06-May-16

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Lecture 07

Design of Reinforced
Concrete Slabs

By: Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali

Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
drqaisarali@uetpeshawar.edu.pk

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE-320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 1

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Topics Addressed

 Introduction

 Analysis and Design of slabs

 Strip Method of Analysis for One-way Slabs

 Basic Design Steps

 Example

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction

 In reinforced concrete construction, slabs are used to provide

flat, useful surfaces.

 A reinforced concrete slab is a broad, flat plate, usually

horizontal, with top and bottom surfaces parallel or nearly so.

 It may be supported by reinforced concrete beams (and is

usually cast monolithically with such beams), by masonry or
reinforced concrete walls, by structural steel members, directly
by columns, or continuously by the ground.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction

 Beam Supported Slabs

 Slabs may be supported on two opposite sides only, as shown in
Figure, in which case the structural action of the slab is
essentially one-way, the loads being carried by the slab in the
direction perpendicular to the supporting beams.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction

 Beam Supported Slabs

 Slabs may be supported by beams on all four sides, as shown in
figure, so that two-way slab action is obtained.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction

 Flat Plate
 Concrete slabs in some cases may be carried directly by
columns. Punching shear is a typical problem in flat plates.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction

 Flat Slab
 Flat slab construction is also beamless but incorporates a thickened slab
region in the vicinity of the column and often employs column capital.

 Drop Panel: Thick part of slab in the vicinity of columns.

 Column Capital: Column head of increased size.

 Punching shear can be reduced by introducing drop panel and column capital.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction

 One-way Joist
 Joist construction consists of a monolithic combination of
regularly spaced ribs and a top slab arranged to span in one
direction or two orthogonal directions.

Rib Peshawar University Auditorium

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction

 Two-way Joist

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Analysis and Design of Slabs

 Analysis
 Unlike beams and columns, slabs are two dimensional members.
Therefore their analysis except one-way slab systems is relatively
difficult.

 Design
 Once the analysis is done, the design is carried out in the usual
manner. So no problem in design, problem is only in analysis of
slabs.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Analysis and Design of Slabs

 Analysis Methods
 Analysis using computer software (FEA)
 SAFE, SAP 2000, ETABS etc.

 ACI Approximate Method of Analysis

 Strip Method for one-way slabs

 Moment Coefficient Method for two way slabs

 Direct Design Method for two way slabs

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

 Analysis and Design of One way

Slabs
 Only one way slabs will be
discussed in the next slides

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

One way Slabs

 Definition of One way Slab

 Case 1 (Slab supported on two opposing sides): If a slab is supported
on two opposing sides, bending in the slab will be produced only along
the side perpendicular to the direction of supports. In this case the slab
will be called as one way slab.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

One way Slabs

 Definition of One way Slab

 Case 2 (Slab supported on all sides): If a slab is supported on all sides
and the ratio of length to width is equal to or larger than 2, major
bending in the slab will be produced along the short direction and the
slab will be called as one way slab. If the ratio is less than 2, bending
will occur in both directions and the slab will be called as two way slab.

One-Way Slab Two-Way Slab

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

One way Slabs

 Reason for more Demand (Moment) in short

direction
 Δcentral Strip = (5/384)wl4/EI

 Consider two strips along the long and short direction as shown in
the figure. As these imaginary strips are part of monolithic slab, the
deflection at any point, of the two orthogonal slab strips must be
same:

 Δa = Δb

(5/384)wala4/EI = (5/384)wblb4/EI

 wa/wb = lb4/la4  wa = wb (lb4/la4)

 Thus, larger share of load (Demand) is taken by the shorter direction.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Analysis of One-way Slabs

 Strip method of analysis:

 For the purpose of analysis and design, a unit strip of one way slab, cut
out at right angles to the supporting beams, may be considered as a
rectangular beam of unit width, with a depth h and a span la as shown.

 The method is called as strip method of analysis.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Analysis of One-way Slabs

 Strip method of analysis:

 The strip method of analysis and design of slabs having bending in one
direction is applicable only when:

 Slab is supported on only two sides on stiff beams or walls,

 Slab is supported on all sides on stiff beams or walls with ratio of

larger to smaller side greater than 2.

 Note: Not applicable to flat plates etc., even if bending is primarily in

one direction.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Basic Design Steps

 Basic Steps for Structural Design

 Selection of Size

 Calculation of Loads

 Analysis

 Design

 Drafting

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Basic Design Steps

 Sizes: ACI table 7.3.1.1 gives the minimum one way slab thickness.

l = Span length, defined on the next slide.

For fy other than 60,000 psi, the expressions in Table 7.3.1.1 shall be multiplied by (0.4 +
fy/100,000).

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Basic Design Steps

Slab
 Sizes (Definition of Span Length, l) Beam

Wall
ln ln

lc/c lc/c

1) l = ln ; for integral supports such as beams and columns with ln ≤ 10′

2) l = Minimum of [(ln +h) or c/c distance] ; for non-integral supports such as walls
with any distance & for integral supports (beams and columns) with ln > 10′

• l (span length) is used in calculating depth of members.

• ln (clear span) is used for determining moments using ACI coefficients.
• lc/c is (center to center distance) is used for analysis of simply supported beam.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Basic Design Steps

 Loads:
 One way slabs are usually designed for gravity loading. As slabs
are two dimensional elements, loads are calculated per unit area .

 Ultimate Load is calculated as follows:

wu = 1.2wD + 1.6wL

wu = load per unit area (small letter)

W u = load per unit length (capital letter)

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Basic Design Steps

 Analysis:
 The analysis is carried out for ultimate load including self weight
obtained from size of the slab and the applied dead and live
loads.

 The maximum bending moment value is used for flexural design.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Basic Design Steps

 Design:

 Capacity  Demand

 Capacity or Design Strength = Strength Reduction Factor (f) 

Nominal Strength

 Demand = Load Factor  Service Load Effects

 Bar spacing (in inches) = Ab/As × 12

(Ab = area of bar in in2, As = Design steel in in2/ft)

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Basic Design Steps

 Design:
 Flexural Reinforcement (ACI 7.6.1.1):
 Minimum reinforcement Requirement

 For Grade 40, Asmin = 0.0020 Ag

 For Grade 60, Asmin = 0.0018 Ag

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Basic Design Steps

 Design:
 Maximum Spacing Requirement:
 Main Reinforcement
 Least of 3h or 18” (ACI 7.7.2.3)

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Basic Design Steps

 Design:
 Shrinkage Reinforcement:
 Concrete shrinks as it dries out. It is advisable to minimize such
shrinkage by using concretes with the smallest possible amounts
of water and cement compatible with other requirements, such
as strength and workability, and by thorough moist-curing of
sufficient duration. However, no matter what precautions are
taken, a certain amount of shrinkage is usually unavoidable.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Basic Design Steps

 Design:
 Shrinkage Reinforcement:
 Usually, however, slabs and other members are joined rigidly to
other parts of the structure and cannot contract freely. This
results in tension stresses known as shrinkage stresses

 Since concrete is weak in tension, these temperature and

shrinkage stresses are likely to result in cracking

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Basic Design Steps

 Design:
 Shrinkage Reinforcement:
 In one-way slabs, the reinforcement provided for resisting the
bending moments has the desired effect of reducing shrinkage
and distributing cracks. However, as contraction takes place
equally in all directions, it is necessary to provide special
reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature contraction in the
direction perpendicular to the main reinforcement. This added
steel is known as temperature or shrinkage reinforcement, or
distribution steel.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Basic Design Steps

 Design:
 Minimum reinforcement Requirement for shrinkage and
Temperature reinforcement

 Same as main reinforcement requirement (ACI R7.6.1.1)

 Reinforcement is placed perpendicular to main steel to control

shrinkage and temperature cracking.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Basic Design Steps

 Design:
 Maximum Spacing Requirement:

 Shrinkage Reinforcement

 Least of 5h or 18” (ACI 7.7.2.4)

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example

 Design 12 feet simply supported slab to carry a uniform dead load

(excluding self weight) of 120 psf and a uniform live load of 100 psf.
Concrete compressive strength (fc′) = 3 ksi and steel yield strength
(fy) = 60 ksi.

12 inches

Slab
h

9″ 11.25′ 9″

12′

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example

 Slab Design
 Solution:

 Step No. 01: Sizes

 From ACI table 7.3.1.1

 For 12′ length, hmin = l/20

 l = span length, minimum of ln + h or lc/c

Take ln = 11.25′ and h = 6″

ln + h = 11.25 + 6/12 = 11.75′ or lc/c = 12′

Therefore l = 11.75′

 hmin= 11.75 x 12/20 = 7.05″ rounded to 7.5″

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example

 Slab Design
 Solution:

 Step No. 02: Loads

 Self weight of slab = (7.5 / 12) x 150 = 93.75 psf

 SDL = 120 psf

 LL = 100 psf

 wu = 1.2 (self weight + SDL) + 1.6 LL

 wu = 1.2 (93.75 + 120) + 1.6 x 100

 wu = 416.5 psf

 For 1 foot strip width, W u = 416.5 psf x 1ft = 416.5 lb/ft

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example

 Slab Design
 Solution:

 Step No. 03: Analysis

 For unit strip width, (01 foot of slab):

 Mu = W u l2 / 8 = 416.5 x 122 / 8

= 7497 / 1000

= 7.497 ft-kip

 Mu = 7.497 x 12 = 89.96 in-kip

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example

 Slab Design
 Solution:
Clear cover for slab is usually
 Step No. 04: Design taken 0.75″.
h=d–y
 Main Reinforcement: If #4 (dia 0.5″) bar is to be used
y = 0.75 + 0.5/2
 h = 7.5″, d = 7.5 – 1 = 6.5″ y = 1″

 As = Mu/ {Φfy (d – a/2)} d

 Calculate “As” by trial and success method

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example

 Slab Design
 Solution:

 Step No. 04: Design

 Main Reinforcement:
 First Trial:

 Assume a = 0.2h = 0.2 x 7.5 = 1.5″

 As = 89.96 / [0.9 × 60 × {6..5 – (1.5/2)}] = 0.29 in2

 a = Asfy/ (0.85fc′bw)

= 0.29 × 60/ (0.85 × 3 × 12) = 0.57 inches

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example

 Slab Design
 Solution:

 Step No. 04: Design

 Main Reinforcement:
 Second Trial:

 As = 89.96 / [0.9 × 60 × {6..5 – (0.57/2)}] = 0.27 in2

 a = Asfy/ (0.85fc′bw)

= 0.27 × 60/ (0.85 × 3 × 12) = 0.53 inches

 “Close enough to the previous value of “a” so that

As = 0.27 in2 O.K

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example

 Slab Design
 Solution:

 Step No. 04: Design

 Main Reinforcement:
 Minimum reinforcement check:
 Asmin = 0.0018Ag = 0.0018 bh
 Asmin = 0.0018 x 12 x 7.5
= 0.162 in2
 As the design As = 0.27 in2 > 0.162 in2

 Therefore As is ok.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example

 Slab Design
 Solution:

 Step No. 04: Design Ab = Area of bar in in2,

 Main Reinforcement: As = Design steel area in in2/ft

 Bar Placement:
 Bar spacing (in inches) = (Ab / As) × 12
 Using #4 bars with As = 0.20 in2
 Spacing = (0.20 / 0.27) x 12 = 8.98″ say 8.5″

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example

 Slab Design
 Solution:

 Step No. 04: Design

 Main Reinforcement:
 Maximum Spacing Requirement
 Least of 3h or 18″, 3h = 3 x 7.5 = 22.5″
 Provided spacing is OK

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example

 Slab Design
 Solution:

 Step No. 04: Design

 Shrinkage/ Reinforcement:
 Asmin = 0.0018Ag = 0.0018 bh
 Asmin = 0.0018 x 12 x 7.5 = 0.162 in2
 Using #4 bars,
 Spacing = (0.20 / 0.162) x 12 = 14.81″ say 14.5″

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example

 Slab Design
 Solution:

 Step No. 04: Design

 Shrinkage/ Reinforcement:
 Maximum Spacing Requirement
 Least of 5h or 18”, 5h = 5 x 7.5 = 37.5″
 Provided spacing is OK

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

 Step No. 05: Drafting

Example

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE-320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 43

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

 Step No. 05: Drafting

Example

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example

 Slab Design

 Placement of reinforcement:
 Main reinforcing bars are placed in the direction of flexure stresses and
placed at the bottom(at the required clear cover) to maximize the “d”,
effective depth.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Practice Example

 Design 10 feet simply supported slab to carry a uniform dead load

(excluding self weight) of 40 psf and a uniform live load of 120 psf.
Concrete compressive strength (fc′) = 3 ksi and steel yield strength
(fy) = 40 ksi.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Assignment # 03

 Submit Example # 02 of lecture 06-Design of RC Beam for Shear in the

next class.

 Take the length of beam equal to 20 feet.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Quiz # 03

 A short quiz will be taken in Lecture 07-Design of RC Slab in the next

class

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References

 Design of Concrete Structures 14th / 15th edition by Nilson, Darwin

and Dolan.

 ACI 318-14

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