi-nacris-
feria, daxeTqili; axalgazrda totebi_Ria-yavisferi.
foToli sqelia, tyavisebri, mokle- da Sebusulyunwiani,
mogrZokvercxisebri an elifsuri, wawvetili; zeda mxa-
reze SiSveli da priala, qvedaze, gansakuTrebiT ZarRve-
bis gayolebiT, _ odnav Sebusuli, 5-14 sm sigrZis da 2.5-6
sm siganisa. mcenare orsaxliania_mamrobiTi da mdedro-
biTi yvavilebi sxvadasxva Zirzea. yvavili momwvano-wiTe-
lia, TiTqmis mjdomare, martouli an 2-3 erTad sxedan.
nayofi xorcovania (kenkra), 2-8 naxevarmTvaris formis
Tesls Seicavs.
yvavilobs maisSi. nayofi mwifdeba seqtember-oqtomb-
erSi. nayofi jer mwvanea, Semdeg_momwvano-narinjisferi,
sruliad rom damwifdeba_molurjo-Savi, mtredisferi
nafifqiT dafaruli. moumwifebeli nayofi mwklarte da
saWmelad uvargisia imis gamo, rom bevr mTrimlav nivTier-
ebas Seicavs; mwife nayofi, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac
yinva dahkravs, sitkbosa da sasiamovno gemos iZens (aseT nay-
ofSi glukozisa da fruqtozis Semcveloba 40%-s aRwevs).
kavkasiaSi/saqarTveloSi es mcenare izrdeba tyeebsa
da tyis pirebze, z.d. 1500 m-mde.
Setanilia saqarTvelos wiTel wignSi (1982 w.). calkeu-
li individebi gvxvdeba das. saqarTveloSi TiTqmis yvel-
gan, maT Soris dacul teritoriebze.
Cveulebrivi xurmis moyviTalo mkvrivi, drekadi mer-
qani msoflio bazarze cnobilia mwvane abanozis xis saxel-
wodebiT (xurmis bevri tropikuli saxeoba “Sav abanozad”
wodebul merqans iZleva).
CvenSi, ufro metad das. saqarTveloSi moSenebulia
Diospyros kaki L. - iaponuri xurma.
Ebenaceae – Ebony Family
Diospyros lotus L. – Caucasian Date Plum

Approximately 500 species of Diospyros are distributed in the tropical
(predominantly in Malay Archipelago) and subtropical zones of the world;
some species are found in Japan and North America. The flora of Georgia
contains only a single species of Diospyros.
Deciduous trees to 25 m tall. Crown pyramidal or rounded. Bark dark
grey, furrowed; young shoots light brown. Leaves with short, pubescent
petioles, oblong-ovate or elliptic, 5–14 x 2.5–6 cm, thick, coriaceous, gla-
brous above, slightly pubescent beneath (least on veins), the apices acute.
Flowers dioecious (male and female reproductive organs occur on different
individuals), greenish-red, almost sessile, solitary or in groups of 2–3. Fruits
72
Diospyros lotus
fleshy berries, containing 2–8 half-moon shaped seeds. At initial ripening

stages, the fruits are green, turning greenish-orange and bluish-black with
bluish wax when ripe.
Flowers May, fruits ripen September-October. Fruits are not edible
when immature due to astringent taste caused by the high concentration of
tannins; mature fruits are sweet and pleasant tasting, especially after frosts
(fruit contains 40% glucose and fructose).
Inhabits forest and forest edges up to 1500 m elevation.
This species is included in the Red Data Book of Georgia (1982). Soli-
tary individuals are found in almost all protected areas of West Georgia.
Yellowish, durable timber of Caucasian Date Plum is well-known in the
global market under the name of green ebony (black ebony is harvested
from different species of Diospyros distributed in the tropics).
Japanese Date Plum (Diospyros kaki L.) is cultivated in Georgia,
mostly in the western part of the country.
73
ojaxi Elaeagnaceae _ fSatisebrni
Hippophaë rhamnoides L. – qacvi

Hippophaë-s gvarSi 3 saxeobaa: erTi gavrcelebulia
samx.-aRm. himalaiSi, erTi _ tibetSi, erTi _ H. rhamnoides
- evraziis zomier sartyelSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi.
foTolmcvivani buCqia. 3-5 (6) m simaRlisaa, iSviaTad
xedac izrdeba. Zlier datotvili, gaSlili varji aqvs.
totebi monacrisfroa, ekliani. foTlebi mogrZo-lance-
turi an TiTqmis xazuri moyvanilobisaa, zogjer rkalise-
br odnav moRunuli, TiTqmis mjdomare; zeda mxareze SiS-
veli an Txlad Sebusuli, qveda mxareze _ movercxlisfro
bewvebiT sqlad mofenili; 2-7 sm sigrZis da 2-8 mm siganisa.
yvavili calsqesiania. mamrobiTi (mtvrianiani) yvavilebi
Sekrebilia yvaviledebad (Tavaki yvaviledi), mdedrobiTi
(butkoiani) martoulia. nayofi xorcovania, wvniani (kur-
kiana), ovaluri an ovalur-momrgvalo, metwilad monar-
injisfro, yviTeli an mowiTalo. Tesli Savia, mbrwyinavi,
grZivnaoWebiani.
yvavilobs april-maisSi, nayofi mwifdeba ivlis-oqtomb-
erSi. tots uamravi nayofi asxia _ mTlianad faravs mas.
gavrcelebulia TiTqmis mTel saqarTveloSi dablobi-
dan subalpur sartylamde. izrdeba metwilad mdinareTa
napirebze, riyeebze, xevebSi. zogan rayas qmnis.
nayofi gemrielia, surnelovani; qacvis zeTi gamoiy-
eneba medicinaSi. foToli mTrimlav nivTierebebs Seicavs.
nayofisagan iReben yviTel saRebavs. Taflovani da deko-
ratiuli mcenarea.
Setanilia saqarTvelos wiTel wignSi (1982 w.).
Elaeagnaceae – Oleaster Family
Hippophaë rhamnoides L. – Sea Buckthorn

The genus Hippophaë comprises three species;, one of which is distrib-
uted in South East Himalaya; the second species in Tibet; and the third - H.
rhamnoides - in the temperate zone of Eurasia including Georgia.
Deciduous shrubs to 3–5(–6) m tall, occasionally small trees. Crown
branched, open. Branches greyish, spiny. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or al-
most linear, occasionally arched, almost sessile, 2–7 x 2–8 cm, glabrous or
subglabrous above, densely hairy beneath. Flowers unisexual, male flowers
in catkins, female flowers solitary. Fruits thickly numerous along branches,
fleshy, juicy, berry-like, elliptic or suborbicular-elliptic, predominantly yellow-
ish-orange, yellow or reddish. Seeds black, shiny, coarse.
Flowers April-May, fruits ripen July-September.
Distributed almost throughout Georgia from the lowlands to the sub-
alpine zones. Inhabits river banks, cobbles and ravines. Forms thickets
locally.
Fruits are tasty, with pleasant flavor. Sea Buckthorn oil is used in medi-
cine. Leaves contain tannins. A yellow dye is obtained from the fruit. Honey
and ornamental plant.
74
Hippophaë rhamnoides
75
ojaxi Ericaceae _ mananasebrni
Arbutus andrachne L. – xemarwyva

Arbutus-is gvaris daaxloebiT 25 saxeoba gavrcele-
bulia xmelTaSuazRveTsa da amerikaSi. saqarTveloSi mx-
olod es saxeobaa.
maradmwvane buCqi an xea. Tu xed izrdeba, misi simaRle
6(10) m-s aRwevs. mowiTalo qerqi Reros nafleTebad Zvreba
(amis gamoa, rom mas `xeSiSvelasac~ uwodeben). foTlebi
elifsuri an kvercxisebri moyvanilobisaa, 5-10 sm sigr-
Zisa. yvavilebi wvrilia, TeTri an kremisferi; Sekrebili
arian yvaviledebad (mtevani yvaviledi). nayofi kenkra,
mrgvali, mowiTalo-narinjisferia; iWmeba, marwyvis gemo
da suni dahkravs.
yvavilobs ivnisSi, nayofi mwifdeba ivlis-agvistoSi.
saqarTveloSi iSviaTia _ izrdeba mxolod afxazeTsa
da aWaraSi, ramdenime adgilas.
nusxaSi (2006 w.). misi erTeuli individebi izrdeba biWvin-
Ta-miuseris nakrZalSi.
dekoratiulia.
Ericaceae – Heath Family
Arbutus andrachne L. – Greek Strawberry Tree

About 25 species of Arbutus are distributed in the Mediterranean
area and in the Americas. Only a single species of this genus is found
in Georgia.
Evergreen shrubs or trees to 6(–10) m tall. Bark red, coming off in
large patches (therefore often referred to as a bare tree). Leaves elliptic to
ovate, 5–10 cm long. Inflorescences panicles. Flowers conspicious, white
or cream colored. Fruits berries, spherical, reddish-orange. Fruit is edible
with pronounced strawberry taste and smell.
Flowers June, fruits ripen July-August.
Rare plant in Georgia. It grows locally in Abkhazeti and Ajara.
Georgian Red List (2006). Solitary individuals are found in the Bichvinta-
Miusera Nature Reserve.
Ornamental.
76
Arbutus andrachne
77
Epigaea gaultheroides (Boiss. et Bal.) Takht. - gaulTer-
iismagvari epigea
Epigaea-s gvarSi 3 saxeobaa: E. repens L. gavrcele-
bulia Crd. amerikis aRmosavleT nawilSi, E. asiatica Max-
im. _ iaponiaSi, E. gaultherioides _ aWarasa da TurqeTSi _
aWaris mosazRvre teritoriaze.
maradmwvane buCqia. garTxmuli Rero aqvs. totebi da
foTlis yunwebi moyavisfro-wiTeli bewvebiTaa mofeni-
li. foTlebi elifsur-lanceturia, xeSeSi, kidemTliani;
zeda mxareze SiSvelia an Txlad Sebusuli, 7-10 sm sigr-
Zis da 3-5 sm siganisa. yvavilebi vardisferia, totis ken-
weroze martoulad sxedan an 2-5-yvavilian jgufebad
(mtevan yvaviledebad) arian Sekrebili. nayofi kolofia.
Tesli wvrilia, mravali.
yvavilobs ivnisSi, nayofi mwifdeba ivlis-agvistoSi.
aWaraSi gavrcelebulia z. d. 1000 m-mde. izrdeba foT-
lovani tyeebis qvetyeSi, Sqerisa (pontouri Sqeri) da un-
gernis Sqeris rayebSi.
Setanilia saqarTvelos wiTel wignsa (1982 w.) da wi-
Tel nusxaSi (2006 w.). misi populaciebi daculia mtiralas
erovnul parkSi.
dekoratiulia.
Epigaea gaultheroides (Boiss. & Bal.) Takht. – Epigaea

The genus Epigaea comprises three species; E. repens L. is distrib-
uted in the eastern part of North America; E. asiatica Maxim. in Japan; and
E. gaultherioides in Georgia (Ajara) and adjacent regions of Turkey.
Evergreen prostrate shrubs. Vegetative parts with reddish brown hairs.
Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, 7–10 x 3–5 cm, rigid, entire, glabrous above, pu-
bescent beneath. Flowers pink, terminal, solitary or in 2–5 flowered inflores-
cences (racemes). Fruits capsules. Seeds numerous, minute.
Flowers April-May, fruits ripen June.
This plant is found in Ajara up to 1000 m elevation. Occurs in the un-
dergrowth of deciduous forests, and in pontian and Ungern’s rhododendron
scrub.
Georgian Red List (2006). Populations are protected in the Mtirala National
Park.
Ornamental.
78
Epigaea gaultheroides
79
Rhododendron caucasicum Pall. - deka
Rhododendron-is gvaris 200-mde (sxva monacemebiT,
600-mde) saxeoba gavrcelebulia umTavresad dedamiwis
saxeobaa.
maradmwvane buCqia. 1-1.5 m simaRlisaa. ReroTa qveda
nawilebi garTxmulia, zeda_amarTuli (wamoweuli). fo-
Toli tyavisebria, zeda mxareze Seubusavi, qvedaze da-
farulia Txeli bewviT, romelic jer momwvano-yviTelia,
Semdeg_Jangisferi, mogrZo-ovaluri moyvanilobisaa,
wverze momrgvalebuli an wawvetebuli, xSirad fuZisaken
Seviwroebuli, 5-12 sm sigrZis da 1.5-5 sm siganisa. yvavili
movardisfro, TeTri an momwvano-moyviTaloa. yvavilebi
Sekrebilia yvaviledebad (e. w. farisebri mtevnebi). nayofi
kolofia, Jangisferi qeCisebri bewviT Sebusuli. Tesli
wvrili da mravalia.
yvavilobs mais-ivnisSi, nayofi mwifdeba zafxulis bolos.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia TiTqmis yvela mxareSi,
subalpur da alpur sartylebSi, z. d. 1600-3000 m fargleb-
Si; izrdeba subalpuri tyis qvetyeSi; alpur sartyelSi,
mTis CrdiloeT kalTebze rayebs qmnis.
dekoratiulia.
Rhododendron caucasicum Pall. – Caucasian Rhododendron

Approximately 200 (600 according to some sources) species of Rhodo-
dendron are distributed predominantly in the temperate zone of the Northern
Hemisphere. The genus Rhododendron is represented by five species in
Georgia.
Evergreen shrubs 1–1.5 m tall. Basal parts of stems prostrate, the up-
per parts erect. Leaves oblong, 5–12 x 1.5–5 cm, coriaceous, glabrous
above, slightly tomentose below, hairs greenish-yellow at initial stages,
rusty after, the bases narrowed, the apices obtuse or acute. Flowers pink-
ish, white or greenish-yellowish. Seeds numerous, small.
Flowers May-June, fruits ripen late summer.
Distributed in the subalpine and alpine zones from 1600 to 3000 m el-
evation almost throughout Georgia. Occurs in the undergrowth of subalpine
forests, forms scrub on north-facing slopes in the alpine zone.
Ornamental.
80
Rhododendron caucasicum
81
Rhododendron luteum Sweet - ieli
saxeobaa.
foTolmcvivani buCqia. 1-2 m simaRlisaa. Reroebi
swormdgomia. foToli Txelia, orive mxareze an mxolod
qvedaze rbili bewviT mofenili, iSviaTad _ SiSveli;
mogrZo-ovaluri an mogrZo-lanceturi an momrgvalo-
kvercxisebri moyvanilobisaa, fuZisaken Seviwroebuli,
6-12 sm sigrZis da 3-4 (5) sm siganisa; Semodgomaze narin-
jisfer-wiTel an muqwiTel Seferilobas iRebs. yvavi-
li yviTeli an monarinjisfroa. yvavilebi Sekrebilia
yvaviledebad. foTlis yunwi da mTeli yvavili webovani
jirkvlovani bususebiTaa dafaruli. nayofi kolofia,
daRaruli. Tesli wvrili da mravalia.
yvavilobs maisSi foTlebis gaSlamde, nayofi mwifdeba
zafxulis bolos.
gavrcelebulia TiTqmis mTel saqarTveloSi, dablo-
bidan dawyebuli subalpuri sartyliT damTavrebuli;
izrdeba meCxer tyeebSi, tyis pirebze, buCqnarebSi. sub-
alpur sartyelSi rayebs qmnis.
dekoratiulia.
Rhododendron luteum Sweet – Yellow Azalea

Deciduous shrubs 1–2 m tall. Stems erect. Leaves oblong-oval or ob-
long-lanceolate, 6–12 x 3–4(5) cm, papery, pubescent on both surfaces or
only below, rarely glabrous, the bases narrowed, the apices obtuse. Leaves
turn orange-red or dark red in fall. Flowers yellow, or orangish. Fruits cap-
sules.
Flowers May, appearing before leaves, fruits ripen by the end of summer.
Distributed almost throughout Georgia. Occurs from the lowlands to the
subalpine zone. Inhabits thinned forests, forest edges, shrubberies. Forms
scrub in the subalpine zone.
Ornamental.
82
Rhododendron luteum
83
Rhododendron ponticum L. - Sqeri (pontouri Sqeri)
saxeobaa.
maradmwvane buCqi an xea. Tu xed izrdeba, misi simaRle
6 m-s aRwevs. foToli tyavisebria, Seubusavi, lanceturi,
kideebze odnav gadakecili; 30 sm-mde sigrZis da 10 sm-mde
siganisa. foTlis zeda mxare muqi mwvanea, qveda _ Sedar-
ebiT Ria ferisa. yvavilebi Sekrebilia yvaviledebad (e. w.
farisebri mtevnebi). yvavili iisferi an mewamul-iisfe-
ria, zogjer vardisferi an moTeTro. nayofi kolofia,
Seubusavi. Tesli wvrili da mravalia.
bolos.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia kolxeTsa da mis
mosazRvre zogierT mxareSi. tyis sartylis yvela safexu-
rze qmnis, sxva buCqebTan (wyavi, baZgi da sxv.) erTad, marad-
mwvane qvetyes. swored maradmwvane qvetye aZlevs kolxur
tyeebs ganumeorebel, TiTqosda subtropikul iers.
dekoratiulia.
Rhododendron ponticum L. – Pontian Rhododendron

Evergreen shrubs or small trees to 6 m tall. Leaves lanceolate, 30 x
10 cm, coriaceous, glabrous, dark green above, less intense color beneath
the margins slightly rolled under. Inflorescences racemes. Flowers violet
or purplish-violet, occasionally pink or whitish. Fruits capsules, glabrous.
Seeds numerous, small.
Found in Colchis and adjacent provinces within Georgia. Forms ev-
ergreen undergrowth in association with cherry laurel, holly, etc. in forests
throughout the forest zone. Evergreen shrubby undergrowth makes Colchic
forests unique and subtropical-like in appearance.
Ornamental.
84
Rhododendron ponticum
85
ojaxi Fagaceae _ wiflisebrni
Castanea sativa Mill. – wabli

Castanea-s gvaris 10-ze meti saxeoba gavrcelebulia
Crd. amerikis atlantikur sanapiroze, aRm. aziaSi, kav-
kasiaSi, xmelTaSuazRveTSi. saqarTveloSi mxolod es
saxeoba izrdeba.
foTolmcvivani xea. misi simaRle 30 m-s aRwevs, mTa-
vari Reros diametri _ 2 m-s. totebi mowiTalo-mura
meWeWebiTaa mofenili. foToli lanceturi an kvercx-
isebri moyvanilobisaa, fuZisaken _ Seviwroebuli da
kidemTliani, wverosaken_wawvetebuli da xerxisebr
dakbiluli; kbilebi wvetiania, umetesad moxrili. foT-
lis firfita 10-25 sm sigrZisaa. calsqesiania yvavilebi
aqvs. mdedrobiTi (butkoiani) da mamrobiTi (mtvrianiani)
yvavilebi Sekrebilia erT grZel yvaviledad. yvavilebi
momwvanoa, 3-an metwevrian jgufebad sxedan yvaviledis
ZirSi. mamrobiTi yvavili moyviTaloa, aseve 3-an metw-
evrian jgufebad ganlagebuli arian yvaviledis RerZze.
nayofi kakalia, erT-, iSviaTad 2-3_Tesliania; is gaxeve-
buli, yavisferi, mbrwyinavi garsiTaa dafaruli, moTavse-
bulia 4-sagdulian budeSi, romelic garedan mofenilia
magari datotvili eklebiT.
yvavilobs ivnisSi, nayofi momwifebas iwyebs seqtem-
berSi da cviva seqtember-oqtomberSi.
gavrcelebulia das. da samx.-das. saqarTveloSi, bor-
jomisa da liaxvis xeobebSi, kaxeTis kavkasionze; mTis
qveda da Sua sartylebSi, z. d. 500 m-dan 1200-1400 m-mde,
zogjer 1600 m-mde. qmnis wminda wablnarebs, sxva foT-
lovan xe-mcenareebTan erTad _ Sereul tyeebs. warsulSi
wabli gavrcelebuli iyo kolxeTis dablobzec. amis da-
dasturebaa is, rom aq dRemdea SemorCenili misi calkeu-
li egzemplarebi.
metad sasargeblo mcenarea. am mxriv mas Cveni dendro-
floris verc erTi saxeoba Seedreba. isxams saukeTeso nay-
ofs, aqvs uZvirfasesi merqani.
nusxaSi (2006 w.).
Fagaceae – Beech Family
Castanea sativa Mill. – Sweet Chestnut

Over 10 species of Castanea are distributed along Atlantic Coast of the
U.S.A., in East Asia, the Caucasus and Mediterranean area. Only this single
species occurs in Georgia.
Deciduous trees to 30 m tall. Trunks to 2 m diam. Twigs densely cov-
ered with reddish-brown pustules. Leaves lanceolate or ovate, 20–25 cm
long, the bases cuneate, the margins sharply serrate with acute teeth.
Flowers unisexual. Female and male flowers arranged in a single, long
inflorescence. Female flowers greenish, in groups of 3 or more at the base
of the inflorescences. Male flowers yellowish, in groups of 3 along the axis
of the inflorescences. Fruits 1-, rarely 2–3-seeded, 4-locular. Cupules ac-
86
Castanea sativa
crescent, covered with long spines.

Flowers May, fruits ripens in September and fall in September-October.
Distributed in West and South-West Georgia, also found in Borjomi and
Liakhvi gorges, and Greater Caucasus mountains within Kakheti province.
Occurs in the low and mid-montane zones between 500 and 1200–1400 m
elevation, occasionally extending to 1600 m elevation. Forms pure chestnut
stands, is an associate of other trees in broad-leaved forests. Sweet Chest-
nut was a common tree on Colchis lowland in the past. This is verified by the
presence of solitary specimens within this area.
The most important economic plant of the Georgian woody flora. Valu-
able timber and fruit tree.
87
Fagus orientalis Lipsky - wifeli (aRmosavluri wifeli)
Fagus-is gvaris 10-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia de-
damiwis Crd. naxevarsferoSi. saqarTveloSi mxolod es
saxeobaa.
foTolmcvivani xea. 40 (50) m-mde simaRlis izrdeba,
mTavari Reros diametri 1.6 m-s aRwevs. mTavari Rero Ria-
nacrisferia, gluvi. axalgazrda totebi moyavisfroa.
foToli elifsuri, mogrZo-elifsuri an ovaluria, wveri-
saken - wawvetebuli, fuZisaken _ Seviwroebuli. foTlis
firfitis sigrZe (2.5) 8-12 (18.5) sm-ia, sigane _ (1.5) 3-9 (12.5)
sm; misi kide talRisebria an blagvad dakbiluli; zeda mxa-
reze SiSvelia, qvedaze _ ZarRvebis gaswvriv Sebusuli.
yvavilebi calsqesiania, Sekrebilia yvaviledebad. md-
edrobiTi yvaviledi Semoxveulia saburvliT, romelic
Semdgom nayofis gaxevebul buded gadaiqceva. yvavilobs
foTlebis gaSlisTanave. nayofi samwaxnagovani kakalia.
TiToeul nayofSi 1-2, an 2-4 Teslia.
nayofi seqtemberSi mwifdeba da oqtomberSi cviva.
bidan z. d. 2200-2300 m-mde. qmnis rogorc wminda koromebs,
ise Sereul tyeebs (saqarTveloSi tyiT dafarulia daax-
loebiT 2.7 mln. ha, aqedan 1 mln. ha-ze meti wiflis monaw-
ileobiT Seqmnil tyeebs uWiravs).
aqvs mkvrivi, mZime da lamazteqsturiani merqani. nay-
ofisagan xdian zeTs. moxaluli nayofi (wiwibo) iWmeba.
Fagus orientalis Lipsky – Oriental Beech

About 10 species of Fagus are distributed in the Northern Hemisphere.
Deciduous trees to 40(–50) m tall. Trunks to 1.6 m diam. Bark light
grey, smooth, the young shoots brownish. Leaves elliptical or broadly ellipti-
cal, (2.5–)8–12(–18.5) x (1.5–)3–9(–12.5) cm, glabrous above, pilose along
the midrib and veins beneath the bases cuneate, the margins undulate or
obtusely toothed, the apices acute or acuminate. Flowers unisexual, the fe-
male flowers surrounded by involucre which becomes woody in fruit. Fruits
nuts, 3-angled, 1–2-, or 2–4 seeded.
Flowers are produced when leaves appear, fruits ripen September and
fall in October.
Distributed almost throughout Georgia from the lowlands to 2200–2300
m elevation. Forms pure stands, appears as an associate in mixed forests
(in Georgia forests covering c. 2.7 million hectares, with beech-trees occu-
pying over 1 million hectares).
Its timber is heavy, hard and with fine texture. Fruits contain oil. Roast-
ed beech fruits (so-called beechnuts) are edible.
88
Fagus orientalis
89
Quercus iberica Stev. - qarTuli muxa
Quercus-is gvaris TiTqmis 600 (sxva monacemebiT, 450)
saxeoba gavrcelebulia dedamiwis Crd. naxevarsferoSi;
ZiriTadad zomier sartyelSi, nawilobriv subtropikul
da tropikul sartylebSi. saqarTveloSi am gvaris 7
saxeobaa.
foTolmcvivani xea. 20-40 m-mde simaRlisaa, mTavari Re-
ros diametri erT m-s aWarbebs. norCi totebi Sebusulia,
Semdeg_SiSveli. foToli xeSeSia (tyavisebri), ukukver-
cxisebri an mogrZo-ovaluri moyvanilobisaa, fuZisaken
Seviwroebuli, 8-20 sigrZis da 5-10 sm siganisa; foTlis
yunwi 1-4 sm sigrZisaa. foToli Rrmadaa danakvTuli an
dayofili; foTlis zeda mxare priala mwvane ferisaa, qve-
da _ odnav mqrqali da SiSveli. yvavilebi calsqesiania.
mdedrobiTi (butkoiani) yvavilebi TiTo-TiToa an 2-2 (ram-
denime) mokleyunwian yvaviledadaa Sekrebili; mamrobiTi
(mtvrianiani) yvavilebi grZel yvavileds qmnian. nayofi
erTTesliani kakalia (rko), romelic e.w. “fialaSi” zis.
yvavilobs april-maisSi, nayofi mwifdeba da cviva Se-
modgomaze.
gavrcelebulia mTel saqarTveloSi, mTis qveda da Sua
sartyelebSi, z. d. 400-1000 m farglebSi; zogan ufro maR-
lac _ 1400-1700 m-mde adis. qmnis wminda muxnarebs, sxva xe-
mcenareebTan erTad _ Sereul foTlovan tyeebs.
aqvs Zalian mkvrivi, gamZle merqani. rkoTi kvebaven
Rorebs, misgan amzadeben yavis surogats. qerqi Seicavs
mTrimlav nivTierebebs.
Quercus iberica Stev. – Georgian Oak

Up to 450 (600 according to some sources) species of Quercus are dis-
tributed in the Northern Hemisphere, predominantly in the temperate zone
extending to the subtropics and tropics. Seven Oak species are recorded
for Georgia.
Deciduous trees 20–40 m. Trunks to 1 m diam. Young shoots pubes-
cent, becoming glabrous later. Leaves pinnatifid or lobed, obovate or ob-
long-elliptical, 8-20 x 5-10 cm, rigid (leathery), glossy green above, pale
green and glabrous beneath, the bases cuneate. Petiole 1–4 cm long. Flow-
ers unisexual, the pistillate flowers solitary or 2 to several on a very short
peduncle. Staminate flowers in long catkins. Fruits nuts (acorns) surrounded
at the base by cupule, 1-seeded.
Flowers April-May, fruits ripen and fall in autumn.
Distributed throughout Georgia in the low and mid-montane zones.
Altitudinal range varies between 400 and 1000 m elevation. extending to
1400–1700 m locally. Forms pure oakwoods and mixed broad-leaved for-
ests with other tree associates.
Its timber is very hard and durable. Acorns are used to feed pigs and
make coffee surrogate. Bark contains tannins.
90
Quercus iberica
91
ojaxi Helleboraceae _ xarisZirasebrni
Aconitum nasutum Fisch. ex Reichenb. - tilWiri

Aconitum-is gvaris 300-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia de-
damiwis Crd. naxevarsferos zomier sartyelSi. saqarTve-
loSi 7 saxeobaa.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. erT m-mde simaR-
lis, martivi an zeda nawilSi datotvili Rero aqvs. foTo-
li 5-nakvTiania, misi Sua nakvTi danarCenebTan SedarebiT
viwroa. qveda foTlebi grZelyunwiania, zeda _ mjdomare
an mokleyunwiani. yvavilebi lurjia an iisferi, 2-5 sm si-
grZisa. yvavilis gvirgvinis yvelaze didi furceli _ mu-
zaradi farToa, winwamoweuli gamozneqili nawiliT („Sub-
liT“) da grZeli „niskartiT“. nayofi foTluraa.
yvavilobs ivlis-agvistoSi, nayofi mwifdeba Semodgo-
mis dasawyisSi.
kavkasiis endemia. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia mTis
zeda da subalpur satylebSi, TiTqmis yvelgan. izrdeba
mdeloebze. dekoratiulia.
Helleboraceae – Hellebore Family
Aconitum nasutum Fisch. ex Reichenb. – Monkshood

About 300 species of Aconitum are distributed in the temperate zone
of the Northern Hemisphere. Seven Aconitum species are recorded for
Georgia.
Perennial herbs to 1 m tall. Stems unbranched below, branched above.
Leaves palmately divided into 5 lobes, the middle lobe narrower than outer
lobes. Lower leaves long-petioled, upper leaves sessile or short-petioled.
Flowers blue or violet, 2–5 cm long. Outer segments of perianth (sepals)
forming a hood (helmet). Helmet wide, with convex surface (the so-called
forehead) and long beak. Fruits follicles.
Flowers July-August, fruits ripen early fall.
Endemic to the Caucasus. Occurs in the upper montane and subalpine
zones almost throughout the country. Grows in meadows. Ornamental.
92
Aconitum nasutum
93
Helleborus caucasicus A. Br. - kavkasiuri xarisZira
Helleborus-is gvaris 20-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia
samxreT evropaSi, xmelTaSuazRveTSi da das. aziaSi.
Rlisaa. datotvili fesura aqvs. fesvTanuri foTlebi
grZelyunwiania, xeSeSi, SiSveli, TaTisebr gayofili far-
Tolancetur an farToelifsur nakvTebad; zeda foTlebi
mjdomarea. yvavili momwvano TeTria, 5-8 sm diametrisa;
nayofi momwifebis Semdegac yunwze rCeba. nayofi Tes-
luraa, grZelniskartiani. Tesli elifsuri an sferulia,
Savi, priala, danaoWebuli.
yvavilobs Teberval-martSi, nayofi mwifdeba Semod-
gomaze.
gavrcelebulia mTel saqarTveloSi, mTiswinebidan tyis
zeda sazRvramde. izrdeba tyis pirebsa da buCqnarebSi.
meore saxeoba Helleborus abchasicus A. Br. - afxazuri
xarisZira das. saqarTvelos endemia. gavrcelebulia afx-
azeTSi, samegreloSi, raWa-leCxumSi, imereTSi. izrdeba
mTis qveda da Sua sartylebSi; tyeebSi, kirqvian sub-
stratebze.
kavkasiuri xarisZirisagan ZiriTadad imiT gansxvavde-
ba, rom wiTeli, mewamuli an vardisferi, iSviaTad TeTri
wiTellaqebiani yvavili da ufro Txeli, nazi foToli
aqvs.
Helleborus caucasicus A. Br. – Caucasian Hellebore

About 20 species of Helleborus are distributed in Southern Europe,
Mediterranean and West Asia. Two Hellebore species are recorded for
Georgia.
Perennial herbs, 20–40 cm tall. Rhizomes ramificating. Basal leaves
long-petiolate, leathery, glabrescent, digitate with broadly lanceolate or el-
liptic segments; Leaves on upper part of stem sessile. Flowers 5–8 cm diam,
greenish white. Fruits follicles, long-beaked, remaining on peduncles at ma-
turity. Seeds elliptic or round, black, glabrous, wrinkled.
Flowers February-March, fruits produced in fall.
Distributed throughout the country. Occurs in forest edges and shrub-
beries from the foothills to the upper forest limits.
Another species of Helleborus, Helleborus abchasicus A. Br. (Ab-
khazian Hellebore), is endemic to West Georgia. It is found in Abkhazeti,
Samegrelo, Racha-Lechkhumi, Imereti. Grows in forests, on limestone sub-
strata of the low- and mid-montane zones.
H. abchasicus differs from H. caucasicus by its red, dark red or pink,
rarely white flowers with red spots, and thinner, softer leaves.
94
Helleborus caucasicus
95
ojaxi Hydrangeaceae _ hortenziisebrni
Philadelphus caucasicus Koehne - ucveTela

Philadelphus-is gvaris 50-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia
evraziasa da Crd. amerikaSi. saqarTveloSi mxolod es
saxeobaa.
foTolmcvivani buCqia. 3 m-mde simaRlis izrdeba. Re-
roebis qerqi moyviTalo an mowiTalo-yavisferia. foT-
lebi kvercxisebri, elifsuri an ufro iSviaTad lancetu-
ri moyvanilobisaa, wawvetebuli; qveda mxareze ZarRvebis
gayolebiT Sebusuli (iSviaTad foTlebi mTlianad Sebu-
sulia). yvavilebi kremisfer-TeTri an moyviTaloa, sur-
nelovani; Sekrebilia 7-9-yvavilian kenwrul yvavilede-
bad (mtevani yvaviledi). nayofi kolofia, tixrebiani.
yvavilobs mais-ivlisSi, nayofi mwifdeba zafxulis
bolos _ Semodgomis dasawyisSi.
mTis Sua da zeda sartylebSi. izrdeba tyis pirebze da
buCqnarebSi.
Hydrangeaceae – Hydrangea Family
Philadelphus caucasicus Koehne – Golden Mock Orange

Approximately 50 species of Philadelphus are distributed in Eurasia
and North America. Only this single species is recorded for Georgia.
Deciduous shrubs to 3 m tall. Bark yellowish or yellowish-brown. Leaves
ovate, elliptical or rarely lanceolate, puberulent on veins beneath (rarely en-
tire leaves are hairy), the apices acute. Inflorescenses terminal racemes.
Flowers cream-white or yellowish. Fruits valvate capsules.
Flowers May–July, fruits ripen by the end of summer to early fall.
Distributed almost throughout Georgia in the mid- and upper-montane
zones. Grows in forest margins and scrub.
96
Philadelphus caucasicus
97
ojaxi Juglandaceae _ kaklisebrni
Juglans regia L. – kakali

Juglans-is gvaris 20 mde (sxva monacemebiT, 40-mde)
saxeoba gavrcelebulia dedamiwis zomier, subtropikul
da nawilobriv tropikul sartylebSi, umetesad samx. ev-
ropaSi, aRm. aziasa da Crd. da samx. amerikaSi. saqarTvelo-
Si mxolod es saxeobaa.
foTolmcvivani xea, (30) 35 m-mde simaRlisa. didi mom-
rgvalo varji aqvs. mTavari Rero da totebi dafarulia
ruxi-nacrisferi, daxeTqili qerqiT. foToli rTulia
- 3-5, iSviaTad meti foTolakisagan Sedgeba; 20-40 sm si-
grZisa. foTolakebi ovaluri, kvercxisebri an ukukver-
cxisebri moyvanilobisaa, maTi wveri moklewvetiani an
moblagvoa. yvavili calsqesiania. mravali mamrobiTi
(mtvrianiani) yvavili qmnis grZel, mwvane yvaviledebs
(mWada yvaviledi), romlebic gasuli wlis totebze sxedan;
mdedrobiTi (butkoiani) yvavilebi Znelad SesamCnevia,
TiTo-TiTod an ramdenime erTad norC totTa boloebzea
ganlagebuli. nayofi kurkianaa, dafarulia xorcovani,
jer mwvane, Semdgom moyavisfro gareTa garsiT (wengo) da
gaxevebuli SigniTa garsiT (naWuWi). Tesli erTia, 2 leb-
nisagan Sedgeba; danaoWebulia, moTeTro-moyviTalo gar-
siTaa dafaruli.
yvavilobs aprilSi, sanam xe SeifoTleba. nayofi mwif-
deba agvisto-seqtemberSi.
mTis qveda da Sua sartylebSi, z.d. 1500-1700 m-mde. izrde-
ba mdinareTa napirebze, foTlovan tyeebSi; zogan mcire
koromebs qmnis.
metad sasargeblo mcenarea. Tesli 60-70% Zvirfas
saWmel zeTs Seicavs. merqani yavisferia, mkvrivi, drekadi
da lamazteqsturiania (gansakuTrebiT lamazi teqstura
gaaCnia kaklis Reroze ganviTarebul nuJrebs). foTlebSi,
Reros qerqsa da wengoSi saRebavi da mTrimlavi nivTier-
ebebia.
nusxaSi (2006 w.).
Juglandaceae – Walnut Family
Juglans regia L. – English Walnut

Some 20 (approximately 40 according to some sources) species of
Juglans are distributed in the temperate, subtropical and partly tropical
zones, mostly in Southern Europe, East Asia and North and South America.
Deciduous trees to (30–)35 m tall. Crown broad, rounded. Trunks and
twigs with dark-grey, fissured bark. Leaves pinnate, 20–40 cm long; leaflets
3–5, elliptical, ovate or obovate, the apices acute or acuminate. Flowers uni-
sexual, male flowers in long, green catkins born on previous year’s shoots.
Female flowers small and hardly visible, sessile on axes. Fruits large drupes
with green, fleshy covering at first, endocarp wrinkled with thick walls. Seeds
solitary, with two cotyledons, wrinkled, skin whitish-yellowish.
98
Juglans regia
Flowers April before appearance of the leaves, fruits ripen August–

September.
Distributed almost throughout Georgia in the low- and mid-montane
zones 1500–1700 m elevation. Inhabits river banks, broad-leaved forests,
forms stands locally.
Important economic plant. Seeds contain 60–70% of oil used in food.
Timber brown, hard, resilient and with noduled texture. Leaves, bark of trunk
and endocarp contain dye substances and tannins.
99
Pterocarya pterocarpa (Michx.) Kunth ex I. Iljinsk. – la-
fani
Pterocarya-s gvaris 10-ze meti saxeoba gavrcele-
bulia evraziis subtropikul da zomier sartylebSi.
foTolmcvivani xea. 30 m-mde simaRlis izrdeba, mTa-
vari Reros diametri 1.5 m-s aRwevs. Reros qerqi monac-
risfro-moTeTroa. foToli 6-12 wyvili foTolakisagan
Sedgeba; foTolaki mjdomarea, mogrZo-kvercxisebri
moyvanilobisa, wvetiani wveriT, kideebze xerxisebr dak-
biluli; orive mxareze SiSvelia an qveda mxareze ZarRvTa
kuTxeebSi TeTri bewvebi gaaCnia. erTsaxliani mcenarea.
mamrobiTi (mtvrianiani) yvavilebi mokleyunwiania, md-
edrobiTi (butkoiani)_mjdomare. nayofi kakalia, 2 si-
frifana farTo frTiT aRWurvili.
yvavilobs mart-aprilSi, nayofi mwifdeba ivnis-iv-
lisSi.
gavrcelebulia TiTqmis mTel das. saqarTveloSi, aRm.
saqarTveloSi_zogan Sida kaxeTSi; mTis qveda sartyelSi.
izrdeba tenian tyeebsa da mdinareTa napirebze. iSviaTad
qmnis wminda koromebs.
aqvs msubuqi moTeTro merqani. qerqi Seicavs saRebav
nivTierebebs.
nusxaSi (2006 w.). misi populaciebi daculia lagodexis na-
krZalSi, alaznis Walis bunebis Zeglis teritoriaze da
kolxeTis erovnul parkSi.
dekoratiulia.
Pterocarya pterocarpa (Michx.) Kunth ex I. Iljinsk. – Wing-Nut

Over 10 species of Pterocarya are distributed in the subtropical and tem-
perate zones of Eurasia. Only this single species is recorded for Georgia.
Deciduous trees to 30 m tall. Trunks to 1.5 m diam. Bark greyish or
whitish. Leaves with 6–12 leaflet pairs; leaflets sessile, ovate-oblong, gla-
brous except with white hairs along midrib beneath, the margins sharply
serrate, the apices acuminate. Dioecious. Male flowers on short pedicels,
the female flowers sessile. Fruits nuts with two broad, papery wings.
Flowers March–April, fruits ripen June–July.
Distributed almost throughout West Georgia, locally found also in
Kakheti. Occurs in the low montane zone. Inhabits moist forests and river
banks. Rarely forms pure stands.
Its timber is light-weight and whitish. Bark is a source of dye.
Georgian Red List (2006). Populations are protected in the Lagodekhi Na-
ture Reserve, the Alazani Floodplain Natural Monument and the Kolkheti
National Park.
Ornamental.
100
Pterocarya pterocarpa
101
ojaxi Labiatae (Lamiaceae) _ tuCosnebi
Salvia garedji Troitzk. - garejis salbi

Salvia-s gvaris 700 saxeoba gavrcelebulia TiTqmis
mTel dedamiwaze. saqarTveloSi 13 saxeobaa.
naxevrad buCqia. 20-40 sm simaRlisaa, Ziridanve da-
totvili. Reros qveda nawili mofenilia sqeli, zeda _
SedarebiT Txeli bewvebiT. foToli rTulia _ 2-4 wyvili
foTolakisagan Sedgeba; mokleyunwiania, agreTve Sebu-
suli, 5-6 sm sigrZisa. yvavilebi Sekrebilia grZel _ 10-
15 sm sigrZis _ yvaviledebad. TiToeul yvaviledSi 5-6,
erTmaneTisagan 1.5-2.5 sm-iT daSorebuli Cxroa, CxroebSi
ramdenime yvavilia. gvirgvinis furceli kaSkaSa mewam-
ulia, jamis foTolakebi, ZarRvTa gayolebasa da kidee-
bze, _ muqi mewamuli, sqlad Sebusuli. nayofi (kakluWi)
ukukvercxisebri formisaa, mura, wvrili ZarRvebis badiT
dafaruli, 4 mm-mde sigrZisa.
yvavilobs da nayofi mwifdeba mais-ivnisSi.
samxr.-aRm. kavkasiis endemia. saqarTveloSi gavrcele-
bulia garejis velze, z. d. 600-800 m farglebSi.
nusxaSi (2006 w.). misi populaciebi daculia vaSlovanis na-
krZalSi.
dekoratiulia.
Labiatae (Lamiaceae) – Mint Family
Salvia garedji Troitzk. – Gareji Sage

About 700 species of Salvia are distributed almost throughout the
world. The flora of Georgia comprises 13 species.
Suffruticose perennials 20–40 cm. Stems branched from the base,
densely pubescent below, soft-pubescent above. Leaves 2–4-pinnatisect,
short-petioled, 5–6 cm long, pubescent. Inflorescences long (to 10 cm),
composed of verticillasters (clusters of flowers), these 5–6, distant at 1.5–
2.5 cm, several-flowered. Corollas bright purple, the calyx dark purple along
the veins and margins, densely pubescent. Fruits nutlets, obovate, 4 mm
long, brown, with network of small veins.
Flowers and fruits are produced May–June.
Endemic to the Southeast Caucasus. Occurs on Gareji Veli, altitudinal
distribution varies between 600 and 800 m elevation.
Georgian Red List (2006). Populations are protected in the Vashlovani Na-
ture Reserve.
Ornamental.
102
Salvia garedji
103
ojaxi Leguminosae (Fabaceae) _ parkosnebi
Alhagi pseudoalhagi (M. Bieb.) Fisch. - Cveulebrivi

cercvekala
Alhagi-s gvaris 7 saxeoba gavrcelebulia evraziisa
da Crd. afrikis udabnoebsa da naxevrad udabnoebSi.
mravalwlovani foTolmcvivani naxevrad buCqia. Rero
50-70 sm simaRlisaa, TiTqmis Ziridanve datotvili; tote-
bi mTavar RerosTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad wvrilia,
ekliani, mwvane, daRaruli, metwilad SiSveli an iSviaTad
Txlad Sebusuli. qveda eklebi moklea (1-2 sm sigrZisa) da
magari, zeda SedarebiT grZeli (2-3 sm sigrZisa), wvrili da
rbili, Tumca zafxulis bolos xSirad isinic magrdebian.
foTlebi mogrZo-lanceturi an ovaluria, mokleyunwiani,
eklebze mokle an maTi toli. yvavilebi wiTeli an vardis-
feria, mokleyunwiani an iSviaTad TiTqmis mjdomare. nay-
ofi parkia, 4-5-, iSviaTad metTesliani.
yvavilobs maisSi, nayofi mwifdeba zafxulis bolos.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia zogan qarTlsa da kax-
eTSi, dablobsa da mTis Sua sartyelSi. izrdeba stepebsa
da naxevrad udabnoebSi, xSirad damlaSebul niadagebzec.
pirutyvi mas Zovs mxolod gazafxulze, sanam eklebi
nazia (aziis udabnoebSi aqlemis ZiriTadi sakvebia).
Alhagi persarum Boiss. et Buche - sparsuli cercveka-
la. ufro grZeli _ (2)3-6 sm sigrZis, gaxevebuli eklebi
aqvs. gavrcelebulia qvemo qarTlSi, z. d. 200-dan 600-700
m-mde. izrdeba meCxer tyeebSi, stepebsa da naxevrad udab-
noebSi.
Leguminosae (Fabaceae) – Legume Family
Alhagi pseudoalhagi (M. Bieb.) Fisch. – Camelthorn

The genus Alhagi comprises 7 species found in the deserts and semi-
deserts of Eurasia and North Africa. The flora of Georgia contains two Cam-
elthorn species.
Deciduous sub-shrubs 50–70 cm tall. Stems branched almost from the
base. Branches much thinner than the stems, spiny, green, fissured, gla-
brous or rarely slightly pubescent. Lower spines short (1-2 cm) and rigid,
upper spines longer (2-3 cm), thin and soft, although becoming rigid by the
end of summer. Leaves short-petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, or oval, equal in
size or shorter than spines. Flowers on short pedicels or sessile, in groups of
3-8, red or pink. Fruits legumes, 4- or 5-seeded (occasionally more).
Flowers May, fruits ripen by the end of summer.
Found locally in Kartli and Kakheti. Grows in steppes and semi-deserts,
often on saline soils. Vertical distribution ranges between the lowlands and
mid-montane zones.
Eaten by cattle only in spring when the spines are soft (intensively
eaten by camels in Asian deserts).
Alhagi persarum Boiss. & Buche – Persian Camelthorn. A. persa-
rum has longer ((2–)3–6 cm) leaves and hardened spines. Found in Kvemo
(Lower) Kartli from 200 to 600–700 m elevation. Inhabits thinned forests,
steppes and semi-deserts.
104
Alhagi pseudoalhagi
105
Caragana grandiflora (M. Bieb.) DC. - uZraxela
Caragana-s gvaris 70-ze meti saxeoba gavrcelebulia
aRm. evropisa da aziis zomier da subtropikul sartyleb-
Si. saqarTveloSi mxolod es saxeobaa.
foTolmcvivani buCqia. erT m-mde simaRlisaa. Zlier
datotvilia. Reroebi momwvano-nacrisferia, nacris-
feri an mura-nacrisferi. axalgazrda totebi waxnagova-
nia, meWeWebiani. foTlebi frTisebria, mokleyunwiani,
solisebri moyvanilobis, SiSveli an mitkecili bewvebiT
dafaruli, 4-10 sm sigrZisa. yvavilebi yviTelia. nayofi
parkia, cilindrisebri formis, 2-3 sm sigrZisa. Tesli muqi
yavisferia.
yvavilobs aprilSi, nayofi mwifdeba zafxulis bolos.
gavrcelebulia qarTlsa da kaxeTSi, mTis qveda
sartyelSi. izrdeba stepebsa da buCqnarebSi.
Caragana grandiflora (M. Bieb.) DC. – Peashrub

About 70 species of Caragana are distributed in the temperate and
subtropical zones of Eastern Europe and Asia. Only a single Caragana spe-
cies is recorded for Georgia.
Deciduous, intensively branched shrub to 1 m tall. Stems greenish-
grey, grey or brownish grey. Young shoots angular, wrinkled. Leaves pari-
pinnate, short-petiolate. Leaflets spathulate, 4-10 cm long, glabrous or with
adpressed-pubescence. Flowers yellow. Fruits cylindrical legumes, 2–3 cm
long. Seeds dark brown.
Flowers April, fruits ripen by the end of summer.
Found in the low montane zone in Kartli and Kakheti. Occurs in steppes
and scrub.
106
Caragana grandiflora
107
Halimodendron halodendron (Pall.) Voss – Cingili
Halimodendron-is gvaris es erTaderTi saxeoba ga-
vrcelebulia das. cimbirSi, monRoleTSi, Sua aziaSi,
iransa da kavkasiaSi.
foTolmcvivani buCqia. 2-3 m simaRlisa izrdeba. Zli-
er datotvili Reroebi aqvs. Reros qerqi mura-yavis-
feria. foToli rTulia _ 2-3(5) wyvili foTolakisagan
Sedgeba. foTlis RerZi 1-3 mm sigrZis ekliT bolovdeba.
foTolaki ukulanceturi an niCbisebri moyvanilobisaa,
kidemTliani, qveda ganlagebuli mitkecili bewvebiT Se-
busuli; wverze patara ekali gaaCnia. eklebadaa gadaqceu-
li foTlis qvemoT msxdomi 2 TanafoTolic. yvavilebi
vardisferi, iisferi an zogjer TiTqmis TeTria, 1.5-2 sm
sigrZisa; Sekrebilia yvaviledebad (mtevani yvaviledi).
nayofi parkia, danaoWebuli, wvetiani, moyviTalo-mura,
mokle (1-3 sm sigrZis da 0.7-1.2 siganisa). Tesli Tirkmli-
sebri formisaa, yavisferi, priala, 2.5-3 mm sigrZis da 2 mm
siganisa.
yvavilobs maisSi, nayofi mwifdeba Semodgomaze.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia gare kaxeTsa da qvemo
qarTlSi dablobidan mTis Sua satylamde. izrdeba mSral
adgilebSi, itans damlaSebul niadagebs.
nusxaSi (2006 w.). misi populaciebi daculia vaSlovanis na-
krZalSi.
Taflovani da dekoratiuli mcenarea.
Halimodendron halodendron (Pall.) Voss – Russian Salttree

The genus Halimodendron comprises only a single species distributed
in West Siberia, Mongolia, Middle Asia, Iran and the Caucasus.
Deciduous shrubs 2–3 m tall. Stems intensively branched. Bark me-
dium brown. Leaves paripinnate. Rachis extends into a 1–3 cm long spine.
Leaflets leaflets 2–3(–5), spathulate or oblanceolate, pubescent below, the
margins entire. Stipules 2, spinose. Inflorescences racemes. Flowers pink,
violet or occasionally almost white, 1.5–2 cm long. Fruits legumes, turgid,
1–3 x 0.7–1.2 cm, yellowish-brown, the apices acute. Seeds kidney-shaped,
2.5–3 2 mm, brown, glabrous.
Flowers May, fruits ripen fall.
Distributed in Gare (Outer) Kakheti and Kvemo (Lower) Kartli. Occurs
in dry places, tolerates saline soils. Vertical distribution ranges between the
lowlands and mid-montane zone.
Georgian Red List (2006). Populations are protected in the Vashlovani Na-
ture Reserve.
Honey plant. Ornamental.
108
Halimodendron halodendron
109
Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb. (Amoria ambigua (M. Bieb.)
Soiak - cxvris samyura
Trifolium-is gvaris 200-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia
dedamiwis Crd. naxevarsferos zomier da nawilobriv
subtropikul sartylebSi, iSviaTad samx. amerikasa da
tropikul afrikaSi. saqarTveloSi 40 saxeobaa.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. 10-40 sm simaRl-
isaa. qveda foTlebs grZeli _ 5-20 sm sigrZis _ yunwebi
aqvs, zedas _ ufro mokle (sul zeda foTlebi zogjer
TiTqmis mjdomarea). am da yvela sxva samyuras foToli 3-
foTolakiania (gvaris saxelwodeba “samyura” aqedan war-
modgeba). foTolaki Cveulebriv farToelifsuri, zogjer
lanceturia, SiSveli, zeda mxareze isris formis laqa
atyvia; 1-5 sm sigrZis da 1-3 sm siganisa; foTolakis kide
wvriladaa dakbiluli. yvavili TeTria, yvavilobis bolos
mowiTalo fers iRebs. yvavilebi Sekrebilia yvaviledebad
(Tavaki yvaviledi). nayofi erT-an 2-Tesliani parkia.
yvavilobs mais-ivlisSi, nayofi mwifdeba ivlis-se-
qtemberSi.
saqarTveloSi erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli samy-
uraa. izrdeba mTis Sua sartylidan alpur sartylamde,
mdeloebze.
saqonlis saukeTeso sakvebia. kargad itans gaZovebas
_ swrafad aRidgens mwvane masas da uZlebs gatkepnas.
am mxriv zogierTi sxva samyurac mniSvnelovania. maT-
gan SeiZleba gamovarCioT:
Trifolium campestre Schreb. (Chrysaspis campestris
(Schreb.) Desv. - mindvris samyura da Trifolium repens L.
(Amoria repens (L.) Presl) - TeTri samyura. orive saxeoba
izrdeba TiTqmis mTel saqarTveloSi, dablobidan mTis
zeda sartylamde, mdeloebze, tyeebSi, tyis pirebze, buC-
qnarebSi da sxv.
Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb. (Amoria ambigua (M. Bieb.) Soiak

– Caucasian Clover
Up to 200 species of Trifolium are distributed in the temperate and sub-
tropical zones, rarely occurring in South America and tropical Africa. Clover
is represented by 40 species in Georgia.
Perennial herbs 10–40 cm tall. Lower leaves with 5–20 cm long peti-
oles, the upper leaves with shorter petioles (occasionally sessile). Leaves
trifoliolate. Leaflets broadly elliptical, occasionally lanceolate, 1–5 x 1–3 cm,
with arrow-shaped spot on the upper surface, glabrous, the margins slightly
serrate. Flowers in heads, white, turning reddish by the end of the flowering
period. Fruits 2-seeded legumes.
Flowers May-June, fruits ripen July-September.
Nearly the most common Clover in Georgia. Grows on meadows from
the mid-montane to the alpine zones. Caucasian Clover has a high nutritive
value as cattle food. Resistant to grazing and trampling, characterized by
rapid regeneration of green mass.
Other species of Trifolium are also important palatable plants. Exam-
ples are: Trifolium campestre Schreb. (Chrysaspis campestris (Schreb.)
Desv. – Hop Trefoil and Trifolium repens L. (Amoria repens (L.) Presl)
– Shamrock. Both species grow in meadows, forests, forest edges, shrub-
beries, etc. from the lowlands to the upper montane zone.
110
Trifolium ambiguum
111
ojaxi Nitrariaceae _ nitrariisebrni
Nitraria schoberi L. - Soberis nitraria

Nitraria-s gvaris 10-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia aziis,
samx.-aRm. evropisa da Crd. afrikis, agreTve samx.-aRm.
avstraliis mSral regionebSi. saqarTveloSi mxolod es
saxeobaa.
1.5 m-mde simaRlis buCqia, gafarCxuli varji aqvs. foT-
lebi sqelia, mogrZoniCbisebri moyvanilobisa, fuZisaken
Seviwroebuli. yvavilebi momwvano-moyviTaloa, Sekre-
bilia jgufebad. nayofi wvniania (kurkiana), muqi wiTeli
an narinjisferi.
yvavilobs ivnisSi, nayofi mwifdeba zafxulis bolos.
saqarTveloSi iSviaTia. misi populaciebi arsebobs
zogan qarTlSi (kaspi, aSurianis mindori; sof. CoCeTi),
kaxeTSi (sof. xaSmi, sof. norio, yumuros xevi), mesxeTSi
(aspinZasa da sof. rusTavs Soris).
motkbo nayofi saWmelad vargisia.
nusxaSi (2006 w.).
Nitrariaceae – Nitrebush Family
Nitraria schoberi L. – Schober’s Nitrebush

About 10 species of Nitraria are found in dry regions of Asia, Southeast
Europe, North Africa and Southeast Australia. Only a single Nitarria species
grows in Georgia.
Shrubs to 1.5 m tall. Crown ramificating. Leaves long-spatulate, the
bases narrowed. Inflorescences racemes. Flowers greenish-yellow. Fruits
drupes, juicy, dark red or orange.
Flowers June, fruits ripen late summer.
Rare plant. Populations of Nitraria schoberi are found in Kartli (Kaspi
administrative district, Ashuriani meadow; environs of village Chocheti),
Kakheti (environs of Khashmi and Norio Villages and the Khumuro gorge)
and Meskheti (between Aspindza and Rustavi village).
Sweetish fruit is edible.
112
Nitraria schoberi
113
ojaxi Oleaceae _ zeTisxilisebrni
Fraxinus excelsior L. - Cveulebrivi ifani

Fraxinus-is gvaris 70-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia
umTavresad dedamiwis Crd. naxevarsferos zomier da
subtropikul sartylebSi, zogierTi saxeoba _ aziisa da
amerikis tropikul sartyelSi. saqarTveloSi 3 saxeobaa.
foTolmcvivani xea. 30-40 m simaRlisaa. mTavari Reros
(da totebis) qerqi nacrisferia, misi qveda nawili nap-
ralebis badiTaa dafaruli. totebi mofenilia moTeTro
meWeWebiT. foToli frTisebria _ 9-13 foTolakisagan
Sedgeba; foTolakebi mjdomare an TiTqmis mjdomarea,
kvercxisebri an lancetisebri moyvanilobis, kideebze
xerxisebr dakbiluli. yvavilebi muqi iisferia, Sekre-
bilia yvaviledebad (mtevani yvaviledi), xis SefoTvlamde
iSlebian. nayofi frTiania, frTis fuZesTan ovaluri
formis Tesli zis.
yvavilobs april-maisSi, nayofi mwifdeba ivnis-agvis-
toSi.
sartylebSi. izrdeba tyeebSi.
aqvs saucxoo merqani. dekoratiulia.
Oleaceae – Olive Family
Fraxinus excelsior L. – Common Ash

About 70 species of Fraxinus are distributed mostly in the temperate
and subtropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere. Some species are found
in the tropical zone of Asia and America. The flora of Georgia contains three
ash species.
Deciduous trees 30–40 m tall. Bark grey, fissured in basal parts.
Branches white-verrucose. Leaves pinnately compound. Leaflets 9–13, ses-
sile or almost sessile, ovate or lanceolate, the margins serrate. Calyx and
corolla absent; anthers dark purple. Fruits samaras (winged). Seeds oval,
developed at the base of a wing.
Flowers April–May, fruits ripen June–August.
Distributed throughout the country. Occurs in forests in the low- and
mid-montane zones. Valuable timber tree. Ornamental.
114
Fraxinus excelsior
115
ojaxi Paeoniaceae _ iordasalamisebrni
Paeonia caucasica (Schipcz.) Schipcz. - kavkasiuri ior-

dasalami
Paeonia-s gvaris 40-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia evrazi-
is zomier da subtropikul sartylebSi, Crd. amerikaSi,
Crd. amerikis dasavleT nawilSi. saqarTveloSi 9 saxeobaa.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. misi simaRle erT
m-s aRwevs. aqvs Zlier gaxevebuli datotvili fesura.
foToli dayofilia farTo nakvTebad. yvavili mewamulia,
Cveulebriv farTod gadaSlili. mtvrianebi yviTelia,
maTi Zafebi _ mewamuli. nayofi foTluraa, moyviTalo-
monacrisfrod Sebusuli. Tesli wiTeli an mowiTaloa.
momwifebuli nayofi danaoWebulia.
yvavilobs april-maisSi, nayofi mwifdeba ivlisSi.
gavrcelebulia TiTqmis mTel saqarTveloSi, izrdeba
mTiswinebidan mTis Sua sartylamde, tyeebsa da tyis pire-
bze, buCqnarebSi. dekoratiulia.
Paeoniaceae – Peony Family
Paeonia caucasica (Schipcz.) Schipcz. – Caucasian Peony

Some 40 species of Paeonia are distributed in the temperate and sub-
tropical zones of Eurasia, and western parts of North America. There are 9
Peony species in Georgia.
Perennial herbs to 1 m tall. Rhizomes thickened, palmate-ramificating.
Leaves double-ternate, the leaf-lobes wide. Flowers red; anthers red with
yellow filaments. Fruits a group of follicles, tomentose with yellowish-grey
hairs, wrinkled at maturity. Seeds red or reddish.
Flowers April–May, fruits ripen July.
Distributional area covers almost all of Georgia. Grows in forests, for-
est margins and shrubberies from the foothills to the mid-montane zone.
Ornamental.
116
Paeonia caucasica
117
Paeonia tenuifolia L. - lala
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. misi simaRle 50
sm-s aRwevs. aqvs mogrZo, koJrisebri fesura. foToli
Zalian viwroa, TiTqmis Zafiseburi (1-2 mm siganisa). yvavi-
li muqi wiTelia. nayofi foTluraa, wiTlad Sebusuli;
norCobisas _ rbili, Semdeg Zlier xevdeba. Tesli Savi
an muraa, priala; dafarulia xorcovani danamatiT (ar-
ilusiT).
yvavilobs april-maisSi, nayofi mwifdeba ivnisSi.
saqarTveloSi napovnia qarTlSi (soflebi samTavisi,
wilkani, igoeTi, tirZnisi) da qiziySi (sof. lekis wyali).
izrdeba velebze, buCqnarebSi. dekoratiulia.
Paeonia carthalinica Ketzch. - qarTlis iordasalami
saqarTvelos endemia. izrdeba qarTlSi (soflebi
tirZnisi, muxrani, mejvrisxevi, igoeTi), velebze, buC-
qnarebSi.
Paeonia lagodechiana Kem.-Nath. - lagodexuri ior-
dasalami
aRm. kavkasiis endemia. saqarTveloSi izrdeba Sida kax-
eTSi, foTlovan tyeebsa da tyis pirebSi.
Paeonia mlokosewitschii Lomak. - mlokoseviCis ior-
dasalami
aRm. kavkasiis endemia. saqarTveloSi izrdeba Sida kaxe-
TSi, mTis zeda sartylamde, kldovan da qvian ferdobebze.
qarTlis, lagodexuri da mlokoseviCis iordasalmebi
Setanilia saqarTvelos wiTel wignSi (1982 w.). lagodex-
uri da mlokoseviCis iordasalmebi daculia lagodexis
nakrZalSi. dekoratiuli mcenareebia.
Paeonia tenuifolia L. – Fernleaf Peony

Perennial herbs to 50 cm tall. Rhizomes elongated, horny. Leaves very
narrow, almost thread-like (1–2 mm wide). Flowers dark red. Follicles with
red pubescence, soft when young, hardened at maturity. Seeds black or
medium brown, glabrous, covered with fleshy aril.
Flowers April–May, fruits ripen June.
Fernleaf Peony grows in Kartli (environs of Samtavisi, Tsilkani, Igoeti
and Tirdznisi Villages) and Kiziki (environs of village Lekistskali). Grows in
grasslands and shrubberies. Ornamental.
Paeonia carthalinica Ketzch. – Georgian Peony
Endemic to Georgia. Occurs in Kartli (environs of Tirdznisi, Mukhrani,
Mejvriskhevi, Igoeti Villages). Grows in grasslands and shrubberies.
Paeonia lagodechiana Kem.-Nath. – Lagodekhian Peony
Endemic to East Caucasia. Occurs in deciduous forests and forest mar-
gins in Kakheti. Protected in the Lagodekhi Nature Reserve.
Paeonia mlokosewitschii Lomak. – Mlokosewitsch’s Peony
Endemic to East Caucasia. Inhabits rocky and stony slopes of Kakheti
to the upper montane zone. Protected in the Lagodekhi Nature Reserve.
Georgian, Lagodekhian and Mlokosewitsch’s Peonies are included
in the Red Data Book of Georgia (1982) as ornamental and endangered
species. Lagodekhian and Mlokosewitsch’s Peonies are protected in the
Lagodekhi Nature Reserve.
118
Paeonia tenuifolia
119
ojaxi Papaveraceae _ yayaCosebrni
Papaver orientale L. - aRmosavluri yayaCo

Papaver-is gvaris 100-ze meti saxeoba gavrcelebulia
dedamiwis zomier, subtropikul da nawilobriv tropikul
sartylebSi. saqarTveloSi 11 saxeobaa.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. Rero 40-90 sm si-
maRlisaa, qveda nawilSi SefoTlilia. foTlebi frTisebr
gankveTilia mogrZo an lancetisebri moyvanilobis dak-
bilul nakvTebad. Rero, foTlebi da sayvavile RerZe-
bi xeSeSi, jagrisebri bewvebiTaa dafaruli. sayvavile
kvirtebi (kokrebi) TavCaqindrulia. yvavilebi narinjis-
fer-alisferia, gvirgvinis furclebi (4 an 6) 5-9 sm sigr-
Zisaa; SigniTa zedapirze laqa ar aqvT an mkrTali laqa
gaaCniaT. nayofi kolofia, samwaxnagovani, SiSveli; nayo-
fis disko brtyelia, 12-15-sxiviani, kideze blagvkbilebi-
ani. Tesli Zalian wvrilia.
yvaviloba da nayofis momwifeba_ivnis-ivlisSi.
gavrcelebulia aRm. saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela mx-
areSi, mTis zeda da subalpur sartylebSi. izrdeba buC-
qnarebsa da mdeloebze.
aRm. saqarTveloSi dablobsa da mTis qveda da Sua
sartylebSi Cveulebrivia Papaver arenarium M. Bieb. -
yanis yayaCo, Papaver hybridum L. - hibriduli yayaCo da
sxv.
saqarTveloSi alag-alag SeiZleba Segvxvdes gave-
lurebuli Papaver somniferum L. - xaSxaSi.
Papaveraceae – Poppy Family
Papaver orientale L. – Oriental Poppy

Over 100 species of Papaver are distributed in the temperate, subtropi-
cal and partly tropical zones of the world. The flora of Georgia contains 11
Papaver species.
Perennial herbs, 40–90 cm tall. Basal parts of stem leafy. Leaves pin-
natisect, the segments oblong or lanceolate, toothed. Stems, leaves and pe-
duncles tomentose. Buds nodding. Flowers orange-crimson, the petals 4 or
6, 5–9 cm long, maculate or with pale blotch on inner surface. Fruits ribbed
capsules, glabrous, the discs flat, the stigmas 12–15. Seeds very small.
Flowers and fruits June–July.
Distributed almost throughout East Georgia in the upper montane and
subalpine zones. Occurs in shrubberies and meadows.
Common poppies occurring in the lowlands and low- and mid-montane
zones of East Georgia are Papaver arenarium M. Bieb. – Purple Sand
Poppy, Papaver hybridum L. – Round Pricklyhead Poppy and others.
Populations of naturilised Papaver somniferum L. – Opium Poppy may
be found locally.
120
Papaver orientale
121
ojaxi Punicaceae _ broweulisebrni
Punica granatum L. - broweuli

Punicaceae-s ojaxis erTaderT gvarSi - Punica-Si ori
saxeobaa: P. granatum L. da P. protopunica Balf. - sokotris
broweuli. P. granatum gavrcelebulia xmelTaSuazRveT-
Si, Crd. afrikaSi, balkaneTSi, mcire aziaSi, samx. kavkasiaSi
da aRmosavleTiT _ Crd.-das. indoeTamde. P. protopunica
izrdeba mxolod kunZul sokotraze.
broweuli foTolmcvivani buCqi an xea, 1-5 m sima-
Rlisa. Reroebis qerqi moyavisfro-muraa, daxeTqili;
totebi nacrisferia, gluvi. totebi umetesad ekliTaa
daboloebuli.foTlebi elifsuri, lanceturi an kver-
cxisebri moyvanilobisaa; blagwveriani an, zogjer wve-
tiani; kidemTliani, 2-8 sm sigrZisa. yvavilebi foTlis
ubeebSi martoulad an 3-5 erTad sxedan. yvavilis jami
mewamulia, tyavisebri, zarisebri formis, 3-5-nakvTiani.
yvavilis gvirgvini kaSkaSa wiTelia, iSviaTad moyviTalo
an TeTri. nayofi mewamul-wiTelia, zogjer mwvane feri
dahkravs; mrgvali an Sebrtyelebul-momrgvalo, sqel_
da mkvrivkedliani; apkisebri tixrebiT ramdenime buded
dayofili. masSi mravali Teslia. Tesli wvniani, lalis-
feri garsiTaa dafaruli.
yvaviloba maisSi iwyeba da 1-3 Tves grZeldeba. nayofi
seqtemberSi mwifdeba.
saqarTveloSi velurad izrdeba qarTlsa da kaxeTSi,
ufro iSviaTad das. saqarTevloSi, mTis qveda sartyelSi;
mSral ferdobebsa da mdinareTa xeobebSi.
populaciebi daculia vaSlovanis nakrZalSi.
broweuli kulturaSi uZvelesi droidanaa: arsebobs
cnobebi, rom mas babilonSi aSenebdnen Cven eramde 5 aTasi
wlis winaT. egviptur papirusebSi is moixsenieba rogorc
yvela daavadebis samkurnalo saSualeba. Zvel samyaroSi
broweulis nayofi nayofierebis simbolod iyo miCneuli.
broweulis wveni mdidaria SaqrebiT, ZiriTadad glu-
koziT, askorbinis mJaviT (vitamini C) da sxva sasargeblo
nivTierebebiT. nayofis qerqisagan miiReba limonis mJava,
agreTve mTrimlavi nivTierebebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba
Zvirfasi tyavis warmoebaSi. yvavilis, totebisa da fesve-
bis qerqis nayens samkurnalo Tvisebebi aqvs.
dekoratiulia, metadre yvavilobisas.
Punicaceae – Pomegranate Family
Punica granatum L. – Pomegranate

The genus Punica is the only genus in Punicaceae family, while Punica
protopunica Balf. and Punica granatum L. are the only species in the
genus. P. granatum is distributed in the Mediterranean area, North Africa,
Asia Minor and South Caucasus, reaching Northwest India to the east. P.
protopunica grows only on Sokotra Island.
Deciduous shrubs or trees, 1–5 m tall. Bark brownish, fissured; branch-
es grey, smooth, spiny. Leaves elliptic, lanceolate or ovate, 2-8 cm long,
122
Punica granatum
the margins entire, the apices obtuse to acuminate. Flowers solitary or clus-
tered in the axis of the leaves. Calyx purple, leathery, campanulate, with
3–5 lobes (segments). Corollas bright red, rarely yellowish or white. Fruits
purple-red, occasionally greenish, roundish; endocarp leathery, membrane-
valved. Seeds numerous, covered by a red coat.
Flowers appear in May and the flowering period lasts for 1–3 months.
Fruits ripen September.
Distributed in Kartli and Kakheti, also occurs locally in West Georgia.
Inhabits river banks and dry slopes in the low-montane zone.
populations are protected in the Vashlovani Nature Reserve.
Pomegranate has been cultivated since ancient times. It is known that
this plant was grown in Babylon 5,000 years ago. Pomegranate is men-
tioned in the papyrus of Egypt as a medicine against any disease. In the
ancient world, pomegranate fruit was regarded as a symbol of fertility. Juice
of pomegranate fruit is rich in sugars, especially glucose, ascorbic acid (vi-
tamin C) and other useful substances. Lemonic acid is extracted from pome-
granate fruit (endocarp); it is also rich in tannins that are used in processing
of expensive kinds of leather. Extract of flowers, shoots and root bark is of
medicinal properties.
Ornamental, especially when in flower.
123
ojaxi Primulaceae _ furisulasebrni
Primula juliae Kusn. - iulias furisula

Primula-s gvaris 500-ze meti saxeoba gavrcelebulia
dedamiwis Crd. naxevarsferos aratropikul, umetesad
mTian regionebSi. saqarTveloSi 22 saxeobaa.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea (sur. 64). mokle
Rero aqvs. foTlebi momrgvalo-Tirkmlisebri an momrgva-
lo-kvercxisebri moyvanilobisaa, grZel _ 5-8 sm sigrZis
_ yunwebze sxedan (yunwi 2-3-jer grZelia, vidre foTlis
firfita). yvavilebi martoulia, mewamuli an yviTeli. nay-
ofi mravalTesliani kolofia.
yvavilobs april-maisSi, nayofi mwifdeba ivnisSi.
aRm. kavkasiis endemia. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia
mxolod kaxeTis aRmosavleT nawilSi, mTis zeda (iSviaTad,
Sua) sartyelSi. izrdeba daburul tyeebSi, nestian kldee-
bze da nakadulebis piras.
lia lagodexis nakrZalSi. dekoratiulia.
Primulaceae – Primrose Family
Primula juliae Kusn. – Julia’s Primrose

About 500 species of Primula are distributed in the non-tropical, moun-
tainous parts of the Northern Hemisphere. This genus is represented by 22
species in Georgia.
Perennial herbs. Scapes very short. Leaves round kidney-shaped, or
ovate to orbicular, the petioles 5–8 cm long (petioles 2–3 times longer than
lamina). Flowers solitary, purple or yellow. Fruits capsules with numerous
seeds.
Flowers April-May, fruits ripen June.
Endemic to the East Caucasus. Found only in the eastern part of
Kakheti. Occurs in shaded forests, moist rocks and near springs in the upper
montane zone (rarely may also be found in the mid-montane zone).
Protected in the Lagodekhi Nature Reserve. Ornamental.
124
Primula juliae
125
Cyclamen vernum Sweet - qarTuli yoCivarda
Cyclamen-is gvaris daaxloebiT 50 saxeoba gavrcele-
bulia xmelTaSuazRveTsa da das. aziaSi (iranamde).
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. ori mxridan Se-
brtyelebuli momrgvalo, 3-5 sm diametris tuberi aqvs.
foToli kvercxisebr-gulisebri an samkuTxovan-kvercx-
isebri moyvanilobisaa, wverze mokled Seviwroebuli, iS-
viaTad _ momrgvalebuli; zeda mxareze mwvanea, SiSveli,
vercxlisferi laqebiT dafaruli; qveda mxareze iisfer-
mewamulia, mura bewvebiT gafantulad Sebusuli. yvavili
mewamulia. nayofi kolofia, Tesli muqi yavisferia.
yvavilobs Teberval-martSi, nayofi mwifdeba mais-iv-
nisSi.
gavrcelebulia TiTqmis mTel saqarTveloSi, mTis
qveda da Sua sartylebSi. izrdeba tyeebSi, tyis pirebze,
buCqnarebSi.
dekoratiulia.
Cyclamen vernum Sweet – Georgian Cyclamen

About 50 species of Cyclamen are distributed in Mediterranean area and
Western Asia (to Iran). The flora of Georgia contains 5 Cyclamen species.
Perennial herbs. Tubers depressed-globose, 3–5 cm diam. Leaves
ovate-cordate, or triangular-ovate, green, glabrous, with silver spots on
above surface, violet-purple with medium brown pubescence below, the
apices narrowed (rarely blunt). Flowers purple. Fruits capsules. Seeds dark
brown.
Flowers February–March, fruits ripen May–June.
Distributed almost throughout Georgia. Occurs in forests, forest edges
and shrubberies in the low and mid-montane zones.
Ornamental.
126
Cyclamen vernum
127
ojaxi Ranunculaceae _ baisebrni
Anemonastrum fasciculatum (L.) Holub (Anemone fas-

ciculata L.) - frinta
Anemonastrum-is gvaris saxeobebi gavrcelebulia
dedamiwis Crd. naxevarsferos zomier sartyelSi.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. aqvs 10-50 sm si-
maRlis Rero, romlis Ziri Zveli foTlebis naSTiTaa
dafaruli. foTlebis umetesoba fesvTanuria. foToli
momrgvaloa, grZelyunwiani, 5_an 3-nakvTiani. TiToeuli
nakvTi, Tavis mxriv, 3 nawiladaa dayofili. foTlis zeda
mxare ZarRvebis gayolebiT sqladaa Sebusuli, qveda_ga-
fantuli bewvebiTaa mofenili. yvavilebi TeTri, zogjer
vardisferi an mewamulia; Sekrebilia yvaviledebad (qol-
ga yvaviledi). nayofi Tesluraa.
gavrcelebulia saqarTvelos yvela mxareSi, mTis zeda,
subalpur da alpur sartylebSi. izrdeba tyis pirebsa da
mdeloebze.
dekoratiulia.
Ranunculaceae – Buttercup Family
Anemonastrum fasciculatum (L.) Holub (Anemone fasciculata L.)

– Fasciculate Anemone
Species of Anemonastrum are distributed in the temperate zone of the
Northern Hemisphere. Two Anemonastrum species occur in Georgia.
Perennial herbs, 10–50 cm tall. Basal part of stems covered with old
leaves. Most leaves are basal. Leaves globose, with long petioles, palmate-
ly divided into 3–5 segments which are themselves divided into 3 parts,
the upper surfaces densely pubescent along the veins, the lower surfaces
covered with scattered hairs. Inflorescences umbels. Flowers white, occa-
sionally pink or red. Fruits achenes.
Flowers May, fruits produced July–August.
Distributed throughout Georgia in the upper-montane, subalpine and
alpine zones. Grows in forest edges and meadows.
Ornamental.
128
Anemonastrum fasciculatum
129
Ranunculus caucasicus M. Bieb. - kavkasiuri baia
Ranunculus-is gvaris 600-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia
mTel dedamiwaze, magram umetesad Crd. naxevarsferos
zomier sartyelSi. saqarTveloSi 50-ze meti saxeobaa.
Rlisaa. msxvili fesura aqvs. fesvTanuri da Reroseuli
qveda foTlebi grZelyunwiania, danakvTuli; Reroseuli
zeda foTlebi mjdomarea, agreTve danakvTuli. yvavili
yviTelia. nayofi Tesluraa, zeda mxareze 1, qvedaze 2 si-
grZivi ZarRvi gaaCnia.
yvavilobs ivnisSi, nayofi mwifdeba ivlisSi.
kavkasiis endemia. gavrcelebulia kavkasionze, tyis
zeda da subalpur sartylebSi; izrdeba tyeebsa da
mdeloebze. dekoratiulia.
Ranunculus caucasicus M. Bieb. – Caucasian Buttercup

Up to 600 species of Ranunculus are distributed worldwide, predomi-
nantly in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere. Over 50 Ranun-
culus species are found in Georgia.
Perennial herbs, 20–100 cm. Rhizomes stout. Radical and lower stem
leaves segmented, with long petioles; upper stem leaves also segmented,
sessile. Flowers yellow. Achenes with 1 longitudinal nerve on the upper side
and 2 nerves below.
Flowers June, fruits ripen July.
Endemic to the Caucasus. Distributional area covers the Greater Cau-
casus. Grows in the upper forest and subalpine zones. Occurs in meadows.
Ornamental.
130
Ranunculus caucasicus
131
ojaxi Rhamnaceae _ xeWrelasebrni
Paliurus spina-christi Mill. - ZeZvi

Paliurus-is gvaris 8 saxeoba gavrcelebulia samxr. ev-
ropaSi, das., aRm. da Sua aziaSi. saqarTveloSi mxolod es
saxeobaa.
foTolmcvivani buCqia. 1-3 m simaRlisaa. meCxeri varji
aqvs. norCi totebi Sebusulia, yavisferi; asakSi Sesuli _
Seubusavi, mowiTalo Seferilobisa. xnier totebs qerqi
xSirad nafleTebad Zvreba. totebi ekliania. zogi ekali
sworia da zemoTaa mimarTuli, sxvebi_kauWiviT moRunu-
li. foTlebi xeSeSia, zemo mxareze SiSveli da priala,
qvemoze_ZarRvebis gayolebiT odnav Sebusuli. moyviTa-
lo-momwvano wvrili yvavilebi Sekrebilia yvaviledebad
(mtevani yvaviledi). nayofi mSralia, Ria yviTeli, yavis-
feri an mowiTalo-yavisferi, diskosebri formisa. misi
Sua nawili, sadac Teslia ganlagebuli, gasqelebulia.
yvavilobs mais-ivnisSi, nayofi mwifdeba ivlis-seqtem-
berSi.
dablobidan z. d. 1500 m-mde. aRm. saqarTveloSi vakeebsa da
mTis qveda sartyelSi buCqnarebis (umTavresad meoradi
buCqnarebis) erT-erTi Semqmnelia.
gamosadegia cocxali Robeebis gasaSeneblad. nayofi,
qerqi da foTlebi gamoiyeneba xalxur medicinaSi.
Rhamnacaeae – Buckthorn Family
Paliurus spina-christi Mill. – Christ’s Thorn

Eight species of Paliurus are distributed in Southern Europe, and West,
East and Middle Asia.
Only a single species of Paliurus is recorded for Georgia.
Deciduous shrubs, 1–3 m. Crown sparsely branched. Young shoots
pubescent, brown, turning glabrous and red. Bark coming off in patches
from old branches. Branches spiny, some spines erect and straight, others
hooked. Leaves rigid, glabrous above, pubescent along the veins below.
Inflorescences cymes. Flowers conspicious, yellowish-greenish. Fruits dry,
light yellow, brown or reddish-brown, disc-shaped, with stout central part
containing seed.
Flowers May–June, fruits ripen July–September.
Distributed almost throughout Georgia from the lowlands to 1500 m
elevation. Forms thickets (mostly of secondary origin) in the lowlands and
low-montane zone of East Georgia.
This shrub is excellent for hedgerows. Fruit, bark and leaves are used
in traditional medicine.
132
Paliurus spina-christi
133
Rhamnus pallasii Fisch. & S. A. Mey. - Savjaga, jRardala
Rhamnus-is gvaris daaxloebiT 100-140 saxeoba ga-
vrcelebulia evraziisa da Crd. amerikis zomier sartyel-
Si, agreTve Crd. afrikaSi. saqarTveloSi 7 saxeobaa.
foTolmcvivani buCqia. 2 m-mde simaRlisaa. gaSlili
varji aqvs. totebi mowiTalo-yavisferia, ekliani. foTo-
li viwro-xazuri an xazur-lanceturia, 1-4 sm sigrZis da
2.5-5 mm siganisa; kideebze wvrilad xerxisebr dakbiluli.
foTlebi totze jguf-jgufadaa ganlagebuli. foToli
norCobisas mcired Sebusulia, Semdeg_SiSveli. orsax-
liani mcenarea _ mamrobiTi (mtvrianiani) da mdedrobiTi
(butkoiani) yvavilebi sxvadasxva buCqze sxedan. yvavili
momwvanoa, umetesad martouli. nayofi wvniania, kurki-
ana, moSavo, ukukvercxisebri formisa; masSi 2-4 Teslia
(kurka).
yvavilobs mais-ivnisSi, nayofi mwifdeba Semodgomaze.
gavrcelebulia aRm. saqarTveloSi, mTis qveda da Sua
sartylebSi TiTqmis yvelgan. izrdeba mSral adgilebSi,
buCqnarebsa da naTel tyeebSi.
Rhamnus cathartica L. - xeSavi. maRali buCqi an 3 m-
mde simaRlis xea. ekliania. gavrcelebulia saqarTvelos
TiTqmis yvela mxareSi, mTis Sua sartyelSi. izrdeba tyee-
bsa da buCqnarebSi. nayofi gamoiyeneba medicinaSi.
Rhamnus imeretina Booth. - imeruli xeWreli. 3 m-
mde simaRlis ueklo xea. gavrcelebulia yvelgan das.
saqarTveloSi, agreTve qarTlsa da mesxeTSi; mTis Sua
sartylidan subalpur sartylamde. izrdeba tyeebsa da
tyis pirebze.
Rhamnus pallasii Fisch. & S. A. Mey. – Pallas’s Buckthorn

Approximately 100–140 species of Rhamnus are distributed in the tem-
perate zones of Eurasia and North America; some species are also found in
North Africa. This genus is represented by 7 species in Georgia.
Deciduous shrubs to 2 m tall. Crown open. Branches reddish-brown,
thorny. Leaves arranged in groups on branches (fascicles), narrowly-linear
or linear-lanceolate, 1–4 cm x 2.5–5 mm, pilose early, becoming glabrous,
the margins serrulate. Dioecious., Flowers greenish, predominantly solitary.
Fruits fleshy, 2–4 seeded drupes, blackish, obovate.
Flowers May–June, fruits ripen fall.
Distributed throughout East Georgia from the low- to mid-montane
zones. Occurs in open places, scrub and light forests.
Rhamnus cathartica L. – Common Buckthorn. Spiny shrubs or trees
to 3 m tall. Distributed almost throughout Georgia up to the mid-montane
zone. Occurs in forests and scrub. Fruit is used in medicine.
Rhamnus imeretina Booth. – Imeretian Buckthorn. Trees to 3 m
tall, without spines. Distributed throughout West Georgia, also found in Kartli
and Meskheti. Vertical distribution ranges between the mid-montane and
subalpine zones. Occurs in forests and forest margins.
134
Rhamnus pallasii
135
ojaxi Rosaceae _ vardisebrni
Amygdalus georgica Desf. - qarTuli nuSi

Amygdalus-is gvaris 40-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia
dedamiwis Crd. naxevarsferos subtropikul da zomier
sartylebSi. saqarTveloSi mxolod es saxeobaa. kidev
erTi saxeoba Amygdalus communis L. _ Cveulebrivi
nuSi gavelurebulia, iSviaTad SeiZleba Segvxvdes aRm.
saqarTveloSi, mSral adgilebze.
foTolmcvivani buCqia. simaRle erT m-s aRwevs. Reros
qerqi ruxia. foTlebi mogrZoa (8 sm sigrZisa), lanceturi,
fuZisaken TandaTanobiT Seviwroebuli, kideebze uTanab-
rod xerxisebr dakbiluli. yvavili xasxasa vardisferia.
nayofi (kurkiana) xSiri da rbili bewvebiTaa dafaruli.
yvavilobs aprilSi, nayofi mwifdeba seqtemberSi.
saqarTvelos endemia. misi calkeuli individebi da
mcire populaciebi napovnia zogan qarTlsa da gare kax-
eTSi. izrdeba mTis qveda da Sua sartylebSi, xeobaTa fer-
dobebze.
nusxaSi (2006 w.).
Rosaceae – Rose Family
Amygdalus georgica Desf. – Georgian Almond

About 40 species of Amygdalus are distributed in the temperate and
subtropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere. Only this single species
grows in Georgia. Another species – Amygdalus communis L. (Sweet Al-
mond) is naturilised and found locally in dry places in East Georgia.
Deciduous shrubs to 1 m tall. Bark grey. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, 8
cm long, the margins irregularly dentate, the bases narrowed, Flowers bright
pink. Fruits drupes, densely soft-pubescent.
Flowers April, fruits ripen September.
Endemic to Georgia. Solitary individuals or small populations are found
locally in Kartli and Gare (Outer) Kakheti. Occurs on embankments from the
low to the mid-montane zone.
136
Amygdalus georgica
137
Laurocerasus officinalis Roem. - wyavi
Laurocerasus-is 25-mde (sxva monacemebiT, 75) saxeoba
gavrcelebulia dedamiwis zomieri da subtropikul
sartylebSi. saqarTveloSi mxolod es saxeobaa.
maradmwvane buCqi an xea. 6 (8) m-mde simaRlisaa. Reros
qerqi muqi nacrisferia, TiTqmis Savi. foTlebi tyavise-
bria, priala, mogrZo-elifsuri moyvanilobisa, wawve-
tili, mokleyunwiani, 5-20 sm sigrZisa. yvavilebi TeTria,
Sekrebilia yvaviledebad (mtevani yvaviledi). nayofi wv-
niania, rbilobiani (kurkiana), momrgvalo-kvercxisebri
formis, Savi.
bolos.
gavrcelebulia mTel das. saqarTveloSi, dablobidan
tyis zeda sartylamde; xSirad subalpur sartyelSic (z.
d. 2300 m-mde) adis; tyeebSi qmnis maradmwvane qvetyes. aRm.
saqarTveloSi izrdeba imereTis mosazRvre teritoriaze,
saguramos qedze da zogan kaxeTSi.
aqvs Ria yviTeli merqani. foTlebisagan miiReba
sagule saSualeba_e.w. “wyavis wyali”. foTlebi da qerqi
mTrimlav nivTierebebs Seicavs. nayofi saWmelad vargi-
sia. arsebobs wyavis msxvilnayofiani sabaRo formebi.
Laurocerasus officinalis Roem. – Cherry Laurel

Up to 25 (75 according to some sources) species of Laurocerasus are
distributed in the temperate and tropical zones of the world. Only a single
species of Cherry Laurel grows in Georgia.
Evergreen shrubs or trees to 6(–8) m tall. Bark dark grey, almost black.
Leaves short-petioled, oblong-elliptic, 5–20 cm long, leathery, lustrous
above, the apices acute. Flowers white, arranged in racemes. Fruits juicy
drupes, roundish-ovate, black.
Flowers April–May, fruits ripen by the end of summer.
Distributed throughout West Georgia from the lowlands to the upper
forest zone, occasionally reaching even the subalpine zone (up to 2300 m
elevation). Forms evergreen understory in forests. Cherry Laurel is found
locally in East Georgia, particularly in areas adjacent to Imereti province,
Saguramo ridge, locally in Kakheti, among others.
Cherry Laurel has light yellow timber. Leaf extracts (also referred as
Cherry Laurel water) are used in medicine for the treatment of heart dis-
eases. Leaves and bark contain tannins. Fruit edible. There are several hor-
ticultural varieties of Cherry Laurel.
138
Laurocerasus officinalis
139
Malus orientalis Uglitzk. - maJalo
Malus-is gvaris 40-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia dedami-
wis Crd. naxevarsferos zomier sartyelSi. saqarTveloSi
mxolod es saxeobaa.
foTolmcvivani xea. 10-12 m simaRlis izrdeba. ax-
algazrda totebi yavisferia, asakovani _ muqi nacris-
feri. foToli kvercxisebri, lanceturi, mogrZo-elif-
suri moyvanilobis an momrgvaloa, 3-8 sm sigrZis da 1.5-
3.5 sm siganisa; foTlis wveri wawvetebuli an blagvia;
fuZe_solisebr Seviwroebuli. foTlis qveda nawili ki-
demTliania, zeda umetesi nawili_xerxisebr dakbiluli.
norCi foTlis zeda mxare gabneuli bewvebiTaa dafaru-
li, qveda qeCisebr Sebusulia. asakovani foTlis zeda
mxare TiTqmis SiSvelia. yvavili TeTri an vardisferia.
yvavilebi Sekrebilia mtevnisebr yvaviledebad. wvniani
nayofi momrgvaloa, Tavsa da boloSi Sebrtyelebuli, 2-3
sm diametrisa.
yvavilobs aprilSi, nayofi seqtemberSi mwifdeba.
gavrcelebulia TiTqmis mTel saqarTveloSi, mTis
qveda da Sua sartylebSi, zogjer ufro maRlac. izrdeba
tyeebSi, tyis pirebSi, natyevarebze.
erT-erTi mTavaria velur xilTagan. saWmelad gam-
oiyeneba nedli da daCiruli nayofi. Taflovani mcenarea.
mkvrivi mowiTaloguliani merqani aqvs.
Malus orientalis Uglitzk. – Wild Apple

Some 40 species of Malus are distributed in the temperate zone of the
Northern Hemisphere. Only this single species occurs in Georgia.
Deciduous trees 10–12 m tall. Young shoots brown, the older branches
dark grey. Leaves ovate, oblong-elliptical or suborbicular, 3–8 x 1.5–3.5 cm,
sparsely-pubescent above, woolly-pubescent below when young, almost
glabrous above in age, the margins entire to serrate, the apices acute or
obtuse, attenuate. Inflorescences corymbs. Flowers white or pink. Fruits
subglobose pomes, 2–3 cm diam.
Flowers April, fruits ripen September.
Distributed almost throughout Georgia from the low- to mid-montane
zones (occasionally also occurring at higher altitudes). Occurs in forests,
forest edges and deforested areas. One of the most important wild fruits.
Both fresh and dried fruits are edible. Honey plant. Its timber is dense with
red core.
140
Malus orientalis
141
Mespilus germanica L. - zRmartli
Mespilus-is gvarSi mxolod es saxeobaa. gavrcelebulia
balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze, mcire aziaSi, kavkasiaSi,
iranSi, TurqmeneTSi.
foTolmcvivani buCqi an xea, 1.5-5 m-mde simaRlisa.
ekliani mcenarea. foToli mokleyunwiania, elifsuri an
mogrZo-lanceturi moyvanilobis, 3-10 sm sigrZis da 2-4 sm
siganisa, wawvetebuli an moblagvo-wveriani, kidemTliani
an iSviaTad kidedakbiluli (kbilebi mowiTalo jirkv-
lebiT bolovdeba); norCobisas orive mxareze Sebusulia,
Semdgom zeda mxareze _ mcired Sebusuli, qvedaze _
moTeTro bewvebiT dafaruli.
yvavilobs maisSi. yvavili TeTria, totis kenweroze
martoulad zis. nayofi xorcovania (kurkiana), 5(4) mom-
rgvalo an msxlis formis kurkas Seicavs. mkvaxe nayofi
momwvanoa, Zalian mwklarte; mwifdeba gvian Semodgomaze;
Tu mokrefamde yinva dahkravs an mokrefili didxans awy-
via, yavisferdeba da sitkbosa da sasiamovno gemos iZens.
foToli, qerqi da mwvane nayofi mTrimlav nivTier-
ebebs Seicavs.
mTis qveda da Sua sartylebSi, z.d. 1200 m-mde, izrdeba
gameCxerebuli tyeebis qvetyeSi, tyis pirebze, buCqnareb-
Si.
didixania, rac zRmartli kulturaSia Setanili. kul-
turuli zRmartli uekloa, xed izrdeba, msxvil nayofs
isxams.
Mespilus germanica L. – Medlar

The genus Mespilus comprises only a single species distributed in Bal-
kan peninsula, Asia Minor, Caucasus, Iran and Turkmenistan.
Deciduous spiny shrubs or trees 1.5–5 m. Leaves short-petioled, el-
liptical or oblong-lanceolate, 3–10 x 2–4 cm, pubescent on both sides when
young, slightly pubescent above and with white hairs below when old, the
margins entire or rarely toothed with reddish glands, the apices acute or ob-
tuse. Flowers solitary, terminal, white. Fruits fleshy drupes with (4)5 round-
ish or pyriform stones, greenish and very sour when young.
Flowers May, fruits ripen late fall. Fruits turn brown and become sweet
with pleasant taste if stored for longer period or exposed to frosts prior to
harvest.
Leaves, bark and green fruit contain tannins.
Distributed throughout Georgia in the low- and mid-montane zones (up
to 1200 m elevation). Occurs in the understory of thinned forests, forest
edges and shrubberies.
Long-cultivated for its edible fruits. Medlar cultivars are spinless trees
with large fruits.
142
Mespilus germanica
143
Prunus divaricata Ledeb. - tyemali
Prunus-is gvaris TiTqmis 30 saxeoba gavrcele-
bulia dedamiwis Crd. naxevarsferos zomier sartyelSi.
foTolmcvivani buCqi an xea. 2-10 m simaRlisaa. norCi
ylortebi mwvanea, wvrili, SiSveli; asakovani Reroebis
qerqi muraa. mravalricxovani damoklebuli totebi ek-
lebiT bolovdeba. foToli elifsuri an kvercxisebri
moyvanilobisa, 5-10 sm sigrZisa da 2-6 sm siganisa; zeda
mxare SiSvelia, qvedaze_ZarRvebis gayolebiT Sebusu-
li; kideebze xerxisebr dakbiluli. yvavili martoulia,
TeTri an iSviaTad movardisfro; foTlebTan erTad an
cota adre iSleba. nayofi wvniania (kurkiana), momrgva-
lo an ovaluri; nairferi _ yviTeli, momwvano, vardis-
feri, muqi wiTeli. kurka ovaluria, gluvi an xorkliani,
zogjer Rarebiani; Tavsa da boloSi Sebrtyelebuli, 2-3
sm diametrisa.
yvavilobs mart-maisSi, nayofi mwifdeba ivlis-agvis-
toSi.
gavrcelebulia saqarTvelos yvela mxareSi, dablobi-
dan mTis Sua sartylamde. izrdeba tyeebSi, tyis pirebze,
buCqnarebSi.
tyemlis motkbo-momJavo nayofi iWmeba. Taflovani
mcenarea. lamazteqsturiani merqani aqvs.
arsebobs tyemlis mravali kulturuli forma.
Prunus divaricata Ledeb. – Bush Cherry Plum

Almost 30 species of Prunus are distributed in the temperate zone of the
Northern Hemisphere. Two species of Prunus are recorded for Georgia.
Deciduous shrubs and trees 2–10 m tall. Young shoots green, small,
glabrous, bark on older stems brown. Numerous shortened branches bear
spines at the ends. Leaves elliptical or ovate, 5–10 x 2–6 cm, glabrous
above, pubescent along the veins below, the margins serrate. Flowers soli-
tary, white or rarely pinkish, appearing before or with leaves. Fruits juicy,
suborbicular or ovaliform, fruit color variable, orange-yellow, greenish, pink
or dark red. Stones ovaliform, smooth or scabrous, fissured, subglobose,
2–3 cm across.
Flowers March–May, fruits ripen July–August.
Distributed throughout Georgia from the lowlands to the mid-montane
zone. Grows in forests, forest edges and shrubberies.
Fruit has sweetish-sour taste and is edible. Honey plant. Timber of
Bush Cherry Plum is of fine texture. There are many horticultural varieties
of Bush Cherry Plum.
144
Prunus divaricata
145
Pyrus caucasica Fed. - panta
Pyrus-is gvaris daaxloebiT 60-mde saxeoba gavrcele-
bulia evraziaSi. saqarTveloSi am gvaris 11 saxeobaa.
foTolmcvivani xea. misi simaRle 24 m-s aRwevs. far-
Topiramiduli varji aqvs. norCi totebi Seubusavia,
eklebiani. foToli momrgvalo an farTokvercxisebri,
zogjer rombisebri moyvanilobisaa, wawvetebuli an blag-
wveriani; xeSeSi, kidemTliani. yvavilebi TeTria, Sekrebi-
li yvaviledebad (farisebri yvaviledi). nayofi wvniania,
sferosebri formisa, Seicavs mkvriv CanarTebs.
yvavilobs aprilSi, nayofi mwifdeba Semodgomaze.
sartylebSi, zogjer ufro maRlac. izrdeba tyebSi.
iseve, rogorc maJalo, erT-erTi mTavari veluri xil-
ia. nayofi saWmelad gamoiyeneba, Tu kargadaa damwifebuli.
misgan amzadeben Cirs, xdian arays. qerqisagan wablisferi
saRebavi miiReba. kargi merqani aqvs. Taflovani mcenarea.
saqarTveloSi izrdeba Pyrus-is gvaris sxva saxeobe-
bic. esenia Pyrus salicifolia Pall., _tiriffoTola beryena;
Pyrus georgica Kuth._qarTuli beryena, Pyrus sachokiana
Kuth._saxokias beryena (Setanilia saqarTvelos wiTel
nusxaSi (2006 w.)) da kidev ramdenime.
Pyrus caucasica Fed. – Caucasian Wild Pear

About 60 species of Pyrus are distributed in Eurasia. Eleven Wild Pear
species are recorded for Georgia.
Deciduous trees to 24 m tall. Crown broadly pyramidal. Twigs glabrous
and spinescent when young. Leaves suborbicular or broadly-ovate, occa-
sionally rhombic, scabrous, the margins entire, the apies acute or obtuse.
Inflorescences thyrses. Flowers white. Fruits fleshy with grit cells, globose.
Flowers April, fruits ripen fall.
Distributed throughout Georgia from low- to mid-montane zones, oc-
casionally occurs at higher altitudes. Grows in forests.
One of the most important wild fruits. Fruits edible when ripe. Dried
fruits of pear have delicious taste. Fruits are also used to make vodka. Cau-
casian Wild Pear has valuable timber. Honey plant.
Other noteworthy representatives of Pyrus growing in Georgia are
Pyrus salicifolia Pall. – Willow-Leaved Pear; Pyrus georgica Kuth.
– Georgian Wild Pear, Pyrus sachokiana Kuth. – Sakhokia’s Wild Pear
(included in Georgian Red List (2006)), among others.
146
Pyrus caucasica
147
Rubus idaeus L. - Jolo
Rubus-is gvaris TiTqmis 250 saxeoba gavrcelebulia
mTel dedamiwaze, umTavresad Crd. naxevarsferoSi.
saqarTveloSi 30-ze meti saxeobaa.
foTolmcvivani buCqia. pirvel wels fesvebidan
amozrdili ylortTa simaRle 1.5 m-mdea. erTwliani
ylorti sqladaa mofenili wvrili, mowiTalo yavisferi
eklebiT. foToli rTulia _ 3-5, iSviaTad 7 foTolak-
isagan Sedgeba; foTolaki zeda mxareze TiTqmis SiSvelia,
qveda mxareze _ qeCisebr Sebusuli; kideebze uTanabrod
xerxisebr dakbilulia. meore wels ylortTa kenweroebsa
da foTolTa iRliebSi momwvano-TeTri yvavilTa jgufebi
viTardeba. nayofis momwifebis Semdeg orwliani ylorte-
bi xmeba. nayofi wvniania (rTuli kurkiana), mowiTalo, iS-
viaTad moyviTalo TeTri.
naxevarSi.
mTis Sua sartylidan subalpur sartylamde. izrdeba
tyeebSi, tyis pirebze, natyevar adgilebze, mdinareTa na-
pirebze, buCqnarebSi.
Jolos tkbili da surnelovani nayofi mravalnairad
gamoiyeneba. Taflovani mcenarea. arsebobs am mcenaris
bevri sabaRo forma.
Rubus idaeus L. – European Raspberry

Approximately 250 species of Rubus are distributed in almost all parts
of the world, but mainly in the Northern Hemisphere.
Deciduous shrubs. First year stems are to 1.5 m long. Young shoots
with minute, reddish-brown prickles. Leaves pinnate; leaflets 3–5(7), almost
glabrous above, woolly-tomentose below, the margins unevenly serrate.
The flowering shoot borne on vegetative shoots of the previous year. Inflo-
rescences terminal. Flowers greenish-white. When fruits ripen the shoots of
previous year die back. Fruits fleshy, reddish, rarely yellowish white.
Flowers May, fruits ripen late summer.
Distributed almost throughout Georgia from the mid-montane to the
subalpine zones. Grows in forests, forest edges, deforestated areas, river
banks and shrubberies.
Sweet and fragrant fruit is widely used. There are many horticultural
varieties of this species. Honey plant.
148
Rubus idaeus
149
Rosa canina L. - askili
Rosa-s gvaris TiTqmis 250-300 (sxva monacemebiT, 400-
mde) saxeoba gavrcelebulia dedamiwis zomier da sub-
tropikul sartylebsa da tropikuli sartylis mTebSi.
foTolmcvivani buCqia. 1.5-2 (3) m simaRlisa izrdeba.
totebi Cveulebriv rkalisebr moxrilia, maTze wyvil-wy-
vilad namglis formis, bolosken gaganierebuli eklebi
sxedan (ufro sworad, qacvebi: qacvi kanis saxecvlile-
baa, ekali ki _ foTlis an ylortisa). foToli rTulia _
Cveulebriv 7 foTolakisagan Sedgeba. foTolaki elif-
suri an kvercxisebri moyvanilobisaa, kideebze xerxisebr
dakbiluli (erT- an ormagad); zeda mxareze SiSvelia, qve-
da mxareze iSviaTad Sua ZarRvis gayolebiT da kideebze
bewvebiT mofenili. yvavilebi mkrTali, xasxasa wiTeli
an vardisferia, iSviaTad TiTqmis TeTri; martoulia an
Sekrebilia yvaviledebad. nayofi elifsuria, zogjer mom-
rgvalo, wiTeli, SiSveli an iSviaTad jagrisebri bewvebiT
mofenili.
yvavilobs mais-ivlisSi, nayofi mwifdeba ivlis-se-
qtemberSi.
gavrcelebulia saqarTvelos yvela mxareSi, dablo-
bidan mTis zeda sartylamde. izrdeba buCqnarebSi, tyis
pirebze, gzebis gayolebiT.
nayofi bevr C vitamins Seicavs. axalgazrda mcenare
saukeTeso saZirea vardisaTvis. dekoratiulia.
Rosa canina L. – Dog-Rose

Some 250–300 (up to 400 according to some sources) species of Rosa
are found in the temperate and subtropical zones of the Northern Hemi-
sphere. Thirty Rosa species are recorded for Georgia.
Deciduous shrubs, 1.5–2 m tall. Branches curved, prickles (prickles
are sharp outgrowth from the epidermis unlike true thorns and spines that
are outgrowths of stems and modified stipules, respectively) in pairs, with a
dilated base. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets 7, elliptical or ovate, glabrous
above, with hairs on the nerves and margins beneath, the margins uni- or bi-
serrate. Flowers pink or bright red, rarely almost white, solitary or arranged
in inflorescences. Fruits elliptic, sometimes globose, red, glabrous or oc-
casionally villous.
Flowers May–July, fruits ripen July–September.
Distributed throughout Georgia from the lowlands to the upper montane
zone. Grows in shrubberies, forest edges, and roadsides.
Fruits contain significant amounts of vitamin C. Young stems of Dog-
Rose are used to graft roses. Ornamental.
150
Rosa canina
151
Spiraea hypericifolia L. - grakla
Spiraea-s gvaris 20-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia de-
damiwis Crd. naxevarsferos zomier da subtropikul
foTolmcvivani buCqia. 1.5 m-mde simaRlisaa. zeamar-
Tuli Soltisebri Reroebi aqvs. foToli SiSvelia, nor-
Cobisas mokle bewvebiT mofenili; ukukvercxisebri,
mogrZo-elifsuri an lanceturi moyvanilobisa. steril-
ur (unayofo) ylortTa foTlebi kidemTliania, zogjer
wverze 2-5-kbiliani. yvavilebi moyviTalo TeTria, Sekre-
bilia yvaviledebad (qolgisebri yvaviledi). yvaviledebi
totis kenweroebze sxedan. nayofi foTluraa (esaa mSrali
mravalTesliani nayofi, romelic momwifebis Semdeg na-
kerze ixsneba. Tesli nakeris gaswvrivaa ganlagebuli).
yvavilobs mais-ivnisSi, nayofi mwifdeba zafxulis me-
ore naxevarSi.
gavrcelebulia aRm. saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela da
das. saqarTvelos zogierT mxareSi, dablobidan subalpur
sartylamde. izrdeba buCqnarebSi.
qarTlsa da mesxeTSi, mTis Sua sartylamde, buCqnareb-
Si, tyis pirebsa da mdinareTa napirebze izrdeba Spiraea
crenata L.-momrgvalokbilebiani grakla, romlis ster-
ilur ylortTa foTlebi Sua nawilidan an TiTqmis Ziri-
dan dakbilulia. yvaviledebi (farisebri yvaviledi) foT-
lis fuZeebTan sxedan.
agreTve dekoratiuli da Taflovani mcenarea.
Spiraea hypericifolia L. – Spirea

Some 20 species of Spiraea are distributed in the temperate and sub-
tropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere. Two Spirea species are record-
ed for Georgia.
Deciduous shrubs to 1.5 m tall. Branches erect, arching. Leaves ob-
ovate, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, shortly pubescent at first, glabrous
later. Leaves on infertile shoots entire, with 2–5 teeth near apex. Flowers
yellowish white, in terminal umbels. Fruits follicles (a dry, single-chambered
fruit that splits along only one seam to release its seeds).
Flowers May–June, fruits ripen late summer.
Distributed almost throughout East Georgia and some provinces of
West Georgia. Grows in shrubberies from the lowlands to the subalpine
zone.
Another species of spirea, Spiraea crenata L., is found in Kartli and
Meskheti. Leaves on sterile shoots are crenulate above the middle or base.
Inflorescences corymbiform, borne on shoots at leaf bases. It inhabits
shrubberies, forest edges and river banks from the lowlands to the mid-
montane zones.
152
Spiraea hypericifolia
153
ojaxi Salicaceae _ tirifisebrni
Populus alba L. - TeTri xvalo

Populus-is gvaris 100-ze meti saxeoba gavrcelebulia
dedamiwis Crd. naxevarsferoSi. saqarTveloSi 7 saxeobaa.
foTolmcvivani xea. 30-35 m simaRlis izrdeba, mTavari
Reros diametri 2 m-s aRwevs. axalgazrda xis Reros qerqi
Ria ferisa da gluvia, asakovanisa_qveda nawilSi_nac-
risferi an moSavo da daxeTqili. farTod gaSlili var-
ji aqvs. axalgazrda totebze didi_10-12 sm sigrZis _
foTlebi sxedan, asakovanze, aseTebTan erTad, ufro pa-
tara_3-5 sm sigrZis_ foTlebicaa. axalgazrda totebi,
kvirtebi, foTlis yunwi da foTlis firfitis qveda mx-
are qeCisebr Sebusvilia. amis gamoa, rom qaris dabervisas
TeTri xvalo vercxlisfrad brwyinavs. orsaxliani mcena-
rea _ mamrobiTi (mtvrianiani) da mdedrobiTi (butkoania)
yvaviledebi sxvadasxva egzemplarebzea ganlagebuli.
yvavilebi adre gazafxulze (martSi), xis SefoTvlamde
iSleba. mamrobiTi yvaviledebi mtvris gamobnevis Semdeg
xmeba da cviva. nayofi (2-4-sagduliani kolofi) gazafx-
ulzeve (aprilSi) mwifdeba. Tesli aRWurvilia abreSum-
isebri bususebis koniT.
gavrcelebulia mTel saqarTveloSi, mTis qveda
sartyelSi. izrdeba mdinareTa napirebze. aSeneben mdina-
reTa da wyalsatevTa napirebis gasamagreblad. dekora-
tiulia.
Salicaceae – Willow Family
Populus alba L. – White Poplar

Over 100 species of Populus are distributed in the Northern Hemi-
sphere. Seven Populus species are found in Georgia.
Deciduous trees 30–35 m tall. Trunks to 2 m diam. Bark of young trunks
light color and glabrous, older bark grey or blackish and fissured in the low-
er part of the trunk. Crown broadly open. Leaves on young shoots 10–12
cm long; leaves on older trees are similar in size but some leaves much
smaller, 3–5 cm long. Young shoots, buds, petioles and below surface of
leaves white-tomentose. This renders a silverly shine to White Poplar in
windy weather. Dioecious. Flowers appearing before leaves in March. Male
flowers die back and fall once the pollen is released. Capsules 2-4-valved,
ripens in spring (April). Seeds with long silky hairs.
Distributed throughout Georgia. Occurs in the low montane zone. In-
habits river banks. The artificial plantations of White Poplar are widely used
to reinforce river and reservoir banks. Ornamental.
154
Populus alba
155
Salix caprea L. – mdgnali
Salix-is gvaris 300-ze meti saxeoba gavrcelebulia
umTavresad dedamiwis Crd. naxevarsferos zomier
sartyelSi. saqarTveloSi 16 saxeobaa.
foTolmcvivani xea. 6-10 m simaRlisaa, mTavari Re-
ros diametri 80 sm-s aRwevs. erTwliani totebis qerqi
momwvano-nacrisferi da gluvia; asakovanisa _ mura an
ruxi da Zlier damskdari. foToli farToelifsuri, iS-
viaTad kvercxisebri moyvanilobisaa, 10-18 sm sigrZis da
5-8 sm siganisa; zeda mxareze SiSvelia, qvedaze _ qeCise-
br Sebusuli, iSviaTad gafantulbususiani. mamrobiTi
yvaviledebi mjdomarea, mdedrobiTi _ mokleyunwiani.
yvavilobs aprilSi; foTlebis gaSlamde gacilebiT adre
totebi yviTeli yvaviledebiT ifareba. nayofi kolofia.
nayofi mwifdeba maisSi.
gavrcelebulia mTel saqarTveloSi, z. d. 2300 m-mde.
izrdeba tyis pirebze, mdinareebisa da ruebis gayolebiT,
agreTve subalpur tyeebSi.
merqani gamosadegia celulozis misaRebad. qerqi Sei-
cavs mTrimlav nivTierebebs.
Salix caprea L. – Goat Willow

Over 300 species of Salix are distributed predominantly in the temper-
ate zones of the Northern Hemisphere. Sixteen willow species are recorded
for Georgia.
Deciduous trees 6–10 m tall. Trunks to 80 cm diam. Bark of first year
shoots greenish-grey and smooth; old bark brown or grey and coarsely fis-
sured. Leaves broadly elliptical, rarely ovate, 10–18 x 5–8 cm, glabrous
above, woolly-pubescent (rarely with scattered hairs) beneath. Male catkins
sessile, female ones subsessile. Flowers April. Shoots are covered with yel-
low flowers long before the appearance of leaves. Fruits capsules.
Fruits ripen May.
Distributed throughout Georgia up to 2300 m elevation. Inhabits forest
edges, grows along rivers and springs, also in subalpine forests.
Timber is useful source of cellulose. Bark contains tannins.
156
Salix caprea
157
ojaxi Staphyleaceae _ jonjolisebrni
Staphylea colchica Stev. – kolxuri jonjoli

Staphylea-s gvaris TiTqmis 20 saxeoba gavrcelebulia
dedamiwis Crd. naxevarsferos zomier da subtropikul
foTolmcvivani buCqi an xea, 2-4 m simaRlis. foTo-
li frTisebria_Sedgeba 3 (iSviaTad 5) foTolakisagan.
foTolaki mogrZo-elifsuria, wawvetebuli. yvavilebi
TeTria, Sekrebilia yvaviledebad (mtevani an sagvela
yvaviledi). nayofi 4-7 sm sigrZis kolofia, sifrifana-
kedliani, gamoberili, 3-nakvTiani; nakvTebi wverze ganzea
gadaweuli. Tesli momrgvaloa, priala, 7-8 mm sigrZisa.
gavrcelebulia ZiriTadad das. saqarTveloSi dablo-
bidan mTis Sua sartylamde. izrdeba foTlovan tyeebsa da
tyis pirebze.
nusxaSi (2006 w.). misi populaciebi arsebobs saTafliis,
riwis da kintriSis nakrZalebsa da borjom-xaragaulis
erovnul parkSi.
gauSlel yvavilebs mwnilad deben. dekoratiulia.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli meore saxeoba Staphylea
pinnata L. – Cveulebrivi jonjoli, kolxuri jonjolis-
agan ZiriTadad imiT gansxvavdeba, rom misi agreTve fr-
Tisebri foToli Sedgeba 5-7 foTolakisagan; nayofis
nakvTebi Tavsa da boloSi urTierTmiaxloebulia. Tesli
ufro ufro didi zomisaa, 1-1.2 sm sigrZisa.
yvavilobs april-maisSi, nayofi mwifdeba ivlis-agvis-
toSi.
gavrcelebulia mTel das. saqarTveloSi, agreTve
qarTlis zogierT mxareSi, tyis sartyelSi.
gauSlel yvavilebs amwnileben. dekoratiulia.
Staphyleaceae – Bladdernut Family
Staphylea colchica Stev. – Colchic Bladderrnut

About 20 species of Staphylea are distributed in the subtropical and
temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere. Two species of Staphylea
Deciduous shrubs or trees 2–4 m tall. Leaves pinnate. Leaflets 3 (rarely
5), oblong-elliptic, the apices acuminate. Flowers white, in racemes or pan-
icles. Fruits membraneous, inflated, 3-segmented capsules notched at the
apex, 4–7 cm long. Seeds round, glabrous, 7–8 mm long.
Flowers April–May, fruits ripen July–August.
Distributed mostly in West Georgia from the lowlands to the mid-mon-
tane zone. Occurs in deciduous forests and forest edges.
Georgian Red List (2006). Populations are found in the Sataplia, Ritsa and
Kintrishi Nature Reserves, and the Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park.
Flower buds are pickled. Ornamental.
Another species of Staphylea – Staphylea pinnata L. – European
Bladdernut also occurs in Georgia. It differs from Colchic Bladernut by its
158
Staphylea colchica
greater number of leaflets (5–7), and close position of fruit’s basal and apical
notches. Seeds of European Bladdernut are also larger (1–1.2 cm long).
This species is found mostly in West Georgia, but extends also to Kartli.
It grows in forests.
Flower buds are pickled. Ornamental.
159
ojaxi Tamaricaceae _ ialRunisebrni
Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. - datotvili ialRuni

Tamarix-is 60-ze meti (sxva monacemebiT, TiTqmis 90)
saxeoba gavrcelebulia samx. evraziasa (indoeTamde) da
Crd.-aRm. afrikaSi. saqarTveloSi 3 saxeobaa.
foTolmcvivani buCqi an xea. Tu xed izrdeba, misi sima-
Rle 5 m-s aRwevs. mTavari Rero lega Seferilobisaa, tote-
bi _ mowiTalo. foTlebi Zalian wvrilia (1-7 mm sigrZisa),
qerqlisebri, uyunwo, kvercxisebri an xazur-lanceturi
moyvanilobisa. yvavilebi movardisfro, wiTeli, iisferi
an TeTria, Sekrebilia yvaviledebad (mtevani yvaviledi),
viTardebian norC totTa kenweroebze. nayofi kolofia,
samkuTxovan-piramiduli formis.
naxevarSi.
gavrcelebulia saqarTvelos yvela mxareSi, mTis qve-
da sartylidan zeda sartylamde, mdinareTa da tbaTa na-
pirebze (das. saqarTveloSi_zRvis sanapiro zolSic).
dekoratiulia.
Tamaricaceae – Salt Cedar Family
Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. – Salt Cedar

More than 60 (90 according to some sources) species of Tamarix are
found in South Eurasia (to India) and North-Eastern Africa. Three species of
Tamarix are recorded for Georgia.
Deciduous shrubs or small trees to 5 m. Bark on stem pale green, red-
dish on branches. Leaves very small, 1–7 mm, scale-like, amplexicaul, ovate
or linear-lanceolate. Inflorescences racemes, occurring on young shoots.
Flowers pinkish, red, violet or white. Fruits triangular-pyramidal capsules.
Flowers May, fruits ripen the second half of summer.
Distributed throughout Georgia. Grows on river and lake banks from
the low- to the upper- montane zones. Found in the Black Sea coastal zone
in West Georgia.
Ornamental.
160
Tamarix ramosissima
161
ojaxi Tiliaceae _ cacxvisebrni
Tilia begoniifolia Stev. (T. caucasica Rupr.) - kavkasiuri

cacxvi
Tilia-s gvaris 50-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia umTavre-
sad dedamiwis Crd. naxevarsferos zomier da nawilobriv
subtropikul sartylebSi saqarTveloSi 2 saxeobaa.
foTolmcvivani xea. simaRle 40 m-s aRwevs. mTavari
Reros qerqi nacrisferia, norCi totebisa _ mowiTalo.
foTlebi momrgvalo-kvercxisebri an gulisebri moy-
vanilobisaa, fuZeebTan asimetriuli; SiSveli an ZarRv-
Ta kuTxeebSi Sebusuli, kideebze xerxisebr dakbiluli.
yvavilebi moyviTalo an moTeTroa, surnelovani; Sekre-
bilia mravalwevrian (10-25) yvaviledebad (farisebri
yvaviledi). nayofi (kakali) 1-2 _ Tesliania, msxlisebri
an elifsuri formisa, gaxevebulkedliani, Sebusuli, 5-12
mm sigrZisa.
yvavilobs ivnis-ivlisSi, nayofi mwifdeba agvisto-se-
qtemberSi.
bidan mTis Sua sartylamde. izrdeba foTlovan tyeebSi.
rbili, advilad dasamuSavebeli merqani aqvs. saukeT-
eso Taflovani mcenarea. nayofi saWmelad vargisia. deko-
ratiulia.
Tiliaceae – Linden Family
Tilia begoniifolia Stev. (T. caucasica Rupr.) – Caucasian Linden

Approximately 50 species of Tilia are distributed in the temperate and
partly subtropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere. Two lime species are
recorded for Georgia.
Deciduous trees to 40 m tall. Bark on trunk grey, reddish on young
shoots. Leaves obliquely cordate, glabrous or pubescent in the vein axils,
the margins serrate. Inflorescences cymes, 10–25 flowered. Flowers whitish
or yellowish, fragrant. Fruits nuts, pear-like or elliptical shape, indehiscent,
pubescent, 5–12 mm long. Seeds 1–2.
Flowers June–July, fruits ripen August–September.
Distributed throughout Georgia. Grows in deciduous forests from the
lowlands to the mid-montane zones.
This plant has soft, easy to process timber. Honey plant of exclusive
quality. Fruit is edible. Ornamental.
162
Tilia begoniifolia
163
ojaxi Trapaceae _ wyliskaklisebrni
Trapa colchica Albov - kolxuri wylis kakali

Trapa-s gvarSi aerTianeben sxvadasxva raodenobis
_ ramdenime aTeulidan 200-mde saxeobas, romlebic ga-
vrcelebulia evraziasa (zomieri sartylidan tropike-
bamde) da afrikaSi. saqarTveloSi 3 saxeobaa.
erTwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. izrdeba mdgar da
mdore wylebSi. aqvs moqnili Rero, romelic fskerze mima-
grebulia mura Zafisebri fesvebiT da erTgvari “RuziT”
_ wina wlidan SemorCenili nayofiT. foToli orgvaria:
wyalSi Cayursuli foToli frTisebr dayofilia wvril
nakvTebad, wylis zedapirze motivtive _ farTodelturi
an rombulia. yvavilebi martoulia, TeTri. nayofi sam-
kuTxa, iSviaTad TiTqmis rombulia, 4 sm sigrZis da 4-5 sm
siganisa; dafarulia mkvrivi garsiT, 4 an 2 rqisebri gamon-
azardi gaaCnia. nayofSi erTi Teslia.
yvavilobs maisSi, nayofi mwifdeba ivlisSi.
kavkasiis endemia. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia afx-
azeTSi, samegreloSi, guriaSi, aWaraSi; dablobsa da mTis
qveda sartyelSi.
misi populaciebi arsebobs kolxeTis erovnul parkSi.
Trapa hyrcana Woronow - hirkanuli wylis kakali.
kavkasiis endemia. saqarTveloSi napovnia qvemo qarTlSi,
yaraiazis tbaSi.
Trapa maleevii Vassil. - maleevis wylis kakali. kavkasiis
endemia. saqarTveloSi napovnia afxazeTsa da samegreloSi.
wylis kaklis nayofi saWmelad vargisia.
samive saxeoba Setanilia saqarTvelos wiTel wignSi
(1982 w.)
Trapaceae – Water Chestnut Family
Trapa colchica Albov – Colchic Water Chestnut

The genus Trapa is thought to comprise several dozen to 200 species
distributed in Eurasia (from the temperate zone to the tropics) and Africa.
Three Trapa species are recorded for Georgia.
Annual herbs. Growing in stagnant and slow-running waters. Stems
flexible, anchored on the bottom by thread-like brown roots. Submerged
leaves dissected in segments; floating leaves broadly rhombic or rhombic.
Flowers solitary, white. Fruits triangular, occasionally almost rhombic, 4 x
4–5 cm, coriaceous or woody, with 2–4 horns. Seeds solitary.
Flowers May, fruits ripen July.
Endemic to the Caucasus. Distributed in Abkhazeti, Samegrelo, Guria,
Ajara. Occurs in the lowlands and low montane zone.
Populations are found in the Kolkheti National Park.
Trapa hyrcana Woronow – Hyrcanian Water Chestnut. Endemic to
the Caucasus. Found in Kvemo (Lower) Kartli (Karayaz lake).
Trapa maleevii Vassil. – Maleev’s Water Chestnut. Endemic to the
Caucasus. Found in Abkhazeti and Samegrelo.
Fruits of water chestnut plants are edible.
All three species are included in the Red Data Book of Georgia (1982).
164
Trapa colchica
165
ojaxi Ulmaceae – Telasebrni
Ulmus minor Mill. - patara Teladuma

Ulmus-is gvaris 30-ze meti (sxva monacemebiT, 45) saxe-
oba gavrcelebulia dedamiwis zomier sartyelSi. saqarT-
veloSi 5 saxeobaa.
foTolmcvivani xea. `patara Teladuma~ ki ewodeba, ma-
gram 25 (30) m simaRlisa izrdeba. mTavari Reros qerqi rux-
ia, norCi totebi_momwvano-mura. xnier totebze xSirad
korpovani gamonazardebi warmoiqmneba. foToli kver-
cxisebri an ukukvercxisebri moyvanilobisaa, fuZesTan
araTanabargverdiani, kidedakbiluli (kbilebi axrilia);
zemo mxareze SiSveli an xaoiani, qvedaze_ZarRvebis gay-
olebiT an maT kuTxeebSi matylisebrbewviani da wiTeli
wertilovani jirkvlebiT mofenili. yvavili (yvavilsa-
fari) orsqesiania (mtvrianian-butkoiani), mokleyunwi-
ani, konebad Sekrebili. nayofi mSralia, ukukvercxisebri
formisa, sifrifanafrTiani.
yvavilobs mart-aprilSi, nayofi mwifdeba zafxulSi.
z. d. 600-1000 m-is farglebSi. izrdeba mSral, qva-RorRian
adgilebSi, muxnarebSi, tyis pirebze.
mkvrivi da drekadi merqani aqvs. dekoratiulia.
nusxaSi (2006 w.).
Ulmaceae – Elm Family
Ulmus minor Mill. – Smoothleaf Elm

Over 30 (45 according to some sources) species of Ulmus are distrib-
uted in the temperate zone of the world. Five elm species are recorded for
Georgia.
Deciduous trees to 25(–30) m tall. Bark of trunks grey, young shoots
greenish-brown. Old shoots with corky outgrowths. Leaves ovate or ob-
ovate, glabrous and rough above, hairy and with minute red glands along
veins beneath, the bases asymmetrical, the margins serrate. Flowers clus-
tered in fascicles, bisexual, on short pedicels. Fruits samaras, obovate, with
filmy wing.
Flowers March–April, fruits ripen summer.
Distributed almost throughout Georgia from 600 to 1000 m elevation.
Inhabits dry places and rock debris; occurs also in oakwoods and forest
margins.
Elm has firm and flexible timber. Ornamental.
166
Ulmus minor
167
Zelkova carpinifolia (Pall.) K. Koch. - Zelqva
Zelkova-s gvaris 5-7 saxeoba gavrcelebulia, umTavres-
ad, aRm. aziaSi. saqarTveloSi mxolod es saxeobaa. aRsan-
iSnavia, rom gvaris mecnieruli laTinuri saxelwodeba
“Zelkova” qarTuli sityva “Zelqvisagan” warmodgeba.
foTolmcvivani xea. 15-30 m simaRlisa, mTavari Reros
diametri 2 m-s aRweva. Reros qerqi moruxo-mwvanea. foTo-
li mogrZo-kvercxisebri an elifsuri moyvanilobisaa,
wawvetili, TiTqmis mjdomare an mokleyunwiani, fuZesTan
araTanabargverdiani, kidedakbiluli. yvavili (yvavilsa-
fari) muraa, sifrifana, 4-5-nakvTiani. zogierTi yvavili
orsqesiania (mtvrianian-butkoiani), zogierTi_mamrobi-
Ti (mtvrianiani). mSrali nayofi (kakluWi) momwvanoa, da-
kuTxul-danaoWebuli; mas zurgis mxares patara kexiani
“niskarti” gaaCnia.
yvavilobs martSi, nayofi mwifdeba agvisto-seqtem-
berSi. nayofiani totebi gvian Semodgomasa da zamTarSi
cviva.
iSviaTia. izrdeba samegreloSi, imereTSi, guriasa da
kaxeTSi, dablobsa da mTis qveda sartyelSi (zogan z. d.
1600-1700 m-mde adis); foTlovan tyeebSi, alag-alag mcire
koromebs qmnis.
mZime, drekadi, metad gamZle merqani aqvs. dekoratiu-
lia.
nusxaSi (2006 w.).
misi SedarebiT vrceli koromebi daculia ajameTisa
da babaneuris nakrZalebSi.
Zelkova carpinifolia (Pall.) K. Koch. – Water-Elm

Five to seven species of Zelkova are distributed predominantly in East
Asia. Only this single species is recorded for Georgia. It is noteworthy that
“Zelkova” is a native name of this species in Georgian.
Deciduous trees 15–30 m tall. Trunks to 2 m diam. Bark of trunks grey-
ish-green. Leaves subsessile or short-petioled, elongate-ovate or elliptic, the
bases oblique, the margins serrate, the apices acuminate. Flowers brown,
minute, with 4–5 segments. Some flowers are bisexual, others male. Fruits
dry nutlets, greenish, wrinkled and angled, with small curved beak.
Flowers March, fruits ripen August–September. Shoots with fruits drop
off in late fall and winter.
Rare species. Grows in Samegrelo, Imereti, Guria and Kakheti; occurs
in the lowlands and low montane zone (found locally at 1600–1700 m eleva-
tion). Forms small stands locally in broad-leaved forests. Its timber is hard,
bending and durable. Ornamental.
Relatively larger stands of Water-Elm are protected in the Ajameti and
Babaneuri Nature Reserves.
168
Zelkova carpinifolia
169
ojaxi Ulmbelliferae (Apiaceae) – qolgosnebi
Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden. - sosnovskis diyi

Heracleum-is gvaris TiTqmis 70 saxeoba gavrcelebulia
umTavresad evraziis zomier sartyelSi. saqarTveloSi 22
saxeobaa.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. 1.5 m-mde sima-
Rlis, RrmaddaRarul-wiboebiani, Txlad Sebusuli Rero
aqvs. fesvTanuri qveda foTlebi samfoTolakiania an fr-
Tisebria _ Sedgeba 2 wyvili gverdiTi segmentisagan: pir-
veli wyvili segmenti mokleyunwiania, meore _ mjdomare;
es segmentebi kvercxisebri moyvanilobisaa; kenwruli seg-
menti momrgvaloa. yvela segmenti Tavis mxriv danakvTu-
lia. yvavilebi TeTria, Sekrebilia yvaviledebad (qolga
yvaviledi). yvaviledi Semoxveulia mravalfoTolakiani
saburvliT. samtvreebi muqi mewamulia. nayofi Teslu-
raa, tyupi; TiToeuli cali kvercxisebri an elifsuri
moyvanilobisaa. moumwifebeli nayofi sqladaa Sebusuli,
mwife _ kideebTan gabneuli Cxvletia bewvebiT mofenili.
nayofis saneqtre disko (stilopodiumi) naxevarsfer-
ulia, borcvebian-naoWebiani.
yvavilobs ivlisSi, nayofi mwifdeba zafxulis bolos.
kavkasiis endemia. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia aWara-
Si, mesxeTSi, qarTlSi, kaxeTSi, TuSeTSi, fSavSi, xevsureT-
Si; mTis Sua sartylidan alpur sartylamde. izrdeba tyis
pirebze, mdeloebsa da maRalbalaxeulobaSi.
Setanilia kulturaSi (rogorc sasilose mcenare).
Ulmbelliferae (Apiaceae) – Parsley Family
Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden. – Sosnovsky’s Cow Parsnip

Some 70 species of Heracleum are distributed mostly in the temperate
zone of Eurasia. The flora of Georgia comprises 22 Cow Parsnip species.
Biennial herbs, to 1.5 m tall. Stems sulcate-ribbed, hirsute. Lower leaves
pinnate or trisect with two pairs of leaflets; leaflets in first pair short-petioled,
other leaflets sessile; terminal leaflet suborbicular, all leaflets lobed. Flow-
ers white, in umbels. Bracts present. Stamens deep purple. Fruits achenes;
carpels 2, ellipsoid or ovate. Immature fruits densely pubescent, scabrid-
pubescent at margins at maturity. Stylopodium (an enlargement at the base
of the style of flowers) hemispherical, coriaceous.
Flowers July, fruits ripen by the end of summer.
Endemic to the Caucasus. Distributed in Ajara, Meskheti, Kartli, Kakhe-
ti, Tusheti, Pshavi, Khevsureti. Vertical distribution ranges between the
mid-montane and alpine zones. Occurs in forest edges, meadows and tall
herbaceous vegetation. Cultivated for silage purposes.
170
Heracleum sosnowskyi
171
ojaxi Vacciniaceae _ mocvisebrni
Vaccinium myrtillus L. - mocvi

Vaccinium-is gvaris 100-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia
umTavresad dedamiwis Crd. naxevarsferoSi. saqarTvelo-
Si 4 saxeobaa.
foTolmcvivani buCqia. 40 sm-mde simaRlisaa. Reroebi
SiSvelia, wiboebiani. foTlebi mokleyunwiania, SiSveli,
kvercxisebri an elifsuri moyvanilobisaa, kideebze xerx-
isebr dakbiluli. yvavilebi martoulia, momwvano-movar-
disfro.
nayofi wvniania (mravalTesliani kenkra), momrgvalo;
simwifeSi muqi lurji an Savia.
yvavilobas iwyebs ivnisSi, nayofi mwifdeba seqtemberSi.
gavrcelebulia TiTqmis mTel saqarTveloSi, sub-
alpur da alpur sartylebSi. izrdeba maRalmTis tyeebsa
da buCqnarebSi, mdeloebze.
nayofi iWmeba, medicinaSic gamoiyeneba.
Vacciniaceae – Blueberry Family
Vaccinium myrtillus L. – Bilberry

Up to 100 species of Vaccinium are distributed mostly in the Northern
Hemisphere. Four Vaccinium species are recorded for Georgia.
Deciduous shrubs to 40 cm tall. Branches glabrous, ribbed. Leaves
with short petioles, glabrous, ovate or elliptical, the margins sharply serrate.
Flowers solitary, greenish-pinkish. Fruits fleshy berries, dark blue to black
when mature, subglobose, many-seeded.
Flowers appear in June, fruits ripen September.
Distributed almost throughout Georgia in the subalpine and alpine
zones. Inhabits high-montane forests, scrub and meadows.
Edible fruits used in medicine too.
172
Vaccinium myrtillus
173
klasi Monocotyledonae _ erTlebnianebi
ojaxi Alliaceae _ xaxvisebrni
Allium victorialis L. - mTis RanZili

Allium-is gvaris 500-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia dedam-
iwis Crd. naxevarsferoSi. saqarTveloSi 40-mde saxeobaa.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. bolqvebs ivi-
Tarebs (isini fesuraze sxedan). foToli lanceturi,
mogrZo _ an farToelifsuri moyvanilobisaa. varskv-
lavisebri yvavili (yvavilsafari) movardisfroa an aseve
moTeTro-momwvano. yvavilsafris furclebi 4-5 mm sigan-
isaa. yvavilebi Sekrebilia sferosebr an iSviaTad naxevars-
ferosebr yvaviledebad. yvavileds qvemodan nawilobriv
faravs saburveli. nayofi kolofia, sferul-samkuTxa
formisa.
yvavilobs ivnisSi, nayofi mwifdeba agvistoSi.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia imereTSi, qarTlSi,
mTiuleTSi, TuSeTSi, fSavSi, xevsureTSi, javaxeTSi da
sxv., umetesad mTis zeda sartyelSi. izrdeba tyeebsa da
tyis pirebze.
kargi mxaleulia, mwniladac deben.
agreTve saWmeli mcenarea Allium ursinum L. - RanZili.
misi yvavilsafris furclebi TeTria, 9-12 mm sigrZisa.
gavrcelebulia afxazeTSi, imereTSi, aWaraSi, qarTlSi,
mTiuleTSi da sxv. dablobidan mTis Sua sartylamde.
izrdeba tyeebSi.
Class Monocotyledonae – Monocotyledons

Alliaceae – Onion Family
Allium victorialis L. – Victory Onion

About 500 species of Allium are distributed in the Northern Hemisphere.
The genus Allium is represented by 40 species in Georgia.
Bulbous perennials. Bulbs attached to a rhizome. Leaves lanceolate, or
broadly elliptical. Inflorescences spherical or hemispherical, enclosed within
a spathe. Perianths stellate, pinkish or whitish-greenish, the segments 4–5
mm long. Fruits capsules, spherical-triquetrous.
Flowers June, fruits ripen August.
Distributed in Imereti, Kartli, Mtiuleti, Tusheti, Pshavi, Khevsureti, Ja-
vakheti and elsewhere. Occurs mainly in the upper montane zone. Grows in
forests and forests margins.
Victory Onion is used in Georgia to make the vegetarian dish “Mkhali”.
Young stems are pickled.
Ramsons (Allium ursinum L.) is also an edible plant. Its perianth seg-
ments are white, 9–12 mm long. Distributed in Abkhazeti, Imereti, Ajara,
Kartli, Mtiuleti and elsewhere. Occurs from the lowlands to the mid-montane
zones. Grows in forests.
174
Allium victorialis
175
ojaxi Amaryllidaceae _ amarilisisebrni
Galanthus woronowii A. Losinsk. - voronovis TeTry-

vavila
Galanthus-is gvaris 20-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia das.
evropaSi, kavkasiaSi, mcire aziasa da iranSi. saqarTveloSi
10 saxeobaa.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. 3 sm-mde sisqis,
mura garsiT dafaruli bolqvi aqvs. Rero 20-25 sm sima-
Rlisaa, odnav waxnagovani. 2 foTols iviTarebs. foT-
lebi 20-25 sm sigrZisaa, farToxazuri moyvanilobisa, ki-
deebgadakecili, wverze CaCiani. yvavili (yvavilsafari)
TeTria, surnelovani; yvavilsafris gareTa furclebi
grZelia, mogrZo-kvercxisebri; SigniTa _ ufro mokle,
gulisebr-solisebri formisaa (amiT es mcenare gan-
sxvavdeba cxeniskbilasagan, romlis yvavilsafris yvela
furceli erTi zomisaa). nayofi samsagduliani kolofia.
yvavilobs adre gazafxulze.
saqarTvelos endemia. gavrcelebulia afxazeTSi, im-
ereTSi, guriasa da aWaraSi, zogan qarTlSi; mTis qveda
sartyelSi. izrdeba tyeebsa da buCqnarebSi. misi popula-
ciebi arsebobs ajameTis nakrZalSi.
mcenaris bolqvi da miwiszeda nawilebi Seicavs alka-
loidebs, romelTagan zogierTi, gansakuTrebiT galaman-
Tini, medicinaSi gamoiyeneba. dekoratiulia.
Amaryllidaceae – Amaryllis Family
Galanthus woronowii A. Losinsk. – Green Snowdrop

Approximately 20 species of Galanthus are distributed in West Europe,
the Caucasus, Asia Minor and Iran. Ten snowdrop species are recoded for
Georgia.
Bulbose herbs. Bulbs to 3 cm, with brownish tunic. Stems 20–25 cm,
slightly ribbed. Leaves 2, broadly linear, recurving, 20–25 cm long, the api-
ces with a cap. Flowers white, fragrant; outer perianth segments long, ob-
long-ovate, inner shorter, cordate to cuneiform (this is the main difference
between the genera Galanthus and Leucojum. The perianth segments are
alike in Leucojum and dissimilar in Galanthus). Fruits capsules, 3-valved.
Flowers early spring.
Endemic to Georgia. Distributed in Abkhazeti, Imereti, Guria and Ajara,
may also be found locally in Kartli. Grows in forests and scrub in the low
montane zone.
Bulb and above-ground parts contain alkaloids, some of which, (espe-
cially galamanthine) are used in medicine. Ornamental.
176
Galanthus woronowii
177
Leucojum aestivum L. - cxeniskbila
Leucojum-is gvaris 10-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia samx.
evropaSi, kavkasiasa da Crd. afrikaSi. saqarTveloSi mx-
olod es saxeobaa.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. 50 sm-mde sima-
Rlisaa. 3-5 sm diametris sifrifana, monacrisfro garsiT
dafaruli bolqvi aqvs. foTlebi uSualod bolqvidan
gamodis, sayvavile Rero ufoTloa. foToli xazuria, say-
vavile Reroze grZeli. yvavilsafari 6 erTnairi zomisa da
moyvanilobis, TeTri foTolakisagan Sedgeba; foTolaks
gareTa mxareze mwvane laqa aqvs. yvavilebi Sekrebilia
yvaviledad (qolgisebri yvaviledi). nayofi kolofia,
Cveulebriv msxlisebri moyvanilobisa. Ria feris Tesls
niskartismagvari danamati gaaCnia.
yvavilobs martSi, nayofi gazafxulsave mwifdeba.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia afxazeTSi, samegre-
loSi, guriaSi, aWarasa da imereTSi. izrdeba tenian adg-
ilebze, WaobebSi, zogjer naTesebsa da baRebSi. dekora-
tiulia.
Leucojum aestivum L. – Summer Snowflake

About 10 species of Leucojum are distributed in Southern Europe, the
Caucasus and North Africa. Only this single species grows in Georgia.
Perennial bulbous herbs to 50 cm tall. Bulbs to 3-5 cm diam, with
greyish tunic. Leaves all basal, linear, longer than scapes; scapes without
leaves. Inflorescences umbellate. Perianth segments 6, all alike, white, with
a green blotch. Fruits pyriform capsules. Seeds strophiolate.
Flowers March, fruits ripen spring.
Distributed in Abkhazeti, Samegrelo, Guria, Ajara and Imereti. Grows
in damp places, wetlands, sometimes cultivated fields and orchards. Orna-
mental.
178
Leucojum aestivum
179
Pancratium maritimum L. - zRvis SroSani
Pancratium-is gvaris 15 saxeoba gavrcelebulia kanaris
kunZulebze, xmelTaSuazRveTSi, mcire aziaSi, tropikul
aziasa da samx. afrikaSi. saqarTveloSi mxolod es
saxeobaa.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. bolqvs ivi-
Tarebs. 40-70 sm simaRlisaa. foTlebi farToxazuria,
mjdomare. yvavili TeTria, Zabrisebri formis, saburve-
liani, surnelovani. 2-10 yvavili Reros wverze Sekrebili
yvaviledad (qolga yvaviledi) an yvavili martoulia. nay-
ofi kolofia. Tesli kuTxovania, Savi.
yvavilobs ivlisSi, nayofi mwifdeba zafxulis bolos.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia Savi zRvis sanapiro
zolSi, izrdeba zRvispira silnarebze.
lia biWvinTa-miuseris nakrZalsa da kolxeTis erovnul
parkSi. dekoratiulia.
Pancratium maritimum L. – Water Lily

Some 15 species of Pancratium are distributed in the Canary Islands,
Mediterranean area, Asia Minor,, tropical Asia and South Africa. Only this
single specie grows in Georgia.
Bulbose perennials 40–70 cm tall. Leaves broadly linear, sessile. In-
florescences umbels, terminal, 2–10 flowered or flowers solitary. Flowers
infundibular, white, fragrant. Spathes shorter than flowers. Fruits capsules.
Seeds black, angled.
Flowers July, fruits ripen by the end of summer.
Distributed in the Black Sea coastal zone. Grows on sandy beaches.
This species is included in the Red Data Book of Georgia (1982). Pro-
tected in the Pitsunda-Miusera Nature Reserve and the Kolkheti National
Park. Ornamental.
180
Pancratium maritimum
181
ojaxi Colchicaceae _ saTovliasebrni
Colchicum speciosum Stev. - didebuli saTovlia

Colchicum-is gvaris 60-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia
umTavresad xmelTaSuazRveTSi, iranSi da aRmosavleTiT
_ Crd. indoeTamde. saqarTveloSi 4 saxeobaa.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. msxvili, mogrZo
an iSviaTad momrgvalo tuberbolqvi aqvs (tuberbolqvi,
iseve rogorc tuberi, saxeSecvlili miwisqveSa Reroa;
garegnulad bolqvs hgavs). Rero Zalian moklea, 4-5 elif-
suri moyvanilobis foTols iviTarebs. yvavili vardisfe-
ria, iisferi an mewamuli elferi dahkravs. nayofi kolo-
fia, elifsuri formis, Tavsa da boloSi wawvetili.
yvavilobs Semodgomaze, nayofi mwifdeba meore wlis
gazafxulze.
mTis zeda da subalpur sartyelSi. izrdeba mdeloebze.
aseve Semodgomaze yvavilobs Colchicum umbrosum Stev.
_ Crdilis saTovlia. mkrTali mewamuli yvavilebi aqvs.
gavrcelebulia TiTqmis mTel saqarTveloSi, mTis qveda
sartylidan alpur sartylamde. izrdeba mdeloebze.
gazafxulze yvavilobs Colchicum szovitsii Fisch. et S. A
Mey. _ Sovicis saTovlia. mkrTali vardisferi yvavilebi
aqvs. gavrcelebulia qarTlsa da javaxeTSi, mTis zeda
sartylidan alpur sartylamde. izrdeba mdeloebze.
samive saxeobis yvela nawili Sxamiania_Seicavs alka-
loidebs, maT Soris kolxicins, romelic gamoiyeneba me-
dicinasa da genetikuri eqsperimentebisaTvis.
dekoratiuli mcenareebia.
Colchicaceae – Colchicum Family
Colchicum speciosum Stev. – Autumn Crocus

About 60 species of Colchicum are distributed mostly in the Mediter-
ranean area, Iran and North India to the east. Four species of Saffron grow
in Georgia.
Perennial herbs with large, elongated, and rarely subglobose corms.
Stems very short, with 4–5 elliptical leaves. Flowers pinkish, violet or purple.
Fruits capsules, ellipsoid, rostrate.
Flowers fall, fruits ripen next spring.
Distributed almost throughout Georgia. Grows on meadows from the
mid-montane to the subalpine zones.
Another species of Colchicum – Colchicum umbrosum Stev.- Shade
Colchicum – also produces its pale purple flowers in fall. This species is
also found almost throughout Georgia from the low-montane to the alpine
zones. It grows in meadows.
Pale pink flowers of Colchicum szovitsii Fisch. & S. A Mey. – Sho-
vits’s Colchicum appear in spring. This plant occurs in Kartli and Javakhe-
ti. Its vertical distribution ranges between the upper-montane and alpine
zones. Grows in meadows.
All parts of the above plants are poisonous. They contain alkaloids,
among them colchicin, which is used in medicine and genetic research.
All above representatives of Colchicum are ornamentals.
182
Colchicum speciosum
183
ojaxi Convallariaceae _ SroSanasebrni
Convallaria transcaucasica Utkin ex Grossh. - amierkav-

kasiuri SroSana
bevri mkvlevari Tvlis, rom Convallaria-s gvarSi Sedis
mxolod erTi saxeoba _ C. majalis L., romelic evraziisa da
Crd. amerikis zomier sartyelSi izrdeba. magram zogjer
am saxeobis zogierT saxesxvaobas saxeobis statuss aniWe-
ben. erT-erTi aseTia amierkavkasiuri SroSana.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea, 20-40 sm simaRli-
sa izrdeba. horizontaluri fesura aqvs. sul qveda foT-
lebi mokle da sifrifanaa, TeTri an movardisfro; zeda _
10-20 sm sigrZisa da 4-8 sm siganisa, mwvane mogrZo-kvercx-
isebri an elifsur-lanceturi moyvanilobisa, wawvetili.
sayvavile Rero 15-30 sm simaRlisaa. yvavili (yvavilsafa-
ri) sferosebr-zarisebri an zarisebria; TeTri, zogjer
SigniTa zedapirze iisferzolebiani; surnelovani.
yvavilebi Sekrebilia yvaviledad (mtevani yvaviledi). nay-
ofi rbilobiania (kenkra), wiTeli.
yvavilobs aprilSi, nayofi mwifdeba maisSi.
mTis Sua sartylamde. samkurnalo da dekoratiuli mcena-
rea.
Convallariaceae – Mayflower Family
Convallaria transcaucasica Utkin ex Grossh. – Transcaucasian

Lily-Of-The-Valley
Many scientists believe that there is only one species in Convallaria
– C. majalis L., which is distributed in the temperate zones of Eurasia and
North America. Alternatively, some botanists consider certain subspecies
of C. majalis worthy of specific status. One of such species is Convallaria
transcaucasica Utkin ex Grossh.
Perennial herbs 20–40 cm tall. Rhizomes horizontal. Lower leaves
short and scale-like, white or pinkish; upper leaves oblong-ovate or ellipti-
cal-lanceolate, 10–20 x 4–8 cm, green, the apices acute. Inflorescences
racemes. Perianths spherical to campanulate, white, suffused violet-purple
at base, scented. Fruits berries, red.
Flowers April, fruits ripen May.
Distributed almost throughout Georgia. Occurs up to the mid-montane
zone.
Medicinal and ornamental plant.
184
Convallaria transcaucasica
185
ojaxi Dioscoreaceae _ dioskoreasebrni
Dioscorea caucasica Lipsky - kavkasiuri dioskorea

Dioscorea-s gvaris 600-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia
umTavresad dedamiwis tropikul da subtropikul, iS-
viaTad zomier sartylebSi. saqarTveloSi mxolod es
saxeobaa.
mravalwlovani balaxovani lianaa. msxvili da grZeli
fesura aqvs. Reros sigrZe 3 m-s aRwevs. foTlebi gulise-
br-kvercxisebri moyvanilobisaa, zeda mxareze SiSvelia,
qvedaze, ZarRvebis gayolebiT, _ bewvebiT mofenili.
foTolganlageba morigeobiTi an TiTqmis mopirispirea
(qveda 3-5 foToli rgoluradaa ganlagebuli). yvavilebi
calsqesiania. yvavilsafari TeTria, misi furclebi ga-
daRunulia. yvavilebi Sekrebilia yvaviledebad (mamro-
biTi yvavilebi Sekrebilia grZel, datotvil TavTave-
bad; mdedrobiTi _ mokle, martiv TavTavebad). nayofi 3-
waxnagovani kolofia. Tesls sifrifana frTa gaaCnia.
das. saqarTvelos endemia. izrdeba Savi zRvis sanapiro
zolSi mTis Sua sartylamde, foTlovan tyeebsa da tyis
pirebze.
populaciebi arsebobs biWvinTa-miuseris nakrZalSi.
samkurnalo mcenarea.
Dioscoreaceae – Yam Family
Dioscorea caucasica Lipsky – Caucasus Yam Root

About 600 species of Dioscorea are distributed predominantly in the
tropical and subtropical zones of the world. Only this single species is re-
corded for Georgia.
Perennial herbaceous climbers with tuberlike, long rhizome. Stems to
3 m long . Leaves cordate to ovate, glabrous above, pubescent along veins
beneath. Flowers unisexual; sepals white, curving. Male flowers arranged in
long, branched spikes, femal ones in short, simple spikes. Fruits triangular
capsules. Seeds with membraneous wings.
Flowers May, fruits ripen July-August.
Endemic to West Georgia. Found in the Black Sea coastal area up to
the mid-montane zone. Inhabits broad-leaved forests and forest margins.
This species is included in the Red Data Book of Georgia (1982). Popu-
lations occur in the Bichvinta-Miusera Nature Reserve.
Medicinal plant.
186
Dioscorea caucasica
187
ojaxi Graminae (Poaceae) _ marcvlovnebi
Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng _ uro

Bothriochloa-s gvaris 25-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia de-
damiwis orive naxevarsferos tropikul, subtropikul da
zomier sartylebSi. saqarTveloSi 2 saxeobaa.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. mokle, mxoxavi
fesura aqvs; meCxer kords qmnis. Rero 10-80 sm simaRl-
isaa, SiSvelia an muxlebis (muxlebi Reros rgolurad
gamsxvilebuli adgilebia) qvemoT _ Sebusuli. foT-
lebi xazuria, xeSeSi. iviTarebs ornair _ rogorc mx-
olod mtvrianian, ise orsqesian (mtvrianian da butkoian)
yvavilebs. yvavilebi momwvano-iisferi an mkrTali mwvanea,
Sekrebilia 2-10 totisagan Semdgar yvaviledad. yovel
totze TiTo-TiTo uyunwo mtvrianiani da yunwiani orsqe-
siani yvavili zis. yvaviledebi vercxlisferi bewvebiTaa
mofenili. yvaviledis qveda totebi ufro xSirad saerTo
RerZze grZelia.
yvavilobs ivlis-agvistoSi, nayofi mwifdeba Semodgo-
mis pirvel naxevarSi.
nayofi marcvalaa (“marcvala” ewodeba mSral nayofs,
romelic Txeli, mkvrivi garsiTaa dafaruli. garsi Tesls
mWidrod ekvris da masTan mxolod fuZesTanaa Sezrdili.
aseTi nayofi damaxasiaTebelia marcvlovanTa ojaxis
saxeobebisaTvis).
aRm. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia z. d. (200) 300-1300
(1500) m farglebSi. stepis mcenareulobis erT-erTi Semqm-
nelia. das. saqarTveloSi izrdeba dablobidan 700-800 m-
mde, natyevar adgilebze, agreTve zRvispira silnarebze.
saqonlis sakvebi balaxia.
Graminae (Poaceae) – Grass Family
Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng – Yellow Bluestem

Some 25 species of Bothriochloa are distributed in the subtropical, trop-
ical and temperate zones of both Hemispheres. Two Bothriochloa species
Perennial herbs with short, creeping rhizomes. Forms sparse sods.
Stems 10–80 cm tall, glabrous or pubescent below nodes. Leaves linear,
scabrid. Florets hermaphrodite or male, greenish-violet or pale green. Ra-
cemes 2–10, spike-like. Pedicillate spikelets consist of male florets, sessile
with hermaphrodite florets. Spikelets with long silver hairs.
Flowers July–August, fruits ripen the first half of fall.
Fruits caryopses (fruit of a member of the grass family; often dry, inde-
hiscent, and with a seed-coat attached to the seed).
Distributed in East Georgia from (200)300 to 1300(1500) m elevation.
One of the dominant plants of steppes. This species occurs in West Georgia
also, where it grows from the lowlands to 700–800 m elevation. Inhabits
deforested areas and roadside sandy places, also found on seaside sands.
Palatable plant.
188
Bothriochloa ischaemum
189
ojaxi Hyacinthaceae _ sumbulisebrni
Muscari szovitsianum Baker - Sovicis yazaxa

Muscari-s gvaris 30-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia evropa-
Si, umTavresad xmelTaSuazRveTSi; agreTve Crd. afrikasa
da das. aziaSi (Sua aziamde). saqarTveloSi 12 saxeobaa.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. kvercxisebri
moyvanilobis bolqvi aqvs. bolqvidan 2-4 foToli amodis.
foToli viwroa (5 mm-mde siganisa), xazuri, fuZisaken Se-
viwroebuli. foTlebi sayvavile Reroze moklea an odnav
grZeli. yvavilebi ornairia _ sanayofe da unayofo, Sekre-
bilia mWidro yvaviledebad (mtevani yvaviledi). yvavilsa-
fari lurjia, cisferi, iSviaTad TeTri; mokleqoTnisebri
formisaa. yvavilsafris kbilebi TeTria, samkuTxa, kidee-
bze gadakecili. nayofi samwaxnagovani kolofia.
yvavilobs aprilSi, nayofi mwifdeba maisSi.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia qarTlsa da kaxeTSi,
mTis qveda da Sua sartylebSi, z. d. 1500 m-mde. izrdeba
buCqnarebsa da qva-RorRian adgilebSi.
dekoratiulia.
Hyacinthaceae – Hyacinth Family
Muscari szovitsianum Baker – Shovits’s Hyacinth

About 30 species of Muscari are distributed in Europe, mainly in the
Mediterranean area; some species are also found in North Africa and West
Asia (to Middle Asia). Twelve species of Muscari are recorded for Georgia.
Perennial herbs with ovate bulbs to 1–1.5 cm diam. Basal leaves 2–4.
Leaves narrow (to 5 mm), linear, narrowed towards the base. Leaves short-
er than peduncles, or sometimes slightly longer. Flowers sterile and fertile,
in dense racemes. Flowers blue or sky blue, rarely white, funnel-shaped.
Terminal lobes (teeth) white, triquetrous, recurving at margins. Fruits trique-
trous capsules.
Flowers April, fruits ripen May.
Distributed in Kartli and Kakheti. Occurs in the low montane and mid-
montane zones up to 1500 m elevation. Grows in scrub and on rock debris.
Ornamental.
190
Muscari szovitsianum
191
Scilla siberica Haw. - cimbiruli cisTvala
Scilla-s gvaris 50-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia evrazia-
Si, umTavresad xmelTaSuazRveTSi; agreTve samx. afrikaSi.
moyvanilobis, moyavisfro garsiT Semoxveuli bolqvi
aqvs. bolqvidan 2-4 foToli amodis. sayvavile Rero
waxnagovania, 10-20 sm simaRlisa. foTlebi Reroze mokle an
TiTqmis misi tolia; xazuri, zemoT odnav gafarToebuli.
TiTo sayvavile Reroze 1-4 yvavili viTardeba. yvavilebi
Tavdaxrilia. yvavilsafris furclebi farToxazuria;
muqi cisferi, SuaSi kidev ufro muqi zoli gasdevT. nay-
ofi momrgvalo, samwaxnagovani kolofia.
yvavilobs martSi, nayofi mwifdeba aprilSi.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia raWa-leCxumSi, imereT-
Si, qarTlsa da kaxeTSi, dablobidan mTis Sua sartylemde.
izrdeba tyeebsa da buCqnarebSi.
dekoratiulia.
Scilla siberica Haw. – Siberian Squill

Up to 50 species of Scilla are distributed in Eurasia, mostly in the Medi-
terranean area; some species occur in South Africa also. The flora of Geor-
gia comprises 9 Scilla species.
Bulbous perennials. Bulbs ovate, tunic fuscous. Leaves 2–4. Scapes
angled, 10–20 cm. Leaves shorter than stems or of equal length. Leaves
linear, broader towards the apex. Flowers 1–4 on peduncles, pendulous.
Perianth segments broadly linear, dense sky blue, with darker midrib. Fruits
subglobose, triquetrous capsules.
Flowers March, fruits ripen April.
Distributed in Racha-Lechkhumi, Imereti, Kartli and Kakheti from the
lowlands to the mid-montane zone. Grows in forests and scrub.
Ornamental.
192
Scilla siberica
193
ojaxi Iridaceae _ zambaxisebrni
Gladiolus caucasicus Herb. - kavkasiuri xmala

Gladiolus-is gvaris 200-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia um-
etesad samx. da tropikul afrikaSi, agreTve evraziaSi.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. uxeSi, qveda naw-
ilSi_paraleluri, qvedaSi_gadaxlarTuli boWkoebi-
sagan Seqmnili garsiT dafaruli tuber-bolqvi aqvs (tu-
ber-bolqvi Reros miwisqveSa saxecvlilebaa, garegnulad
bolqvs hgavs). Rero 75-100 sm simaRlisaa. masze 2-3 xazur-
xmlisebri moyvanilobis foTolia; qveda foToli mokle
da blagwveriania, zeda foTlebi _ grZeli da wawvet-
ebuli. yvavili (yvavilsafari) zarisebri formisaa; misi
furclebi movardisfro-iisferi an mewamulia, sxvadasxva
zomisa. yvaviledi 5-8-yvaviliania, calgverda. nayofi
kolofia, samwaxnagovani. Tesli frTiania.
kavkasiis endemia. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia qarT-
lSi, kaxeTSi, mTiuleTSi, javaxeTSi. izrdeba mTis tenian
mdeloebze.
dekoratiulia.
Iridaceae – Iris Family
Gladiolus caucasicus Herb. – Caucasian Gladiolus

About 200 species of Gladiolus are distributed mostly in south and
tropical Africa extending to Eurasia. Five Gladiolus species are recorded
for Georgia.
Perennial herbs. Corms (corm is a short, vertical, swollen underground
plant stem that serves as a storage organ; corms are often similar in appear-
ance to bulbs externally) coarsely reticulate-fibrous. Stems 75–100 cm tall.
Leaves 2–3, linear-acinaciform. Lower leaves short and obtuse, the upper
leaves long and acuminate. Inflorescences 5–8 flowered, 1-sided.Perianths
campanulate, pinkish-violet or purple, the segments of unequal size. Fruits
capsules, 3-locular. Seeds winged.
Endemic to the Caucasus. Distributed in Kartli, Kakheti, Mtiuleti and
Javakheti. Grows on wet montane meadows.
Ornamental.
194
Gladiolus caucasicus
195
Iris iberica Hoffm. - qarTuli zambaxi
Iris-is gvaris 250-ze meti saxeoba gavrcelebulia de-
damiwis Crd. naxevarsferos zomier da subtropikul
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. msxvili, mxoxavi
fesura aqvs. Rero 10-20 sm simaRlisaa. foTlebi legaa,
xazuri, namglisebr moRunuli. iviTarebs erT kenwrul
yvavils. yvavilsafris foni moTeTro-yviTelia, mis fur-
clebs Sua adgilas mewamul-Savi laqa, kideebze _ mewamu-
li ZarRvebis qseli gaaCniaT. mtvrianaTa Zafebi mkrTali
narinjisferia. nayofi kolofia, samwaxnagovani, elifsoi-
duri moyvanilobisa.
yvavilobs martSi, nayofi mwifdeba maisSi.
samx.-aRm. kavkasiis endemia. saqarTveloSi gavrcele-
bulia qarTlSi (Tbilisisa da rusTavis midamoebi, mar-
neulisa da gardabnis raionebi) da gare kaxeTSi. izrdeba
stepebsa da naxevrad udabnoebSi.
populaciebi arsebobs WaWunis aRkveTilSi.
ulamazesi mcenarea.
Iris iberica Hoffm. – Georgian Iris

More than 250 species of Iris are distributed in the temperate and
subtropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere. Eleven Iris species grow
in Georgia.
Perennial herbs with large, creeping rhizomes. Stems 10–20 cm.
Leaves greyish-green, linear, falcate. Flower solitary, terminal. Falls heavily
veined purple on a white ground, with a purple-black spot in the center. Fila-
ments pale orange. Fruits capsules, ellipsoid, triangular.
Flowers March, fruits ripen May.
Distributed in Kartli (environs of Tbilisi and Rustavi, Marneuli and Gard-
abani administrative districts) and Gare (Outer) Kakheti. Grows in steppes
and semi-deserts.
populations are protected in the Chachuna Managed Reserve.
Highly decorative plant.
196
Iris iberica
197
ojaxi Liliaceae _ SroSanisebrni
Erythronium caucasicum Woronow - kabaWrela (kavka-

siuri kabaWrela)
Erythronium-is gvaris 25-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia
umTavresad Crd. amerikis mTebSi, agreTve evraziaSi.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. mogrZo bolqvi
aqvs. Reros simaRle 10-15 sm-ia. Reros daaxloebiT Sua
adgilas orad-ori mopirispire foToli zis. foToli
mogrZo-kvercxisebri moyvanilobisaa, muqi Rvinisferi
laqebiT moxatuli. yvavili kenwrulia, martouli; misi
furclebi Zlier gadaRunulia, TeTri, zogjer movard-
isfro. SigniTa mxares mkrTali yviTelia, fuZesTan ufro
muqi yviTeli laqa gaaCnia; laqa wiTladaa dawinwkluli.
nayofi kolofia.
yvavilobs martSi, nayofi mwifdeba maisSi.
kavkasiis endemia. iSviaTi mcenarea: izrdeba zogan afx-
azeTSi, imereTsa da raWaSi, mTis Sua da zeda sartylebSi;
tyeebSi, tyis pirebsa da buCqnarebSi.
dekoratiulia.
Liliaceae – Lily Family
Erythronium caucasicum Woronow – Caucasian Adders Tongue

About 25 species of Erythronium are distributed predominantly in the
mountains of North America and Eurasia. Only this single species is re-
corded for Georgia.
Perennial herbs with elongated bulbs. Stems 10–15 cm. Leaves 2, op-
posite, borne at ground level, oblong-ovate, with dark purple spots. Flowers
terminal, solitary; perianth segments recurved, white, sometimes pinkish,
pale yellow inside with darker yellow blotch (streaked red) at the base. Fruits
capsules.
Flowers March, fruits ripen May.
Endemic to the Caucasus. Rare plant. Distributed locally in Abkhazeti,
Imereti and Racha from the mid- to the upper-montane zones. Grows in
forests, forest edges and shrubberies.
Ornamental.
198
Erythronium caucasicum
199
Fritillaria caucasica Adams - kavkasiuri Rvina
Fritillaria-s gvaris 100-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia dedam-
iwis Crd. naxevarsferos zomier sartyelSi. saqarTveloSi
5 saxeobaa.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. 2 sqeli qerqlis-
agan Semdgari TeTri bolqvi aqvs. Rero 40 sm-mde simaRl-
isaa. foToli 3 an 4-ia, morigeobiT ganlagebuli. qveda
foTlebi mogrZo-ovaluria, zeda _ viwro-lanceturi,
yvavili (yvavilsafari) konusur-zarisebri formisaa, muqi
Rvinisferi. nayofi kolofia, eqvswaxnagovani.
yvavilobs da nayofi mwifdeba april-maisSi.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia qarTlsa da mTiuleTSi,
mTis qveda da Sua sartylebSi. izrdeba buCqnarebSi.
Fritillaria caucasica Adams – Caucasian Fritillary

Up to 100 species of Fritillaria are distributed in the temperate zone of
the Northern Hemisphere. Five fritillary species are recorded for Georgia.
Herbaceous bulbous perennials. Bulbs with 2 tightly packed, stout,
white scales. Stem to 40 cm tall. Leaves 3–4, alternate. Lower leaves ob-
long-elliptical, the upper ones narrowly lanceolate. Perianths narrowly cam-
panulate to conical, dark red-violet. Fruits capsules, 6-angled.
Flowers and fruits produced April–May.
Distributed in Kartli and Mtiuleti; occurs in the low and mid-montane
zones. Grows in scrub.
200
Fritillaria caucasica
201
Fritillaria lutea Mill. - yviTeli Rvina
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. momrgvalo,
TeTri bolqvi aqvs. Rero 15-20 sm simaRlisaa. misi zeda
nawili SefoTlilia, foToli 5 an 6-ia. qveda, viwro-lan-
cetisebri moyvanilobis, foTlebi morigeobiTaa gan-
lagebuli, zeda, xazuri, erTmaneTTan axlo-axlo sxedan.
yvavilsafari zarisebri formisaa, yviTeli; yvavilsafris
furclebi wiTel-yavisfrad, Wadrakuladaa moxatuli.
nayofi kolofia, samwaxnagovani.
yvaviloba da nayofis momwifeba _ april-maisSi.
kavkasiis endemia. saqarTveloSi napovnia afxazeTSi,
qarTlsa, javaxeTsa da mTiuleTSi; alpur sartyelSi.
izrdeba mdeloebze. misi populaciebi arsebobs qcia-
tabawyuris aRkveTilis teritoriaze.
Fritillaria latifolia Willd. - farTofoTola Rvina
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia afxazeTSi, raWa-leCx-
umSi, aWaraSi, qarTlSi, mTiuleTSi, mesxeTSi; subalpur
da alpur sartylebSi. izrdeba mdeloebze.
samive saxeoba metad lamazia.
Fritillaria lutea Mill. – Yellow Fritillary

Perennial herbs with spherical, white bulbs. Stems 15–20 cm, foliated
in upper part. Leaves 5–6, alternate. Lower leaves narrowly-lanceolate, the
upper ones linear, sitting close to each other. Perianths campanulate, yel-
low, the segments red-brown-tesselated. Fruits capsules, 3-angled.
Flowers and fruits April–May.
Endemic to the Caucasus. Distributed in Abkhazeti, Kartli, Javakheti
and Mtiuleti. Grows on meadows in the alpine zone.
Fritillaria latifolia Willd. – Broad-Leaved Fritillary. Distributed in Ab-
khazeti, Racha-Lechkhumi, Ajara, Kartli, Mtiuleti and Meskheti. Grows on
meadows in the subalpine and alpine zones.
All fritillaries are very attractive.
202
Fritillaria lutea
203
Lilium szovitsianum Fisch. et Ave-Lall. - Sovicis SroSani
Lilium-is gvaris 90-ze meti saxeoba gavrcelebulia
dedamiwis Crd. naxevarsferos zomier sartyelSi.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. msxvili, oqrosfer-
yviTeli qerqlebiT dafaruli bolqvi aqvs. Rero xSir-
foTliania. foTlebi farTolanceturia, qveda mxareze
ZarRvebis gayolebiT Sebusuli. yvavilebi Sekrebilia
yvaviledebad (mtevani yvaviledi), iSviaTad yvavili mar-
toulia. yvavili yviTelia an iSviaTad movardisfro,
SigniTa mxareze muqi mewamuli winwklebiT mofenili.
samtvreebi muqi mewamuli an narinjisferia. yvavilis
mtveri narinjisferia. yvavils dingze muqi mewamuli
meWeWebi aqvs. nayofi kolofia, 6-waxnagovani.
yvaviloba da nayofis momwifeba _ ivnis-ivlisSi.
gavrcelebulia TiTqmis mTel saqarTveloSi, tyis Sua
da zeda da subalpur sartylebSi; izrdeba tyis pirebsa
da buCqnarebSi, subalpur maRalbalaxeulobaSi, iSviaTad
subalpur mdeloebzec.
Lilium kesselringianum Miscz. - keselringis SroSani
yvavili mkrTali yviTelia, TiTqmis TeTri. samtvreebi
muqi Rvinisferia an yviTeli. yvavilis mtveri limonis-
fer-yviTelia. yvavils dingze muqi Rvinisferi meWeWebi
aqvs.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia afxazeTSi, svaneTSi,
guriasa da aWaraSi. tyis zeda da subalpur sartylebSi;
tyis pirebze, subalpur maRalbalaxeulobasa da mdeloe-
bze.
Lilium-is yvela saxeoba dekoratiulia.
Lilium szovitsianum Fisch. & Ave-Lall. – Caucasian Lily

Some 90 species of Lilium are distributed in the temperate zone of the
Northern Hemisphere. Five Lily species are recorded for Georgia.
Perennial bulbous herbs with golden-yellow bulb scales. Stems dense-
ly foliated. Leaves broadly lanceolate, setulose on veins beneath. Flowers in
racemes, rarely solitary. Perianths yellow or rarely pinkish, streaked purple
inside. Anthers dark purple or orange; pollen orange. Stigmas with dark
purple outgrowths. Fruits capsules, 6-angled.
Flowers and fruits June–July.
Distributed almost throughout Georgia from the upper forest to the
subalpine zones. Inhabits forest margins, scrub, found in the subalpine tall
herbaceous vegetation and rarely, on subalpine meadows.
Lilium kesselringianum Miscz. – Kesselring’s Lily
Flowers pale yellow, almost white. Anthers dark purple or yellow; pollen
lemon-yellow. Stigmas with dark wine-colored outgrowths.
Distributed in Abkhazeti, Svaneti, Guria and Ajara; occurs in the upper
forest and subalpine zones. Inhabits forest margins, subalpine tall herba-
ceous vegetation and meadows.
All lily species are ornamentals.
204
Lilium szovitsianum
205
Tulipa eichleri Regel - eixleris tita
Tulipa-s gvaris 100-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia evrazi-
is zomier sartyelSi (umTavresad Sua aziaSi). saqarTvelo-
Si 2 saxeobaa.
moyvanilobis, muqi-yavisferi tyavisebri garsiT dafaru-
li, xeSeSi bewvebiT mofenili bolqvi aqvs. Reroze 2-3 far-
Toxazuri foTolia ganlagebuli; misi kide talRovania.
foToli zemodan wvrili bususebiTaa mofenili. yvavili
(yvavilsafari) kaSkaSa wiTelia. mis furclebs SigniTa
mxaris qveda nawilSi Savi, yviTeli arSiiT Semovlebuli
laqa gaaCnia. nayofi kolofia, samwaxnagovani.
yvavilobs aprilSi, nayofi mwifdeba gazafxulzeve.
kavkasiis endemia. saqarTveloSi napovnia zogan
qarTlsa da gare kaxeTSi, mTis qveda sartyelSi. izrdeba
buCqnarebSi.
populaciebi arsebobs saguramos nakrZalSi da WaWunis
aRkveTilis teritoriaze.
dekoratiulia.
Tulipa biebersteiniana Schult. et Schult. fil. - biberStein-
is tita. yvavili (yvavilsafari) gareTa mxareze momwvano
yviTelia, SigniTaze _ kaSkaSa yviTeli (laqa ar aqvs). ga-
vrcelebulia qarTlsa da qiziySi, dablobidan mTis Sua
sartylamde. izrdeba buCqebsa da tyis pirebze.
dekoratiulia.
Tulipa eichleri Regel – Eichler’s Tulip

About 100 species of Tulipa are distributed in temperate Eurasia (pre-
dominantly Middle Asia). Two tulip species are recorded for Georgia.
Perennial bulbous herbs. Bulbs ovate, with dark-brown, leathery, hairy
tunic. Leaves 2, broadly linear, finely puberulous above, with undulating
margins. Flowers shiny red; blotch black, with yellow rim. Fruits capsules,
3-angled.
Flowers April, fruits ripen also in spring.
Endemic to the Caucasus. Grows locally in Kartli and Gare (Outer)
Kakheti. Associated with scrub in the low montane zone.
This species is included in the Red Data Book of Georgia (1982). Popu-
lations are found in the Saguramo Nature Reserve and the Chachuna Man-
aged Reserve.
Ornamental.
Tulipa biebersteiniana Schult. & Schult. fil. – Bieberstein’s Tulip
Perianths greenish-yellow outside, shiny yellow (with blotch) inside.
Distributed in Kartli and Kiziki from the lowlands to the mid-montane zone.
Grows in scrub and margins of forests.
Ornamental.
206
Tulipa eichleri
207
ojaxi Melanthiaceae _ melanTiisebrni
Veratrum lobelianum Bernh. - Sxama

Veratrum-is gvaris 25-mde saxeoba gavrcelebulia
evraziasa da Crd. amerikis zomier da subtropikul
sartylebSi. saqarTveloSi mxolod erTi saxeobaa.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. mokle da sqeli
fesura aqvs. Rero maRalia _ 1-1.5 m, sqlad SefoTlili.
foTlebi mjdomarea, fuZeebiT Reroebze Semoxveuli.
qveda foTlebi farToelifsuri, zeda _ SedarebiT mcire
_ foTlebi lanceturia; yvavilsafari momwvano yviTe-
lia. yvavilebi Sekrebilia yvaviledebad (sagvelisebri
yvaviledi). nayofi sambudiani mogrZo kolofia. Tesli
moyviTaloa, brtyeli, frTiani, elifsuri formis, Tavsa
da boloSi wawvetili.
yvavilobasa da nayofis momwifebas aswrebs ivlis-
agvistoSi.
gavrcelebulia TiTqmis mTel saqarTveloSi, sub-
alpur sartyelSi; xSirad adis alpur sartyelSi (z. d.
2500 m-mde). izrdeba mdeloebsa da tyis pirebze.
mcenaris yvela nawili (gansakuTrebiT fesura da foT-
lebi) Sxamian nivTierebebs Seicavs. fesurisagan miRebuli
preparatebi gamoiyeneba medicinasa da veterinariaSi.
Melanthiacaeae – Death Camas Family
Veratrum lobelianum Bernh. – False Hellebore

Some 25 species of Veratrum are distributed in the temperate and sub-
tropical zones of Eurasia and North America. Only this single species is
Perennial herbs with short stout rhizomes. Stems 1–1.5 m, densely fo-
liated. Leaves sessile, bases sheathing the stems. Lower leaves broadly
elliptic, the upper ones relatively smaller in size, lanceolate. Perianth seg-
ments greenish-yellow. Flowers in panicles. Fruits capsules narrowly ovoid,
3-locular. Seeds yellowish, flat, winged, elliptical, rostrate.
Flowers and fruits July–August.
Distributed almost throughout Georgia. Occurs in the subalpine zone,
frequently reaching the alpine areas up to 2500 m elevation. Grows on
meadows and forest edges.
All parts of this plant are poisonous (especially rhizome and leaves).
Preparations made of rhizomes are used in medicine and veterinary medi-
cine.
208
Veratrum lobelianum
209
ojaxi Nymphaeaceae _ dumbarasebrni
Nuphar lutea (L.) Smith - yviTeli dumfara

Nuphar-is gvaris 25 (sxva monacemebiT, 10-mde) saxeoba
gavrcelebulia dedamiwis Crd. naxevarsferos zomier
sartyelSi. saqarTveloSi mxolod es saxeobaa.
wylis mcenarea. msxvili fesura aqvs. foToli or-
nairia: wyalSi Cayursuli foToli mokleyunwiania, Tx-
eli _ TiTqmis gamWvirvale, wyalze motivtive ki _ ufro
grZelyunwiani, sqeli (xeSeSi). yvavili grZelyunwiania,
yviTeli, surnelovani; misi diametri 4-5 sm-ia. gvirgvinis
furceli mravalia, jamis foTolaki _ 5 (iSviaTad 6). nay-
ofi kenkrismagvaria.
yvavilobs ivlisSi, nayofi simwifeSi Sedis Semodgo-
maze.
gavrcelebulia das. saqarTveloSi (afxazeTi, samegre-
lo, raWa, imereTi, aWara). izrdeba tbebSi, WaobebSi, mdore
wylebSi. xSirad rayebs qmnis. Setanilia saqarTvelos wi-
Tel wignSi (1982 w.). daculia kolxeTis erovnul parkSi.
dekoratiulia.
Nymphaeaceae – Water Lily Family
Nuphar lutea (L.) Smith – Yellow Water Lily

About 25 (10 according to some sources) species of Nuphar are found
in the temperate zone of Northern Hemisphere. Only this single species is
Aquatic herbs. Rhizomes stout. Submerged leaves short-petioled,
papery, almost transparent, the floating leaves with longer petioles, thick
(rigid). Flowers on long peduncles, yellow, odorous, 4–5 cm across. Petals
many, sepals 5 (rarely 6). Fruits capsules.
Flowers July, fruits ripen fall.
Found in West Georgia (Abkhazeti, Samegrelo, Imereti, Ajara). Occurs
in lakes, wetlands, stagnant waters.
210
Nuphar lutea
211
Nymphaea alba L. - TeTri dumfara
Nymphaea-s gvaris TiTqmis 50 saxeoba gavrcelebulia
ZiriTadad dedamiwis tropikul da zomier sartylebSi.
wylis mcenarea. msxvili fesura aqvs. masze SerCenil-
ia wina wlis foTlis yunwebi (maTi naSTi). grZelyunwiani
foTlebi da yvavilebi wylis zedapirzea ganlagebuli.
foTlis firfita gulisebr-momrgvalo an ovaluria.
yvavili TeTria, misi diametri 10-20 sm-ia. gvirgvinis
furceli mravalia, jamis foTolaki _ 4. nayofi kenkrise-
bria. Tesls gaaCnia parkuWisebri danamati, romlis dax-
marebiTac is wyalze tivtivebs.
gavrcelebulia TiTqmis mTel saqarTveloSi. izrdeba
tbebSi, WaobebSi, mdore wylebSi. xSirad rayebs qmnis.
das. saqarTveloSi mozard saxeobas Nymphaea colchi-
ca (Woronow ex Grossh.) Kem.-Nath. - kolxur dumfaras
ufro patara - 5-10 sm diametris yvavili aqvs. garda amisa,
TeTri dumfaras jamis foTolakis fuZe momrgvalebulia,
kolxuri dumfarasi ki _ oTxkuTxovani da sxv.
lia kolxeTis erovnul parkSi. dekoratiulia.
Nymphaea alba L. – White Water Lily

Approximately 50 species of Nymphaea are distributed in the tropical
and temperate zones of the world. Two species of Nymphaea are recorded
for Georgia.
Aquatic herbs with stout rhizome bearing the petioles of old (previ-
ous year) leaves (their remains). Long-petioled leaves and flowers floating
on the water surface. Leaves cordate-globose or oval. Flowers 10–20 cm
across with many petals and 4 sepals. Fruits capsules. Seeds have append-
ages that allow floatation on the water surface.
Distributed throughout the country. Found in lakes, wetlands and stag-
nant waters. Forms groupings.
Another species of Nymphaea – Nymphaea colchica (Woronow ex
Grossh.) Kem.-Nath. (Colchic Water-Lily) occurs in West Georgia. Flow-
ers of Colchic Water-Lily are smaller, 5–10 cm across. The base of White
Water-Lily’s sepals are roundish, while those of Colchic Water-Lily are
quadrangular.
Nymphaea colchica is included in the Red Data Book of Georgia
(1982). Ornamental.
212
Nymphaea alba
213
ojaxi Orchidaceae _ jadvarisebrni
Orchis coriophora L. - myrali jadvari

Orchis-is gvaris 100-ze meti (sxva monacemebiT, 65)
saxeoba gavrcelebulia umetesad dedamiwis Crd. naxevars-
feros zomier sartyelSi. saqarTveloSi 14 saxeobaa.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. elifsoiduri, 2.5
sm-mde sigrZis tuberi aqvs. Rero 14-40 (50) sm simaRlisaa,
Suamde an ramdenadme ufro zemoTac SefoTlili. masze
4-8, viwro-xazuri, xazuri an xazur-lanceturi, 3.5 (4.5)-
13 sm sigrZisa da 0.4-1 (1.5) sm siganis foTolia. yvavili
(yvavilsafari) mRvrie yavisfer-mewamulia, tyis baRlin-
joebis usiamovno suni asdis (aqedan modis mcenaris saxeo-
brivi saxelwodeba). jadvarisebrTa, maT Soris, am saxeobis
yvavili Taviseburi agebulebisaa. yvavilsafari ormagia
(orwriani), 6 furclisagan Sedgeba. qveda 3 furclidan
erTi _ ukana didia, ori _ gverdiTebi _ SedarebiT pa-
tara. zeda 3 furclidan erTi zomiT or danarCens didad
aRemateba. mas “tuCi” ewodeba. tuCi erTgvari “dasajdomi
moedania” mwerebisaTvis, romlebic jadvaris yvavils
neqtrisaTvis etanebian. yvavilSi erTaderTi mtvrianaa.
mtvris marcvlebi Tavmoyrilia grovebad _ poliniumad.
isini webovani misawovrebiTaa aRWurvili. samnakvTiani
dingis erTi nakvTi, e. w. “niskarti” agreTve webovania. mw-
ers yvavilSi faTurisas sxeulze poliniumebi ewebeba.
rodesac mweri sxva yvavils estumreba, poliniumebs mis
dingze tovebs. amgvarad, mweri misdauneburad yvavilis
damtvervaSi monawileobs. nayofi kolofia.
yvaviloba da nayofis momwifeba _ mais-ivnisSi.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia afxazeTSi, imereTSi,
aWaraSi, mesxeTsa da qarTlSi, dablobidan mTis Sua sarty-
lamde. izrdeba buCqnarebsa da mdeloebze.
Orchis-is gvaris saxeobebi metad dekoratiulia. gamom-
Srali tuberebi cnobilia “salepis” saxelwodebiT, me-
dicinaSi gamoiyeneba.
Orchidaceae – Orchid Family
Orchis coriophora L. – Bug Orchis

More than 100 species of Orchis are distributed mostly in the temperate
zone of the Northern Hemisphere. Flora of Georgia comprises 14 Orchis
species.
Perennial herbs with elliptical, to 2.5 cm long tubers. Stems 14–40(–50)
cm long, foliated to the middle or occasionally the upper parts. Leaves 4–8,
narrowly linear or linear-lanceolate, 3.5(4.5–)–13 x 0.4(–1.5) cm. Flowers
brownish-purple, foul-smelling. Flowers, like in other Orchids, are quite spe-
cific. Perianth of two whorls: outer whorl of 3 more or less similar segments
and an inner with two equal segments and one unequal (labellum). Label-
lum servs as a “landing ground” for insects that are attracted by the nectar.
Anther 1. Pollen grains conglomerate, forming waxy or powdery-granulose
pollinia. One lobe of the 3-lobed stigma (beak) is also glutinous. When in-
sects visit the flowers, the pollinia stick to their bodies, thus the insect trans-
ports pollinia to another flower where they are left on the stigma. This is the
mechanism of cross-pollination in Orchids. Fruits capsules.
214
Orchis coriophora
Flowers and fruits May–June.

Distributed in Abkhazeti, Imereti, Ajara, Meskheti and Kartli from the
lowlands to the mid-montane zone. Grows in scrub and meadows.
Representatives of Orchis are highly decorative plants. Dried tubers
are known as “salep” and used in medicine.
215
Platanthera chlorantha (Cust.) Reichenb. - mwvaneyvavila
platanTera
Platanthera-s gvaris 50-ze meti saxeoba (sxva monaceme-
biT, 200-mde) gavrcelebulia dedamiwis Crd. naxevarsfer-
oSi. saqarTveloSi mxolod es saxeobaa.
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenarea. mogrZo-kvercx-
isebri formis, Tavsa da boloSi maxaTiviT wawvetebul
tubers iviTarebs. gaaCnia erTaderTi Rero, romlis sima-
Rle 30-60 sm-s aRwevs. Reros Ziridan gamodis 2 ukukver-
cxisebri an elifsuri moyvanilobis, 10-18 sm sigrZis da
2.5-7 sm siganis foToli; Reros zemoTa nawilze 1-3 patara,
lanceturi foTolakia. yvavili (yvavilsafari) momwvano-
TeTria, suni ara aqvs (amiT es mcenare gansxvavdeba evro-
pasa da mcire aziaSi gavrcelebuli Platanthera bifolia (L.)
Rich. -isagan, romelic surnelovania). mravali yvavili
Sekrebilia meCxer, grZel _ 7-25 sm _ sigrZis yvaviledad.
nayofi kolofia. Tesli Zalian wvrilia.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia TiTqmis yvelgan, mTis
qveda sartylidan Sua sartylamde, ufro iSviaTad dablob-
Si. izrdeba tyeebsa (umetesad wiflnarebSi) da buCqnarebSi.
dekoratiulia.
saqarTvelos mTis zeda da subalpur sartylebSi
farTodaa gavrcelebuli Dactylorhiza urvilleana (Steudel)
Baumann&Kunkele – Waobis jadvari. Rero 20-70 sm-sima-
Rlisaa. foToli 3-4-ia, farToukukvercxisebri an lan-
ceturi moyvanilobisaa; foTlebs iasamnisferi laqebi
gaaCnia (iSviaTad ulaqoa). yvavilebi didia, movardisfro-
mewamuli, Sekrebilia TavTavisebr yvaviledad. yvavilobs
ivnis-ivlisSi, nayofi mwifdeba ivlisis bolos - agvistos
dasawyisSi.
Platanthera chlorantha (Cust.) Reichenb. – Greater Butterfly-Orchid

Over 50 (200 according to some sources) species of Platanthera are
distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. Only this single species grows in
Georgia.
Perennial herbs with elongated-ovate, tapering tubers. Stems single,
30–60 cm tall. Basal leaves 2, obovate to elliptical, 10–8 x 2.5–7 cm; cauline
leaves 1–3, small, lanceolate. Flowers greenish-white, with almost no scent
(another Platanthera species, P. bifolia, found in Europe and Minor Asia,
is characterized by scented flowers). Spikes many-flowered, lax, long (7–25
cm). Fruits capsules. Seeds minute.
Distributed almost throughout Georgia from the low montane to the
subalpine zone; rarely found in the lowlands. Grows in forests (mostly
beechwoods) and scrub.
Ornamental.
Another representative of the Orchidaceae family, Dactylorhiza urvil-
leana (Steudel) Baumann&Kunkele (Marsh-Orchid), is widely distributed
in Georgia in the upper montane and subalpine zones. Stems 20–70 cm.
Leaves 3–4, broadly obovate or lanceolate, purplish-spotted (rarely un-
spotted). Inflorescences spike-like. Flowers large, pinkish-purple. Flowers
June–July, fruits ripen by the end of July–early August.
216
Platanthera chlorantha
Dactylorhiza urvilleana
217
ojaxi Ruscaceae _ Tagvisarasebrni
Ruscus ponticus Woronow ex Grossh. - Tagvisara

Ruscus-is gvaris 5-6 saxeoba gavrcelebulia azorisa
da kanaris kunZulebze, kunZul madeiraze, yirimSi, samx.
kavkasiasa da sxv. saqarTveloSi 2 saxeobaa.
maradmwvane buCqia. 30-50 sm simaRlisaa, iSviaTad erT
metrs aRwevs. totebi Reroze morigeobiTaa ganlagebuli.
filokladodiumebi (filokladodiumi Reros saxecvli-
lebaa, foTlis funqcias asrulebs) pataraa_1-2 sm sigr-
Zis da 1 sm-mde siganisa, tyavisebri, lanceturi, wawveti-
li da wvrili ekliT daboloebuli. foTlebi reducire-
bulia _ apkisebr qerqlebadaa gardaqmnili. calsqesiani
_ mamrobiTi (mtvrianiani) da mdedrobiTi (butkoiani) _
yvavilebi (TiTo-TiTo an ramdenime erTad) filoklado-
diumis qveda mxareze sxedan. nayofi xorcovania, wvniani
(kenkra); jer mwvanea, rom damwifdeba _ wiTeli.
yvavilobs Teberval-aprilSi, nayofi mwifdeba oq-
tomber-dekemberSi.
das. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia TiTqmis yvelgan,
aRm. saqarTveloSi _ qarTlSi; dablobsa da mTis qveda
sartyelSi, z. d. 1000 m-mde. izrdeba tyeebSi (qmnis marad-
mwvane qvetyes) da buCqnarebSi.
dekoratiulia.
Ruscus colchicus P.F. Yeo - Zmerxli gavrcelebulia
umTavresad das. saqarTveloSi. izrdeba tenian tyeebSi.
gacilebiT ufro didi (10 sm-mde sigrZis da 4 sm-mde si-
ganis), ueklo filokladodiumebi aqvs.
dekoratiulia.
Ruscaceae – Butcher’s Broom Family
Ruscus ponticus Woronow ex Grossh. – Pontic Butcher’s-Broom

About 5–6 species of Ruscus are distributed in Azores and Canary Is-
lands, Madeira, Crimea, South Caucasus and elsewhere. Two species of
Ruscus are recorded for Georgia.
Evergreen shrubs 30–50 cm tall, rarely reaching 1 m. Branches alter-
nate. Cladodes small, 1–2 x 1 cm, sclerophyllous, lanceolate, acuminate,
spine-tipped. Leaves reduced, scale-like. Flowers unisexual, adaxial. Fruits
fleshy berries, green at first, red when mature.
Flowers February–April, fruits ripen October–December.
Distributed almost throughout West Georgia, also found in Kartli; grows
in the lowlands and low montane zone up to 1000 m elevation. Forms an
evergreen understory in forests, occurs in scrub.
Ornamental.
Ruscus colchicus P.F. Yeo – Colchic Butcher’s-Broom. Distributed
predominantly in West Georgia. Grows in mesophilous forests. Differs from
Pontic Butcher’s-Broom in its larger cladodes (10 x 4 cm) with no spines.
Ornamental.
218
Ruscus ponticus
219
laTinur saxelwodebaTa saZiebeli
Index to Latin Names
Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach ............................................ 22

Acer campestre L. ...................................................................... 30
Aceraceae .................................................................................. 30
Aconitum nasutum Fisch. ex Reichenb. ..................................... 92
Alhagi persarum Boiss. et Buche ............................................. 104
Alhagi pseudoalhagi (M. Bieb.) Fisch. ...................................... 104
Alliaceae ................................................................................... 174
Allium ursinum L. ...................................................................... 174
Allium victorialis L. .................................................................... 174
Alnus barbata C. A. Mey. ........................................................... 40
Amaryllidaceae ......................................................................... 176
Amoria ambigua (M. Bieb.) Soiak ............................................. 110
Amoria repens (L.) Presl........................................................... 110
Amygdalus communis L. .......................................................... 136
Amygdalus georgica Desf. ....................................................... 136
Anacardiaceae............................................................................ 32
Anemonastrum fasciculatum (L.) Holub ................................... 128
Anemone fasciculata L. ............................................................ 128
Angiospermae ............................................................................ 30
Apiaceae................................................................................... 170
Araliaceae................................................................................... 34
Arbutus andrachne L. ................................................................. 76
Artemisia fragrans Willd. ............................................................ 56
Artemisia lerchiana Web. ........................................................... 56
Asteraceae ................................................................................. 56
Berberidaceae ............................................................................ 36
Berberis iberica Stev. et Fisch. ex DC. ...................................... 36
Berberis vulgaris L. .................................................................... 36
Betula litwinowii Doluch. ............................................................ 42
Betulaceae.................................................................................. 40
Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng .......................................... 188
Brassicaceae .............................................................................. 66
Buxaceae.................................................................................... 46
Buxus colchica Pojark. .............................................................. 46
Campanula latifolia L. ................................................................ 48
Campanulaceae ......................................................................... 48
Capparaceae .............................................................................. 50
Capparis spinosa L. ................................................................... 50
Caragana grandiflora (M. Bieb.) DC. ....................................... 106
Carpinus caucasica Grossh. ...................................................... 62
Carpinus orientalis Mill. .............................................................. 62
Caryophyllaceae ......................................................................... 52
Castanea sativa Mill. .................................................................. 86
Celtidaceae................................................................................. 54
Celtis caucasica Willd. ............................................................... 54
Cerastium argenteum M. Bieb. .................................................. 52
Chrysaspis campestris (Schreb.) Desv. ................................... 110
Colchicaceae ............................................................................ 182
Colchicum speciosum Stev. ..................................................... 182
Colchicum szovitsii Fisch. et S. A Mey. ................................... 182
220
Colchicum umbrosum Stev. ..................................................... 182
Compositae ................................................................................ 56
Convallaria majalis L. ............................................................... 184
Convallaria transcaucasica Utkin ex Grossh. .......................... 184
Convallariaceae ........................................................................ 184
Cornaceae .................................................................................. 60
Cornus mas L. ............................................................................ 60
Corylaceae ................................................................................. 62
Corylus avellana L. .................................................................... 64
Cruciferae ................................................................................... 66
Cupressaceae ............................................................................ 20
Cyclamen vernum Sweet.......................................................... 126
Dactylorhiza urvilleana (Steudel) Baumann&Kunkele .............. 216
Dicotyledonae ............................................................................. 30
Dioscorea caucasica Lipsky ..................................................... 186
Dioscoreaceae.......................................................................... 186
Diospyros kaki L. ....................................................................... 72
Diospyros lotus L. ...................................................................... 72
Dipsacaceae ............................................................................... 68
Drosera rotundifolia L. ............................................................... 70
Droseraceae ............................................................................... 70
Dryopteridaceae............................................................................. 12
Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott ................................................... 12
Ebenaceae ................................................................................. 72
Elaeagnaceae............................................................................. 74
Epigaea asiatica Maxim. ............................................................ 78
Epigaea gaultheroides (Boiss. et Bal.) Takht. ............................ 78
Epigaea repens L. ..................................................................... 78
Equisetaceae .............................................................................. 10
Equisetum arvense L. ................................................................ 10
Ericaceae.................................................................................... 76
Erythronium caucasicum Woronow .......................................... 198
Fabaceae.................................................................................. 104
Fagaceae.................................................................................... 86
Fagus orientalis Lipsky ............................................................... 88
Fraxinus excelsior L. ................................................................ 114
Fritillaria caucasica Adams ....................................................... 200
Fritillaria latifolia Willd. ............................................................. 202
Fritillaria lutea Mill. ................................................................... 202
Galanthus woronowii A. Losinsk. ............................................. 176
Gladiolus caucasicus Herb. ..................................................... 194
Graminae .................................................................................. 188
Grossheimia macrocephala ........................................................ 58
Grossheimia polyphylla (Ledeb.) Holub...................................... 58
Gymnospermae .......................................................................... 20
Gymnospermium smirnowii (Trautv.) Takht. .............................. 38
Halimodendron halodendron (Pall.) Voss ................................. 108
Hedera colchica (K. Koch) K. Koch ............................................ 34
Helleboraceae ............................................................................ 92
Helleborus abchasicus A. Br. .................................................... 94
Helleborus caucasicus A. Br. .................................................... 94
Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden. ............................................. 170
Hippophaë rhamnoides L. ......................................................... 74
221
Hyacinthaceae .......................................................................... 190
Hydrangeaceae .......................................................................... 96
Hymenophyllaceae ..................................................................... 14
Hymenophyllum tunbrigense (L.) Smith ..................................... 14
Iridaceae ................................................................................... 194
Iris iberica Hoffm. ..................................................................... 196
Juglandaceae ............................................................................. 98
Juglans regia L. ......................................................................... 98
Juniperus foetidissima Willd. ..................................................... 20
Labiatae .................................................................................... 102
Lamiaceae ................................................................................ 102
Laurocerasus officinalis Roem. ............................................... 138
Leguminosae ............................................................................ 104
Leontice smirnowii Trautv. ......................................................... 38
Leucojum aestivum L. .............................................................. 178
Liliaceae ................................................................................... 198
Lilium kesselringianum Miscz. ................................................. 204
Lilium szovitsianum Fisch. et Ave-Lall. .........................................204
Malus orientalis Uglitzk. ........................................................... 140
Melanthiaceae .......................................................................... 208
Mespilus germanica L. ............................................................. 142
Monocotyledonae ..................................................................... 174
Muscari szovitsianum Baker ..................................................... 190
Nitraria schoberi L. ................................................................... 112
Nitrariaceae .............................................................................. 112
Nuphar lutea (L.) Smith ............................................................ 210
Nymphaea alba L. ................................................................... 212
Nymphaea colchica (Woronow ex Grossh.) Kem.-Nath. ......... 212
Nymphaeaceae ........................................................................ 210
Oleaceae .................................................................................. 114
Orchidaceae ............................................................................. 214
Orchis coriophora L. ................................................................ 212
Osmunda regalis L. ................................................................... 16
Osmundaceae ............................................................................ 16
Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. ............................................................ 44
Pachyphragma macrophyllum (Hoffm.) N. Busch ...................... 66
Paeonia carthalinica Ketzch. ................................................... 118
Paeonia caucasica (Schipcz.) Schipcz. .................................. 116
Paeonia lagodechiana Kem.-Nath. .......................................... 118
Paeonia mlokosewitschii Lomak. ............................................. 118
Paeonia tenuifolia L. ................................................................ 118
Paeoniaceae............................................................................. 116
Paliurus spina-christi Mill. ........................................................ 132
Pancratium maritimum L. ......................................................... 180
Papaver arenarium M. Bieb. .................................................... 120
Papaver hybridum L. ................................................................120
Papaver orientale L. ................................................................. 120
Papaver somniferum L. ............................................................ 120
Papaveraceae .......................................................................... 120
Philadelphus caucasicus Koehne ............................................... 96
Picea orientalis (L.) Link ............................................................. 24
Pinaceae..................................................................................... 22
Pinus kochiana Klotzsch ex K. Koch .......................................... 26
222
Pinus sosnowskyi Nakai ............................................................. 26
Pistacia mutica Fisch. et C. A. Mey. .......................................... 32
Platanthera bifolia (L.) Rich. .................................................... 216
Platanthera chlorantha (Cust.) Reichenb. ............................... 214
Poaceae ................................................................................... 188
Populus alba L. ........................................................................ 154
Primula juliae Kusn. ................................................................. 124
Primulaceae.............................................................................. 124
Prunus divaricata Ledeb. ......................................................... 144
Pteridaceae ................................................................................ 18
Pteridophyta ............................................................................... 10
Pteris cretica L. .......................................................................... 18
Pterocarya pterocarpa (Michx.) Kunth ex I. Iljinsk. .................. 100
Punica granatum L. ................................................................. 122
Punica protopunica Balf. .......................................................... 122
Punicaceae ............................................................................... 122
Pyrus caucasica Fed. .............................................................. 146
Pyrus georgica Kuth. ............................................................... 146
Pyrus sachokiana Kuth. ........................................................... 146
Pyrus salicifolia Pall. ................................................................ 146
Quercus iberica Stev. ................................................................ 90
Ranunculaceae......................................................................... 128
Ranunculus caucasicus M. Bieb. ............................................. 130
Rhamnaceae ............................................................................ 132
Rhamnus cathartica L. ............................................................. 134
Rhamnus imeretina Booth. ...................................................... 134
Rhamnus pallasii Fisch. & S. A. Mey. ...................................... 134
Rhododendron caucasicum Pall. ............................................... 80
Rhododendron luteum Sweet ..................................................... 82
Rhododendron ponticum L. ....................................................... 84
Rosa canina L. ......................................................................... 150
Rosaceae ................................................................................. 136
Rubus idaeus L. ....................................................................... 148
Ruscaceae................................................................................ 218
Ruscus colchicus P.F. Yeo ....................................................... 218
Ruscus ponticus Woronow ex Grossh. .................................... 218
Salicaceae ................................................................................ 154
Salix caprea L. ......................................................................... 156
Salvia garedji Troitzk. .............................................................. 102
Scabiosa caucasica M. Bieb. ..................................................... 68
Scabiosa colchica Stev. ............................................................. 68
Scilla siberica Haw. .................................................................. 192
Spermatophyta ........................................................................... 20
Spiraea crenata L. ................................................................... 152
Spiraea hypericifolia L. ............................................................ 152
Staphylea colchica Stev. ......................................................... 158
Staphylea pinnata L. ................................................................ 158
Staphyleaceae .......................................................................... 158
Tamaricaceae ........................................................................... 160
Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. .................................................. 160
Taxaceae .................................................................................... 28
Taxus baccata L. ....................................................................... 28
Tilia begoniifolia Stev. .............................................................. 162
223
Tilia caucasica Rupr. ............................................................... 162
Tiliaceae ................................................................................... 162
Trapa colchica Albov ................................................................ 164
Trapa hyrcana Woronow .......................................................... 164
Trapa maleevii Vassil. .............................................................. 164
Trapaceae ................................................................................ 164
Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb. ................................................... 110
Trifolium campestre Schreb. .................................................... 110
Trifolium repens L. ................................................................... 110
Tulipa biebersteiniana Schult. et Schult. fil. ............................. 206
Tulipa eichleri Regel ................................................................. 206
Ulmaceae ................................................................................. 166
Ulmbelliferae............................................................................. 170
Ulmus minor Mill. ..................................................................... 166
Vacciniaceae ............................................................................ 172
Vaccinium myrtillus L. .............................................................. 172
Veratrum lobelianum Bernh. ..................................................... 208
Zelkova carpinifolia (Pall.) K. Koch. ......................................... 168
224

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PLANTS

daviT qiqoZe, maia TavarTqilaZe, Teimuraz svaniZe. 2007.

mTavari redaqtori: prof. revaz gagniZe; inglisuri te-

wigni gamoica saqarTvelos garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi

daculi teritoriebis departamenti

wigni momzadebulia garemosdacviTi sakonsultacio

tel.: (995 32) 36 26 43 tel.: (995-32) 32-64-96

David Kikodze, Maia Tavartkiladze, Teimuraz Svanidze. 2007.

Editor-in-chief: Prof. Revaz Gagnidze; Editor of English text:

Cover Photograph: Smoke tree (Cotinus coggygria Scop.)

The book is produced under the initiative of the Ministry of

Department of Protected Areas

The book is prepared by the Environmental Advisory Services

Tel.: (995 32) 36 26 43 Tel.: (995-32) 32-64-96

saqarTvelos mcenareuli samyaro gansakuTrebiT

The plant life of Georgia is particularly rich and diverse. It is

Floristic Division of Georgia

Equisetum arvense L. - mindvris Svita

Division PTERIDOPHYTA – Ferns and Fern Allies

Equisetum arvense L. – Field Horsetail

Perennials. Rhizomes dark-felted, blackish, tuber-bearing. Stems di-

Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott - Caduna

Dryopteridaceae (Aspidiaceae) – Wood Fern Family

Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott – Male Fern

Hymenophyllum tunbrigense (L.) Smith - tunbrigenis

Hymenophyllaceae – Filmy Fern Family

Hymenophyllum tubridgense (L.) Smith – Tunbridge Filmy-Fern

Osmunda regalis L. - samefo gvimra

Osmundaceae – Royal Fern Family

Osmunda regalis L. – Royal Fern

Pteris cretica L. - tabela

Pteridaceae – Maidenhair Fern Family

Pteris cretica L. – Cretan Brake

Perennial herbs. Rhizomes covered with brownish scales. Fronds with

Juniperus foetidissima Willd. - myrali Rvia

Division SPERMATOPHYTA – Seed Plants

Juniperus foetidissima Willd. – Stinking Juniper

Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach – soWi (kavkasiuri,

Pinaceae – Pine Family

Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach – Caucasian Fir

Picea orientalis (L.) Link – Oriental Spruce

Pinus sosnowskyi Nakai (Pinus kochiana Klotzsch ex K. Koch)

Taxus baccata L. _ urTxeli, uTxovari

Taxaceae – Yew Family

Taxus baccata L. – Common Yew

Acer campestre L. - Cveulebrivi nekerCxali

Subdivision ANGIOSPERMAE – Angiosperms

Acer campestre L. – Field Maple

Pistacia mutica Fisch. et C. A. Mey. - sakmlis xe, saRsa-

Anacardiaceae – Cashew Family

Pistacia mutica Fisch. & C. A. Mey. – Pistachio-Tree

Hedera colchica (K. Koch) K. Koch - kolxuri suro

Araliaceae – Ginseng Family

Hedera colchica (K. Koch) K. Koch – Colchic Ivy

Berberis vulgaris L. - Cveulebrivi kowaxuri

Berberidaceae – Barberry Family

Berberis vulgaris L. – European Barberry

Gymnospermium smirnowii (Trautv.) Takht. (Leontice smirnowii

Alnus barbata C. A. Mey. - Cveulebrivi muryani