DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Lecture : Dr. Sc. Syahril, S.si, MT

Created By

Name : Khairunnisa Putri

Nim : 1805110844

Class : 6B

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN FISIKA

JURUSAN MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM

FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN

UNIVERSITAS RIAU

2020
INTRODUCTION

Substance is defined as something that has mass and requires space.

Based on its form, substances can be divided into three types, namely solid
substances, liquid substances and liquid. Every solid substance has a specific
density. Likewise with liquid and gas. Therefore a substance can be identified
based on its density. Species mass (𝜌) is defined as the ratio between the mass of a
substance and its volume.
The value of the density of a substance is fixed, it does not depend on
the mass and volume of the substance, but depends on the type of substance.
Therefore, similar substances always have the same type of mass. The density unit
is kg / m3 or g / cm3, the type of substance can be known from its density. The
density of a substance is very important, especially in the industrial sector. In the
automotive industry sector, motorized vehicle materials no longer use metals as
they once did. for now motor vehicle materials use fiberglass.
One application is the formula 1 car that uses fiberglass, so it is lighter
and more flexible. Likewise, motorcycles now use fiberglass in certain parts.
Measuring the mass of objects is done with a device called a balance sheet and
each tool has accuracy. In general, mass measurements are carried out by
comparison. In this type of mass practicum, the instrument used to measure the
mass of an object is the Ohauss balance sheet and Electronic Balance.
One of the physical properties of an object is density or mass density.
Material density is a parameter that can provide information on the physical and
chemical state of a material. In industrial analysis laboratories, especially in the
food or health industry, samples of material that are often used are in the form of
organic materials [6]. Organic material is a collection of a variety of complex
organic compounds that are currently or have undergone decomposition, both in
the form of humus as a result of humification as well as inorganic compounds
resulting from mineralization and heterotrophic and otrophrophic microbes
involved in it.
 Specific weight is a quantity that expresses the ratio between mass (g) to
volume (ml), so the unit specific gravity is g / ml. Whereas the density meeting is
the ratio between the weight of the sample and the specific gravity of distilled
water, so the density meeting does not have a unit.
How to determine the specific gravity is very important to know by a
prospective pharmacist, because by knowing the specific gravity we can find out
the purity of a preparation, especially in the form of a solution.
Besides that, knowing the specific gravity of a substance will make it
easier to formulate the drug. Because by knowing the specific gravity, we can
determine whether a substance can be mixed with or not with other substances.

DISCUSSION
A. DENSITY
Density is a physical quantity that shows how heavy or light an object is.
When oil is mixed with water, oil will be above the water because oil is lighter
than water, the density of oil is smaller than water. Likewise, a piece of wood
floating in water, the density of wood is smaller than the density of water. This
type of mass is the characteristic of each type of object that distinguishes it
from other objects. The density of iron is different from the density of gold,
silver, brass, bronze, etc. Therefore iron is different from gold, silver, brass,
bronze, etc. The value of the density of a pure element is fixed. For example,
the pure iron density is 7.90 grams / cm3. This value is fixed even though the
iron is small or large in size, although the iron is cut into 2, 3, or 100 parts,
each piece still has the same density, which is 7.90 grams / cm3. But if the
iron is melted and mixed with tin, or other metals, then frozen again, the
density of the iron will change, because the density of the particles will be
different.
Mass indicates the number of particles contained in an object, while the
density indicates how tight, how dense, the particles are arranged. Look at the
two objects below.
The first object has the same number of particles as the second object, which
is equal to 9 particles. This means that the mass of the object is the same as the
mass of the second object. However, the particle of the second object is denser
than the first object particle. This means that the density of a second object is
greater than the density of the first object. Also notice that in the second
object, the 9 particles are gathered in a box with a small volume / size so that
the particles are denser, denser.

Density is a value that indicates the magnitude of the ratio between the
mass of an object with the volume of the object, the density of an object is
fixed meaning that if the size of the object is changed then the density is fixed,
this is caused by an increase in object mass and an increase in object volume
followed linearly with an increase in volume objects or mass of objects. To
determine the mass of an object can be done by weighing the object with an
appropriate scale, such as ohaus balance or the other (Halliday, 1991). Density
density can be determined using Newton's mechanical working principle,
namely by using Archimedes's legal working principle (Halliday, 1997) which
reads "if the whole or part of the surface of an object is inserted or dipped in a
liquid then the object experiences an upward gay that is as large as the same
weight of the liquid being transferred.
Mass Density is the mass of matter per volume, mathematically can be
formulated:

Where =
density of substance (kg / m3)
m = mass of substance (kg)
V = substance volume (m3)
Unit of density based on the system,
International (SI) is kg / m3 1000 kg / m3 = 1g / cm3 (Anonymous1, 2012)

Density or density are fundamental characteristics possessed by

substances. Density (density) is the physical properties of the material.
Density is used to compare two substances that have the same volume
(occupying the same amount of space, but have different masses). An object
with greater mass per volume is denser than an object with smaller mass per
volume. Substances which are less dense float above denser substances
(Mariana, Z.T, 2012).
Substance or matter is something that has mass and occupies space.
There are various types of substances, one that distinguishes it is its density.
Density is a measurement of the mass of each unit volume of an object. The
higher the density of an object, the greater the mass of each volume. The
average density of each object is the total mass divided by the total volume.
An object that has a higher density will have a lower volume than an object of
the same mass that has a lower density (Mariana, Z.T, 2012).
Density is a measurement of the mass of each unit volume of an object.
The higher the density of an object, the greater the mass of each volume. The
average density of each object is the total mass divided by the total volume.
An object having a higher density (for example iron) will have a lower volume
than an object of the same mass which has a lower density (for example
water). The SI unit of density is kilograms per cubic meter (kg / m). Density
functions to determine substances. Each substance has a different density. And
a substance whatever its mass, whatever its volume will have the same density
(Soedojo, 1999).
The density of pure water is 1 g / cm3 or equal to 1000 kg / m3. Apart
from the easy-to-remember and easy-to-use number for calculating, the
density of water is used for comparison to the second formula to calculate the
density, or what is called 'Relative Density' (Anonim2, 1998).
The relationship between weight and mass of an object is mass is a measure of
inertia of an object, while weight is the gravity or gravity of an object. Mass
and weight are different quantities, but have a close relationship (Soedojo,
1999).
The density of regular solid objects is Every measurement of physical
quantities generally always meet the limits of accuracy and measurement
errors (misread, parallax, etc.). Each measuring instrument has a limit of
accuracy and a maximum limit of ability to measure (measuring limit). For
example measuring devices for physical quantities (length, width, thickness,
distance, depth and so on) are:
a. Ordinary rule, has accuracy of 1mm or less.
b. Caliper has an accuracy of 0.1 mm or less.
c. Micrometer screw, having accuracy of 0.01mm or less.
Species density can be concluded that:
1. Density is the characteristic of an object.
2. The same substance has the same density, whatever the volume.
3. Different substances generally have different density (Purba, 2004).
Density is a value that shows the magnitude of the ratio between the
mass of the object with the volume of the object, the density of an object is
fixed meaning that if the size and shape of the object is changed the density of
the object does not change. for example, its size is enlarged so that both the
mass of the object and the volume of the object get bigger. Although the two
quantities which show the size of the object are getting bigger, but the density
is fixed, this is caused by the increase in the mass of the object or conversely
the increase in the volume of the object is followed linearly with an increase in
the volume of the object or mass of the object (Kanginan, 2002).

Density is defined as the ratio between the mass of a substance with its
volume. The value of density depends only on the type of substance, not
depending on the volume or mass of a substance. So, even though the mass or
volume of a substance is different from the others, its density is still the same.
Determining the volume of objects can be done in various ways according to
the shape of the object. For regular objects, the shape can be done with the
appropriate formula. As for irregular objects, volume measurement is done by
inserting the object into a measuring cup that has been filled with water at a
certain volume, then observing the difference in volume. The mass type of a
material can be calculated by the formula below:

The specific SI unit is kg / m3, but g / cm3 is also used. In addition, the
density of water is close to 1000 kg / m3

Measuring the mass of objects can be done with a device called a balance
sheet. Each balance sheet has its own accuracy. In general, mass
measurements are carried out in a comparative way, in a laboratory, the
analyst's balance sheet is used to determine the mass of an object.
 1. Ohauss balance sheet is one of the conventional tools used to measure the
density of objects. The following are parts of the Ohauss Balance Sheet:

2. Electronic Balance
is a tool to accurately measure the type of mass of a substance. This can be
achieved by using a device called a load cell which acts as a transducer.
The following are the parts of electronic balance:

B. SPECIFIC GRAVITY
The specific gravity of a substance is the ratio between the weight of the
substance compared to the volume of the substance at a certain temperature
(usually 25o C). Specific gravity is the ratio between the specific gravity of a
substance at a certain temperature (usually expressed as 25o / 25o, 25o / 4o,
4o, 4o). For the pharmaceutical field it is usually 25o / 25o. (1)
As understanding density, specific gravity has a similar meaning, because
in general the density of y is obtained from the multiplication of the density
value ρ and the acceleration due to gravity (g). Or written down
y= ρ. g
 Specific gravity in SI unified N / m³.
For water, the specific gravity is 9.8 N / m³.
Unlike the density, the specific gravity value is not absolute (absolute)
because it depends on the acceleration of gravity, which also depends on
location. Very significant effect on specific gravity is the temperature of the
object itself. Pressure can affect, depending on the number of objects.
However, in general, under moderate pressure, the pressure factor does not
significantly affect the value of specific gravity other than other factors.
As for the characteristics of materials, usually using a special gravity value
(specific gravity). This quantity is a unitless quantity and compares the
density of material with the density of water.
Density is the relative ratio between the density of a substance and the
density of pure water.
The specific gravity of an object is a force acting on that object which is
influenced by the gravitational force of the earth and the mass of the object.
Mass and weight are actually two different quantities. The weight of an object
is influenced by the gravitational force of the earth where the object is
located. The formula for determining the specific gravity is

W
ρ= V
Actually what is meant by the density of an object is the ratio of the
density of the object to the density of water. So it can be interpreted, that the
specific gravity is the relative density of a material.
A hydrometer is a device used to measure the specific gravity (or relative
density) of a liquid; that is, the ratio of liquid density to water density.
A hydrometer is usually made of glass and consists of a cylindrical rod and
a weighting ball with mercury or lead shots to make it float upright. The
liquid to be tested is poured into a tall container, often a graduated cylinder,
and a gentle hydrometer is lowered into the liquid until it floats free.
The point at which the liquid surface touches the hydrometer rod is noted.
Hydrometers usually contain a scale inside the stem, so that the specific
gravity can be read directly. Various scales exist, and are used depending on
the context. Hydrometers can be calibrated for different uses, such as a
lactometer to measure the density (creaminess) of milk, a saccharometer to
measure the density of sugar in a liquid, or an alcoholometer to measure
higher alcohol levels in spirits.
Unless stated otherwise in each monograph, the determination of
specific gravity is used only for liquids, and unless otherwise stated, is based
on the ratio of the weight of substances in the air at 250 to the weight of water
with the same volume and temperature. If the temperature is set in a
monograph, the specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of the substance in
the air at the specified temperature to the weight of the water with the same
volume and temperature. If at a temperature of 250C the substance is solid, set
the specific gravity to the temperature indicated on each monograph, and
refers to water that remains at 250C (2; 1030).
According to the definition, density is the ratio expressed in decimal,
from the weight of a substance to the weight of the standard in the same
volume both substances have the same temperature or temperature that has
been known. Water is used as a standard for liquids and solids, hydrogen or air
for gases. In pharmaceuticals, the calculation of specific gravity mainly
concerns liquids, solids and water is the right choice to use as a standard
because it is easy to obtain and easily purified (3).
In contrast to density, specific gravity is a pure or dimensionless
number, which can be converted to density by using a suitable formula.
Specific gravity for practical use is more often defined as the ratio of the mass
of a substance to the mass of a volume of water at 40C or other predetermined
temperatures (4; 65).

Specific Gravity for some common Materials

Specific gravity testing is performed to determine 3 types of specific gravity,
namely: (5; 77)
1. True type weights
 The mass of particles divided by the volume of particles does not include
open and closed cavities.
2. Real type weight
The mass of particles divided by the volume of particles does not include open
pores / holes, but includes closed pores.
3. Effective type weight
The mass of the particle is divided by the volume of open and closed pore
particles.
Such as melting point, boiling point or refractive index (bias number).
Relative density is the specific quantity of a substance. This amount can be
used to check the concentration and purity of active compounds, auxiliary
compounds and pharmaceutical preparations (6; 464-465).
Determination method for liquids (6; 466):
Pycnometer Method. The principle of this method is based on
determining the mass of the liquid and the determination of space, which
 occupies this liquid. For this we need a weighing container called a
pycnometer. The accuracy of the pycnometer method will increase until it
reaches a certain optimum by increasing the pycnometer volume. This
optimism lies in about 30 ml of space.
Hydrostatic Balance Method. This method is based on Archimedes' law that
an object dipped in liquid will lose a mass equal to the weight of the volume
of the pressed liquid.
The Mohr-Westphal Balance Method. Glass objects embedded depending on
the scale of the scales are incised into 10 equal parts and balanced with the
weight of the opponent. The advantage of determining density with a Mohr-
Westphal balance sheet is that it uses a short amount of time and is easy to
implement.
Areometer method. Determination of density with a scale areometer (scales,
axes) is based on reading how deep the glass tube is unilaterally sided and at
both ends closed with melting.
Specific gravity is defined as the mass of a material per unit volume of that
material. The form of the equation is:
Specific Gravity or ρ
The units of specific gravity are kg / dm3, gr / cm3 or gr / ml. Specific gravity
has a constant price at a certain temperature and does not depend on the
sample material or sample.
Some tools that can be used to determine specific gravity are aerometers,
pycnometers, and whestpal balances.
1. Determination of Liquid Specific Gravity with Aerometers
Determination of liquid specific gravity by using an areometer based on
Archimedes' legal principles;
            "Every object dipped in a liquid will experience a lift that is the
same magnitude as the weight of the liquid being transferred"
Areometer is a hollow cylinder, so that the areometer can be dipped in the
right position (scale immersed in liquid), the areometer is filled with Pb
grains. The scale on the areometer shows the specific gravity of the liquid,
the smaller the specific gravity of the liquid, the areometer will be
 immersed deeper. Therefore the areometer scale shows a figure that is
getting bigger from the top down.
2. Specific Gravity with a Pycnomete
The specific gravity of the liquid can be calculated directly by measuring
the weight of the liquid in the pycnometer (weighing) and the volume of
the substance is determined based on the pycnometer volume.
The principle of this method is based upon based on the determination of
the mass of the liquid and the determination of the room occupied by this
liquid. The picnometer room is done by weighing water.
The accuracy of the pycnometer method will increase to a certain optimum
by increasing the pycnometer volume. This optimum is located around the
side of the 30 ml space. there are two types of pycnometers namely the
type of bottle with the type of pipette.
                                                The weight of a liquid in a pycnometer
Density of liquid = volume of liquid in a pycnometer
Where :
The weight of the liquid in the pycnometer = (weight of the pycnometer +
liquid) - (the weight of the pycnometer is empty).
Liquid volume in pycnometer = pycnometer volume
The volume of the pycnometer is determined using another liquid whose
specific gravity is known.

            The volume of solids of irregular shape can be determined directly

by using a pycnometer, if the volume and weight of the solid are known,
their specific gravity can be determined.
The density of solid substances with irregular shapes can be determined
by:
            The weight of a solid in a pycnometer
= Volume of solids in a pycnometer
Where :
The volume of solid in the pycnometer = the volume of the pycnometer -
the volume of the liquid
                                     The weight of water in a pycnometer
volume of liquid = specific gravity of liquid

specific gravity expressed as the symbol ρ or d in this practicum is given

the symbol d
Example d3920 ethanol is the ratio between the density of ethanol at 30 °
C to water at 20 ° C
The specific gravity of a substance is the ratio between the weight of a
substance compared to the volume of a substance at a certain temperature
(usually at a temperature of 25ºC), while the density (specific gravity) is the
ratio between the weight of a substance at a certain temperature (in the
pharmaceutical field it is usually used 25º / 25º). Specific gravity is defined as
the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water. The price of the
two substances is determined at the same temperature, if in no other special
way. Therefore, in terms of definition, the term specific gravity is very weak.
It would be more suitable to say that it is relative density. Density is the
relative ratio between the density of a substance and the density of pure water.
Pure water of 1 g / cm³ or 1000 kg / m³ mass. Specific gravity is a pure
dimension without dimensions (Specific gravity has no units), it can be
converted to density by using a suitable formula.
In the pharmaceutical field, the specific gravity and density of a substance or
liquid are used as one of the analytical methods that play a role in determining
liquid compounds, also used to test the identity and purity of drug compounds,
especially in liquid form, and also to determine the level of solubility /
solubility of a substance. substance.
There are two tools used in this experiment, the hydrometer and the
pycnometer. Pycnometers are used to find specific gravity and hydrometers
are used to find density. Pycnometers are usually made of glass for small
erlenmeyers with capacities between 10ml-50ml. The hydrometer is also in
the form of a glass pipe whose tip and bottom are closed and weighted at the
bottom. When this tool is dipped in the liquid to be tested, the numbers
indicate the specific gravity of the substance.
To conduct an experiment in determining the specific gravity, the pycnometer
is cleaned using aquadest, then rinsed with alcohol to speed up the drying of
the empty pycnometer. Flushing is done to remove residual cleaning, because
washing usually leaves droplets on the walls of the cleaned tool, so that it can
affect the results of weighing the empty pycnometer, which in turn also affects
the specific gravity of the sample. The use of alcohol as a rinse has good
properties such as easy flow, volatile and antiseptic nature. So the undesirable
remains can be lost properly, both those on the outside, and those inside the
pycnometer itself.
The pycnometer is then dried in the oven at 1000C for 1 hour. This is done
with the aim of returning the pycnometer to its true weight. After that, let it
cool down in a basin of ice water. Finally the pycnometer is weighed on an
analytical scale in the empty state. After being weighed empty, the
pycnometer is then filled with the sample starting with aquadest, as a
comparison later with the other samples (coconut oil, and gasoline). The
filling must pass through the inner wall of the pycnometer to avoid air
bubbles. The pycnometer removal process must use a tissue. Finally the
pycnometer containing the sample is weighed.
The advantage of determining specific gravity using a pycnometer is that it is
easy to work on. While the disadvantages are related to accuracy in weighing.
If the weighing process is not thorough, the results obtained do not match the
results set by the literature. Besides that, determining the specific gravity
using a pycnometer requires a long time.
Determination of specific gravity using a hydrometer is faster than
determining specific gravity using a pycnometer, but usually can show
incorrect results.
The factors that affect the specific gravity of a substance are:
 Temperature, where at high temperatures the measured specific gravity
can evaporate so that it can affect its specific gravity, as well as at very
low temperatures can cause the compound to freeze so it is difficult to
calculate the specific gravity. Therefore, the temperature is used where
the compound is usually stable, at 25oC (room temperature).
  The mass of a substance, if a substance has a large mass then the
possibility of its specific gravity also becomes greater.
 The volume of a substance, if the volume of a substance is large, the
specific gravity will influence depending on the mass of the substance
itself, where the particle size of the substance, its molecular weight and
the thickness of a substance can affect its specific gravity.
 Viscosity / viscosity of a substance can also affect its specific gravity.
This can be seen from the formula:
V=kxdxt
From this formula, viscosity is directly proportional to specific gravity (d). So
the greater the viksosity of a substance, the greater its specific gravity.

CLOSSING
Both the density (density) and specific gravity (Specific Gravity) describe
the state of a mass of substances and can be used as a comparison of various
types of substances. However, both the density and specific gravity are not
the same thing. Density is the level of density to the density of a standard or
reference (usually water).
While density is the ratio of mass to volume (density) and is expressed in
units (weight relative to size) while specific gravity is a pure number or
without dimensions.
Density is the nature of matter and can be defined as the ratio between
mass to unit volume of a material or substance. This is usually expressed in
units of grams per cubic centimeter, kilograms per cubic meter, or pounds per
cubic inch. A substance with a high density will have a smaller volume when
compared to a low density one which will have a relatively larger volume.
The density of a substance is obtained by the following equation:
m
ρ= V

Where
ρ is the density (Kg / M ^ 3)
 m is mass (Kg)
V is the volume (M ^ 3)
Specific Gravity is a measure of the relative density (density) to the
density of a reference material. Reference material can be anything, but the
most common reference is pure water. If a material has a specific gravity of
less than 1, it will float on water. Specific gravity is also called relative
density and is expressed by the following equation:
Specific Gravity = ρ substance / reference ρ (water)
Density values are not very useful except for estimating whether
something will float on water and to compare whether one material is more or
less dense than another. However, because the density of pure water is very
close to 1 (0.9976 grams per cubic centimeter), the specific gravity and
density are almost the same value as long as the density is given in (grams /
cc).
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