NATIONAL TEXTILE UNIVERSITY

NAME: Tariq-ullah

REG NO.: 19-NTU-TE-0199

SECTION: garments manufacturing

SUBJECT: chemistry

ASSIGNMENT: significance and applications of Oxo

compounds in industries.

SUBMITTED DATE: 12-01-2021

TITLE:

Significance and application of Oxo compound in industries.

What is Oxo compound?
Oxo compounds are organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, C=O.
The term thus embraces aldehydes, carboxylic acids, ketones, amides, and esters.

Significance/ applications of Oxo compounds:

We know that Oxo are compounds which contain carbonyl group like ester,
ketone, aldehyde etc. so actually we will discuss the significance of these
compounds in which carbonyl group is present.

1. Significance/ application of Aldehyde:

Aldehydes are organic compounds with a terminal carbon.

They are categorized under compounds containing CHO, as these
are their major components. Aldehydes are formed through the
dehydrogenati on of alcohol through a chemical reacti on that
removes the hydrogen molecule from the oxygen. The reacti on
then creates a double bond with the carbon. Most of the ti me,
Aldehydes are used to synthesize other compounds in industries.
Aldehydes are widely applied in various processes, some of which
are common in many industries. There are four main types of
Aldehydes that are known. The Formaldehyde which is composed
of the carbon molecule, oxygen and carbon, the Acrolein,
Acetaldehyde, and the Benz aldehyde. In their diff erent forms,
these types of Aldehydes individually have their uses which are
benefi cial to both the industry and society.

This type of Aldehyde is used extensively in the industrial sectors.

Some of its uses include;
Treatment of diseases:
Cinnamaldehyde has been used over the centuries to treat
disorders such as a common cold. Research has it that
Cinnamaldehyde is a natural medicinal compound that clear
common cold and also treats diarrhea. Cinnamaldehyde also helps
in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Aldehyde Formalin is
also used as a treatment for ovine foot rot when it is diluted to
10%.
Making polymeric products:
Have you ever grown curios as to why polymeric products such
as germicides, insecti cides, and fungicides are used to keep away
germs, insects, and fungi? It is because of the Formaldehyde
component that is used to make these products.

Embalming :
Formaldehyde is used to treat human corpses to delay their
decompositi on. The formaldehyde in this process is done through
mixing chemicals such as formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, methanol,
and other solvents in a process known as embalming.
Manufacture of Plastic, adhesive and Polish:
Acrolein is used to make acrylic acid that is used to make plasti cs,
adhesives, and fl oor polish and paints.

Super Absorbent Polymers:

The acrolein aldehyde is used to create absorbent polymers that
are used to make diapers, sanitary towels, and absorbing materials
that are used in agriculture.

Chemical weapon manufacture:

During World War 1, most of the chemical weapons that were used
had been made by Acrolein. This explains their explosive nature
and the hazardous impact they left behind.

Perfumes Production:
Have you ever had a morning where your nose is so dry due to too
much inhalati on of perfumes? Well, it is because of the
acetaldehyde component that was used to produce the perfume. It
has strong components that give the perfumes concentrated
smells. It is also used in the producti on of dyes.
Making alcohol:
It is an intermediate in the process of alcohol metabolism. The
acetaldehyde has a narcoti c acti on and corrodes the mucous
membrane when consumed in large amounts.
Tire and Rubber Manufacturing:
In the process of manufacturing rubber, products whose
components include benzene are suitable solvents.

Printing/ Painting:
Given that benzene is contained in the base and topcoat paints, it is
used in many printi ng industries for cleaning as well as to maintain the
printi ng equipment.

Chemicals/Plastics :
Benzyne is used to make plasti c substances as well as syntheti c
products like nylon. Most of the plasti c industries use benzene in a
variety of acti viti es, including making detergents.
Petroleum/Oil/Asphalt:
The Aldehyde is used to produce petroleum products such as
gasoline. It is also used to produce asphalt that is used by roofi ng
companies.
Auto Repair:
It is highly used in repair and cleaning industries since the benzene
in these solvents dissolves grease that accumulates on the walls
and does not corrode the metal. It is also used in the formati on of
lubricati ng fl uids.
Formaldehyde (made predominantly by the oxidation of methanol) is a gas
but is generally handled as a 37 percent solution in water, called formalin.
It is used in tanning, preserving, and embalming and as a
germicide, fungicide, and insecticide for plants and vegetables, but its
largest application is in the production of certain polymeric materials. The
plastic Bakelite is made by a reaction between formaldehyde and phenol. It
is not a linear chain but has a three dimensional structure. Similar three-
dimensional polymers are made from formaldehyde and the
compounds urea and melamine. These polymers are used not only
as plastics but even more importantly as adhesives and
coatings. Plywood consists of thin sheets of wood glued together by one of
these polymers. In addition to Bakelite, the trade
names Formica and Melmac are used for some of the polymers made from
formaldehyde.
Other carbonyl compounds of industrial use:

Other aldehydes of industrial significance are mainly used as

solvents, perfumes, and flavoring agents or as intermediates in the
manufacture of plastics, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. Certain aldehydes
occur naturally in flavoring agents. Among these is Benz aldehyde, which
provides the odor and flavor of fresh almonds; cinnamaldehyde,
or oil of cinnamon; and vanillin, the main flavoring agent of vanilla beans.
2. Significance/ application of ketone:

 The most common ketone is acetone which is an excellent solvent for a

number of plastics and synthetic fibers.
 In the household, acetone is used as a nail paint remover and paint thinner.
 In medicine, it is used in chemical peeling and for acne treatments.
 Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), chemically butanone, is a common solvent. It is
used in the production of textiles, varnishes, plastics, paint remover,
paraffin wax, etc.
 MEK is also used as a welding agent for plastics due to its dissolving
properties.
 Cyclohexanone is another important ketone which is primarily used in the
production of nylon.

Ketones in Perfumes:

Both ketones and aldehydes are found in a number of perfumes.

Ketones are used to create acetophenone, which is responsible for creating
almond, cherry, honeysuckle, jasmine, and strawberry fragrances.
Compared to ketones, aldehydes are a more popular source for perfumes
fragrances. The following chart shows common aldehydes used in perfumes
and their scent.
3. Significance/ application of carboxylic acid:
 Carboxylic acids are also very important industrially. Perhaps one of the
most important industrial applications of compounds with carboxyl groups
is the use of fatty acids (which are carboxyl groups attached to long carbon
chains) in making soaps, detergents, and shampoos. In some such
compounds, the hydrogen atom in the carboxyl group is replaced with
some metal cation. The modified carboxyl group is soluble in water, while
the long chain of carbons remains soluble in fats, oils, and greases. This
double solubility allows water to wash out the fat- and oil-based dirt. Many
 shampoos are based on lauric, palmitic, and stearic acids, which have long
chains of 12, 16, and 18 carbon atoms, respectively. To make other
cleansing agents, three molecules of fatty acid are combined with one
molecule of a compound called glycerin in a reaction called saponification.
This reaction also makes a soap molecule which has one end soluble in
water and the other soluble in fat or grease or oil. Various fatty acids are
used to make soaps and detergents that have different applications in
society. Carboxylic acids are also important in the manufacture of greases,
crayons, and plastics.
 Compounds with carboxyl groups are relatively easily converted to
compounds called esters, which have the hydrogen atom of the carboxyl
group replaced with a group containing carbon and hydrogen atoms. Such
esters are considered derivatives of carboxylic acids. Esters are important
because many of them have characteristic tastes and odors. For example,
methyl butyrate, a derivative of butyric acid, smells like apples. Benzyl
acetate, from acetic acid, has a jasmine odor. Carboxylic acids are thus used
commercially as raw materials for the production of synthetic odors and
flavors. Other esters, derived from carboxylic acids, have different uses. For
example, the ester ethyl acetate is a very good solvent and is a major
component in nail polish remover.

Other Uses of carboxylic acid:

Carboxylic acids make up a series of fatty acids which are excellent

for human health. The omega-6 and omega-3 are essential fatty acids which
are not produced by the body. They help in maintaining the cell membrane
 and control nutrient use along with metabolism. If we consume a meal with
unsaturated fat, the glucose and other nutrients will directly rush into the
bloodstream without being absorbed. Whereas if there is an intake of
saturated fat, digestion will slow down and the body will get more time to
absorb the energy and nutrients from the meal.

The following points will state other significant uses of carboxylic acids:

1. Manufacturing of soaps need higher fatty acids. Soaps are generally

sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids such as stearic acid.

2. Food industry uses many organic acids for the production of soft drinks,
food products etc. For example, acetic acid is used in making vinegar.
Sodium salts of organic acids find application in preservatives.

3. In pharmaceutical industry organic acids are used in many drugs such as

aspirin, phenacetin etc.

4. Acetic acids are often used as a coagulant in the manufacturing of

rubber.

5. Organic acids find huge application in making dye stuff, perfumes and
rayon.

Significance/ application of amide:

 The substituted aliphatic carboxylic acid amides have wide use as
intermediates, stabilizers, and release agents for plastics, films, surfactants
 and soldering fluxes. The substituted amides such as dimethylformamide
and dimethylacetamide have powerful solvent properties.

 Dimethylformamide is primarily used as a solvent in organic synthesis. It is

also used in the preparation of synthetic fibers. It is a selective medium for
the extraction of aromatics from crude oil and a solvent for dyes. Both
dimethylformamide and dimethylacetamide are ingredients in paint
removers. Dimethylacetamide is also used as a solvent for plastics, resins
and gums, and in many organic reactions.

 Acetamide is used for denaturing alcohol and as a solvent for many organic
compounds, as a plasticizer, and an additive in paper. It is also found in
lacquers, explosives and soldering flux. Formamide is a softener for paper
and glues, and a solvent in the plastics and pharmaceutical industries.

 Some unsaturated aliphatic amides, such as acrylamide, are reactive

monomers used in polymer synthesis. Acrylamide is also used in the
synthesis of dyes, adhesives, paper and textile sizing, permanent press
fabrics, and sewage and waste treatment. It is utilized in the metal industry
for ore processing, and in civil engineering for the construction of dam
foundations and tunnels. The polyacrylamides find extensive use as
flocculants in water and sewage treatment, and as strengthening agents
during paper manufacture in the paper and pulp industry. Aromatic amide
compounds form important dye and medicinal intermediates. Some have
insect repellent properties.

 Significance/ application of amide:

 Fats and oils are esters produced from the reaction between fatty
acids and glycerol, their molecules are called triglyceride ester
because each molecule is formed from the reaction of one molecule
of glycerol (dihydric alcohol) and three molecules of fatty acids, the
acid molecules may be similar or different, saturated long chain or
unsaturated short chain.
 Ester are used in the manufacturing of soap, the hydrolysis of fats or
oils (triglyceride ester) in the presence of a strong alkali, such as
(NaOH) or (KOH) to produce glycerol and (sodium or potassium salt
of fatty acid) is known as saponification process which is the main
reaction in the manufacture of soap.
 Esters as polymers (polyester): Polyesters are polymers produced
from the condensation of two monomers, one of them is a dibasic
acid and the other one is dihydric alcohol, The most common
polyester is Dacron fibers which are prepared by the reaction
between a terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol (ester formation
reaction).
 The condensation process proceeds continuously where
the alcohol end of the ester reacts with the carboxylic group of a new
acid molecule or the acid end of the molecule may be attached by a
new alcohol molecule.
 By the repetition of the condensation process, a very long molecule,
which is called polyester is formed, since Dacron is an inert polymer,
so, it is used to substitute the spoiled arteries and in the
manufacture of artificial heart valves.
 Polyesters are the polymers produced from the condensation of two
monomers, one of them is a dibasic acid and the other one is a
dihydric alcohol, Dacron is the polymer produced by the reaction
between terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol, Esters are used in
manufacturing of textiles because the esterification of terephthalic
acid with ethylene glycol produces polyester which is used in Dacron
fibers industry.
 Esters as medical drugs: Organic esters are used in the manufacture
of many drugs such as Aspirin and Moroak oil, the most common and
simplest one is aspirin, oil of wintergreen (Moroak oil) is used as a
local oil absorbed by the skin to decrease the pains of rheumatism,
The acid which is used in the manufacture of these two drugs is
salicylic acid, its molecule contains both the carboxylic and hydroxyl
groups, It reacts as an acid or as an alcohol.
‘THE END’