Solutions to EE555 Midterm, Summer 2003

Part 1: True/False Question (25 Points)

1. True
2. True
3. False
4. False
5. True
6. False
7. False
8. True
9. False
10. False
11. False
12. True
13. False
14. True
15. False
16. True
17. False
18. False
19. True
20. False
21. False
22. True
23. True
24. True
25. False

Part 2 (25 points, 5 points each section): Quickies

Section 1: Network Address Translation

a) True
b) False
c) 200
d) True
e) Both IP address and port numbers are needed to provide simultaneous many-to-many
relationships between private network hosts and external public servers

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Section 2: Fragmentation

Three fragments are needed as shown below:

Fragment Total length (Bytes) Fragment Offset

1 1500 (20H + 1480 Payload) 0
2 1500 (20H + 1480 Payload) 185
3 1040 (20H + 1020 Payload) 370

Section 3: Routing

Need to simplify routing tables. For sketch of first generation routers, consult class notes

Section 4: Tunneling

Tunneling is the process of encapsulating a packet that uses one protocol in another
packet that uses a different (or same) protocol in order to allow the original packet to be
transferred across a network that would not otherwise allow it to be transferred.
Tunneling can be used in IPv.6/IPv.4 internetworking. The IPv.6 packet is encapsulated
(as a payload) in an IPv.4 packet as it enters the IPv.4 region. The encapsulation is
removed as the packet exits the IPv.4 region. Note that to make it clear that the IPv.4
packet is carrying an IPv.6 packet as payload, the "protocol field" in the IPv.4 header is
set to 41. For a detailed diagram consult with class notes

IP v.4 Header IP v.6 Header IP v.6 payload

Section 5: Broadband Access

a) CSMA/CD can't be used since cable modems can't hear the transmission of other
cable modems closer to the cable head end than it self. In addition, cable modems are
not able to transmit and receive at the same frequency.

b) Voice and data are multiplexed using FDM over a single pair of wires. For a detailed
diagram consult class notes.

Part 3: ATM Switching (40 Points: 5, 5, 10, 10, 10 points)

1. A cell arrives at each input port every 2.73µsec (424 bits/155 Mbps). The shared
memory switch needs to be able to write 64 cells and read 64 cells all in 2.73µsec (i.e.
we need to be able to write and read every cell in 42.6nsec). The switching rate is
hence 2*64*155Mbps = 19.84 Gbps. The aggregate throughput is 9.92 Gbps.

EE555, Summer 2003 2

2. A cell arrives at each input port every 2.73µsec (424 bits/155 Mbps). In the worst case
scenario, the output-queued ATM switch has to be able to read all the cells at the
input ports that are destined to the same output port (since we have zero cell
requirement). Hence the maximum number of input ports possible is

N = 2.73µsec/80nsec = 34 ports

3.

a) Any reordering in which no two inputs access the same output is acceptable. For
example, the following would do:

Input 1: 1,2,1,1,3,3,2,3,2,2 ! 1,1,1,2,2,2,2,3,3,3

Input 2: 2,2,3,3,2,1,1,2,3,3 ! 2,2,2,3,3,3,3,1,1,2
Input 3: 1,2,1,1,3,3,1,1,2,3 ! 3,3,3,1,1,1,1,2,2,1

b) No we can eliminate output port contention because output 2 must be accessed in 14

time slots, and there exists only 10 time slots.

4.
a) The probability that both outputs have a cell is (p/2)2 + (p/2)2 = p2/2. This is shown
below.

OR

b) The probability that a cell is present at the upper output is

(1-p)p/2 + (1-p)p/2 + (p/2)2 + (p/2)2 + (p/2)2 = p- p2/4.

OR OR OR OR

c) The cell loss probability in any given time slot is given by (p/2)2 + (p/2)2 = p2/2. This
is illustrated below

OR

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 In N-time slots, the total number of cells arriving (at both ports) to the switch is 2Np.
Out of these cells, Np2/2 will be dropped for a CLR of p/4

5. A switch is said to be self-routing if the address of the output port provides

routing/switching information. A tag containing the address of the output port is
appended to the cell header will aid in finding the route from an input port to an
output port. For an example see class notes. For illustration and circumstances for
blocking, see class notes.

Part 4: Mobile IP (15 Points)

Section 1:

a) Discovery, Solicitation
b) 17.0.0.0
c) False
d) True
e) "e"

Section 2

Question Outer SA Outer DA Inner SA Inner DA

f N/A N/A 200.4.7.14 130.45.6.7
g 130.45.10.20 14.67.34.6 200.4.7.14 130.45.6.7
h 14.67.34.6 14.56.8.9 200.4.7.14 130.45.6.7
i N/A N/A 130.45.6.7 200.4.7.14
i Triangle routing is the type of inefficiency. The packet travels to an extra
network (the home network) before it reaches the destination. One solution is
for the remote host to bind the COA to the home address of the mobile host

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