,- ( )6 72 5- & - 4 * 23-01 .

/ ' +,- , ' + * () ' &

1 - >+ =+3 , )6 . < 3 -) ; ): , 85 9 () '3 5/5

3 1 2 . /0 1 0 , - + *
3 /0 , 5 6 - 27 8 , 2 2 40 ?/5)@ 2 ')&23 4

3 /0 , 5 6 - 5 ')& -3B C &;

3

3 /0 , 5 6 - 5 '3 '
50

3 1 1 /0 , 5 6 - 27 8 , 2 2 40 ')@ C 3'
4

D
<G 4 fluent 1 G F5 +E - < +C D 3 B2 -9 , A -? > 5 2= 5 < : ; 9
35-29 !"# 1399

< N . 5 2= 5 < > 9 6+ 3 5 + 2 + + 4 N + L MD > 2= 2= , 2= 5 < K : ; 9 I J. 5

2= > + 2= , > 8000 = U + = O 0%/2 R4. 2 = + 4+ B P Q M5 O K J 3 0 2= 5
K K . +4 N + 2 6+ K+ ; L MD 2= > 8000 = 9 2 J= 5 , 1 +4 N + L MD
K 9 0+ J 30 J 5 +N . < 0+ +4 N 2= 5 < 9 + IX Y + W 1 > 5 O 5 KV J J 30 J 0
2 0 + EZ R4. W 1 U + 2 J= 5 9 J 30 5 U+ = O 4+ B P Q M5 OW1
K+ ; 2= 5 < N ]- 3 M \ + . <+ 0 + (0 [ 8 + U + 2 J= > 5 3 + 9/RJ 3 8U =
. +4 N + +Y
.A ->K -9 > 5 :' 2 ' F E3,

simulation of Single-phase and two-phase flow of water-titanium oxide nanofluids in a

double-tube counter flow heat exchanger and Investigation of heat transfer and pressure
drop

R. Akbari Kangarluei
Department of Mechanical Engineering, faculty of Tabriz, Technical and vocational
University (TVU), Tabriz, Iran
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of urmia, Urmia, iran

M. Abbasalizadeh Ranjbari Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of urmia, urmia, Iran

S. M. Pestei Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of urmia, Urmia, Iran
M. Esmaeilei Sangari Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

Abstract
In this study, the simulation of water-titanium oxide nanofluid has been done in a double-tube counter flow heat exchanger with
constant heat flux by Fluent software. The main purpose of this study is to compare single-phase and two-phase mixed model with
experimental results to obtain the best simulation model. The results show that The Nusselt number and Heat transfer coefficient for
a 0.2% volume fraction for Reynolds number more than 8000, the single-phase model is closer to the experimental results than the
two-phase model, but for Reynolds lower than 8,000, two-phase mixed models are in good agreement with experimental results. The
comparison of the dropping pressure shows that the faster the speed of Nanofluid is increased, the greater is the difference between
the simulation and the experimental results. The results show that the highest increase in Nusselt number and Heat transfer
coefficient is seen in higher Reynolds numbers, which indicates that in the high Reynolds numbers, the increase in volume fraction is
more effective; one of the reasons is that homogeneity of Nanofluid in higher Reynolds is due to more turbulence. In general, it can
be said that the results of the simulation are in good agreement with experimental results.
Keywords: Nanofluid, Heat Exchanger, Heat Transfer, Titanium Oxide.

/V B1 - 5 8 b= 1 2 J -a + / +
B ^ d = ]M D _ 8 9 RJ + . - c < -1
^U 5 + 3 e5 5 8 0 2 + ^ 1M 21M ^ d 8 < _Q - J > K ^U 5 1 - >K W 1
9RQ .[1] 0D+ 6+ J3 - MRO < 1 > K F < ^U 5 . 5 + Y 2J J ^ K K` = 2 +
hM: Y 2 J 0 ^ 1M 2U + - 5 8 + J3 ^ E 6 A 5, 27 > 2 + -
*
ro.akbari@urmia.ac.ir : 1

97/10/18 : !
98/09/04 :( ) !
 4+ B 2 - > K 3 1 + ? > 5 A B 2 J 3 O + ^U 5 B1 :j ^ d 9Y5

<
2= 5 < 6B P5 ( 8n . N = < 5 + 0 1M l B = ^ d .[2] 5 <k ; - > K ^ MRO

2= , 3 B 2= 5
3 B 2 O 8. 2 + : ; 9 . < 6 0 J> 5 MRO J2 5 8 < 2 PM[ ^ 1M
2= 3 B . 5 < ] 5 Ansys fluent 1 G = > 5 30 J 5 + 9 N . J W1 ^U 5 -
J= L MD . 9 < ] 5 J= L MD > = - 5 W 1 P 5 ^U 5 = ]5 J
= < - o d ] AJ 5 F` , 3 O + .[4 3] < ^U 5 + 4+ B 2 - > K P Q

2=
. 5 < ]5 2 J= } 0 6B 2J O 5 8 < 5 2 J> 5 = ] 5 + [5] 3 RJ
W 1 > M- 9M 35 F5 ;b + CuO ^ d

-? > 5
FG, , -3/ -2 4 R4. oM[ n 20 . > 5 - 5
;b + p 1+ ^ d = ] 5 + . ( 1- n
( )6 72 5- & F, H : -1-2

...
n 10 > 5 - 5 W1 40 F5
C D 3 B2 -9 , : ; 9
> 5 = ] 5 + [6] 3 RJ 2 b F5 . ( 1-
3 B 2 KM. R b G - ? 3 B 8Y = 5 > 5
0/3 0/1 R4. 20 ;b + ^ d + Al2O3-?
+ }; 2 = MY . 5 - b 5 +
3 RJ . 5 <( 1- ٪12 + - 5 W1 n
< Y5 M 8/13 MY ;b M 9/53 + ;b
2 J> 5 2 + 0 2 U 4+ B 2 - > K [7]
+ ;b 2 + pvc B Y lB . 5
2 RO G - , + 3 B KM. , ? - = ?-
. 5 M 27/8 MY ;b M 33/8
R4. + > 5 2 + ( 1- 9 . 5+
1 ^ ] 2 J= + M5 B 25 2 + > 5
:5 rX K; 2 K; - > K P Q ٪6
+ 3 + +G-? < - o CM D 2 J R4.
\ + [8] 3 RJ 3 . 5 W 1 ٪27 ٪17 P +
. 3 B 2 KM. R b M5 B 35 2 + Kb
W 1 sO + Al2O3-? > 5 = ] 5 30 + 4
u Y < ?D 21 ;b + A ^ d
[9] 3 RJ 5 V . < 2 U 3 B A7 ->K
o 1 > B ^ n + ? [19] A ^ d 1
J3 . 5 + J> 5 - > K G1 ^ t1B
. 5 < -
>K u Y W 1 + 60 ]M D 2 JA
5 + Ev A6 2 J = . ,R 6 5 -
01 , [19] 4 * 23 K / (B + I3/J -1 .,
, hM: ^ d x .) + .> 5 -
B1 5 c /V
- -
. 5 (3 y 5 2 J > JA + J3 Y+ = < y
Al2O3-? > 5 2 U 3 B 5 + + [10] 3 RJ l J
0/001003 0/6 4182 998/2 ?
8/4 710 3900 A P QW 1 +E 2 +2 , 8Y
+ = , - >K / RJ +W + - >K
42 P NO- C -2-2 + G ^ d = E [11] 3 RJ { . + U +
8. 2 + L MD 2= V> 2= , > = Q . = WJ + - > K W 1 5 + - >K 2
A . ^U : 2= , . . 5 < ]5 > 5 3 B M5 O + ;b E [12] 3 RJ . J0 ^ d
u Y 3 B 2 + . 5 > ^U 5 3 B RJ W1 9 0+ 30 N . b 5 + 0
2 + 27 A K+ G B K+ : 5 y+ > 5 1 . 5 + ,V ;b + ^ d 2 + - > K P Q
:[20] < 3 + = ^ n + ]< ^U 5 3 B W 1 | . 2 `]n 9 [14] 3 RJ 3 -= +
TiO2 ^ d = ٪1.5 R4. 4+ B 2 - > K P Q
:G B 2 K+ :
∂ (1) [13] 3 RJ 3 < . 5 + ٪23.7 .
( ρu i ) = 0
∂x i + 50 = = O W 1 + Al2O3 %3 R4. 2= +
:A 2 K+ : . M5 O K 2 9 + 150
(
∂ ρu i u j)=
∂p
+
∂   ∂u i ∂u j
μ  +
  2 ∂u
  − μ k δ ij
> K W 1 / 3 KK` = Y + X:+ . + W 1 %57.7
∂x j ∂x i ∂x j   ∂x j ∂x i  (2)
   3 ∂x k b :; > 5 ^ d 3 < 1 E -
:27 2 K+ : .[15–18]
∂  ∂T  ∂p > 5 3 B + o <G 4 ^ : ; 5 +
 ρu j c pT − k =uj
∂x j  ∂ x j  ∂x j (3) 2= 5 < L MD > 2= 3 B^ n +? > 5 A

  ∂u ∂u j  2 ∂u k 
+ μ  i +  − μ δ ij  2= , 3 B 2 O 2= 5 < WJ a 9 9 + + 5 0
  ∂ x j ∂ x i  3 ∂x k 
3 RJ 1 / + 4 N + L MD > 2= 3 B1
l B = 21M ^ d B EZ - b K [19]

30
A5 h .d
Nu nf = nf
3 B 0 B 27 k +E 0 a 2 - c tB
k nf (14)
. 5 ]<
+, = + ;+ = / ]< W MRB
t / 2

ρ u .d (15)
Re nf = nf nf = 2 JW 2 J ] v 5 < 6 + 8n 9
μ nf
: : < + F5 O 5 2 J3 - + P5
4

NO / (B +/ )* I3/J -3-2  ∂u ∂u j  (4)

1 M:5 O

− ρu i u j = μ  i + 
 ∂x j ∂x i 
. 5 < 3- - = ^ d AMO 0 +  
: 5 =^ n +, =+ : ) A 8 <
2U + A4. + };5 :+ 2 J -a =
5 2 4

2 (5)
3 R0 . 5 0D+ J3 + n Y 2 J 5 J3 − ρu i u j = 2 μ t S ij − ρkδ ij
3
9 1 u Y +A .9 b 9 + :5 3 5 6 F5 W ~ / ]< B1 : 9
2 6

-> 60 B 2J =5 ) C0 ^U 5 . < 5 ` P5 / ]< > , = + ]< B1 . < +

5 . J t J 9 }Q 2 + R: [ 2 J : 5 = ^ n + ]< B1
2

ux Y Y + > 5 Mn B ^U 5 - k2 (6 )
2 / 5 M :R5 2 6

μt = ρC μ
2 = RJ _ Q 9 9 5 ^U 5 2 + V J . 5 ε
/ . 5 _ Q 9 A6 2 B ^U 5 - >K P Q ]5 = ^ x+ − / ]< > = WJ a 9
- E - >K P Q + - 5 = [ A6 u Y : 5 <
∂ ∂  μ  ∂k  (7)
.> 5 B1 a 2 - /V := ^ O )- ( ρku i ) =  μ + t   + G k − ρε
∂x i ∂x j  σ k  ∂x j 
-u Y > 5 8Y ^ d Y - € +
: J 5 ` 8+ b = ^ n + > 5 1 : 5 + = ;+ = 5 / ]< >X`RQ ~
∂ ∂  μ  ∂ε  ε2 (8)
- 5 ` [21] V , 2 ;+ = rU R: ^U 5 /V ( ρεu i ) =  μ + t 
ε
 + G1ε G k − G 2ε ρ
∂x i ∂x j  σ k  ∂x j  k k
.
ρ nf = (1 − φ ) ρbf + φρ p (16)

5 B1 - c . 5 d R4. ϕ ρε . 5 / ]< 0 B 27 ~ G B
•Y> 5 J -a 9 RJ + rX 5 9 R - : < < =^ n + G 5 / ]< >X`RQ ~
∂u (9)
O x ^ d 3 + y 2 J3 e5 5 2 + . < + ^ ] (
G k = − ρu i u j ) ∂x ij
:[22] < 30 ^ n9 +> 5
F` , 3 O + J= L MD > + 2= V .
(
ρC p , nf = (1 − φ ) ρC p )f + φ ( ρC p )s (17)
G ^U : < - o d ] AJ 2 5
2 a RJ 2 - ^U 5 e5 5 Y 5 MO + 2 J= 2 + R4. ^U : L MD 2 + 27 /5
AK ^ E 2 \ + 2= + 5 2 JA 5 . \ ]5 2 J= } 0 6B 2 J O 5 = 8. E
9 + + • 5 60 + 4+ B 2 J3 B 0 +3 . <
2 -W 1 K MRO 2 J + ^U 5 = ] 5 2 + , 9+ >K 2 - K - 2 J9
5 + 8 \ + +3 > 5 + ^U 5 : < 9 : = ;+ F5 > 5
2 + B 2 J ;+ + 3 > 5 B1 . - b + = Q = h .A (Tw − T b ) (10)
I : > [23] 9R5 . R 5 ` 2= 2 JP
A . 5 > 5 R4. 2 Tb 2 Tw ;+ 9
8 < > 5 Ev B1 + 2 + 9 0
\= . 5 4+ B 2 - > K P Q h ->K .
> 5 B1 + 2 D5 1 ^ d = K b 3 e5 5
+ +G -> 5 5= 2 - K -9 ,
: :
2 +9 + +• < 5 > 5 F5 5 - K
μ eff = μ f (1 + 2.5φ ) (18)
: < 3 2 9 -2 =
9 0 : 5 ` A R4. oM[ + ;+ 9
Q h = m h .C p , h . (Tw − Tb )h (11)
: ( - %2 = 0 + 2 J R4. 2 + [24] 9R +
μeff = μ f
1 (
Q nf = m nf .C p , nf . Tb ,out −Tb ,in
nf
) (12)
(19)
(1 − φ ) 2.5
= = O M5 O 4+ B P Q K > 5 2 +
3 e5 5 8 5 <2 + 9 A6 - 5 : < 5 ` = F+
J 3 0 J 5 + . 5 - > K W 1 2 + ^ d –y q
hnf =
> 52 - 5 2 4 + ^U 5 - 5 Tw − T b (13)

31
 K L MD > + 2= 2= 2 O 8. 4+ B , / /V y hM: ^ d
8 < };5 R4. ^ d

<
2 \3 RJ J 3 0 %0/2 2= + + 4 R4. . / + ^ d WD

2= , 3 B 2= 5
2 = + 4+ B P Q M5 O J 3 0 J8 < K - 5 2 + P5 2 o 0 = 2J ? [
, 2 O 8. 8000 = U + = %0/2 R4. O - 5 +W 2 + B 2 J> Y + ^U 5
5 , 1 +4 N + L MD > + 2= 2= P K + 3 p 1+ r ^ d + y – B 2 J3 e5 5
9 = . + + ^U 5 +2 + \

2=
+4 N + 2 6+ K+ ; L MD 2= > 8000 = = ;+ y - B 2 JP Ev 2 - 5 2 5` 2 +
: 5 < t [25] ‚5 F5

-? > 5
9000
Q . L MD > 2= k eff k p + 2 k f + 2φ (k f − k p )
=
8000 [19] + 4 kf k p + 2k f − φ (k f − k p ) (20)
4+ B P Q

Q . 2= , : 60 => [26] 2 V 2 [^ d 2 +

...
7000
k eff k p + ( n − 1) k f + ( n − 1) φ ( k f − k p )
=
6000 kf k p + ( n − 1) k f − φ ( k f − k p ) (21)
(w/m2.k)

5 + => h \ = (n) 8 < P Q + 4 3

5000
:
4000
3
n=
ψ (22)
3000
4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 . ^ n + + 31 ψ : 9
= O . 5 + d J . + d A4. AJ
. : ' +,- , ' + * '- ; WP ( : U()X 3 < -1 W 2 +3 5 + 2 + [27] 3 RJ 2V >
%0/2 P ) 2 '3 3 : [19] :) * )(- < , Y/ 9 + 1 0/5 = ψ CM D K + ^U 5 - 5 = M

110
, 1 J3 0 = 2J + ψ =0/ 7 2 + N -
Q. L MD > 2= < +W 2 - 5 < 9 + J3 . +
100 [19] + 4
90 Q. 2= , ^U 5 2 + 3 0 K K` N + (ψ = 1) 2 ^ d2 +
. +Y 1 AL2O3
O

80
M5

70
& 3 .Q< 3 -4-2
60
Nu

Ansys 1 G = 8. 3 2 + < o + :; 9
50
o + . 5 < ] 5 2 :+ 5 ^ n + work bench
40
W1 W A J 1 N h b 8 M`
30
4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 M5 O K 2 + < = N >XK 5 5 + o +. 5
= O Re + > M5 669558 418555 318458 : + J < 2= +
. : ' +,- , ' + * '- ; WP = - ; 3 < -2 W M5 O K 30 N . < K /
[19] :) * )(- < , Y/ 9 + < 9 + + (2 > B) + + + AJ + r K Y 2 + <
10000 . - ? D 8. < 3 O + 418555
Q. L MD > 2=
[19] + 4
8000 U P): %0/2 P ) 2 , =Re 10000 '3 3 : = - ; -2 .,
Q. 2= ,
8 9 ' FV -3 C*
6000 W : M5 O
(pa) ‫ﺍﻓﺕ ﻓﺷﺎﺭ‬

318458 75/46
4000
418555 73/74

2000
669558 73/24

0 & ;3 -5-2
4000 9000 14000 19000
=1 / + 4 2J = ]5 + : ; 9 45 O
= O
< 3 0 3 2 1 2 J8 < \3 RJ [19] 3 RJ
. : ' +,- , ' + * '- ; WP >+ =+3 3 < -3 W
P Q M5 O K K 2 1 2 J8 < . 5 < G 4
:) * )(- < , Y/ 9

32
A5 2 \3 RJ J 30 +E < . 2 9 + 2= 2= , 2 O 8. 0 K K 38 <
= O W 1 + 5 •D0 J8 < = < +W 8 <= 2 \3 RJ J 30 +4 K L MD >
O 2+ +3W1 + 5 W 1 M5 O K 2= 5 < 9 + 2 6+ K+ ; 9 = O 5 •D0
t / 2

5 W 1 + + 2/3 . M5 O= + W1 > 5 O5 VJ B +4 N
. < 0+ +4 N 2= 5 < 9 + IX Y K
4

25000
1 M:5 O

%0 R4.
Z( -3
20000 %0.2 R4.
+ 4+ B P Q ^ d R4. E 6 4 2 J8 <
5 2 4
4+ B P Q

%2 R4.
15000 9 2 \3 RJ . 5 < 3 0 CM D 2 J= 2=
+8 <2 + +E = , 2 = + 5 •D0 J8 <
2 6

10000
<, A 2 IX Y > 5 3 B / :5 G O 8
(w/m2.k)

= :+ . J 30 ^ 0+ 4+ B P Q K + E -
2

5000
R4. 2 B 2 IX Y W 1 8 +3 B2 +
2 / 5 M :R5 2 6

0 . + WJ 2 R P < + 4+ B P Q K > 5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
‫ ﻁﻮﻝ ﻣﺒﺪﻝ‬L (m) W1 + < J 0 J R4. K + 9 „RJ
15000 5/ ( : 8 9 P ) 2 '3 3 : ( : U()X -6 W R4. 2= + + W1 4+ B P Q K R4.
n 8 4+ B P Q K A -? > 5 n 2
300 . 5 W1
Re= 5000

250 Re=8000
9000
Re=10000 0 R4.
200 8000
O NU

Re=13000 % 0/2 R4.

7000
4+ B P Q

150 Re=15000 %2 R4.

6000
M5

5000
100
4000
(w/m2.k )

50 3000

2000
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 1000
(m ) L ‫ﻁﻭﻝ ﻣﺑﺩﻝ‬
0
' F 5/ ( '3 3 : %0/2 P ) 2 '3 3 : = - ; -7 W 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
> > \ L (m)
8 9
5000 5/ ( : 8 9 P ) 2 '3 3 : ( : U()X -4 W
20000
18000 Re=5000 16000

16000 Re=8000 14000 %0 R4.

4+ B P Q

14000 Re=10000 %0.2 R4.

4+ B P Q

12000
12000 Re=13000 %2 R4.
10000
10000
(w/m2.k)

Re=15000 8000
( w/m2.k)

8000
6000
6000
4000 4000

2000 2000
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0
L (m)> >\ 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
> > \ L (m)
'3 3 : %0/2 P ) 2 '3 3 : ( : U()X - 8 W
10000 5/ ( : 8 9 P ) 2 '3 3 : ( : U()X -5 W
72 5- & ./^ - 8 9 ' F 5/ (

A > 5 R4. = O^ … 98 < 4+ B P Q M5 O K K 8 7 2 J8 <

+ 5 G M: 8 < = 2 \3 RJ . J 30 4+ B P Q , > \ CM D 2 J= 2 = + %0/2 A > 5

33
 ') 6 -4 CM D 2 J= A > 5 R4. W1

<
9 0+ W1 n 8 6 9+ 4+ B P Q K

2= , 3 B 2= 5
9 , A -? > 5 :; 9
2= , 3 B ^ n + + E - < +C D 3 B2 5 9 J 30 5 15000 = O W1 K
2= 5 < fluent 1 G F5 L MD > 2= 3 B 1 2 0 + EZ 0 + R4. W 1 U + 2 J=
-? > 5 L MD > 2= 2= 5 < . 5 < 9/RJ 3 8U = 4+ B P Q W 1
2= , 2= 5 < . 5 WJ a 9 2 MRB= A . <+ 0 +(0 [ 8 + U + 2 J= > 5 3 +

2=
3 5 +2 + + 4 N +3 K L MD > 2=

-? > 5
K + . 5 : ; 9 I J 2= 5 < > 9 6+ Re=5000 Re=8000 Re=10000
Re=13000 Re=15000
4+ B P Q K R4. W 1 + < J 0 J R4. 9000

4+ B 2 - > K P Q
> 5 n 2 R4. 2= + + W1 8000

...
9 „RJ 5 W 1 n 8 4+ B P Q K A
7000
W 1 + + 2/3 . M5 O= O 2 + +3W 1 +
6000
= O 4+ B P Q W 1 K 9 0+. 5
W 1 U + 2 J= 5 9 J 30 5 15000 5000

(W/m2.K)
= 4+ B P Q W 1 2 0 + EZ R4. 4000

+ U + 2 J= > 5 3 + 9/RJ 3 8U 3000

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
2 = + 4+ B P Q M5 O K . <+ 0 +(0 [ 8
% d R4. Φ
, 2 O 8. 8000 = U + = O %0/2 R4.
'3 3 : %0/2 P ) 2 '3 3 : ( : U()X -9 W
5 , 1 +4 N + L MD 2= > + 2=
8 9 ' F 5/ (
+ 2 6+ K+ ; L MD 2= > 8000 = 9 =
K+ ; 9 = O 0 K . +4 N
2= 2= , 2 O 8. 4+ B P Q K K 10 8 <
O5 VJ B +4 N 2= 5 < 9 + 2 6+
. J 3 0 %3 %0/2 2 J R4. L MD >
+4 N 2= 5 < 9 + IX Y K + W1 > 5
- >K P Q K 5 •D0 8 < = 2 \3 RJ
2= , 2 O 8. = 8n . 2= 5 < N 8 . < 0+
9 + XO . J 30 0 1 ^ d U + R4.
. + 4 N + + Y K+ ; L MD > + 2=
+ 2= , 8. 9 + - > K P Q IX Y J 30 8 <
9 . <+ ^ d U + R4. r n xD 2= .
F- -5
u xY = , 8. J2= 5 5 = < IX Y
(J/kg K)a 2 - Cp
IX Y ^ d 9 31 W 1 + 2 \ < + ^ d B
(m) d ;b d
o ^ Q + B +. - •D0 = + = , 8.
(m) ;b D
9 + O 5 IX Y B E + 3 > J < -
4+ B 2 - > K P Q h
+ <+ 5 ` 8+ b L MD 2= > J=
(W/mK) - 5 k
(m)> \ L > 4+ B 2 - > K P Q IX Y Mn 8
(kg/s) B + m . <+3 = <
(pa) 0 DP
M5 O Nu 10000
% 0/2 R4. + 2= ,
4+ B 2 - > K P Q

8 <P Q + 4 n 9000 % 0/2 R4. + 2=

% 3 R4. + 2= ,
(pa) 0 p 8000 % 3 R4. + 2=
W/m2 - < q 7000
(W) - > K Q
6000
= O Re
5000
(C) T
(W/m2.k)

4000
(m/s) O5 u
3000
(m3)A4. V
r
(m/s) O 5 + V 2000
3000 5000 7000 9000 11000 13000 15000
3 +2 P Q ψ
= O
d R4. R4 ϕ ' +,- , ' + * '- ; WP ( : U()X 3 < ( < 10 W
F_(/ )(
Y/ 9 .

34
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35
R4. 2 b
> 5 bf
Ev eff
> 5 f
G -> 5 h
2 in
B Y out
d p
> 5 nf
w
` 3) -6
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