Element Mineral Rock Catalog - O.Serra

Element
Mineral
Rock Catalog
(Data compiled by 0. SERRA)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introdwtion ......................................................................... .5
Element catalog.................................................................... 9
Mineral classification ............................................................. 19
Mineral catalog ................................................................... .31
Potassium bearing minerals .................................................... ,145
Potassium bearing minerals of evaporites .................................... .146
Thorium and thorium bearing minerals ....................................... .147
Uranium and uranium bearing minerals ..................................... .148
Thorium and uranium content of somecommon minerals ................. .149
Relative dielectric constantsof minerals ...................................... .150
Mica catalog ....................................................................... 151
Summary of mica mineral composition.. ..................................... .160
Clay catalog..................................................................... ..16 1
Summary of clay mineral composition ....................................... .185
Other clay data for comparison ................................................ .186
Average Al203 composition of clay minerals ............................... .187
Average SiO2 composition of clay minerals ................................. .188
Average MgO composition of clay minerals ................................. .189
Average CaO composition of clay minerals ................................. ..190
Average Na20 composition of clay minerals ................................ .191
Average K20 composition of clay minerals ................................. ,192
Average Fe203 composition of clay minerals ............................... .193
Average H20+ composition of clay minerals.. .............................. .194
Average H20- composition of clay minerals ................................ .195
Thorium and uranium content of clay minerals .............................. .196
Potassiumcontent of clay minerals .......................................... ..19 6
Mineral parametersin GEOCHM ............................................. .197
SEM photo-gphs of clay minerals .......................................... ..19 8
Principal crossplots for mineral identification .............................. ..19 9
Rock classification .............................................................. .217
Rock catalog’...................................................................... 231
References& complementary bibliography .................................. .247
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INTRODUCTION
Most minerals do not have a fixed elemental composition. This is particularly true for micas
and clay minerals: trace elements can replace others in the crystal lattice, especially if they have
similar ion structures; ions may be adsorbed; inclusions can be present. Sometimes these traces
or impurities do not affect significantly the bulk properties of the mineral. In other cases even
minute traces have a very important influence. For example, it is well known that a few parts per
million of the earth rare element gadolinium (Gd) has a very strong influence on the absorption
of thermal neutrons, due to its huge thermal neutron cross section. In the sane manner, a few
parts per million of thorium and uranium have a strong effect on the total gamma ray response.
A small amount of barium will affect drastically the photoelectric index Pe value measured by the
Litho-Density* Tool (LDT), etc.
The presence of these traces or impurities create variations, sometimes important, in density and
nuclear parameters of most minerals. It is necessary to know the range of variation in elemental
composition, therefore in well logging parameters, to reconcile log values with local or regional
geological data.
Too often the logging parameters are chosen empirically. It is much more correct and satisfactory
to use parameters extracted from the chemistry and the physics of the minerals and the tool response
equations.
The catalog starts with an element data base giving, for the most frequent elements, symbol,
atomic number 2, atomic weight A, thermal neutron capture cross section (r, ion charge, ion radius
and value of the C factor.
The abundance of the most frequent and of some rare elements is also listed.
A mineral classification follows. The 125 most frequent and significant minerals found in the
earth crust amongst the 2,200 species which have been identified, are listed (the most abundant
minerals are recognized by a larger size in their printed name). One must remember that 95% of
the rocks are composed of a mixture of minerals selected from a list of 10, and 99% of the rocks
from a list of 20 (Krynine, 1948).
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The mineral catalog follows.
The goal of the mineral catalog is to help log analysts in their daily job. They will find here
information for selecting the appropriate well logging parameters related to each mineral they
consider in the rock model.
Minerals are classified in alphabetic order. For each mineral one will find:
l Classification
l Geochemistry data
- General theoretical formula
- Example of chemical composition with reference from which it is extracted
- The elemental composition for the theoretical and example formula.
- Impurities or traces
- Varieties, when they exist
- Alteration
- Transformation, when it OCCURS
~ Most frequent associated minerals
. Crystallography
- Crystal system
- Unit cell dimensions (only for micas and clay minerals for computation of the density)
l Petrophysical properties
- Hardness
- Density
- Cation exchange capacity (only for clay minerals)
. Occurrence.
l Physics
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. Well logging parameters and their range of variation; the recommended values, as listed in
The Technical Review, vol. 36, n. 1, Jan. 1988, are printed in bold characters. The nuclear
data are computed from the chemical formula using the SNUPAR (Schlumberger Nuclear
PARameters) program. Numbers in exponent refer to bibliography.
The information on the elemental composition and the impurities or traces should be useful for
recomputation of the nuclear parameters with SNUPAR. It will allow log analysts to know to what
limit they can introduce these trace elements. This should also help in the interpretation of the
data provided by the Geochemical Logging Tool (GLT*).
A special presentation has been adopted for micas and clays, as these minerals generally show
more variations. ResuIts of surveys made by different researchers are reproduced. The’ Serra’s
and Herteog’s surveys correspond to wet clay minerals. One can observe that their elemental
compositions are very similar. Consequently, the log responses computed by the SNUPAR program
are representative of these wet clay minerals, but they do not take into account possible influence
of neutron absorbers such as gadolinium, boron, samarium, etc. The data listed in GEOCHM
correspond to dry clays.
As thorium, uranium and potassium have influence on gamma ray and are measured by the
Natural
~~~~ rayspectrometry
(NGS*)
~~~~
(NGT),
minerals bearing those elements are listed
in special tables.
The report of the data on cross-plots locate the fundamental minerals (see cross-plots at the
end of the catalog). For clays and micas the ellipse corresponding to a specific mineral indicates
the area where this mineral must be located as a result of the statistical analysis. For the definition
of this area, values too far from the mean value have been eliminated.
Any cross-plot analysis must be done by positioning these minerals on the cross-plot. The
presence of a mineral can be determined by a marked trend towards its theoretical position. But,
do not forget that the pres&ce of other elements, in significant amount, will necessarely shift the
log values towards the left of the cross-plot (i.e. influences of calcium, iron or potassium will shift
the points towards the W or SW on an Aluminium vs Silicon cross-plot).
The density of the mineral is given with the range of variations and references to the authors
(numbers in exponent). The value listed in The Technical Review, vol. 36, II. I, Jan. 1988 is
printed in bold.
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The paragraphs on associated minerals and occurrence will inform log analysts on the most
frequent and most abundant minerals found in the earth crust, on the maximum percentage under
which they exist, on the most frequent associated minerals and on their compatibility (i.e. nepheline
never coexists with quartz!). This information is subdivided by rock type (igneous, sedimentary or
metamorphic).
A catalog of rocks is also included. Log analysts can use it as reference for the principal minerals
which constitute a given rock and the accessory minerals which can influence a typical log response.
It will help them to select more precisely and accurately the mineralogical model for quantitative
interpretation by ELAN*. Principal minerals are minerals which present a concentration higher
than 10%. Secondary minerals correspond to minerals with a percentage between 10 and 2%.
Accessory minerals are minerals present in small amount, generally less than 2%.
This catalog will also be the heart of the building of the theoretical electrolithofacies data
base for control of the electrofacies representation. The logging responses of any type of rock can
be determined with the help of the SNUPAR program as long as its elemental or mineralogical
composition is known, and compared to the actual log responses.
The electrolithofacies data base will no longer be empirical but well documented and more readily
accepted. If needed, this data base will be adapted locally by adding elements (gadolinium, bore,
thorium, etc.) or minerals (i.e. zircon, monazite, pyrite, etc.) which influence log responses (i.e.
thorium and/or uranium content, P, and density values, thermal neutron porosity, etc.) according
to regional knowledge.
* indicates a mark of Schlumberger.
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ELEMENT CATALOG
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j THE MOST FREQUENT ELEMENTS 1
RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF ELEMENTS IN THE EARTH CRUST

(Igneous and Sedimentary rocks)
[from references 55,58)
1Element Weight Weight Atom VOlllIIE ktomic

:Clarke et al., 1924) Press et al., 1978) Rdikl
(W (%) WJ) m (4
0 46.71 46 60.5 94.24 1.40
Si 27.69 28 20.5 0.51 0.36

Al 8.07 8 6.2 0.03 0.56
Fe 5.05 6 1.9 0.44 0.70
Ca 3.65 2.4 1.9 0.28 0.65
Na 2.75 2.1 2.5 1.04 0.99
K 2.58 2.3 1.4 1.21 0.95
Mg 2.08 4 1.8 0.37 0.70

Ti 0.62 0.3 1.88 1.33
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/AVERAGE CONCENTRATION]
OF
/THE MINOR ELEMENTS IN SEDIMENTS]

(from references 2,53)
Element Name Symbol Concentration Concentration

ref.2 (in g/t) ref.53 (ii ppm)
Curium C.2 67 46
Yttrium Y 33 28
Neodymium Nd 28 24
Lanthanum La 25 18.3
Thorium Th 9.6 11.5
Germanium Ge 1.5 7
Samarium Sm 7.3 6.47
Gadolinium Gd 7.3 6.36
Beryllium Be 6 6
Praseodymium Pr 6.5 5.53
SC~diUUl SC 22 5
Dysprosium DY 5.2 4.47
BOXIll B 10 3
Uranium U 2.7 l-3
Erbium Er 2.8 2.47
Europinm EU 1.2 1.06
Terbium Tb 1.1 0.91
Lutetium LU 0.8 0.75
Thulium Tm 0.25 0.2
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REMARKS.
Gadolinium (Gd), samarium (Sm) and boron (B) have high thermal neutron cross section which
will affect the 0 and thermal neutron porosity responses.
GadoIiiium is found in gadolinite, monaeite and bastnasite, present in pegmatites. Gd and Sm
have approximately nearly equal concentrations in sedimentary rocks. The GLT log measures a
rare earth element, the Gd log, that comes about 80% from Gd and 20% from Sm (from Herron,
personnal communication).
Boron is present in minerals such as tourmaline and axinite, and in borate such as boracite,
colemanite and borax, minerals found in muds of alkaline lakes associated with evaporite minerals
such as gypsum, anhydrite, halite, carnallite, kainite, trona, thenardite, glauberite, etc. Boron
is also adsorbed by clay minerals (Couch in reference 22). In that case B is incorporated into
d&&al clay minerals by a three-step process: (1) adsorption onto clay-mineral flakes; (2) initial
fixation onto the flakes, probably by electrostatic bonding at the flake edges; (3) later incorporation
into the structure of the clay mineral, probably into the tetrahedral sheet replacing silicon (Couch
in reference 22). The degree of replacement has been shown to have a significant dependence
on the boron content, and therefore the salinity, of the water in which the clays were originally
deposited. Boron is considered as an indicator of palaeosalinity (from references 67, 22). In fact its
concentration in seawater is a function of the water salinity. Hingston (1964, in reference 22) showed
that illites are the most reactive for boron fixation, kaolin&s are next, and montmorillonite far
the least on a surface-area basis. From Couch & Grim, 1968 (in reference 22), the specific surface-
area for a particular clay-mineral species would be the principal factor controlling boron-fixation
ability. Illites will content the most boron (up to 500 ppm) and kaolinites the least (60 ppm in
average). Montmorillonites and probably chlorites are intermediate (from Couch in reference 22).
Illite deposited in marine waters contains 450 ppm in average, about 125 ppm in brackish waters,
and about 80 ppm in fresh waters. Boron will be more abundant in poorly ordered clays than the
better crystalline varieties of the same species (from Couch in reference 22).
Fresh water clays of the Niger delta (essetaially kaolinite) contain about 35 ppm of boron and
full-marine clays (kaolin& with 30 to 40 % of illite-montmorillonite) about 160 ppm (Porrenga,
1967 in reference 22).
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Thorium and uranium, even in very small amount, will affect the total gamma ray response. The
original sources or parent rocks of thorium are the silicic acidic igneous rocks, in which thorium
exists as a number of minerals. Th has a very stable degree of oxidation. All its compounds are
insoluble. Thorium is an indicator of detrital origin of the material. In shale series, its amount
usually ranges from 8 to 20 ppm with an average of 12 ppm. Uranium exists in detrital minerals
but can also be adsorbed by clays or can precipitate as urminite in reducing environments or
precipitates from uranium bearing fluids flowing through formations (see reference 60 for more
details).
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ELEMENT DATA BASE
T
Element Name Symbol Z A v C=2Z/A
barns
Hydrogen H 1 1.0080 0.33200 +1I 0.01 1.98413
Helium He 2 4.0026 20.00700 0.99935
Lithium Li 3 6.9410 71.00000 +1 0.68 0.86443
Beryllium Be 4 9.0122 9.20000 t2 0.35 0.88769
BOXlll B 5 10.8110 759.00000 t3 0.23 0.92498
Carbon c 6 12.0112 0.00340 +4 0.16 0.99907
Nitrogen N 7 14.0067 0.00000 t 5, - 3 0.13, 1.71 0.99952
oxyg= 0 8 16.0000 0.00027 -2 1.32 1.00000

Fluorine F 9 18.9984 0.00980 -1 1.33 0.94745
SOdiUm Na 11 22.9898 0.53000 t1 0.97 0.95695
Magnesium M8 12 24.3120 0.06300 t2 0.66 0.98717
Aluminium Al 13 26.9815 0.23000 t3 0.51 0.96362
Silicon Si 14 28.0860 0.16000 +4 0.42 0.99694
Phosphorous P 15 30.9738 0.01900 t5 0.35 0.96856
Sulphw s 16 32.0640 0.52000 -2,+6 1.84, 0.3 0.99800
chlorine Cl 17 35.4530 33.20000 -1 1.81 0.95902
Potassium K 19 39.0983 2.10000 t1 1.33 0.97191
Calcium Ca 20 40.0800 0.43000 t2 0.99 0.99800
Titanium Ti 22 47.9000 6.41000 t4 0.68 0.91858
Vanadium V 23 50.9417 5.06000 +4,+2 0.63, 0.88 0.90299
Chromium Cr 24 51.9960 3.10000 t3 0.63 0.92315
Manganese MII 25 54.9380 13.30000 +4,+2 0.6, 0.8 0.91012
Iron Fe 26 55.8470 2.56000 +2,+3 0.74, 0.64 0.93112
Cobalt CO 27 58.9332 37.50000 +2,+3 0.72, 0.63 0.91629
Nickel Ni 28 58.7100 4.54000 t2 0.69 0.95384
COPPer CU 29 63.5400 3.81000 +2,+1 0.72, 096 0.91281

Zinc Zn 30 65.3700 1.10000 t2 0.74
1 0.91785
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ELEMENT DATA BASE
(continued)
Element Name Symbol Z A c 1033 IOR C=2Z/A

barns Charge Radius i
BlWllble Br 35 79.9090 6.8000 -1 1.96 0.87599
Strontium Sr 38 87.6200 1.21000 +2 1.12 0.86738
Zirconium Zr 40 91.2200 -0.18200 +4 0.79 0.87700
Niobium Nb 41 92.9060 0.15000 t5,+4 0.69, 0.74 0.88261
Molybdenum MO 42 95.9400 2.6500 t6,+4 0.62, 0.70 0.87555
Sylver Aa 47 107.8700 63.8000 t2,+1 0.89, 1.26 0.87142
Cadmium Cd 48 112.4000 2450.000 +2 0.97 0.85409
Till Sn 50 118.6900 0.63000 +4 0.71 0.84253
Barium Ba 56 137.3400 1.20000 +2 1.34 0.81549

LmthanUm La. 57 138.9100 8.900 +3 1.02 0.82068
Cerium Ce 58 140.1200 0.730 +3 1.03 0.82786
S~arium Sm 62 150.3500 5820.000 +3 0.96 0.82474
Europium EU 63 151.9600 4100.000 t3,+2 0.95, 1.09 0.82917

Gadolinium Gd 64 157.2500 49000.000 +3 0.94 0.81399
Tantalum Ta 73 180.9480 22.000 +5 0.68 0.80686
Tungsten W 74 183.8500 18.500 +6 0.62 0.80500
Lead Pb 82 207.2000 0.18800 +2 1.2 0.79151

Thorium Th 90 232.0382 7.40000 +4 1.02 0.77573
Uranium U 92 238.0508 2.72000 t4,+6 0.94, 0.80 0.77294
Z = Atomic number
A = Atomic weight
o = Thermal neutron capture cross-section
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1 COEFFICIENT FOR CHEMICAL CONVERSION 1
FrlJlll To obtain Multiply From To obtain Multiply

weight % weight % weight % weight % weight % weight 70
of Oxide of Element Oxide by of Element of Oxide Slement by
SiO2 Si .46X3 Si SiO2 2.13935
TiOz Ti .599so Ti Tie 1.66806
-41203 AI .52924 AI .412Q3 1.88950
Fe203 Fe .69943 Fe Fe203 1.42973
Fe0 Fe .77730 Fe Fe0 1.28650
hf”203 MII .69596 Mn MD203 1.43686
MIIO Mn .I7445 Mll MIlO 1.29124
cr203 cr .68419 cr cr203 1.46158
Mgo Mg .60309 Mg Mgo 1.65813
CaO ca .71469 CL3 Cl30 1.39921

ZllO Zll .80336 Zn ZnO 1.24477
SIO SK 34559 Sr SrO I.18260
Na20 Na .7418S Na Na20 1.34798
K20 K .83014 K K20 1.20462
905 P .43641 P 405 2.29142
so3 S .40048 S so3 2.49700
so2 S .50049 S so2 1.99804
Hz0 H .11190 H H20 8.93675
co2 C .27291 C co2 3.66421
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MINERAL CLASSIFICATION
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[CHEMICAL CLASSESOF MINERALS/
(from reference 58)
Class Defining Anions Examples
Native elements None: no charged ions copper: cu
Sulfides and similar compounds S2 and similar anions Pyrite: F&z
Oxides 0-Z Haematite: Fez03
Hydroxides (OH)- Brucite: Mg(OH)z
Halides Cl-, F-, Br-, I- Halite: N&l
Carbonates and similar compounds cop Calcite: C&03
Sulfates and similar compounds SOT2 and similar anions Barite: B&04
Phosphates and similar compounds POT3 and similar anions Apatite: Ca~F(P04)s
Silicates SiO;’ Pyroxene: MgSiOs
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___~
1SILICATES] SOROSILICATEf?
NESOSILICATES (Ring silicates)
(Ortho silicates)
Epidote group
oliviue group Zoisite
Olivine (Chrysolite) Epidote
Forsterite Alla&e
Fayalite
CYCLOSILICATES3
Garnet group (Ring silicates)
GrOSSUkiI
Andradite Dravite
Pyrope Tourmaline
Almandite Bay1
Spessartite Cordierite
Uvarovite
Humite group
Zircon
Sphene
2From greek rropos = group (linkage of two SiOI tetra-

‘From greek V~OOF = island (so isolated SiOa hedra ++ SLOT).
tetrahedra). 3From graek cvnAor = circle.
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INOSILICATES4 TECTOSILICATES5
(Chain silicates) (Framework silicates)
Pyroxene gmup Feldspar group
Orthopyroxenes Alkalit Feldspar group
Enstatite Sanidine
Bronzite Orthodase
Hypersthene Microdine
Orthoferrosilite Anorthoclase
Chopyroxenes
Diopside Plagiodase Feldspar group
Hedenbergite Albitet
Augite Oligoclase
Aegyrine Andesine
Labradorite
Bytownite
Amphibole group Anorthite
Tremolite t : containing alkali metals (first group)
Ferroactinolite
Hornblendes
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Feldspathoid group PHYLLOSILICATES’
Leucite (Sheet silicates)
Nepheline
Kalsilite Mica
-__- group
Muscovite
Sericite
Lepidolite
Zeolite group
Biotite
Analcite
Phlogopite
Heulandite
Mordenite
Laumontite
Chlorite group
Chlorites
Chmosite
Silica minerals
Clay minerals
Quartz
Cristobalite
Kandite group
Tridymite
Kaolinite
Opal
Dickite
Nacrite
Halloysite
Montmorillonite group
Montmorillonite or Smectite
Beidellite
Nontronite
Saponite
‘From greek +vXXov = leaf.
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Lllite group
IIlite
Glauconite Aragonite
Calcite
Vermiculite group Dolomite
Vermiculite Ankerite
Siderite
Magnesite
Strontianite
Hydrous-carbonates
Thermonatrite
Natron
lhna
!EVAPORITES (
SULPHATES
Non Radioactive Sulphates

Anhydrite
Celestite
Baryte
Glauberite
Hydrous sulphates
Gypsum
Kieserite
Epsomite
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Radioactive Sulphates /IDES)
Langbeinite Haematite (or hematite)
Rut&
Hydrous sulphates
- Magnetite
Polyhalite Ilmenite
HALIDES /HYDROXIDES 1
Fluorite Boehmite
Non Radioactive Chlorides DkSpe
Halite Gibbsite
Goethite
Hydrous chlorides Liionite
Tachhydrite
Bischofite
Radioactive Chlorides 1PHOSPHATES 1

Sylvite Apatite group
Hydroxyapatite
Hydrous chlorides Chlorapatite
Carnallite Fluor-apatite
Carbonate-apatite
MIXED CHLORIDE-SULPHATE
Radioactive Monasite group
Kainite Mona&e
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[SULPHIDES 1
Pyrite
Pyrrhotite
Chalcopyrite
Marcasite
Sphalerite
G CLleW3
IMISCELLANEOUS]
Elements
Sulphur-rock
Copper
Gold
Organic Matter
Anthracite
Cd
Bituminous coal
Lignite
Peat
Kerogen
Bitumen
FB
Oil
Gti.9
Pure-water
Salty-water
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Crvstal Svstems
UNIT-CELL SHAPE NAME: DESCRIPTION TYPICAL FORMS OF COMMON-MINERAL CRYSTALS
Isometric: three equal-

length axes-all at right
angles Magnetite Halite, pyrite
Tetragonol: two equal axes

and a third either longer or
shorter-all at right angles Zircon
Hexagonal: three equal
axes in s&e plane infer-
setting at 60”. a lourth per-
pendicular to other three
Q
Calcite, dolomite
a
Hematite
Orthorhombic: three um
equal axe&II at right CD
angles Olivine Aragonite
Monoclinic: three unequal

axes-two at right angles, a
third perpendicular to one
but oblique to other Pyroxene (augile) Mica, clay minerals Orthoclase Gypsum
,’ -
m Triclinic:
-.--- three unequal
axes-all at oblique angles Plagioclase Calcium aluminum silicate
(from Judson & a/., 1976)
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1MAJOR SILICATE STRUCTURES)
(from reference 58)
Geometry of linkage silo Example FOrmUla

of SiO, tetrahedra ratio mineral
kOkted t8trahedra: 1:4 Olivine (Mg.Fe@iO,

linked by bonds
sharing OXyg8”S
only through cation
Rings of tetrahedra: 1:3 Bwyl SeAI,(Si.O,.)

joined by shared
oxygens in 3-. 4-
or 6-membered rings
Single chains: each 1:3 Pyroxene (Mg.Fe)SiO,

tetrahedron linked
to two otherx by
shared OXyg8”S.
Chains bonded
by cations
Double chains: 2 4:il Amphibole

chains joined by
shared oxygens as
well as cations
Sheets: each tetra- 2:5 Kaolinite AI,.Si,O,(OH).

he&on linked to
3 Others by
shared oxygens.
Sheets bonded by
cations or
alumina sheets
Frameworks: each 3:6 Feldspar NaAISi,O.

tetrahedron shares (Albite)
all its oxygens
with other SiO. 1:2 Quartz SiOz
tetrahadra (in quartz)
Or AIO. tetrahedra
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MINERAL CATALOG
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1AEGIRINE 1
(ACMITE)
CLASSIFICATION
PHYSICS
INOSILICATE
Pyroxene gronp MolecnIar weight: 231 t
Clinopyroxene Average atomic nnmber 2: 18.0’Zt - 17.819
GEOCHEMISTRY Coe5cient c (=Z&
Bulk modulus k (kbar):):
Formula: Shear modulus ,U (kbar):
General: Na Fe+% [Siz OS] ~oun~‘s modulus E (mar):

example 1’: Kn.oosNa..053Fen.nzsTia.022Alo.as3 Si,.osoOa Poisson’s ratio 0:
Elemental composition:
Weight percentage of : 0 41.555t c 41.887* WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of : Na 9.9527 H 9.56’
Weight percentage of : Fe 24.175t w 22.838* Elect. dens. pe (g/ma): 3.47O

Weight percentage of : Al O.Ot +i 0.97V
Bulk density /lb (g/cm”): S.53*
Weight percentage of : Si 24.31St w 24.341° Photo&et. ind. Pe : 8.33t c 7.98O
Weight percentage of : K O.Ot +a 0.13@ U, (=Pexp.) : 28.94t H 27.74O
Weight percentage of : Ti O.Ot H 0.4G” Capt. cr.-sect. c (c.u.): 31.77t H 31.6599
Impurities or traces’.‘: Therm. Neut. Dec. Time 7 (a): 143.075t Y 143.576*
Ca, Mg; Mn; Vanadium(w 3.98% VzOa); Zr, Ce N. s-down length Ls (cm): 20.9G t H 20.959
Associated minerals: Therm. dlff. length Lo (em): 5.G3t 5.67O
Riebeckite, arfvedsonite (amphiboles). N. m&rat. length LM (cm): 22.15to
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Epith. Neut. Par. ~(cNL)~~ (p.n.): 1.5to
Therm. Neat. Pm. q$~,,r~)~h (pa.): 5.Oto
Crystal system: Monoclinic At, (as/e):
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES At, (w/fi):

At ratio:
Resistivity R (n-m): > 10,OOO.O
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 6
$1 (44:
Density (g/cm”): 3.55 H 3.F’ 3.55
Gamma ray GR (API): 0.0 c 3.0
OCCURRENCE
t corresponds to the theoretical formula.
o corresponds to example 1.
Igneous rocks:
Typical constituent of alkaline igneous rocks: quartz-syenites,
syenites, nepheline-syenites 2nd alkali-granites.

Sedimentary rocks:
Generally absent.
Metamorphic rocks:
Rare.
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CLASSIFICATION
TECTOSILICATE
Max. k M 40% in apilite.
Feldspar gronp
Sedimentary rocks:
Plagioclase
immature detrital rocks: arkoses, graywackes’.
GEOCHEMISTRY Max. %: M 30% in arkose.
Formula: Common authigenic mineral.
General: Nal-, Ca. All+, Siz-= 08 Metamorphic rocks:

with 0. 5 z 5 .l gneiss, marbles. Max %: FJ 30% in gneiss.
example 1’: Nao.o.l~Ul.alSia.oo”.~“~K~.n,r 08 PHYSICS

example 2’: Naa.,lsCan.~~zMg,.“,,Feo.o”.Al* ~25 Sill.T&32
Elemental composition: Molecular weight: 2G2.22gt Y 263.828t
Weight percentage of 0: 48.856* _ 48.629’ Average atomic nnmber Z: ll.G-’ H 11.73’
Weight percentage of Na: 8.30Z” H 8.119‘ coefficient c (=P&): 0.991t - 0.992t
Weight percentage of Al: 10.504* ct 10.827’ Bulk modulus k (GPa): 56.5’* Y 75.60”’
Weight percentage of Si: 32.057O c* 31.442’ Shear modulus p (GPa)? 25.G” H 33.714
weight percentage of Ca: 0.0 H 0.579’ Young’s modnlms E (Mbar): 0.667Y 0.880
Impurities or traces: Poisson’s ratio 0: 0.303 Y 0.35”’
Thorium (ppm): 0.50 w 3.013.”
WELL LOGGING
Uranium (ppm): 0.20 u 5.0‘a.‘s
Potassium (%): 0.2* c 0.3’ H 1.G’
Elect. dens. Pe (e/cm=): 2.578 +a 2.618 2.588
Iron (%): - 0.05’ Magnesium (%): Y 0.06’
Bnlk density Pa (g/c+: 2.571 w 2.614 2.582
Alteration:
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 1.682 - 1.835 1.768
in montmorillonite and kaolin& (kaoliniration).
U, (=Pex&) : 4.335 u 4.802 4.350
Transformation:
Capt. cr.-sect. c (ea.): 7.417 +a 7.83 7.64
in sericite (Sericitiration).
Therm. Neat. Dec. Time r (w): 580.43 Y 594.57
Associated minerals:
N. s-down length L.q (cm): 28.24 u 28.45 28.38
Orthoclase, quartz, micas, hornblende; chlorite, epidote, cal-
Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 14.72 c 14.9
cite.
N. migrat. length L,,, (cm): 32.60 H 32.80 H 32.81
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
Epith. Neat. Por. +(~~&)~pi (pa.): -1.0
Therm. Neat. Pm. q%(c~~)th (pa.): -1.2 - -1.3
Crystal system: TricIinic At, (&ft): 47.2” H 55.1A2 47.936
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES At, (/m/ft): 84.675 H 97.74’ 90.44
At ratio: 1.881 Y 2.07” 1.887
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): G H 6.5 Resistivity R (n-m): > 10,OOO.O
Density (g/en?): 2.60 - 2.640’ 2.610 t,, (m/m): 7.0 Y 8.50
OCCURRENCE
G-a ray GR (API): 3.60 +, 56.80
t correspond to the extreme values of z of the theoretical
Igneous rocks: formula.
granites, syenites; rhyolites; spilites. o corresponds to example 1. * corresponds to example 2.
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1ALMANDINE 1
CLASSIFICATION
ORTHOSILICATE
PHYSICS
Garnet gronp
GEOCHEMISTRY Molecular weight: 497.7G2t

Average atomic number Z: 19.509t 18.12’
Coe5cient C (=Z$& ): 0.972t
General: Fe, Al* Sis 01, Balk modolns k (kbar):
example 1’: Fe,.o,Mno.lMgo.76Cao.lsAlzoa Siz.wCro l.OSO11 Shear modulus p (kbar):
Elemental composition: Young’s modulus E (mar):
Weight percentage of: Fe 33659 c 22.723O Poisson’s ratio 0:
Weight percentage of: Al 10.840 Y 11.667*
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: Si 16.929 H 17.771*
Weight percentage of: 0 38.571 +.a 40.898*
Elect. dens. p. (e/c&): X99’=++ 4.2 4.132
Impurities or traces:’
Bulk density Pb (g/cm”): 4.08O c 4.31 4.235
Calcium: rt I.ZS%“, Magnesium: H 3.94%*
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 8.49* c 11.08,
Manganese: H 1.17X*, Chrome: H 0.55%”
U, (=Pexp.) : 33.81” * 46.57 45.817
Iron Fe3+ (replacing Al): Y O.G%
Capt. Cr.-sect. c (c.u.): 39.0GT” ++ 45.245 44.512
Alterationn:
~~__
Therm. Neut. Dec. Time r (,m): 100.46 c 111j.35~
Chlorite, serpentine; sometimes limonite.
N. s-down length Ls (cm): 18.91 H 19.22
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Therm. diff. length Lo (cm): 4.24 c 4.84” 4.31
N. migrat. length L.,, (cm): 19.72 c 20.1S”
Crystal System: Cubic Epith. Neat. Pm. 4(CIvL& (pa.): 2.7 * 3.0
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Therm. Nat. Pm. +~~)th (pa.): 7.2* c 7.9 1.5
At, b+-t):
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 7.0 c 7.5 Ata by+-+
Density (g/cm3): 3.90” H 4.32’ 4.08* 4.251’0 At ratio:
OCCURRENCE
tpl Wm):
G-a ray GR (API): 5 5.0
Igneous rocks:
accessory ruineral in granite pegmatit2’;
* corresponds to example 1.
Metamorphic rocks:
characteristic mineral in micaschists, gneiss,
nmphibolites2~‘~*.“.z’, eclogite’
Sedimentary rocks:
Accessory heavy mineral in alluvions.
See also GARNETS.
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1ALUNITE 1
CLASSIFICATION
SULPHATE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY
Molecular weight: 414.219t

Formula: Average atomic number 2: 12.86gt
General: K AL (SO& (OH)6 Coeffleient C (=2*
Elemental composition: Bulk modalns k (iii:;:): “04+
Weight percentage of: H 1.4G Shear modulns p (kbar):
Weight percentage of: 0 54.077 Young’s modalus E (h.fbar):
Weight percentage of: Al 19.540 Poisson’s ratio 0:
Weight percentage of: S 15.483
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: K 9.439
Impurities or traces?
Elect. dens. ,,. (e/cm3): 2.591 - 2.812 2.76
Al may be replaced by Fe?; Na partially replacing K.
Bulk density & (g/cm’): 2.585 Y 2.822 2.77
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 2.48
Kmlinite, pyrite, opal, quartz, halloysite.
U, (=Pexp.) : 6.425 c 6.973 6.85
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Capt. cr.-sect. c (a.): 21.852 ++ 23.715 23.299
Therm. Nat. Dec. Tie ‘r (/m): 195.095
Crystal system: Rbomboedric N. s-down length Ls (cm): 8.89
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Therm. diff. length LO (cm): 4.05
N. m&rat. length L,,, (cm): 9.92
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 3.5 H 4.0 Epith. Nent. Pm. cb(c~L).pi (p.u.): 48.9
Density (g/em3): 2.58” +a 2.8” 2.75’ Them. Neut. Par. &,qt/, (p.u.): 50.7
At, b-+-t):
OCCURRENCE
At, (@s/a):
At ratio:
Volcanic rocks:
Resistivity R (n-m): > IO,OOO.O
in irregular deposits and veins;
t,1 Wm):
in altered feldspathic rocks: rhyolites, trachytes, andesites
Gamma ray GR (API): w 150.0
Sedimentary rocks:
in altered tuffs.
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CLASSIFICATION
INOSILICATE Metamorphic rocks:

Amphibole group They crystallize in it large variety of regionally metamorphosed
GEOCHE2vflSTR’Y
rocks formed under conditions ranging from the greenschist to
amphibolites and lower granulite facie% They are less common

Formula:
in the environment of thermal metamorphism, but neverthe-
General: (X,Y),((Si,A1)8022](OH,F)Z with X=Fe’+ or Mg,
less they are not uncommon in metamorphosed limestones,
and Y=Al for non alkali-calcium amphiboles
d&stones or calcium-rich sediments.
Z,-~(X,Y)~[(Si,Al)~Om](OH,F)z with Z=Ca, Na or K,
Sedimentary rocks:
X=Mg,Fea+,Mn2+, Y=F&, Al, Ti, Mn, Cr, Li, Zn for alkali-
Accessory minerals in some immature detrital rocks.
calcium amphiboles.
Varieties:
PHYSICS
Anthophyllite (cummingtanite) (M&Fe);
tremolitet (Ca,Mg);
See tremolite, ierroactinolite, homblendes.
ferroactinolitef (Ca,Mg,Fe);
hornblendest (Na,K,Ca,Mg,Fe); WELL LOGGING
richterite (K,Na,Mg,Ca,Mn);
glaucophane (Na,Mg,Fe); See tremolite, ferroactinolite, hornblende8
riebeckite (N&,Fe). $ variety described in this data base.

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
Crystal system: Orthorhombic or monoclinic

PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 5.0 i 6.0

Density (g/em’): 2.85 +a 3.60
OCCURRENCE
Common constituents of both igneous and metamorphic rocks.

Igneons
~__ rocks:
iouad in all the major groups ranging from ultrabasic to acid
and alkaline types, but are particularly common constituents

of the intermediate members of the c&-alkali series. They oc-
cur characteristically in the plutonic rocks and are relatively
unimportant minerals of the volcanic rocks.
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[ANALCITE/
CLASSIFICATION
TECTOSILICATE and sandstones: max. %: 35% in a cryptocristalline

Zeolite gronp groundmaas.’ Volcanic tuffs.
GEOCHEMISTRY A formation (ZOm thick, 10,000 to 15,000 km*) in central Sa-
hara consists essentially of analcite’.
PHYSICS
Molecular weight: Z20.15Qt
Average atomic nnmber Z: 11.249
Elemental composition: Coefficient C (=Z&): 0 99Qt
Weight percentage of: Na 10.015* ++ 6.235’ Bulk modulus k (kbar):
Weight percentage of: K 0.622* H 3.691. Shear modulus p (kbar):
Weight percentage OF: Al 13.225O H 12.087’ Young’s modulus E (Mbar):

Weight percentage of: Si 25.0854 H 23.818’ Poisson’s ratio 0:
Weight percentage ofi 0 50.184* H 52.036’ WELL LOGGING

Weight percentage of: H 0.870* - 1.034’
Impurities or traces”‘:
Elect. dens. p. (e/cm3): 2.208 ++ 2.288 X28*
Calcium (%): Y 0.85+; Magnesium (%): H 0.2G’. Bnlk density Pb (g/cma): 2.176 c 2.2Fl 2.25O
Alteration: Photoelect. ind. Pe : 1.528 H 1.5Q” 1.88’
exceptionally in prehnite’ U, (=Pexp,) : 3.62* H 4.25’ 3.48
Associated minerals’:
Capt. cr.-sect. c (ea.): Il.028 11.22Z” H 12.81’
laumontite, liuorite, calcite, quartz; heulandite; epidote. Therm. Nent. Dec. Time 7 (p): 405.04Q” r) 354.83’
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY N. s-down length Ls (cm): 12.97O u 12.33’ 12.68
Therm. diff. length Lo (cm): 7.136~ H 6.79’ 7.59
Crystal System: Cubic N. migrat. length LM (cm): 15.33” c 14.31’
PETROPWSICAL PROPERTIES Epi. Neut. Por. $CNqepi (pa.): 14.50 H 17.2’ 15.6
Ther. Neut. Por. &jvL)fh (pa.): 15.G” ct 19.3’ 16.6
Eardness (Mobs’ scale): 5.0 Y 5.50 At, (alft):
Density (g/cd): 2.220 - 2.2902.‘~*.Q 2.280 Ata bdfi):
At ratio:
OCCURRENCE Resistivity R (n-m):
$1 (ns/m) :
Igneous rocks: Gamma ray GR (API): 10.0 - 60.0
Teschenites: max. %: 20%; essexites: max. %: 17%; t corresponds to the theoretical formula.
syenites, basalts; olivine d&rites. ’ corresponds to example 1. * corresponds to example 2.

Sedimentary rocks:
authigenic mineral in sandstones; in phosphatic siltstones
38
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CLASSIFICATION
OXIDE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY
Molecnlar weight: 79.90

Formnla: Average atomic number Z: 19.01
General: Ti 02 Coefficient C (=2&): 0.951
Elemental composition: Bulk modulus k (kbar):
Weight percentage of: Ti 59.950 Shear modulus p (kbar):
Weight percentage of: 0 40.050 Young’s modulus E (Mbar):
Impurities or traces’.‘.*: Poisson’s ratio 0:
Ti CM be replaced by Nb (niobium), Tantde (Ta), Fe, Sn.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY WELL LOGGING
Crystal System: Tetragonal Elect. dens. PC (e/en?): 3.66
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Balk density PJ, (g/cm”): 3.73

Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 5.5 u 6.0 u, (=Pexp,) : 36.92
Density (g/cm”): 3.32 w 3.97’ 3.85 Capt. cr.-sect. c (ml.): 176.727
Therm. Neut. Dec. Time 7 (p): 25.72

OCCURRENCE
N. s-down length Ls (cm): 20.58
Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 2.15

Low temperature polymorph of TiOz.
N. mlgrat. length LM (cm): 20.71
Minor constituent of igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Epith. Nent. Pm. ~(cNL)+ (p.m.): 1.8
&neons rocks:
Therm. Nent. Pm. c$(cNL)~~ (pm): -1.0
in veins and douses in granite pegmatites.
At, (~/fib
Alteration product of ibnenite and sphene.
AL (ah-+
Sedimentary rocks:
At ratio:
fairly common detrital mineral in sediments, often of authl-
Resistivity R (12-m):
genie origin.
t,l (ns/m): 31.80 e+ 43.50
Gamma ray GR (API): < 5.0
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1ANDESINE /
CLASSIFICATION
TECTOSILICATE
PHYSICS
Feldspar group
Plagioclase
Molecnlar weight: 2G7.025t c 270.222t
GEOCHEMISTRY Average atomic number Z: 12.345t 12.Gga H 12.794t
Coefficient C (=Z& ): 0.992
Formnla: Bulk modulus k (kbar)‘? 388.140 - 491.70
General: Na,-, Ca, All+, Siam-. OS Shear modulus p (kbar)“: 279.950 H 297.180
with .3< x 5.5 Young’s modulus E (mar): 0.677 +a 0.742
eXXllple 1’: Na*.zszK.zszCa,.susFe uasMg.aosAls 58s Poisson’s ratio V: 0.209 u 0.248
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: Na 6.027t 4.799* Y 4.254t
Elect. dens. p. (e/en?): 2.628t 2.G5O H 2.GFSt
Weight percentage of: Ca 4.503t 5.591* c 7.416t
Bulk density &, (g/cm’): Z.G25t 2.65* w 2.GF7t
Weight percentage of: Al 13.135t 13.9GQ9 - 14.97tit
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 2.KXt 2.36’ Y 2.43t
Weight percentage OF: Si 28.4OZt 27.111’ u 25.987t
U, (=Pexp,) : 5.GlOt 6.25* ++ G.477t
Weight percentage of: 0 47.934t 47.455O +P 47.367t
Capt. cr.-sect. c (cx.): 7.608t Y 7.52Gt 8.225O
Impurities or traces:
Therm. Neut. Dec. Time 7 (ps): 552.634*
Potassium (%): Y 0.913’; Mg, Fe.
N. s-down length I.s (cm): 29.0G” 29.67t H 30.13t
Th (ppm)‘3.‘5: 0.50 CI 3.0; u (ppm)‘a.‘5: 0.20 H 5.0
Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 14.43* 15.18t +a 15.32t
Alteration:
N. m&rat. length 6~ (cm): 33.21* 34.0Gt c 34.54t
Chlorite
Epith. Nat. Pm. (P(~NL~~~ (p.m.): -1.1’
Therm. Neut. Pm. +(cNL)~~ (pa.): -1.3*
Biotite, hornblende, orthoclase, pyroxene, quarta.
At, (jm/ft): 52.656 H 57.291 54.741
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY At, (,m/ft): 91.018 H 94.482 93.541
At ratio: 1.G49 Y 1.729 1.691

Crystal System: Triclinic Resistivity R (n-m):
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES $71Wm):
t corresponds to extreme values of z in the theoretical formula.
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 6.0 H 6.50
Density (g/cm’): 2.67’ H 2.G9’ 2.67 ’ corresponds to example 1
OCCURRENCE
Igneous rocks:
diorite: max. %: 50%; andesite.

Sedimentary rocks:
Only in very immature sandstones.
40
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1ANDRADITE 1
CLASSIFICATION
ORTHOSILICATE
PHYSICS
Garnet group
GEOCHEMISTRY Molecular weight: t
Average atomic number Z: 17.91°

Formula: Coefecient C (=Z&
General: Ca3(Fe3,Ti)L3ia01z Bulk modulus k (kbar):):
eXamPk 1’: Cas.zo*Fe2.5~.ls1Mg,,“,Ti.oosAl1.?lsSi~.orOza Shear modnlos fi (kb=):
Weight percentage of: Fe 14.763O Poisson’s ratio (T:
Weight percentage of: Al 4.780°
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: Si 17.519O
Weight percentage of: 0 39.F5”
Elect. dens. & (e/cm3): 3.72*
Weight percentage of: Ca 21.901*
Bulk density ~a (g/cm”): 3.79”
Weight percentage of: Mg O.5O5o
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 8.1G9
Weight percentage of: Mn 0.8579
U, (=Pexp,) : 30.32*
Weight percentage of: Ti O.OZE?
Capt. cr.-sect. c (c.u.): 28.8680
Impurities cm traces:’
Therm. Nent. Dec. Time r (jm): 157.458*
Ti generally between 1 and 5 % but may reach H 20% TiOz;
N. s-down length Ls (cm): 22.49’
Zr c 29.9% zros; v Y 18.3% V203.
Therm. diff. length LD (cm): G.15*
Alteration’:
N. migrat. length L.+, (em): 23.79*
Chlorite, serpentine; sometimes limonite.
Epith. Neut. Pm. &cNL)+,~ (~.a.): O.?
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Therm. Neut. Pm. +(cNL)~~ (pa.): 3.6’
AL (d-t):
Crystal System: Cubic AL h/ft):
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES At ratio:
Resistivity R (n-m):
Hardness (Mobs’ SC&): 6.0 H 7.0 t,l (44:
Density (g/ems): 3.77* Y 3.8G’.’ Gamma ray GR (API): 5 10.0

t depends on the elemental composition.
OCCURRENCE
a corresponds to example 1.
Igneons rocks:
accessory mineral in nepheline-syenite, ijolite, phonoiite,
nephelinite.
Metamorphic rocks:
in contact or thermally metamorphosed impure calcareous

sediments and skams. In serpentinite and chlorite schist.
Sedimentary rocks:
See GARNETS.
41
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CLASSIFICATION
SULPHATES
PHYSICS
GEOCREMISTRY
Molecular weight: 136.144

Formula: Average atomic number Z: 15.685
General: Ca S 0~. Coeffleient C (=2*): 0.999
Elemental composition: Bulk modulus k (kbar)‘4.6”: 5G3.0”3 H 671.0
Weight percentage of 0: 4’7.009 Shear modulus p (kba+“‘: 291.043 H 327.0
Weight percentage of s: 23.552 Y.~T&S modulus E (mar): 0.745 H 0.8~
Weight percentage of Ca: 29.439 Poisson’s ratio 0: 0.280 H 0.290
Impurities or traces2.‘.8.n:
WELL LOGGING
Strontium (%): H 1.0; Barium
Uranium (ppm): 0.20-0.45
Elect. dens. Pe (e/ems): 2.896 H 2.997 2.957
Alteration:
Bnlk density pa (g/cm’): 2.912 Y 3.020 2.977
altem in gypsum
Associated
___-- minerals:
u, (=Pexp, : 14.639 u 15.149 14.947
Gypsum, halite, polyhalite; calcite, dolomite.
Capt. cr.-sect. c (~.a.): 12.19G +a 12.621 12.448
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Therm. Nent. Dec. Time 7 (pa): 365.164
N. s-down length LS (cm): 29.S2
Crystal system: Orthorhomb& Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 11.5
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES N. migrat. length LM (cm): 22.19
Epith. Neat. Per. (b(C.yQepi (p.u.): -1.2 c* 0.0
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 3 ct 3.5 Therm. Nent. Por. q+cNL)th (pa.): -2.0 ++ -0.7
Density (g/cm3): 2.8992’T CI 3.0”’ 2.96 ” At, (ps/ft): 49.325c 51.8 ++ 54.136’”
At, (p/ft): 90.754 Y 92.0 u 97.885 97.5G”
OCCURRENCE
At ratio: 1.808” rt 1.840
Resistivlty R (n-m): 10,OOO.OY co
Sedimentary rocks:
t,l (m/m): 6.20 H 8.60 8.4
As massive beds in evaporites.
Gamma ray GR (API): 1.50 s-+ G.0
As nodules or concretions (chidrenwire) in carbonates.
As cement in some sandsto&: nax. % : w 40%.
I&@life~~~Q&&p?
produced through the oxidation of sulphides.
Volcanic
____..~ roeks7.s.0:
in cavities.
@ntonic rocks:
in pyroxene-calcite pegmatites in association with uranium
and thorium minerals.
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/ ANKERITE]
CLASSIFICATION
CARBONATE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY
Molecnlar weight: 207.G98 H 208.524

Formnla: Average atomic number Z: 18.087 H 17.842
General: Ca(Mg,FeZ+,Mn)(CO& Co&I&at C (=2&): 0.985 c 0.98G
example l’t: Cal-l.laMgo.ze-o.2Feo.os-o.54 Mno.os-o.,zCzO. Bnlk modulus k (kbar):
Elemental composition: Shear modulus p (kbar):
Weight percentage of C: 11SGG Y 11.631 ~onn~‘s modulus E (Mbar):
Weight percentage of 0: 46.220 Y 46.483 Poisson’s ratio v:
Wei& percentage of Mg: 3.044 e+ 2.355
Weight percentage of Ca: 19.297 ++ 21.735
Weight percentage of Fe: 18.285 +, 14.803
Weight percentage of MIX 1.587 Y 3.192 WELL LOGGING
Galena, fluorite, baryte, sphalerite. Elect. dens. pe (+I,~): 3.054 - 2.886
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Bnlk density p6 (g/ems): 5.08 ++ 2.905
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 8.44 +a 8.04
Crystal system: Rhomboedric u, (=Pexp, : 25.787 ++ 23.229

Capt. cr.-sect. c (c.u.): 26.906 Y 29.738
PETROPIIYSICAL PROPERTIES
Therm. Neat. Dec. Time T (p): 168.945 H 152.85
N. s-down length Ls (cm): 19.99 ++ 21.01
Hardness (Mohs’scale): 3.5 Y 4
Therm. diff. length Lo (cm): 5.97 ++ 5.88
Density (g/cm”): 2.930’.’ - 3.10’.”
N. migrat. length LM (cm): 21.27 H 22.25
OCCURRENCE
Epith. Nent. Por. qs(CNL)epi (pa.): 2.1 H 1.5
Therm. Neat. Pm. ~#J(c,.JL)~,,(pa): 5.7 ” 4.9
Sedimentary rocks:
AL (w/W
Clay ironstones.
At, Wft):
Metamorphic rocks: At ratio:
in high grade metamorphic rocks (schists). Resistivity R (n-m): 10,OOO.OY co
$71 (ns/m):
Gamma ray GR (API): 0.0 Y 8.40
t The ranges of the weight percentages and the properties
correspond to the 2 extremes of the example.
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1ANORTHITE /
CLASSIFICATION
TECTOSILICATE
PHYSICS
Feldspar group
Plagioclase
Moleenlar weight: 2X.617+ H 278.215t
GEOCHEMISTRY Average atomic number Z: 13.560: 13x39* H 13.730t
Coej3cient C (=2&
Formula: Bulk modnlns k (kb ar ):)’ o’QQ2
General: NIL-, Ca, Al,+, SiJmz OS Shear modulus p (kbar):
with .9< x 51. Young’s modulus E (mar):
example 1’: Cas.sraNa.oroFe.o,,Al?sssSis.12.032 Poisson’s ratio ~7:
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: Na O.Ot O.lF4* H 0.831t
Weight percentage of: Ca 13.040t 13.881* c 14.40Gt

Elect. dens. p. (e/cm’): 2.71gt Y 2.73’ 2.74t
Weight percentage OF: Al 18.533t 19.20* - 19.39Gt
Bulk density pb (g/cm”): 2.721t Y 2.742t
Weight percentage of: Si 21.322t 20.567* r* Z0.190t
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 2.994t Y 3.09O 3.131t
Weight percentage of: 0 4G.273t 48.133’ H 46.0St
U, (=Pexp,) : 8.137t - 8.44O 8.57Zt
Capt. cr.-sect. c (ea.): 7.3947 7.376* +a 7.381t
K (%): < 0.05’; Fe (%): 5 0.5’
Therm. Neat. Dee. Tie 7 (,.a): 616.27’
Th (ppm): S Y 3.0”; U (ppm): .2 H 5.0’&
N. s-down length Ls (cm): 30.24* 31.13t c 31.3gt
Alteration:
Therm. diff. length LD (em): 15.33 15.5at w 15.57t
Chlorite.
N. ,&rat. length LM (cm): 34.G8* 35.54t H 35.77t
Epith. Nent. Por. ~(cNL)~~, (p.u.): -1.3*
Augite’.
Therm. Neut. Por. q+~~+h (pa.): -1.6O
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
At, (P+w
Ata (ts/fi):
Crystal System: Triclinic At ratio:
PETROPWSICAL PROPERTIES Resistivity R (O-m):
$2 (ns/m): 7.0 H 8.50
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 6.0 u 6.50 G-a ray GR (API): 4.0 H 53.0
t corresponds to the extreme values of z of the theoretical
Density (g/cm3): 2.740* Y 2.762.‘.8
formula.
OCCURRENCE
Comparatively rare mineral. Found in basic plutonic 1ucm
Igneons rocks:
D&rite.
Metamorphic rocks:
Marbles.
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CLASSIFICATION
TECTOSILICATE
PHYSICS
Feldspar gronp
Alkali-feldspar
Molecdar weight: 2G5.451t H 2G7.0GZt
GEOCHEMISTRY Average atomic number Z: lZ.OZt - 12.207t 13.41°
Coefficient c (=2&): 0.992t
Formnla: Bulk modulus k (kbar):
General: NT+-, K, Al Sis O8 Shear modulns p (kbar):
with 0.25 x SO.3 Young’s modulus E (Mbar):
example 1’: K.sssNa2.e,sCa.sz~.038Fe.~~~~.~~*Sil~~~O~~ Poisson’s ratio 0:
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: Na G.9ZQt Y G.02Gt 5.607”
Weight percentage of: K 2.94Ft Y 4.392t 3.11G”
Elect. dens. Pe (e/cm3): 2.548 +a ZSi--
Weight percentage of: Al 10.1G3t H 10.lOZt 11.564”
Bulk density pb (g/cm3): 2.539 u %%a
Weight percentage of: Si 31.745t CI 31.553t 29.8070
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 1.929 Y 2.17” i 2.05t
Weight percentage of: 0 48.218t Y 47.92gt 47.729”
u, (=Pexp.) : 4.915t Y 5.589
apt. cr.-sect. c (ea.): 9.2wt H 10.239t 9.431*
Ca (%): w 2.0’ (l.Q&); Fe (%): c 0.8’ (0.125O); Mg.
Them. Neut. Dec. Time 7 (p): 481.945*
Th (ppm): 3.0 c 7.0=; U (ppm): 0.2 u 3.0=
N. s-down length Ls (cm): 29.62o - 30.4Gt
&ltS&&_i
Therm. diff. length Lo (cm): 13.92t H 13.20t 13.6O
sericitization.
N. migrat. length LJ,, (cm): 34.24t ct S3.S7o
&++ated minerals:
Epith. Nent. Pm. ~(cNL)+ (p.n.): -l.Z”
nepheline.
Therm. Nent. Pm. f$(c~,qth (pa.): -1.2*
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY At, (/ls/ft): 69.0
At, Wfi):
PETROPWSICAL PROPERTIES Resistivity R (n-m):
t,, (ns/m): 7.0 H 8.50
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 13.0 Gamma ray GR (API): 73.5 c 122.0
t correspond to the extreme values of z of the theoretical
Density (g/cm3): 2.570”” - 2.G08” 2.5S9
formula.
OCCURRENCE
* corresponds to example I
Igneons rocks:
in lamikite; occurs in volcanic rocks (andesite, trachyte)
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/ANTHRACITE 1
(FROM CLARKE)
CLASSIFICATION
MISCELLANEOUS-ORGANIC

Average atomic number Z: 15.0
CoefBdent C (=Z*): 1.01
Bulk modulus k (kbar):

General: C H.m N.noo O.ozz Shear modnlns /J (kbar):
Elemental composition: Young’s modulus E (Mbar):
Weight percentage of: C 93.471 Poisson’s ratio 0:
Weight percentage of: H 2.808
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: N 0.981
Weight percentage of: 0 2.739
Elect. dens. p. (e/cm3): 1.452 H 1.552
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
Bnlk density & (g/cm”): 1.388 H 1.473

Crystal System: Amorphous U, (=Pexp,) : 0.247 ++ O.ZG4
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Capt. cr.-sect. c (ea.): 8.708
Therm. Neut. Dec. Time 7 (w): 521.969
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 1.0 H 1.5 N. s-down length Ls (cm): 9.07
Density (g/cm3): 1.450 Y 1.550 1.51 Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 6.06
N. m&rat. length JIM (cm): 11.0

OCCURRENCE
Epith. Neut. Por. ~(cNL)+ (p.n.): 46.1
Therm. Nat. Por. +,vqah (pa.): 41.4

Sedimentary rocks:
At, (jaqft): 105.0
Coal of the highest metamorphic rank
Ata b+):
At ratio:
$1 (d4:
Gamma ray GR (API): often 5 10.0
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CLASSIFICATION
PHYLLOSILICATE
PHYSICS
Serpentine gronp
GEOCHEMISTRY Molecular weight: 277.14t

Average atomic nnmber 2: 10.974 u 11.72-
Formula: Coe5cient C (=2 &): 1.01
General: Mg~[silOs](OH)r Bulk modulus k (kbar):
example I’: Mg,.863Fe.oci~Al.os-;Si*.~*~O~.~~,H~.*~, Shear modulus p (kbar):
Weight percentage of: Mg 26.323 - 25.18G” Poisson’s ratio 6:
Weight percentage of: Si 20.289 H 20.606’
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: 0 51.953 u 50.971*
Weight percentage of: H 1.455 - 1.388*
Elect. dens. p. (e/c&): 2.528 H ~2.63~
weight percentage of: Fe 0.0 H 1.2930
Bulk density pb (g/cm”): 2.515 ++ 2.63”
Imparities or traces:
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 1.398 Y 1.77O
Si can be replaced by Al: Mg can be replaced by Al, Fe, Ni
U, (=Pexp,) : 3.53 H 4.6G”
(0.25% in average). Ni can reach 45% in garnierite’.
Capt. cr.-sect. c (c.u.): 10.592 Y 11.198*
Minutes traces of Ca, Na, K, Ti, Cr, ML
Therm. Nent. Dec. Time T (p): 405.9029
N. s-down length Ias (cm): 9.9 cf 9.32O
dolomite, magnesite, calcite; grenats, chromite
Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 8.09 H 13.01~
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY N. m&rat. length LM (cm): 11.75 H 11.24*
Epith. Neat. Par. d(CNL)epi (p.m.): 42.4*
Crystal System: Monoclinic Therm. Nemt. Pm. 4(~~+h (pa.): 39.1*
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES At, (~s/fi):

At, (dfi):
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 2.5 H 3.5 At ratio:

Density (g/cm’): 2.5 - 2&l+‘.’ 2.G Resistivity R (n-m):
OCCURRENCE
$1 w4:
Gamma ray GR (API): often < 10.0
Product of alteration of non aluminous magnesium silicates
o corresponds to example 1.
(olivines, pyroxenes, amphiboles, garnets).
Igneons rocks:
altered ultrabasic rocks (dunites, pyroxenites, peridotites).

Sedimentary rocks:
as nodules or lenses in limestones.

Metamorphic rocks:
in contact metamorphic deposits.
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1APATITES /
CLASSIFICATION
PHOSPHATES
OCCURRENCE
GEOCHEMISTRY
Accessory miners1 in many types of rocks (X between 0.1 and

Formnla: l%, max. % in igneous rocks: 5%).
~~~~~~~~ cas (~0~)~ (oH,F,c~) Igneous rocks:
Varieties: Accessory mineral in syenites and nephelinite syenites;
Carbonate-apatitet (COa); granites, diorites; trachytes, andesites.
Chlorapatitet (Cl); Metamorphic rocks:
Fluorapatitet (F); crystalline limestones.
Hydmya~atitet (OH). Sedimentary rocks:
Cl, F and OH can mutually replace each other. Phospharites; phosphates: max. % of P: in 12;
Impurities or traces2.7: d&stones; sandstones: max. % of P:, c 7.
Ca can be replaced by Sr (- 9.3%);
Mu (- 5.8%), Na (- 7X),
PHYSICS
K (- 4%), Ce, La, Y (- lO.G% YzOa),
Al, Ba, U (- 20,OOO.Oppm);
See varieties.
P can be replaced by S, Si;
POa can partially be replaced by CO3
WELL LOGGING
Thorium (ppm): 20.0 u 150.0’5
See varieties.
Calcite, dolomite; quartz...
t variety described in this data base.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
Crystal System: Hexagonal
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 5.0

Density (g/cm’): 2.90’ Y 3.35’
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1ARAGONITE /
CLASSIFICATION
CARBONATE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY

Formula: Average atomic number 2: 15.710
General: Ca C 03 CoeiEcient C (=Z&
Elemental composition: Bulk modnlns k (kbar)I: o’ggg
Weight percentage of: Ca 40.043 Shear modulus p (kbar):
Weight percentage of: C 12.0 Young’s modnlns E (hfbar):
Weight percentage of: 0 47.958 Poisson’s ratio 0:
WELL LOGGING
Strontium*.*: c 3.4%; Lead’
Alteration:
Elect. dens. Pe (e/c,,?): 2.927 H 2.947
instsble: r* calcite
Balk density Pa (g/cm3): 2.945 c 2.9G7
gypsum, sulphsr, celestite;
U, (=Pexp,) : 14.884 * 14.985
pyrite, siderite, galem in iron ores.
Capt. cr.-sect. c (an.): 7.854 ++ 7.707 7.679
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Therm. Nent. Dec. Time .r (p): 591.958
Crystal System: Orthorhombic Therm. diff. length Lo (cm): 12.41
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES N. migrat. length LM (em): 26.13
Epith. Neut. Par. +(G~qepi (pa.): 0.7
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 3.50 ++ 4.0 Therm. Nat. Por. &(CNL)th (pa.): 1.0
Density (g/cm”): 2.930 e X950’.* 2.940 At, (,m/ft): 47.0

At, (/m/ft):
OCCURRENCE
At ratio:
Sedimentary rocks:
t,, (ns/m): 9.0 Y 10.50
pearly layers of many shells and pearls;
Gamma ray GR (API): 5 10.0
disseminated in clays.
Volcanic rocks:
in vugs in basalt associated with zeolites.
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CLASSIFICATION
INOSILICATE
OCCURRENCE
Pyroxene gronp
Clinopyroxene
Igneons rocks:
GEOCHEMISTRY
gabbros, d&rites, peridotites; basalts, phonolites.
Formula:
Metamorphic rocks:
General: (Ca,Na,Mg,Fe3+,Mn,Fe3f,A1,Ti)2[(Si,Al)zO~]
amphibolites, eclogites, schists.
eXXSllple 1’:
PHYSICS
K.~~~NNunsCs.~~~~.~~,Fe.~~~Mg.r32Ti.~~~Al.~~~Si~.~~~ 06
example 2’: Na.o24Ca.,8Fe.~s~.so,Ti.“,~Cr.~~~Al.,~Sil*~~
Molecular weight: 219.749 H 237.757
0s
Average atomic number Z: 25.29 c 18.3
example 3’: K.o,Na.oa.Ca.33sMn.ll,,FeoslMg rorAl.&iual
Coel3cient C (~2s): 0.981 - 0.993
OS
Bulk modulus k (kbar)‘? 134.410
Shear modnlns p (kbar)“: 241.190
Weight percentage of: Na 0.251’ - 0.774*
Weight percentage ofi Ca 5.741’ H 14.228’
Young’s modulus E (Mb=): 0.453
Poisson’s ratio (T: 0.25.
Weight percentage ofz Mg 4.184. c 9.86’
Weight percentage of: Fe 4.93. u 16.422” WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: Si 21.96V Y 24.655’

Weight percentage of: Al 1.473’ - 2.058’ Elect. dens. p. (e/m?): 2.939’ ++ 3.44O 3.05
Weight percentage of: 0 40.383” c 43.683’ Bulk density Pb (g/cm3): 2.958’ w 3.49* 3.08
Impurities or traees2.7’*.o: Photoelect. ind. Pe : 4.615. ++ 7.79O
Ii : H 0.25%; Ti : c 4.8% Cr : H 1.4%; MD : H 4.4% U, (=Pexp,) : 13.563’ u ~26.77~ 23.78
Th (ppm): 2 c 25.0’3-; U (ppm): 0.01 c 40.013.‘5 Capt. cr.-sect. c (VI.): 11.556’ c 28.883e 25.66
Alteration: Therm. Neut. Dec. Tie 7 (as): 393.349’ H 157.3759
in amphiboles, serpentine, talc, epidote; N. s-down length Ls (cm): 22.99O c 27.06’ 25.88
in limo&e, carbonate. Therm. diff. length Lo (cm): 6.24O u 11.19’ 7.02
nansformation: N. m&rat. length L,,, (cm): 24.31° H 29.94’
in amphiboles through metamorphism. Epith. Nent. Par. ~(cNL)+,~ @.n.): -0.7. ++ 0.5O -0.6
Associated minerals: Therm. Nent. Pm. q+CN+h (pa.): -0.1’ c 3.3* 1.5
hornblende, orthoclase, plagioclase, &vine; At, (ps/ft): 77.857 H 34.685
nepheline, leucite, magnetite. At, (w/ft): 106.778 ++ 116.441
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY At ratio: 1.375 Y 1.375

Crystal System: Monoclinic
tp1 b/m) :
PETROPWSICAL PROPERTIES
Gamma ray GR (API): u 420.0 15
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 5.0 - 6.0 * corresponds to example 1, * to example 2, and - to example
Density (g/em’): 2.96. H 3.49* 3.520”) 3.1 3.
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IBARYTE or BARITEj
CLASSIFICATION
SULPHATE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY

General: Ba S 04 Coefficient C (=2& ): 0.891
Elemental composition: Bulk modulns k (kbar)“: 530.0 w 54G.043
Weight percentage of: Ba 58.845 Shear modulus /J (kbar)? 223.0 +a 238.043
Weight percentage of: S 13.737 Young’s modnlns E (ISbar): 0.587 H 0.623
Weight percentage of: 0 27.418 Poisson’s ratio u: 0.31 Y 0.32
Impurities or traees2.7’8:
Strontium, Lead, Calcium (5 GX C&04).

WELL LOGGING
pyrite, quartz; celestite, calcite, dolomite, fluorite; haematite.

Elect. dens. pe (e/en?): 3.957 c 4.02 3.99
Balk density & (g/cm3): 4.047 u 4.114 4.08

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Photoelect. ind. Pe : 266.83
U, (=Pexp,) : 1055.739 - 1072.383 1065.15
Crystal System: Orthorhombic Capt. cr.-sect. c (WI.): 19.71G c 20.027 19.888
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Therm. Neut. Dec. Time ‘r (ps): 228.552
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 2.50 H 3.50 Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 8.39
Density (g/cm3): 4.30 +a 4.502.4.‘.” c 4.8’ 4.48 N. migrat. length LM (cm): 30.49
Epith. Neut. Per. ~(CNL& (pa.): -1.0
OCCURRENCE
Therm. Nent. Per. @~NL)*,, (pa.): 0.2
At, (&ft): 69.122 - 71.1~4 69.?

Sedimentary rocks:
At, (&ft): 131.649 H 137.073 132.70~~
ns residue1 product distributed as beds, pockets or lenses in
At ratio: 1.905H 1.9261.9o445
weathered limestones;
as cement in some sandstone and arkoses;
t,1 (=+4:
as nodules in shales and evaporites.
Metalliferons veins:
sssociated with galelena, sphalerite, fluorite,

chalcopyrite, siderite.
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j BISCHOFITE j
CLASSIFICATION
HYDROUS-CHLORIDE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY

Genernl: M&Is.6 Hz0 Coefacient C (=Z &f&y): 1.043
Weight percentage of: Mg 11.961 Shear modnlns p (kbar):
Weight percentage of: Cl 34.878 Young’s modulus E (Mbar):
Weight percentage of: H 5.949 Poisson’s ratio 0:
WELL LOGGING
&so_eiated minerals:
Carnnllite, halite and kieserite.
Elect. dens. /7. (e/en?): 1.616 Y 1.668 1.648
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Balk density pb (g/ems): 1.542 u 1.598 1.575
Crystal System: Monoclinic U, (=Pexp,) : 4.182 Y 4.317 4.263
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Capt. cr.-sect. c (ml.): 323.428 c 333.861 328.725
Therm. Nent. Dec. Time 7 (p): IS.828
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 1.5 N. s-down length Ls (cm): 7.26
Density (g/cm”): 1.55~ 1.608 1.58 Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 0.71
N. m&at. length LM (cm): 7.53
OCCURRENCE
Epith. Nent. Por. +(cNL)~~ (pm.): > 60
Therm. Neut. Por. $(cN+~ (pa.): > 60
Sedimentary rocks:
At, (pa/t%):M 100.0
Relatively rare. Present within evaporites, in zone of kieserite.
AL (w/fi):
At ratio:
Resistivity R (Cl-m): > 10,O
t,1 b44:
G-a ray GR (API): < 5.0
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1BITUMINOUS-COAL 1
(FROM CLARKE)
CLASSIFICATION
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY Molecular weight: 14.27

Average atomic nnmber Z: G.09
Coefficient C (=Z&
General: C H.,na N.o,s 0.0,~ Bulk modulus k (kbar):): “04
Wei& percentage of: C 84.179 Young’s modulus E (mar):
Weight percentage cf: N 1.473
WELL LOGGING
Elect. dens. & (e/cm3): 1.205 Y 1.34
In few cases uranium can be fixed by adsorption
Bnlk density Pb (g/cm”): 1.101 H 1.34
ashes are often present.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY u, (=Pexp.) : 0.225 H 0.353
Capt. cr.-sect. c (c.n.): 14.361
Crystal System: Amorphous Therm. Nent. Dec. Time r (w): 316.507
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES N. s-down length Ls (cm): 7.81
Therm. diff. length Ln (cm): 3.99
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): N. m&rat. length LM (cm): 6.64
Density (g/cm”): 1.20 H 1.30 1.27 Epith. Neut. Per. f$(c~~)~~i (p.u.): > 60
Therm. N-ant. Per. q+(~~~)th (pa.): > 60
OCCURRENCE
At, (ja/ft): m 130.0
Ata (dft):
Coal of medium metamorphic rank.
At ratio:
Resistivity R (Q-m):
t,1 Wm):
Gamma ray GR (API): variable
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1BOEHMITE 1
CLASSIFICATION
HYDROXIDE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY
Moleenlar weight: 59.989

Coeffleient c (‘2 &): 1.00
Weight percentage of: Al 44.976 Shear modulus /J (kbar):
Weight percentage of: 0 53.344 ~onng’s modulus E (Mbar):
Impurities or traces’:
WELL LOGGING
Al may be replaced by Fe (- 45%).
Elect. dens. ,,C (e/cm3): 3.0 H 3.OG 3.05
gibbsite and d&spore in bauxites.
Bulk density & (g/cm3): 3.023 - 3.088 3.08
U, (=Pexp.) : 4.059 H 4.13
Crystal System: Orthorhombic Capt. cr.-sect. c (CU.): 17.249
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Therm. Neut. Dec. Time r (ps): 263.518

Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 3.5 Y 4.0 Therm. diff. length LO (cm): 4.24
Density (g/cm”): 3.0”’ Y 3.06’ 3.05 N. mlgrat. length LM (cm): 8.69

Epith. Neut. Pm. d&m).pi (P.u.): > 89
OCCURRENCE
Therm. Neut. Pm. c$(cNL)~,, (pa.): > GO
At, (dfi):
Sedimentary rocks:
At, (ps/ft):
principal constituent of some bauxites; laterites.
At ratio:
t&d Wm):
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CLASSIFICATION
HYDROXIDE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY

Formola: Average atomic number Z: 10.03
Generalz Mg (OH)* Coefacient C (62s):
Elemental composition: Bnlk modulus k (kbar):
Weight percentage of: Mg 41.889 Shear modalus /J (kbar):
Weight percentage of: 0 54.855 Yonng’s modulus E (Mhr):
WELL LOGGING
Mg may be replaced by Fe+’ (- 10% FeO),
and Mn (- 18%MnO).
Elect. dens. p. (&ma): 2.46
Alteration:
Bnlk density Pa (g/cm3): 2.44
in hydromagnesite.
&sociated minerals:
u, (=Pexp.) : 2.48
gibbsite and d&pore in bauxite.
Capt. cr.-sect. c (ea.): 17.945
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Therm. Neut. Dec. Time r (w): 253.298
Crystal System: Trigonal Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 3.41
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES N. mlgrat. length LM (cm): 7.34
Epith. Nent. Pm. &GNL)+ (p.m.): > 60
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 2.5 Them. Neut. Pm. $+cN+~ (pa.): > 60
Density (g/cm”): X39’.’ AL (dft):

At, (dft):
OCCURRENCE
At ratio:
Metamorphic rocks:
t,i (ns/m):
as an alteration product of periclase in contact metamor-
phosed d&stones. As a low-temperature hydrothermal vein
mineral in serpentinites and chlorite schists.
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1BYTOWNITE /
CLASSIFICATION
TECTOSILICATE
PHYSICS
Feldspar group
Plagioclase
Molecular weight: 273.41Qt H 27G.617t
GEOCHEMISTRY Average atomic number Z: 13.19Gt 13.48’ c 13.5GOt
Coefficient C (+,a): 0.992
Formnla: Bulk modulus k (kbar)‘? 866.40
General: Nn,-, Ca, Al,+. Sises OS Shear modulus p (kbar) ‘&: 326.310
with .7< x 2.9 Young’s modulus E (Mbar): 0.870
example 1’: K.&aa.aozNa.omMg ossFe.oa~ Als.wSi~.~~Os~ Poisson’s ratio 0: 0.333
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: Na Z.5ZZt 1.89S” Y 0.831f
Weight percentage of: Ca 10.2Glt 11.60Z” w 13.040t
Elect. dens. & (e/c&): 2.688 - 2.728 2.70’
Weight percentage of: Al 16.774t 16.933’ H 18.531t
Bulk density Pa (g/em3): 2.689 Y 2.732 2.70”
Weight percentage of: Si 23.629t 22.83* % 21.325t
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 2.714 +a 2.994 2.91”
Weight percentage of: 0 46.813t 46.288* e 4F.273t
u, (=Pexp.) : 7.295 c 8.168 7.se
Capt. cr.-sect. c (cx.): 7.446 H 7.421 7.685’
Iron, magnesium, potassium.
Therm. Neat. Dec. Time T (p): 591.4&V
Th (pp~#~.“: 0.50 ct 3.0; U (ppm)‘a.r5: 0.20 Y 5.0
N. s-down length Ls (cm): 29.79* 30~34 ++ 31.02
Al&a:
Therm. diff. length 6~ (cm): 15.00° 15.47 H 15.50
Chlorite.
N. m&rat. length LM (cm): 34.12O 35.06 H 35.41
A&ted minerals:
Epith. Neut. Pm. ~$(cNL)+ (p.u.): -1.2’
hornblende, pyroxenes, micas, quartz.
Therm. Nent. Par. ~+cN+J, (pa.): -1.5O
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY At, (ps/ft): 43.983Y 44.306 62.373
At, (&s/i%): 87.838 H 88.484 124.566
Crystal System: Triclinic At ratio: 1.997
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Resistivfty R (n-m):
t,l (ns/m): 7.0 u 8.50
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 5.0 - 8.0 Gamma ray GR (API): 5 Go.0
Density (g/cm3): 2.710 c 2.7508 2.72O
formuls.
OCCURRENCE
’ corresponds to example 1.
Igneous rocks:
Diorites, norite, gabbros; andesites, basdts.
Sedimentary rocks:
Practically absent.
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CLASSIFICATION
CARBONATE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY
Melecnlar weight: 100.091

coefficient c (=Z&): 0.999
Elemental composition: Balk modulus k (kbar)‘4.43: 638.0 ++ 770.0
Weight percentage of: Ca 40.044 Shear modnlns fi (kbar)“@: 293.0 c 322.0
Weight percentage of: C 12.0 Young’s modulus E (Mbar): 0.762 H 0.848
weight percentage of: 0 47.958 Poisson’s ratio 17: 0.29 Y 0.316
Impurities or traces’.‘:
WELL LOGGING
minutes % of Fe, h4n, Co, Zn, Mg; U.
&so&ted minerals:
Elect. dens. p. (e/cm”): 2X93 Y 2.738 2.708
Uolomite, anhydrite, quartz, opal; clay minerals.
Bulk density ,9b (g/cm3): 2.694 Y 2.742 2.710
CRYSTALLOGRAPW Photoelect. ind. Pe : 5.084
U, (=Pexp,) : 13.690 * 13.918 18.766
Crystal System: Rhombohedral Capt. cr.-sect. c (ea.): 7.041 w 7.158 7.078
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Therm. Neut. Dec. Time T (p): 642.198

Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 3.0 Therm. diff. length LD (cm): IS.46
Density (g/c&): 2.695 rl 2.740 2.710 N. mlgrat. length LM (cm): 28.54

Epith. Neat. Par. $J(cNL)+,~ (p.m.): 0.0
OCCURRENCE
Therm. Neot. Par. ~(cNL)*~, (pa.): 0.0
At, (p/ft): 45.690 u 45d3 49.745 47.640
Sedimentary rocks:
At, (/ls/ft): 88.179 t-f 88.? 90.485 93.209
Limestones: max. %z H 100%
At ratio: 1.874 H 1.93043
Sandstones: as cement: max. %z ?a 40%;
or as bioclastic grains: max. %: < 50%.
tpl (ns/m): 9.0 H 10.30
Marls: calcareous shales : 352 max.% <G5
Gamma ray GR (API): H 10.0
Metamorphic rocks:
Marbles: max. % H 100%
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(Francolite)
CLASSIFICATION
PHYSICS
PHOSPHATE
GEOCHEMISTRY Molecular weight: t
Average atomic number Z: lG.51

CoeBBeient C (=Z&): 0.996
General: C~+‘O~,COZ,OH)~ (F,OH) Bulk modulus k (kbar):
example 1’: Shear modnlns fi (kbar):
Ca~.7,4Na.oe~Mg.,s,Fe.ua,C,_“~~P~.~3F2.~4~(OH)..6~,02,.3, Young’s modulus E (mar):
Elemental composition: Poisson’s ratio r.J:
Weight percentage of: Ca 38.215O
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: P 14.898*
Weight percentage of: 0 39.409*
Elect. dens. /& (e/en?): 3.09*
Weight percentage of: C 1.1i’99
Bulk density @, (g/em”): 3.1Z9
Weight percentage ot H 0.182*
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 5.56*
Weight percentage of: F 5.46’
u, (=Pexp,) : 17.2a
Weight percentage of: Na 0.148’
Capt. cr.-sect. c (ea.): 11.1%~
Weight percentage of: Iv& 0.31Z”
Therm. Neut. Dec. Time T (119): 406.72E9
Weight percentage of: Fe 0.171’
N. s-down length Ls (cm): 16.51’
Therm. diff. length Lo (cm): 9.49*
See APATITES.
N. mfgrat. length LM (cm): 19.46+
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Epith. Neut. Pm. q+~~q+ (p.m.): 5.8*
Therm. Neut. Pm. $+(CNL)th (pa.): &So
Crystal System: Hexagonal At, (pas/f+ 42.0
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES At, (ps/ft):
At ratio:
Bardness (Mohs’ scale): 5.0 Resistivity R (n-m):
Density (g/ems): 2.913~ ++ 3.13 3.116* $1 bs/m):
Gamma my GR (API): H saturation
OCCURRENCE
* corresponds to example 1 (francolita).

See APATITES.
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1CARNALLITE 1
CLASSIFICATION
HYDROUS-CHLORIDE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY

General: KC1 MgClz G Hz0 Coefficient C (=Z*): 1.022
Weight percentage of: K 14.071 Shear modulus fi (kbar):
Weight percentage of: Cl 38.278 roan& modulus E (mar):
Weight percentage of: Mg 8.752 Poisson’s ratio 0:
Imparities or traces*: WELL LOGGING
Cl may be replaced by Br (- 0.5 %), Rb, Cs, Tl
Mg may be replaced by Fe Alteration: Elect. dens. PC (e/c&): 1.833 H 1.637 1.635
sylvite and bisckofite. Bulk density fib (g/cm”): 1.560 ++ 1.564 1.562
Associated minerals2’*:
halite, kieserite, sylvite, polykalite.
U, (=Pexp<) : 8.679 Y 6.698 6.687
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Capt. cr.-sect. c (a.): 365.623
Therm. Neut. Dec. Time r (p): 11.432

Crystal ?&stem: Ortkorhombic N. s-down length Ls (cm): 8.88
N. migrat. length LM (cm): 8.95
Epitb. Neut. Pm. d(c~v~.)& (P.u.): 49.1
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 2.50
Therm. Nent. Por. q+(~~qth (pa.): 58.4
Density (g/cm”): 1.598 - l.GOZ 1.60
At, (&ft): 78.0
OCCURRENCE
Ata WW:
At ratio:
Sedimentary rocks:
Resistitity R (Q-m):
in evapporites associated to halite, kieserite, sylvite and
t,1 h/m):
bischofite.
mamma ray GR (API): 225.0 - 230.0
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1CELESTITE j
(CELESTINE)
CLASSIFICATION
PHYSICS
SULPHATE

Coefficient C (~2%): 0.936
General: Sr S 04 Bulk modnlus k (kbar)“: 819.0 u 825
Elemental composition: Shear modulus /J (kbar)? 129.0 )--t 214
Weight percentage of: Sr 47.704 Young’s modulus E (Mbar): o.zrg
Weight percentage of: S 17.456 Poisson’s ratio 0: 0.38 w 0.43
WELL LOGGING
Calcium and Baryum: 2-3 %

Elect. dens. Pe (e/cm3): 3.G52 - 3.736 3.71
Bulk density pb (g/cm”): 3.721 c 3.811 3.78
Gypsum, anhydrite, dolomite.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY u, (=Pexp.) : 201.55 - 20G.20 294.64
Crystal System: Orthorhombic Therm. Neat. Dee. Tie ‘r (/la): 292.392

Therm. diff. length LO (cm): 7.15
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 3.0 u 3.50 N. migrat. length LM (cm): 27.10
Density (g/cm3): 3.90 u 3.990 3.9602.‘.’ Epith. Neut. Por. (~(cNL)+ (p.n.): - 0.3
Therm. Neut. Por. +(~j,r~)th (pa.): - 1.7

OCCURRENCE
At, (ps/ft): 57.7 u 60.7
At, (pa/t-t): 1cm.8
Sedimentary rocks:
At ratio: 2.78
Product of evaporation in lagoons or salt marshs, associated
with anhydrite, gypsum, and dolomite;
t,l (nsb):
disseminated as crystals or nodules in gypsiferous shales or in
marl, in limestones and d&mites, and in sandstones.
Volcanic rocks:
rare in cavities, associated with sulphur.
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1CHALCOPYRITE /
CLASSIFICATION
SULPHIDES
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY

Formnla: Average atomic nnmber Z: 24.907
General: Cu Fe Sz Coeffleient C (=Z &): 0.948
Elemental composition: Bulk modulns k (kbar):
Weight percentage of: Cu 34.624 Shear modulus fi (kbar):
Weight percentage of: Fe 30.432 YO~+S modnlns E (Mhr):
Weight percentage of: S 34.944 Poisson’s ratio 0:
Impnrities or traces2.‘.8.Q:
WELL LOGGING
Minor or trace amounts of Au, Ag, Pt, Pb, Co, Ni, Mn, Sn,
Zn replacing Cu or Fe; and of Se, As replacing S.

Elect. dens. Pe (e/cm’): 3.887 ++ 4.077 3.982
Alteration:
Balk density & (g/cm3): 3.973 ) 4.176 4.074
Cwellite, malachite, amrite.
I,, (=Pexp,) : 103.856 Y 108.922 106.389
Galena, pyrite, pyrrhotite, magnetite, sphalerite, quartz, cal-
Capt. cr.-sect. c (ea.): 99.G95++ 104.558 102.674
Therm. Nent. Dec. Tie .T (j-m): 44.271
OCCURRENCE N. e-down length Ls (cm): 37.58
Igneous rocks: N. migrat. length LM (cm): 37.83
as disseminated crystals in gabbros, norites. Epith. Neut. Pm. qfJ(cs~)+ (p.u.): -2.0
Sedimentary rocks: Therm. Neut. Pm. &XL)th (P.U.): -1.2
Shales (Kupferschiefer); sandstones; At, b+‘Q:
silicified d&stones or limestones. At, (pa/e):
Metamorphic rocks: At ratio:
contact metamorphic rocks; schists. Resistivity R (n-m): 3.0~10-~ Y 2.0 x (1O-‘)‘5
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY $d (44:
Crystal System: Tetragonal
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 3.50 14.0

Density (g/cm3): 4.10 Y 4.307.8’0’” 4.20
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(CHLORAPATITE j
CLASSIFICATION
PHOSPHATE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY

Formnla: Average atomic number Z: 16.497+
General: Cas(POn)aCl CoeMcient C (=2*): 0.991
example 1’: Can.,,Mn.3z3Fe.o3Mg.,38Ps(OH).058F.~3Cll.”B1 Bulk modulus k (kbar):
024.2 Shear modulus p (kbar):
Weight percentage of: Ca 37.2270 Poisson’s ratio 0:
Weight percentage of: Cl 3.71S”
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: P 17.778*
Weight percentage of: 0 38.47Z”
Elect. dens. p. (e/en?): 3.1Tl”
Weight percentage of: F 1.14?
Bulk density p6 (g/cm”): S.20°
Weight percentage of: Mg 0.324O
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 6.07O
Weight percentage of: Mn 1.17*
u, (=Pexp,) : 19.23*
Weight percentage of: Fe 0.16Z”
Capt. cr.-sect. c (c.u.): sa.159*
Therm. Nent. Dec. Time T (,m): 55.32S”
See APATITES.
N. s-down length LS (cm): 24.99*
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 5.65”
N. migrat. length LM (cm): 26.54O
Crystal System: Hexagonal Epith. Nent. Por. &cjv~)+ (p.m.):
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Therm. Neut. Par. &XL)th (pa.):
At, (~s/ft):
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 4.50 H 5.0 At, (v.+t):
Density (g/em”): 3.160 ++ 3.20° At ratio:

OCCURRFNCE
t,, w4 :
6’amm.aray GR (API): ++ saturation
See APATITES.
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1CLINOZOISITE /
CLASSIFICATION
PHYSICS
SOROSILICATES
Epidote group
GEOCHEMISTRY Average atomic number Z: 14.07 ++ 14.91°
Coefeeient C (=Z&):
Formula: Bulk modulus k (khar):
General: C&Al Al20 OH Si107 Si04 Shear modulus h (kbar):
example 1”‘: Cal.ozFe.zcaA12.8”nSi3.ooz012.o52Ho.osz Young’s modulns E (Mbar):
Elemental composition: Poisson’s ratio 0:
Weight percentage of: Ca 17.G42 c 16.734’
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: Fe 0.0 c 3.20G”
Weight percentage o,f: Al 17.813 c 18.451”
Elect. dens. /& (e/m?): 3.27 H 3.35”
Weight percentage of: Si 18.546 +a 18.337*
Bulk density Pa (g/ems): 3.31 H 3.39O
Weight percentage of: 0 45.777 u 45.063O
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 3.42 H 4X0
Weight percentage of: H 0.222 - 0.209°
U, (=Pexp.) : 11.19 * 14.0S”
Capt. cr.-sect. c (c.u.): 10.467 H 13.155*
Al replaced by Fe (- Fe:Al=I:Z, in epidote’),
Therm. Nent. Dec. Time T (ps): 434.272 c 345.519O
Mn (- Mn:Al-22, in piemontite); Cr (- G.8 % Crz03);
N. s-down length Ls (cm): 15.12 Y 15.00”
Cs replaced by Pb and Sr.
Therm. diff. length Lo (cm): 9.52 ++ 8.3S”
N. migrst. length I,.,, (cm): 18.26 H 17.58’
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Epith. Neat. Pm. ,$(,y~~)~~i (pa.): 8.3 H 8.5*
Therm. Neut. Par. &,,r~)~,, (pa.): 8.7 c 10.1”
Crystal System: Monoclinic At, (~/fib
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES At, (dft):
At ratio:
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 6.5 Resistivity R (n-m):
Density (g/cm3): 3.12 c 3.38 3.29 tpl (J&4:
OCCURRENCE
* see this mineral.
Metamorphic rocks:
occurs in regionally metamorphosed rocks: epidote-
amphibolite facies;
also product of hydrothermal alteration (saussuritization) of
plngioclases.
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1CORUNDUM /
CLASSIFICATION
OXIDE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY
Molecular weight: 101.9G3

General: Ala 03 Coefficient C (=2&f&): 0.981
Weight percentage of: Al 52.924 Shear modulus p (kbar):
Weight percentage of: 0 47.076 Young’s modalus E (mar):
Impurities or traces: Poisson’s ratio 0:
Ti (X): Y I%* (sapphire);
WELL LOGGING
Cr (H 2.6% &OS in ruby)‘;
Fe (- 1.8% Fe203)2. Si (- 0.7% Si02)‘.
Elect. dens. /?. (e/en?): 3.94
Alteration:
Bulk density ~a (g/cm’): 4.03
Damourite, margarite; d&pore, gibbsite
u, (=Pexp,) : 6.12
Oligochse, anorthoclase, zircon; haematite, magnetite, .
Capt. cr.-sect. c (c&l.): 10.983
cordierite; hornblende; garnets; chlorite, tourmaline, disthene.
Therm. Nent. Dec. Time r (p): 413.866
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Them. diff. length Lo (cm): 10.64
Crystal System: Hexagonal Epith. Neut. Por. ~$(cNL)~~; (p.n.): 1.7
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Therm. Neut. Pm. ~+cNL)~~ (pm.): 2.7
At, k+):
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 9 At, (w/w

Density (g/cm”): 3.95 c 4.108.’ 4.02 At ratio:
OCCURRENCE’=‘~27
t,i (44:
Igneons rocks:
Pegmatite: max. %: 35%; syenite: max. %: 18%;

gabbro (anorthite rock): max. k GO%.
Metamorphic rocks:
Schists, marbles, silica-poor hornfelses. Metamorphosed

bauxitic deposits.
Sedimentary rocks:
Accessory heavy mineral in alluvions.
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1CRISTOBALITE 1
CLASSIFICATION
TECTOSILICATE
PHYSICS
Silica group
GEOCHEMISTRY Molecular weight: G0.08G

Formula: Coe5eient C (=Z *,: 0.999
General: Si 02 Bulk modulus k (kbar)“: 438.050
Elemental composition: Shear modalus p (kbar)“: 303.260
Weight percentage of: Si 46.746 roan& modnlns E (mar): 0.739
Weight percentage of: 0 53.254 Poisson’s ratio 0: 0.219
Associated minerals:.
WELL LOGGING
Trjdymite.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Elect. dens. p. (e/cm”): 2.297 H 2.347 2.337

Bulk density Pb (g/c&): 2.270 H 2.324 2.303
Crystal System: Hexagonal Photoelect. ind. Pe : 1.806
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES u, (=Pexp,) : 4.147 Y 4.238 4.202
Capt. cr.-sect. c (ca.): 4.002
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 6.0 % 7.0 Therm. Nent. Dec. Time r (w): 1136
Density (g/cm3): 2.27” Y 2.350’ 2.S32” N. s:dcwn length Ls (cm): 52.77

Therm. diff. length Lo (cm): 21.73
OCCURRF.NCE
Epith. Neut. Pm. d(c~&)+ (p-o.): -1.6
Therm. Neut. Por. ,$(CNL)f,, (pa.): -2.8
volcanic rocks: rhyolites, trachytes, andesites.
At, (,m/fi): 50.364 c 50.909
Metamorphic rocks:
At, (ps/ft): 83.940 H 84.848
in themnXy metamorphosed sandstones.
At ratio: 1.667
t&d b*/m):
65
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1DL4SPOREj
CLASSIFICATION
HYDROUS OXIDE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY

Formnla: Average atomic nnmber Z: lo.88
General: Al 02 H Coe5cient C (=Z*): 1.00
Weight percentage of: Al 44.9% Shear modulus p (kbar):
weight percentage of: 0 53.344 Yonng’s mod&w E (hIbar):
Impurities or traces*:
WELL LOGGING
Al may be replaced by Fe (- 4.6%), 01 by Mn (- 2.3);
sometimes by Si 01 Cr.
Elect. dens. Pe (e/cm3): 3.20 u 3.50 330
Bulk density Pa (g/cm’): 3.237 c 3.558 5.344
corundum in marbles; disthene in schists; gibbsite and
boehmite in bauxite.
u, (=Pexp,) : 4.32 H 4.725 4.455
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Capt. cr.-sect. c (e.n.): 18.w33
Therm. Nent. Dec. Time T (~8): 243.555
Crystal System: Orthorhombic N. s-down length Ls (cm): 6.88
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 3.92

Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 6.5 H 7.0 Epith. Nent. Pm. q+c~+ti (pa.): > 50
Density (g/c&): 3.2’ H 3X?.’ 3.5 Them. Nent. Pm. cj(~~~)th (pa.): > 50
At, (PP):
OCCURRENCE
Ata (dfi):
At ratio:
Metamorphic rocks:
Marbles; schists.
t&dWm) :
Sedimentary rocks:
Bauxites, laterites.
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CLASSIFICATION
INOSILICATE
OCCURRENCE
Pyroxene group
Clinopyroxene
Metamorphic rocks:
GEOCHEMISTRY metamorphic limestones and d&stones, schists, skams.
Igneous rocks:
Formula: picrites, basalts, d&rites.
General: Ca Mg Siz OS Sedimentary rocks:
example 1’: K.oo,Na.ooeCa.s2Mn.oo3Fe.~~~g.~~~Cr.ossTi.~~~ practically absent.
ALOSS Sit.odL
PHYSICS
Weight percentage of: K 0.0 Y 0.12G”
Molecular weight: 21G.5G4t
Weight percentage of: Na 0.0 Y 1.014’
Average atomic number Z: 14.195 w 14.61°
Weight percentage of: Ca 18.506 H 15.093”
Coefficient C (=2$$&): 0.997 ++ 0.994
Weight percentage of: Mn 0.0 u 0.07G”
Bulk modulus k (GPa)? 111.2
Weight percentage of: Fe 0.0 ++ 1.8679
Shear modulus p (GPa)? 63.7
Weight percentage of: Mg 11.229 w 10.241°
Yoang’s modulus E (hIbar):
Weight percentage of: Cr 0.0 Y 1.38S”
Poisson’s ratio u: 0.26
Weight percentage of: Ti 0.0 c 0.17G”
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: Si 25.940 - 25.29G”
Weight percentage of: 0 44.325 e+ 44.085*
Elect. dens. Pe (e/em3): 3.29O H 3.39
Weight percentage df: Al 0.0 Y 0.841°
Impurities or trac&‘.‘: Balk density Pa (g/cm”): 333 ++ 3.440
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 3.529 Y 3.92*
Cr (H l.Q%), Ti (- 1.2%), Mn (- 0.15%), Na (H l.O%),
U, (=Pexp,) : 11.62 +a 12.90*
K (- 0.15%); Al (- 2.5%);
Capt. cr.-sect. c (ea.): 7.67 H 10.G3Q”
Th (ppm)‘3.‘S: 2.0 CI 25.0; u (ppm)‘-: 0.01 Y 40.0
Therm. Nent. Dec. Time 7 (ps): 592.459 H 427.246’
Zr, v, Sr.
N. s-down length Ls (cm): 24.60 c 24.08’
Alteration:
amphiboles, talc, serpentines, epidote, rarely mica. Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 13.32 - 11.18*
N. m&rat. length Ln, (cm): 28.5’1 H 27.14*
Epith. Nent. Pm. 4(c~~)~~i (p.u.): -0.1 c O.l*
garnets, calcite.
Therm. Nat. Pm. &~~)th (pa.): 0.0 H 0.8”
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
At, (ps/ft): 39.6
At, @s/ft): 69.5
At ratio: 1.755
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Resistivity R (n-m):
t,1 b=/mb
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 5.0 ++ 6.0 Gamma ray GR (API): 10.0 Y 420.0 15.0
Density (g/cm3): 3.20’.’ c 3.40’.’ 3.29 t corresponds to the theoretical formula.
- corresponds to the example 1.
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CLASSIFICATION
CARBONATE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY

Formula: Average atomic nnmber Z: 13.744
General: Ga Mg Cz 06 Coefficient C (=Z*
Elemental composition: Bulk modulus b (kbar) ‘r.4:g:“,3.,Qo u 950.0
Weight percentage of: Ca 21.733 Shear modules p (kbar)? 450.0 H 514.340
Weight percentage oE Mg 13.187 Young’s modulus E (mar): 1.118- 1.307
Weight percentage of: C 13.028 Poisson’s ratio 0: 0.242 w 0.271 0.344
WELL LOGGING
Impurities or tracesz”‘8~“:
Mg may be replaced by Fe or Mn (- 2.5%); more rarely by
Elect. dens. /& (e/cm”): 2.794 w 2.943 2.86
Co, Zn, Pb.
Bulk density pb (g/cm”): 2.802 ++ 2.982 2.88
Photo&et. ind. Pe : 3.142
calcite, anhydrite; quartz; clay minerals; phosphates, glau-
u, (=Pexp-) : 8.777 H 9.248 9.00
conite.
Capt. cr.-sect. c (=.a): 4.585 u 4.830 4.697
CRYSTALLOGRAPW Therm. Neut. Dec. Time 7 (fis): 967.728
Crystal System: Tr-rhombohedral Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 15.38
Epith. Nent. Pm. d(c~~)~~f (p.u.): 1.7
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 3.50 - 4.0 Therm. Neut. Pm. +,v~)th (pa.): 0.5
Density (g/cm’): 2.80 H 2.93 2.87 At, (&ft): am8 ++41.5’~ ++ 45.509
At, (&ft): 71.11G H 77.0~~ CI 78.040
OCCURRENCE
At ratio: ~.ns e+ 1.8~~~
Resistivity R (0-m): > 10,OOO.O
Sedimentary rocks:
t,t (ns/m): 8.50 H 8.90
carbonates chemical deposits: d&stones, dolomitic lime-
stones; 5s cement in sandstones: na.x. %: za 40%
Metamorphic rocks:
dolomitic marbles.
Metalliferous veins:
associated with sphalerite, galena, pyrite, chalcopyrite.
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pziEiw
CLASSIFICATION
RING SILICATE
Tourmaline group
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY
Moleenlar weight: 958.8Gt
Fommla: Average atomic number Z: 11.04
General: Na Mga Als Ba SL 03, H1 Coeffleient C (=Z&):
example 1’: Bnlk modnlus k (kbar):
Na.suoK.~,laMgs.262Ca.~,~l~.~~~Fe.,~,Ti.”~,B~.~~~ Sk.,50 Shear modulus p (kbar):
031.41dL444 Young’s modulus E (mar):

Weight percentage of: Mg 7.809 H 8.158*
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: Si 17.577 c l6.G35*
Weight percentage of: 0 51.728 ++ 51.739”
Elect. dens. &, (e/cm3): 3.01 Y 3.03O
Weight percentage of: Fe 0.0 ++ 0.574”
Balk density ~a (g/cm’): 3.03 +, 3.015~
Weight percentage of: Ca 0.0 Y 1.706’
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 1.43 tt 1.75*
Weight percentage of: B 3.386 ++ 3.299*
u, (=Pexp.) : 4.3 H 5.329
Weight percentage of: Na 2.398 Y 1.196’
Capt. cr.-sect. c (ea.): 4347.25 H 42G5O
Weight percentage of: H 0.421 w 0.461°
Therm. Nent. Dec. Time 7 (w): 1.046 ++ 1.066*
Weight percentage of: Al 16.883 ct 16.164*
N. s-down length Ls (cm): 10.89 ++ lO.G6*
Weight percentage of: K 0.0 - 0.072*
Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 0.14 ++ 0.143*
Impurities or traces’.“‘:
N. m&at. length LM (cm): 10.89 +a 10.66’
OH can be replsced by F; Na by K 01 Ca; Mg by Fe or Mn,
Epith. Nent. Pm. ~(cNI,)+,~ (p.u.): 25.9
or by (Al + Li) as in elbaite.
Therm. Nat. Por. +(cNL)~~ (pa.): 37.4
A~soeiate~-m&&s:
At, (P/W:
Axinite.
At, (w/fi):
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
At ratio:
Crystal System: Trigonal Resistivity R (n-m):
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES t,1 (ns/m):
Gamma ray GR (API):
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 7 t corresponds to the theoretical formula.
Density (g/cm3): 3.03 c 3.15’ * corresponds to example 1.
OCCURRENCE
Igneous rocks:
basic rocks.
Metamorphic rocks:
frequent.
Sedimentary rocks:
common accessory mineral in detrital sediments, in limestone
and gypsum.
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1ENSTATITE /
CLASSIFICATION
INOSILICATE
PHYSICS
Pyroxene group
Orthopyroxene
GEOCHEXISTRY Average atomic number Z: 11.430t ++ 12.71*
Coefficient C (=Z&):
Formula: Bulk modulus k (kbar):
General: Mg Si OS Shear modulus p (kbar):
example 1’: Mgo.,~Fe.osSi.mU 0203 Young’s modulns E (Mbar):
Weight percentage of: Mg 24.220 H 22.10Z”
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: Si 27.975 c 27.19Z
Weight percentage of: 0 47.804 c 47.415*
Elect. dens. pe (ejcn?): 3.20 Y 3.2Z
Weight percentage of: Fe 0.0 Y 2.758*
Bulk density & (g/cm’): 3.33 - 3.2p
Weight percentage of: Al 0.0 u 0.533*
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 1.618 +a 2.37O U, (=Pexp,) :
Impurities or traces2.7’8:
5.17 Y 7.w
Fe ct lo%, Ca w 1%;
Capt. cr.-sect. c (cu.): 4.516 Y 8.935”
Mn, Ni, Cr, Ti, and Al in small amount.
Therm. Neut. Dec. Time 7 (ps): 1007 H 855.408’
Th (ppm)‘3.‘5: 3.0 +a 25.0; u (ppm)‘3.‘? 0.01 H 40.0.
N. s-down length Ls (em): 22.78 ++ 22.5S”
Alteration:
Therm. diff. length Lo (cm): 16.92 u 13.45O
serpentine, talc.
N. migrat. length LM (cm): 28.91 H 28.83”
A-iated minerals:
Epith. Nent. Per. q$cw~)~e (p.u.): 0.6 w 0.7*
forsterite, augite, serpentine.
Therm. Nent. Pm. q+~~)th (pa.): -0.6 H 0.6*
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
At, wfi):
At, wfi):
Crystal System: Orthorhombic At ratio:
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Resistivity R (Q-m):
t,l w4:
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 5.0 Y 6.0 Gamma ray GR (API): 10.0 H 420.0 15.0
Density (g/cm3): 3.21 Y 3.25O Y 3.30
* corresponds to the example 1.
OCCURRENCE
Igneous rocks:
ultrabasic rocks: pyroxenites, peridotites, gabbros, norites,
basalts.
Metamorphic rocks:
homfels.
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lEPm0~El
CLASSIFICATION
PHYSICS
SOROSILICATES
Epidote group
Molecnlar weight: 483.25t
GEOCHEMISTRY Average atomic number Z: 18.81 +-+18.87-
Coeffleient c (=z*): Y
Formnla: Bulk modmlus k (kbar):
General: Ca Fe Al20 OH SizO7 SiOd Shear modalns fi (kbar):
example 1’: Caz.ol~Fe.oo$vlno.oszMgo.lo3Tia.o13Alz.l~Siz.o~a ~~~~~~~ modnjns E (mar):
O,zemH.szs Poisson’s ratio 0:
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: Ca 16.588 H lG.G18*
Weight percentage of: Fe 11.557 rt 11.147*
Elect. dens. p. (e/cmg): S.S9*
Weight percentage oE Mn 0.0 Y 0.58Q9
Bulk density ~6 (g/cm”): 3.44”
Weight percentage of: Al 11.166 ++ 11.84Q”
Photo&et. ind. Pe : 6.49 H G.5G6
Weight percentage of: Si 17.438 H 17.383O
u, (=Pexp,) : 22.91 ++ 22.24*
Weight percentage of: 0 43.042 u 41.659*
Capt. cr.-sect. c (ea.): 20.215 ++ 2X723*
Weight percentage of: H 0.209 r* 0.13*
Therm. Neut. Dec. Tie 7 (w): 334.863 - 200.034
N. s-down length Ls (cm): 14.79 H 16.133~
Mg (0.52*), Ti (0.13*).
Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 6.51 H G.54O
N. migrat. length I,M (cm): 16.52 ++ 18.28O
actinolite, amphiboles, quartz, feldspar, chlorite
Epith. Nent. Pm. ~$(GNL& (P.u.): 9.0 H 5.@
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Therm. Nat. Pm. $%(cNL)~~ (pa.): 12.8 Y 9.4O
At, wft):
Crystal System: Monoclinic At, (#s/e):
PETROPWSICAL PROPERTIES At ratio:
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 6.0 t,i (44:
Density (g/em”): 3.38 - 3.49 3.43* Gamma ray GR (API): < 5.0
OCCURRENCE
Metamorphic rocks:
associated with dynamic metamorphism of basic igneous rock;
gneisses, micaschists; favoured by shearing stress
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IEPf30m~Ei
CLASSIFICATION
SULPHATE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY

General: MgSOa 7 Hz0 Coefficient C (=2&): 1.055
Elemental composition: Bulk modalus k (kbar):
Weight percentage of: Mg 9.866 Shear modulus /.l (kbar):
Weight percentage of: S 13.009 Young’s modulus E (ML+:
Weight percentage of: 0 71.400 Poisson’s ratio v:
weight percentage of: H 5.725
WELL LOGGING
Impurities or traces2.a.s:
Mg can be replaced by Fe (w 7% FeO),
Elect. dens. p. (e/cm3): 1.751 ++ 1.847 1.846
Zn (-m 3% ZnO), Mu (-FJ% MnO), Ni.
Bulk density pb (g/cm”): 1.686 Y 1.789 1.788
Photoeleet. ind. Pe : 1.149
camallite, halite; iron sulphates.
U, (=Pexp,) : 2.012 ++ 2.123 3.132
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Capt. cr.-sect. c (a,.): 21.355 H 22.378 23.373
Therm. Nent. Dec. Time C ((ls): 203.176
Crystal System: Orthorhombic N. s-down length Ls (cm): 6.54
PETdOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Therm. diff. length Lo (cm): 2.85

N. mlgrat. length LM (cm): 7.19
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 2.0 +, 2.50 Epith. Neut. Pm. f$(ci~)~~ (p.n.): > 50
Density (g/cm3): 1.66’ r* 1.751’ 1.750 Therm. Nent. Pm. ,$(cNL)~~ (pa.): > 50
At, b/fi):
OCCURRENCE
Ata (P+W
At ratio:
Sedimentary rocks:
In evaporites. In salt lakes (chotts).
t,1 (-Id:
Thermal sources. Alteration product of kieserite.
In thin layers with cama!lite.
In association with iron sulphates.
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CLASSIFICATION
ORTHOSlLICATE
PHYSICS
Olivine gronp
GEOCHEMISTRY
Molecular weight: 203.780 Y 199.741°
Average atomic number Z: 22.029 H X738*

Formmla:
Coeffleient C’(=Z&): 0.962 c 0.9G4O
General: Fe? Si 04
Bulk modnlns k (kbar):
example I”): Fe,.s,oMg.oszMnozsCa.a78Ti.“~~ AL&%.ooz04
Shear modnlns p (kbar):
example 2(“: Fe,.s~g.,,$*ln.oorCa.oJoTi.,,*~ Al.&%&~
Young’s modulus E (mar):
Poisson’s ratio 0:
Weight percentage of: Fe 54.811 Y 47.182’ 50.813*
Weight percentage of: Si 13.784 y 14.238’ 14.070° WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: 0 31.405 ++ 32.57’ 31.993”

Weight percentage of: Mg 0.0 ++ 2.092. 0.63Z” Elect. dens. & (e/cm3): 3.944 H 4.17 4.15O
Weight percentage of: Mn 0.0 ++ 2.828’ 0.7GS” Bulk density Pa (g/cm”): 4.033 H 4.28 4.2G”
Weight percentage of: Ca 0.0 Y 1.563O 0.795. Photoelect. ind. Pe : 17.171 Y 15.74’
Weight percentage of: Ti 0.0 H 0.439. O.lZO u, (=Pexp,) : GfJ.0” H 71.68 M.49.
Weight percentage of: Al 0.0 ++ 0.057’ 0.04O Capt. cr.-sect. c (ca.): 67.87 rl 75.66.
Impurities or traces2.7.8: Therm. Neut. Dec. Time 7 (p): G0.077’ * 86.4513~
Fe can be partly replaced by Mn (-FZ Z.G%), N. s-down length Ls (cm): 19.93 u 19.22’
Ca (++w l.S%), Mg (-m 2.0%). Traces of Ti. Therm. diff. length La (cm): 3.11. +a 3.24* 3.21
Alteration: N. migmt. length bw (cm): 19.74’ Y 20.21*
in talc, serpentine; chlorite. Epith. Neut. Pm. d(c~~)+ (p.ti.): 2.2 ++ 2.4*
Associated minerals: Therm. Neat. Por. ~(cNQ,, (pa.): 7.2 H 7.5*
Hedenbergite; Pyrope. At, (w/q:
See also OLIVINE. At, (w/i-+
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY At ratio:
Resistivlty R (n-m):
Crystal System: Orthorhombic tpi (44:
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Gamma ray GR (API): 5 5.0
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 0.50 - corresponds to example 2.
Density (g/cm”): 4.10’ - 4.39”’ 4.28
OCCURRENCE
Igneous rocks:
Ultra-basic rocks: peridotites, dunites; in some gabbros and
pyroxenites; obsidians, basalts.
Relatively common in quartz bearing syenites, but relatively

rare in granites.
Metamorphic rocks: 73
metanorphosed iron-rich sediments.
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1FELDSPARS j
CLASSIFICATION
TECTOSILICATE
OCCURRENCE
Feldspar group
The most abundant constituents of the igneous rocks.

GEOCHJZMlSTRY Igneous rocks:
major constituents in the great majority of rocks:
Formula: granites - gabbros; rhyolites w basalts.
Alkali Feldspars: (K,Na)AlSisOs Maximum percentage: IZ: G5%
Plagioclases: NaAlSiaOsuCaAlzSizOs Sedimentary rocks:
Composition: they are second in abundance to quartz in the arenaceow
see varieties. sediments as immature detrital rocks: arkoses, graywackes’.
yar&e~ : Maximum percentage: M GO%
Alkali Feldspam: Microdble~, Orthoclaset, Metamorphic rocks:
Anorthoelase~, Sanidine$. major constituents of most gneisses and schists; present in
Plagioclases: Albitet, OIigoclase~, Andeslne$, some marbles.
Labradoritet, Bytownltef, Anorthitef.
PHYSICS
Alteration:
kaolinite, smectite, illite, chlorite.

see varieties.
WELL LOGGWG
quartz, micas, hornblende.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
see varieties.
1 variety described in this data base
Crystal system: Monoclinic or Triclinic
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 6 +a 6.5
Density (g/cm”):
Alkali Feldspar: 2.55 w+ 2.63.
Plagioches: 2.62 - 2.78.
see varieties.
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1FERROACTINOLITE 1
CLASSIFICATION
INOSILICATE
PHYSICS
Amphibole gronp

Average atomic number 2: 19.22
Coefecient C (=Z*
Genernl: Ca~FesSis0~2(0H)z Bulk modulus k (kb ar ,I:
Weight percentage of: Ca 8.283 Young’s modulus E (h&w):
Weight percentage of: Fe 28.784 Poisson’s ratio 0:
Weight percentage of: Si 23.163
WELL LOGGING
Elect. dens. & (e/cm3): 3.38
Bulk density pb (g/cm”): 3.43
Mg cm replace Fe.
Associated mi~al&s:
u, (=Pexp.) : 35.46
epidote, chlorite.
Capt. cr.-sect. c (ea.): 33.517
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Them. Nent. Dec. Time 7 (p): 135.615
Crystal System: Monoclinic Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 4.77
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES N. m&rat. length LM (cm): 15.87

Epith. Nent. Pm. 4(CivL)epi (P.Q 8.9
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 5.50 H 6.0 Therm. Neut. Pm. 4(~~+h (pa.): 14.8
Density (g/cm3): 3.3 H 3.48’ 3.44 At, (,m/ft):

At, wft):
OCCURRENCE
At ratio:
Metamorphic rocks:
t,l bs/m):
typical mineral of the greenschist facies. frequent in carbon-
G-a ray GR (API): 5 .s
ates which have undergone a contact metamorphism.
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1FLUORAPATITE 1
CLASSIFICATION
PHOSPHATES
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY

Formala: Average atomic nnmber Z: lG.312t u lG.19’
General: Css(PO.&F Coefficient C (=2&): 0 991t
example 1’: Cas.,,lMg.,,,Fe.on2Pl.nsoFo8oO,3 mH.“m Bulk modulus k (kbar)“: 865
Elemental composition: Shear modulus p (kbar)=: 466
Weight percentage of: Ca 39.73Gt H 38.G1Q” Young’s modnlus E @mar):
Weight percentage of: P 18.42Gt +a 17.72Z Poisson’s ratio 05’: 0.27
Weight percentage oE 0 38.071t c 40.01°
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: F 3.7G7t w 3.809*
Weight percentage of: H O.Ot _ 0.005°
Elect. dens. p. (e/cm”): 3.17+
Impnrities 0~ traces:
Bulk density Pb (g/cm”): 3.21°
Ca may be replaced by Sr (+a 11% SrO), or by Ce, Mn, Mg,
- Photoelect. ind. Pe : 5.82t w 5.G7*
h‘e
U, (=Pexp,) : 18.47t H 17.9Q”
Capt. cr.-sect. c (ea.): 10.2st r* 9.9790
see APATITES
Therm. Neut. Dec. Time 7 (/a): 412.57St +-, 455.5O
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY N. s-down length Ls (cm): 26.86t H 25.65“
Therm. d&. length Lo (cm): 11.91t H 11.9*
Crystal System: Hexagonal N. mlgrat. length La,, (cm): SO.Olt H 28.87
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Epith. Neut. Por. ~(cNL)+ (p.u.): -0.7t H -0.4O

Therm. Nent. Pm. &NL)~,, (pa.): -oat H 0.1~
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 5.0 At, (p.+-t): 44.~~’
Density (g/c&): 3.1 H 3.23 3.20 At, (/m/i-t): 80.0~~

At ratio: 1.786
OCCURRENCE
tp1 Wm):
Igneous rocks:
Gamma ray GR (API): 120 Y saturation
see APATITES
* corresponds to example 1
76
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/FLUORITE 1
CLASSIFICATION
HALIDES
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY

General: Ca Fz Coefficient C (=Z* ): 0.973
Elemental composition: Bulk modalus k (kbar):
Weight percentage of: Ca 51.332 Shear modnlns ,u (kbar):
Weight percentage of: F 48.668 Young’s modulus E (ham):
Ca partly replaced by SI(H I%), or by Y (- 10.6% YFa) and
WELL LOGGING
CC
Elect. dens. pc (e/cm”): 2.92 ++ 3.162 3.094
apatite, cassiterite, topaz in pneumatolitic deposits;
Bulk density Pa (g/c&): 2.94 k 3.208 3.124
calcite, pyrite, apatite in hydrothermal products;
baryte, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, quartz, siderite.
U, (=Pexp.) : 19.716 H 21.20 20.76
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Capt. cr.-sect. c +a.): 11.017 u 11.086
Therm. Nent. Dec. Time r (w): 412.578
Crystal System: Cubic N. s-down length Ls (cm): 28.79

N. m&rat. length LM (cm): 31.77
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 4.0 Epith. Neat. Por. I$(cNL).+ (p.n.): -1.1
Density (g/cm”): 3.00 - 3.?& S.1S2~’ Therm. Nent. Por. +cw~)r,, (p.n.): -0.6
At, b4ft):
OCCURRENCE
At, (~/ft):
At ratio:
Igneons rocks:
generally accessory mineral in granites but a max. % of 95%
$1 w4 :
is reported in Newfoundland in veins of 5 to 20 ft; pegmatites,
syenites. In drusy cavities of blocks ejected from volcanoes.
Sedimentary rocks:
in limestones (max. %: c 70% in Mexico in beds of 3 to 5

m.); as cement in sandstones
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1FORSTERITE ~
CLASSIFICATION
ORTHOSlLJCATE
PHYSICS
Olivine gronp
GEOCHEMISTRY Molecnlar weight: 140.710t u 143.788*

Average atomic number Z: 11.26gt H 12.9220
Formula: Coe5cient C (=Z &): 0.995 - 0.9930
Gened Mgz Si Or Balk modulus k (kbar):
example l”: Mg,.,ZFe.os,Mn.oosTi.oalAl.olsSi.~7~O~ Shear modulus p (kbar):
Weight percentage of: Mg 34.563 ct 32.481° Poisson’s ratio ~7:
Weight percentage of: Si 19.960 +i 19.129O
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: 0 45.477 H 44.518*
Weight percentage of: Fe 0.0 - 3.38’
Elect. dens. Pe (e/ems): 3.144 w 3.23O 3.196
Weight percentage of: Mn 0.0 H 0.191°
Balk density Pb (g/cm”): 3.177 H 3.26” S.24
Weight percentage of: Ti 0.0 Y 0.033O
Photo&et. ind. Pe : 1.587 H 2.517°
Weight percentage of: Al 0.0 ++ 0.3”
U, (=Pexp,) : 4.833 c 8.10* 4.92
Capt. cr.-sect. c &I.): 4.103 u 7.9249
Fe (- 3.5%), Mn (m 0.1%); Ti, Ni and Cr.
Therm. Nent. Dee. Time 7 (p): 1108 +a 573.629*
Alteration:
N. s-down length Ls (cm): 22.37 H 22.22O
talc, serpentine, brucite, magnesite; chlorite.
Therm. diff. length Lo (cm): 17.52 H 12.41°
N. migrat. length LM (cm): 28.94 u Z&O0
Pyrope. Practically never with quartz
Epith. Nent. Por. q+(c~++ (pa.): 0.8’
See also OLNINE.
Therm. Nat. Por. &-q+h (pa.): -0.6 H l.l”
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
At, b-4-+
Ata (dfi):
Crystal System: Orthorhombic At ratio:
$1 Wm):
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 6.0 ++ 7.0 Gamma ray GR (API): 5 5.0
Density (g/em’): 3.160 CI 3.33’ 3.222”
* corresponds to the example.
OCCURRENCE
Igneons rocks:
Pure for&rite is unknown in igneous rocks.
Metamorphic rocks:
thermally metxnorphosed impure limestone
and dolostonea.
Sedimentary rocks:
disseminated in limestones.
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CLASSIFICATION
SJLPHIDE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY
Moleeula~ weight: 239.264

General: Pb S CoelBcient C (=Z &): 0.819
Weight percentage of: Pb 86.599 Shear modulus fi (kbar):
Weight percentage of: S 13.401 Young’s modulus E (M!mr):
Ag, As, Sb, Bi.
WELL LOGGING
Alteration:
an&site, cerusite.
Elect. dens. p. (e/a,?): &OF2 H G.226 6.19
Bulk density ~6 (g/cm’): G.30 H 6.476 6.44
Pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, baryte, fluorite, quartz,
calcite.
U, (=Pexp,x) : 9889.267 H 10156.544 10102.58
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Capt. cr.-sect. c (c.n.): 13.129 Y 13.13
Therm. Neut. Dec. Time 7 (w): 546.227
Crystal System: Cubic N. s-down length Ls (cm): 89.68 rt 69.12
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Therm. diff. length Lz, (cm): 30.69 c 31.77
Hardness (M&s’ scale): 2.50 Epith. Nent. Par. ~(cNL)~~~ (p.u.): -2.6
Density (g/em3): 7.40’ c 7.60 bf 7.5G2.* Therm. Neut. Pm. &qfh (pa.): -4.1
At, @s/e):
OCCURRENCE
At, (dfi):
At ratio:
Igneous rocks:
Resistivity R (~-rn)‘~: G.SXIO-” w 5.8 x IO-’ 1.87x10-*
Found in veins and replacements in pegmatites,
tpl (n=/4 :
in talc-silicate rocks, and lavas.
Sedimentary rocks:
limestones, sandstones, d&stones.
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/l
CLASSIFICATION
OCCURRENCE
ORTHOSILICATES
Garnet group
Igneous rocks:
accessory mineral in granites, pegmatites.*’

GEOCHEMISTRY Metamorphic rocks:
characteristic minerals of regional or contact metamorphism;
Formnla: eclogite”, micaschists, gneiss, amphibolites2~7~8~0~27,
skarns
General: Xz+ Yg+ Sis 012 Sedimentary rocks:
with: X=Mg, Fe’+, Ca, Mn’+ Accessory heavy minerals in alluvions in relation with their
and Y=Al, Fe3+, Cr’+. resistance to abrasion and chemical attack.
Varieties:
Grossuhrf (Ca), F’yropet (Mg), AImamiine~ (Fe),
PHYSICS
Spessartite$ (Mn), Andraditef (Ca,Fe,Ti), Uvarovitet
(%Cr) * See varieties.

Ti in andradite, Y and P in spessartite, OH in grossular.
&Iteration:
WELL LOGGING
in chlorite, serpentine; sometimes limonite.
See varieties.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
Crystal System: Cubic
PETROPRYSICAL PROPERTIES
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 6.0 c 7.5

Density (g/cm3): 3.15’ c 4.32’.’
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/ GIBBSITE 1
(HYD~RGILLITE)
CLASSIFICATION
PHYSICS
HYDROXIDE
GEOCHEMlSTRY Molecular weight: 78.06

Average atomic nrunber 2: 10.280
Coefficient C (=2&): 1.026
General: Al 0~ H3 Bulk modulus k (kbar):
Elemental composition: Shear modulus ,U (kbar):
Weight percentage of: Al 34.588 Young’s modulus E (mar):
WELL LOGGING
Fe is present in small amount. Gallium sometimes present
Elect. dens. Pe (e/cm’): 2.441
Th (ppm)? 10.0 ++ 132.0; U (ppm)““: 3.0 ++ 30.0
Bulk density pb (g/ems): 2.424
Transformation:
By dehydration transforms in boehmite.
u, (=Pexp,) : 2.696
.. Capt. cr.-sect. c (ml.): 22.554
boehmite, d&pore, goethite, haematite, kmlinite, halloysae.
Therm. Nent. Dec. Time r (ps): 201.533
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 2.92
N. mlgrat. length L,,, (cm): 6.86
Crystal System: Monoclinic Epith. Nent. Pm. I#J(CW+H (pa.): > GO
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Therm. Nent. Por. r#qcnrqth (pa.): > 60
At, +/ft):
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 2.50 H 3.50 At, (dw:
Density (g/cm3): 2.30’,’ - 2.40’.’ 2.38 At ratio:
OCCURRENCE
$22Wm):
Gamma ray GR (API): 60.0 Y 770.0
Sedimentary rocks:
Often the predominant mi11em1 in bauxites and laterites, IP
sulting from the intense weathering, under tropical conditions,
of aluminium silicate rocks yielding clays which axe subse-
quently desilicated.
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CLASSIFICATION
SULPHATE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY
Mo1eev.k~ weight: 278.188

Formula: Sum n,Z,: 138.0
General: Canal (SO& Sum n;ZiTi: 476.955
Elemental composition: Snm n;Ci: 2.532
Weight percentage of: Na 16.529 Average atomic number Z: 14.104
Weight percentage of: Ca 14.407 Coefficient C (=ZK:f&): 0.992
Weight percentage of: S 23.053 Balk modulus k (kbar):
Weight percentage of: 0 46.011 Shear modulus p (kbar):
&s-&ted minerals: Young’s modulus E (mar):
halite, anhydrite, gypsum, plyhalite; thensrdite; nitrates. Poisson’s ratio 0:
Crystal System: Monoclinic Elect. dens. p. (e/cm”): 2.679 H 2.828 2.778

PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Bulk density p6 (g/cm”): 2.679 H 2.838 2.785
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 2.5 H 3.0 U, (=Pexp,) : 9.239 u 9.752 9.681
Density (g/cm”): 2.70 c) 2.85”’ 2.80’ Capt. cr.-sect. c (,.,I.): 14.80 H 15.622 15.544
Therm. Nent. Dec. Tie r (w): 296.259
OCCURRENCE
Sedimentary rocks:
N. m&at. length Ia, (cm): 29.69
in lacustrine or marine evaporites.
Epith. Nent. Par. &CNL)+ (p-o.): -0.7
Therm. Neut. Par. +q/, (pa.): 0.1
At, (P/W:
At, (/=/ft):
At ratio:
Resistivity R (&m):
$71(ns/m):
a2
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CLASSIFICATION
HYDROXIDE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY
Moleedar weight: 88.855

Formnla: Average atomic number 2: 22.664
General: Fe 02 H Coefficient C (=Z&): 0.968
Elemental composition: Balk modulus k (kbar):
Weight percentage of: Fe G2.853 Shear modnlos /I (kbar):
Weight percentage of: 0 36.013 Young’s modnlus E (Mbar):
Weight percentage of: H 1.134 Poisson’s ratio c:
Impurities or traces’.‘.‘:
WELL LOGGING
Mn may replace Fe (- 5%).
Transformation:
Elect. dens. /& (e/m?): 4.143 - 4.162 4.152
in haematite by dehydration.
Balk density p, (g/cm”): 4.248 H 4.287 4.256
U, (=Pexp,) : 78.804 * 81.163 78.978
Crystal System: Orthorhombic Capt. cr.-sect. c (Cal.): 84.093
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Therm. Neut. Dee. Time r (w): 54.053

Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 5.0 H 5.5 Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 1.73
Density (g/cm3): 4.28’ H 4.30%” 4.29 N. migrat. length LM (cm): 7.13
3.3 c 4.3 under masses.* Epith. Nent. Par. I$(cNL).~~ (p-u.): > GO
Therm. Nent. Por. $+(cNL)~,, (pa.): > GO
OCCURRENCE
At, (dft):
At, (dfi):
Sedimentary rocks:
At ratio:
weathering product of iron-bearing minerals such as:
siderite, magnetite, pyrite,...;
formed under oxidizing conditions.
tpi (44 :
Principal constituent of some sedimentary iron ores (Lorraine,
France). Accumulates in bogs and springs from marine and
meteoric waters.
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/ GROSSULAR /
CLASSIFICATION
ORTHOSILICATE
PHYSICS
Garnet gronp
GEOCHEMISTRY Moleenlar weight: 450.4Glt

Average atomic number Z: 15.6t +a 16.42”
Coefficient C (=2&):
General: Gas Alz Si3 OL1 Bulk modulus k (kbar):
example 1’: Cas.z.rsMnoo83Fel.la~g.,,~~~.~,~ Sis.oeeOza Shear modnlns p (kbar):
Elemental composition: Your& modulus E (mar):
Weight percentage of: Ca 26.692t CI 22.292* Poisson’s ratio 0:
Weight percentage of: Al 11.979t H 11.189”
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: Si 18.707t ++ 17.7Gl’
Weight percentage of: 0 42.GZZt - 40.6979
Elect. dens. p. (e/c&): 3.55t c 3.6.V
Weight percentage of: Fe O.Ot H G.801*
Bulk density Pb (g/cm”): 3.81 t Y S.TF
Impurities or traces:’
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 4.37t Y 6.9V
Mg (- 0.45%“); Mn (- 0.48%*); Ti (- 0.33900).
u, (=Pexp,) : 15.51t c 21.79*
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Capt. cr.-sect. c (ea.): 10.8817 u zo..?m-
Therm. Neut. Dec. Time r (p): 417.734t H 223.61~
Crystal System: Cubic N. s-down length Ls (cm): 24.49t - x3.3*
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Therm. diff. length LLO (cm): 11.17t H 7.7f3*

N. migrat. length I+, (cm): 27.53t H 25.11*
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 7.0 H 7.5 Epith. Nent. Pm. ~(cNL)~~~ (p.m.): -O.lt c 0.4*
Density (g/cm3): 3.56’ Y 3.F9’ Therm. Nat. Pm. ~(cNL)~,, (pa.): 0.7t H 2.5*
At, (am
OCCURRENCE
At, wft):
At ratio:
Metamorphic rocks:
characteristic mineral of both thermally and regionally meta
t,c b/4
morphosed impure calcareous rocks (metamorphosed marls
and calcareous shales).
a4
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(SELENITE, ALABASTER)
CLASSIFICATION
PHYSICS
HYDROUS-SULPHATE
GEOCHEMISTRY Molecnlar weight: 172.178

Average atomic number Z: 14685
Coefficient C (~2s): 1.022
General: Ca S 00 H4 Bulk modulus k (kbar):
Weight percentage of: Ca 23.278 ~oung’s modulus E (mar):
Weight percentage of: S 18.624 Poisson’s ratio Q:
WELL LOGGING
Transformation:
Elect. dens. Pe (e/cm’): 2.35 c 2.422 2.372
in anhydrite by dehydration.
Bulk density pa (g/cm3): 2.327 - 2.404 2.35
halite, anhydrite, celestite, calcite, aragonite, dolomite, pyrite,
U, (=Pexp,) : 9.369 +, 9.G57 9.455
sulphur and quartz.
Capt. cr.-sect. c (c.u.): X8.418 c 18.577 18.493
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Therm. Neut. Dec. Time 7 (ps): 245.791
Crystal System: Monoclinic Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 4.08
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES N. m&rat. length LM (cm): 9.44
Epith. Neut. Pm. ~(cNL)~~; (p.n.): 58.5
Hardness (M&s’ scale): 2.0 Therm. Neut. Par. 4(CNL)th (pa.): 57.6
Density (g/cma): 2.30”’ w 2.37’ 2.32 At, (ps/ft): 52.5

At, (ps/ft):
OCCURRENCE
At ratio:
Sedimentary rocks:
tpl (ns/m): 6.FO ++ 7.0 6.8
Evaporites. The most commm sulphate occurring as thick
beds but also associated with limestones, shales, marls and
sands.
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)HAEMATITE]
(HEMATITE, FERRIC OXIDE)
CLASSIFICATION
PHYSICS
OXIDE

Averag? atomic number Z: 23.442
Bnlk modulus k (kbar)‘? 978.043 w 1622.190
Elemental composition: Shear modulus p (kbar)‘*: 726.960 H 931.043
Weight percentage of: Fe 69.944 Young’s modulus E (Mbar): 1.748 H 2.344
Weight percentage of: 0 30.056 Poisson’s ratio 0: 0.14 y 0.202 +a 0.259
WELL LOGGING
Mg, Mn and Ti (- 3%)a.‘.*.o
T&msformation:
Elect. dens. /Jo (e/c+: 4.664 H 5.045 4.997
by hydration gives limonite.
Bulk density Pb (g/cm”): 4.804 H 5.211 5.161
Limo&e, siderite, chlorite, magnetite; gibbsite; quartz
U, (=Pexp,) : 100.165 c 108.341 107.319
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Capt. cr.-sect. c (c.u.): 94.621 CI 102.345 101.S72
Therm. Neut. Dec. Time T (p): 44.839
Crystal System: Rbombohedral N. s-dm length 6s (cm): 113.68
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Therm. did length LD (cm): 2.26
N. migmt. length LM (cm): 17.01
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 5.0 u 6.0 Epith. Neut. Pm. d(c~~)+ (p.u.): 5.6
Density (g/cm3): 4.90 H 5.308” 5.25”’ Them. Neut. Par. +~~)th (pa.): 12.6
At, (/1s/ft): 39.872 ct 50.285 46.8’3
OCCURRENCE
At, (ps/ft): 69.926 c* 82.30 72.3’3
At ratio: 1.637 H 1.754 1.5443
Sedimentary rocks:
Resistivity R (Cl-m)“: 6.0x10@ Y 120.0
As massive beds, often as o&es; associated with limestones;
t,i @s/m) :
as cement of some sandstones max. %: M 35%.
Igneous rocks:
as accessory mineral in granites, syenites, rhyolites, trachytes.
Metamorphic rocks:
by metamorphism of magnetite, siderite and hydrated iron
oxides; in skuns.
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CLASSIFICATION
HALIDES
PHYSICS
Chloride
GEOCHEMISTRY Moleedar weight: 58.443

Coefficient C (=Z*): 0.958
BnIk modulns k (kbar)“: 245.0 ++ 248.9 252.0w 262.430
Elemental composition: Shear modnlus ,U (kbar)? 140.0 w 149.0 153.04$
Weight percentage of: Na 39.336 ~onng’s modnIns E (Mbar): 0.353 w 0.384
Weight percentage ofz Cl GO.664 Poisson’s ratio 0: 0.260 u 0.25G
WELL LOGGING
May content gypsum, anhydrite, sylvite, quartz, clay, iron
oxides as inclusions.
Elect. dens. /I. (e/cm’): 2.012 H 2.108 2.07
Bulk density pa (g/cm3): I.966 c-t 2.068 2.63
mhydrite, gypsum, polyhalite, carnailite, sylvite.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY We (=Pexp.) : 9.367 ++ 9.813 9.6s
Capt. cr.-sect. c (ea.): 729.870 H 764.628 748.457
Crystal System: Cubic Therm. Nent. Dec. Time ‘T (+): 6.073
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 2.50 N. m&rat. length Lnr (cm): 42.11
Density (g/cm”): 2.10 ++ 2.20 2.16 Epith. Neut. Pm. f+f~(c~~)+ (p.m.): -!&.a
In some cases Y 2.6 due to inclusions. Therm. Nent. Pm. ,$(~~qth (p.n.): -1.8
At, (ps/ft): 64.~74 ++ ~6.3’~ 68.810 67.04
OCCUFtP&NCE
At, (ps/ft): 112.922++ 114.5~~ 120.8~7 116.0
At ratio: 1.746 H 1.756 1.7S1’3
Sedimentary rocks:
in evaporites, associated with anhydrite or gypsum, clay.
$1 (II+): 7.70 H 8.40
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1HEDENBERGITE 1
CLASSIFICATION
INOSILICATE Metamorphic rocks:

Pyroxene group contact metamorphism of monzonites and gnnodiorites.
Clinopyroxene
GEOCHEMISTRY PHYSICS
Formula: Molecular weight: 248.11t ++ 24564Z

General: Ca Fe Sia OS Average atomic namber Z: 18.733 CI 18.52O
example 1’: K.~dao~~Ca.oa~Mn IloFe.*35Mg.oesTi.ooz~.“~~ Coefficient C (=Z &): 0.983 H 0.983*
Sim88Oa Bulk modulus k (kbar)“: 386.890

Elemental composition: Shear modnlns /,& (kbar)“: 423.930
Weight percentage of: Ca 16.154 H 15.3Z” Young’s modulns E (Mb-): 0.932
Weight percentage of: Fe 22.510 H 18.984” Poisson’s ratio 0: 0.099
Weight percentage of: Si 22.G43 u 22.732O WELL LOGGING

Weight percentage of: 0 38.893 H 39.079”
Weight percentage of: K O.OlV Elect. dens. ,& (e/cm’): 3.49 c 3.48*
Weight percentage of: Na 0.103* Bulk density /& (g/em”): 3.66 H 3.54*
Weight percentage of: M,, 2.885* Photoelect. ind. Pe : 9.58 u 9.194*
Weight percentage of: Ti 0.039* u, (=Pexp,) : 33.45 Y 32.0”
Weight percentage of: Al 0.2” Capt. cr.-sect. c (ea.): 28.72 H 40.14Q”
Impurities or traces: Therm. Nent. Dec. Tie r (w): 158.269 ++ 113.214*
Mn (- G.5%)“, Zn. Th (p~rn)‘~.‘~: 2.0 - 25.0; U (ppm)“.“: N. s-down length Ls (cm]: 24.08 c 23.04O
0.01 ++ 40.0 Therm. diff. length bn (cm): 6.15 H 5.2*
Alteration: N. migrat. length LM (cm): 25.31 u 24.07~
serpentine; chlorite. Epith. Nent. Par. q6(c~~c)~pi (pa.): 0.1 u 0.5*
Associated minerals: Therm. Neut. Pm. (b(~qth (P.R.): 2.7 ++ 3.GS
garnets (mdradite), epidote. At, (&I): 55.878 c 57.428
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY At, (/&I): 83.742 H 86.065

At ratio: I.499
Crystal System: Monoclinic Resistivity R (mm):
PETROPWSICAL PROPERTIES t,1 (44:
Gamma ray GR (API): lo ++ 420 15
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): G.0
Density (g/cm3): 3.50a Y 3.58’ 3.55
OCCURRENCE
Igneons rocks:
in quartz-bearing syenites, in fayalite granites; gabbros
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1HEULANDITE 1
CLASSIFICATION
TECTOSILICATE
PHYSICS
zeolite grollp
GEOCHEMISTRY Moleenlar weight: 797.691
coefEcient c (=2&): l.oo9

General: (Ca,Naz)[A11Si,01s].GH*O Bnlk modnlns k (kbar):
example 1’: CallsNa.s,,A13.z,Sis.T~~O~~ 7.88 (HzO) Shear modnlns p (kbar):
Elemental composition: young’s mod&m E (Mbar):
weight percentage of: Ca 5.101 Poisson’s ratio 0:
Weight percentage of: Na 2.176
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: Al 9.344
Elect. dens. ps (e/cm3): 2.119 - 2.24 2.12
Bulk density /?a (+m”): 2.08 +a 2.21 2.0s
Impurities or traces+-
U, (=Pexp,) : 4.80 H 5.0 4.25
Strontium (r)m X6%), Potassium (+ml.T%).
Capt. cr.-sect. c (c.u.): 11.811 - 12.080 11.64
&m&ated minerals:
Therm. Nent. Dec. Time r (p): 593.876
chabasite, stilbite and other zeolites.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Therm. diff. length LD (an): 6.15

Crystal System: Monoclinic Epith. Nent. Pm. &cm)& (P.u.): 27.5
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Therm. Nent. Pm. 4(~,v~)th (P.R.): 28.3
AL @+-9:
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 3.5 - 4.0 At, (w/W:
Density (g/em”): 2.10”’ ++ 2.18”’ Y 2.228’8 At ratio:

Resistivity R (Cl-m):
OCCURRENCE
t,i (ns/m):
~amrna ray GR (API): H 30.0
Igneons rocks:
as accessory mineral in cavities in basalt6

sometimes in granites and pegmatites as alteration products
in fissures; in metallifemus veins.

Sedimentary rocks:
as authigenic mineral in some sandstones.
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CLASSIFICATION OCCURRENCE
INOSILICATE Igneous rocks:

Amphibole group magnesium-rich homblendes are characteristic of gabbros,
peridotites; trachytes, andesites, and basalts; iron-rich hom-
GEOCHEMISTRY
blades are characteristic minerals of intermediate plutonic
EC!!:
rocks (max. %z FJ 12%W”d’y”h’. ““; present in smaller
General: (Na,K)o-lCaz(Mg,Fe,Al)s[Sis-&l-lOzl](OH,F)l
amountin granites and nepheline syenitea.
example 1’:
Metamorphic rocks:
022
the most common constituents of regionally metamorphosed
rocks: amphibolites (common hornblende max %: 80); gneiss,
schists. Impure metamorphosed limestones and skarns (parg-
022 asite).
PHYSICS
Molecular weight: t
Weight percentage of: Na 1.498“ +a 1.899’
Average atomic number Z: 15.3G”
Weight percentage of: K 0.541° ++ 1.03’
Coefficient C (=2*):
Weight percentage of: Ca 9.22O H 8.991’
Bulk modulus k (kbar)‘? 852.06 ++ 976.21
Weight percentage of: Mg 9.04FO H 12.508’
Shear mc.dnlns p (kbar)“: 368.15 H 512.0
Weight percentage of: Fe 7.178” H 1.164’
Young’s modnlns E (Mbar): o.965tt 1.307
Weight percentage of: Ti 0.89* - 0.063’
Poisson’s ratio ~7: 0.311 H 0.277
Weight percentage of: Al 7.?19O H 5.891’
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: Si 19.747O H 22.633’
Elect. dens. p. (e/cm3): 3.13* H 3.05’
Weight percentage of: 0 43.341° u 43.227’
Bulk density & (g/cm”): 3.16* Y 3.07’
Weight percentage of: H 0.172O w 0.08’
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 4.G9” H 3.11’
Weight percentage of: F 0.502O r* 1.914’
U, (=Pexp,) : 14.68* H 9.47’
Impmities or tracesz.‘.Q:
Capt. cr.-sect. c (c.u.): 16.754O u 9.852.
K (ratio K/Na < l), Ti (- 6.0%), Mn.
Therm. Nent. Dec. Time 7 (w): 271.306* H 461.378’
Th (ppm)‘3.‘5: 5.0 u 50.0; U (ppm)‘3.‘5: 1.0 H 40.0
N. s-down length Ls (cm): 16.14O Y 19.4’
Varieties:
Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 7.62* ++ 11.07’
eden&, ferroedenite, pargasite, ferrohastingsite, common
N. m&rat. length LM (cm): 18.2G0 u 22.84’
hornblende (Mg/Fe w = 1.0).
Epith. Nent. Por. I$(cNL),,- (p.u.): 6.4O Y 2.6’
Transformation:
Therm. Nent. Par. +NL)*~ (pa.): 9.1” ct 3.2’
epidote, chlorite.
At, (/+-t): 41.126 Y 4g.zo744.575
At, (&ft): 74.026 ++ 93.980 8X+20
plagioclases, quartz, orthopyroxenes, chlorite, calcite.
At ratio: 1.80 u 1.910 1.847
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
Crystal System: Monoclinic tpl (44:
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Gamma ray GR (API): 28.0 - 445.0
o corresponds to example 1. * corresponds to example 2 (par-
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 5.0 H 6.0
gas&).
Density (g/em”): 3.02’ 3.07’ - 3.50”’ S.16O
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/ HYDROXYAPATITE /
CLASSIFICATION
PHOSPKATE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY

Formula: Average atomic namber Z: 16.304t+
General: Cas(POa)a OH Coeftlcient C (=Z&): 0.995
example 1’: Cas.uozMn.oosMg.oIzP?n,cOl2 (OH)m, F.oa Bulk modulus k (kbar)‘“: 864
Elemental composition: Shear modulus p (kbar)‘“: 607
Weight percentage of: Ca 39.894t H 39.802” Young’s modulus E (mar):
Weight percentage of: P 18.499t - l&304* Poisson’s ratio u5’: 0.21
Weight percentage of: 0 41.407t Y 41.417O
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: H 0.2Olt H 0.2070
Elect. dens. p. (e/e&): 3.14t H 3.209
F may be present in small amount (0.158’). Ca may be re
Bulk density & (g/cm”): 3.17t ++ 3.23’
placed by Mu and Mg.
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 5.Sllt+
see APATITES.
U, (=Pexp.) : 18.22t Y 18.56O
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Capt. cr.-sect. c (ea.): 11.331t - 11.81*
Therm. Neut. Dec. Time ‘r (gs): 401.169t c 384.884*
Crystal System: Hexagonal N. s-down length LB (cm): 16.73t c 1G.2Z9
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 9.42t u 9.08*
N. migrat. length Ln, (cm): 19.6t H 18.99O
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 5.0 Epith. Neat. Por. ,$(cNQ+ (pa.): 5.St H 6.Z”
Density (g/cm”): 3.13 Y 3.21“ S.15 Therm. Neut. Pm. d(ca+/, (pa.): 6.V - 7.6*
At, (&ft): 42.F5”
OCCURRENCE
At, (ILs/ft): 70.2~”
At ratio: 1.648
see APATITES.
$1 @s/m):
Gamma ray GR (API): 120.0 - saturation
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1HYPERSTHENE 1
CLASSIFICATION
INOSILICATE
PHYSICS
Pyroxene group
Orthopyroxene
Molecular weight: t
GEOCHEMISTRY Average atomic number Z: 18.018 Y 18.O69o
Coefficient C (=Z&):
General: (Mg,Fe)SiOs Shear modnlns p (kbar):
with &&g/Fe between 2/l and l/l. Young’s modulus E @bar):
example 1: Mg,.J4Feo.asSizOs Poisson’s ratio 0:
example 2’: K.oa~Na.an~Ca.osMn.ozsFe.oeoMg.n~Ti.o~nAl.oas
WELL LOGGING
Sil.93706
Elect. dens. J?. (e/cm3): 3.45 H 3.52O
Weight percentage of: Mg 14.704’ ++ 9.492*
Bulk density Pb (g/cm”): 3.61 Y 3.58O
Weight percentage of: Fe 16.632* - 23X1*
Photo&et. ind. Pe : 5.85 Y 8.41°
Weight percentage of: Si 25.349’ H 23.33G0
u, (=Pexp,) : 20.21 Y 29.GY
Weight percentage of: 0 43.316’ w 41.174”
Capt. cr.-sect. c (ea.): 18.81 +i 31.5399
Impnrities or traces:
Therm. Nent. Dec. Time 7 (a): Y 144.121*
K, Na, Ca (- I%), Mn, Ti, Al, Cr.
N. s-down length Cs (cm): 21.59 w X39*
Th (ppm) ‘3~‘5: 2.0 H 25.0; u (ppm)‘-: 0.01 H 40.0
Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 7.57 u 5~35”
Alteration:
N. m&rat. length LM (cm): H 22.5GO
serpentine, talc; amphibole.
Epith. Nent. Par. ~(cNL)+ (p.n.): 1.2 H 1.3*
Therm. Nat. Par. ~(cNL)*~ (pa.): 3.6 H 4.“p
anorthite; cordierite; orthoclase; diopside, hornblende, gar-
At, (/dfi):
nets; quarts, garnets.
Ata (~~/ft):
Crystal System: Orthorhombic
t,r (n&4:
PETROPWSICAL PROPERTIES Gamma ray GR (API): 10.0 e 235.0
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 5.0 +, 8.0 * corresponds to example 1. o corresponds to example 2.
Density (g/cm”): 3.42 ++ 3.59+’ 3.50
Igneons rocks:
basic and ultrabasic rocks: gabbros, writes.
Metamorphic rocks:
charnockite; metamorphosed argiIlaceous (chlorite) rocks;
grmdites.
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1ILMENITE 1
CLASSIFICATION
OXIDE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY

FOI-mIlLa: sum n.Z;: 72.0 t
General: Fe Ti 03 sum niziri: 1197.443 t
example 1’: Ca.o~.o62Fer.o8,Til.o41Mg.~~~O~ Snm n;C.: 8.971t
Elemental composition: Average atomic number Z: 21.835t
Weight percentage of: Fe 3G.8Mt u 36.2X2* Coefftcient C (=Zs&): 0.94Qt
Weight percentage of: Ti 31.5G5t H 30.438” Bnlk modnlns k (kbar):
Weight percentage of: 0 31.G31t H 31.429* Shear modnlos p (kbar):
Imp&ties or traces*.‘: Young’s modulus E (Mbar):
limited amount of Mg (OX%)0 and Mn (l.l15%)“. Al, V. Poisson’s ratio 0:
AIteration:
WELL LOGGING
leucoxene.
Elect. dens. & (e/c&): 4.27 CI 4.536 4.4@
orthopyroxene; quartz.
Balk density Pb (g/cma): 4.383 H 4.667 4.59*
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 16.132~
u, (=Pexp.) : 71.01 H 75.44 74.1@

Crystal System: Trigonal Capt. cr.-sect. c (c.u.): 164.556’
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Therm. Nat. Dec. Time r (p): 2’1.656O

N. s-down length Ls (cm): 17.24+
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 5.0 H G.0 Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 1.94O
Density (g/cm”): 4.5 ++ 4.78’ 4.7Z2.* N. migrat. length LM (cm): 1T.5S”

Epith. Nent. Pm. (P(cNL)~~~ (pa.): 3.6
OCCURRENCE
Therm. Neut. Par. ~+cN+,, (pa.): 9.8
At, wfth
Igneous rocks:
At, (ps/ft):
accessory mineral in nepheline syenites, diorites, gabbros,
At ratio:
norites, anorthosites. As veins.
Metamorphic rocks:
tpl Wm):
accessory mineral in orthogneisses and in rocks of the grm-
ulite facies.
Sedimentary rocks:
xcessory heavy mineral in beach sandstones (max. %: H
5.5%)‘.
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/KAINITE/
CLASSIFICATION
MMED CHLORIDESULPHATE PHYSICS

GEOCHEMISTRY
General: MgSO4 KC1 3 Hz0 Coefacient C (=2&
Elemental composition: Bulk modnlns k (kbar):): ‘.012
Weight percentage of: Mg 9.787 Shear modulus p (kbar):
Weight percentage of: S 12.878 ~mmg’s modulus E (imar):
Weight percentage of: K 15.703 WELL LOGGING
weight percentage of: Cl 14.240
Elect. dens. Pe (e/em3): 2.126 ++ 2.267 2.156
Impnrities or traces’:
Bnlk density & (g/cm3): 2.087 w 2.239 2.119
Br and I.
Alteration:
u, (=Pexp,) : 7.447 H 7.944 7.554
Epsomite and sylvite.
Capt. cr.-sect. c (ea.): 192.388 +a 205.214 194.607
Therm. Nent. Dec. Time 7 (ps): 23.357
halite, camallite, kieserite.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 1.19
Crystal System: Monoclinic Epith. Nent. Par. +(ca~)~~i (p.n.): > 50
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Therm. Neat. Por. ‘$(aqth (pa.): > 50

At, (ps/ft): FS70.0
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 3.0 At, (ps/ft):
Density (g/em”): 2.109 H 2.24’ 2.13 At ratio:
OCCURRENCE
t,1 Wmb
Gamma ray GR (API): 250.0 y 255.0
In evaporites. Beds of considerable thickness in Poland”.
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1KALSILITE 1
CLASSIFICATION
PHYSICS
TECTOSILICATE
Feldspathoid group
Molecular weight: 158.1GGt
GEOCHEMISTRY Average atomic number Z: 14.46. u 14.51’
Coefficient C (=Z*
Formula: Bulk modulus k (kbar):
General: K[AlSi04] Shear modulus /I (kb ar ;:
example 1’: Na 113K7.sssCa.oasFe.l8Mn.alTi.uasA1772Sis.~~~ Yonng’s modnlns E (mar):
032 Poisson’s ratio 0:
example 2’: Na.s4,Krj.s~sCa.o45~g.losFe.3a, Al~.se&CwOsz
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: Na 0.224O ++ 1.554’
Elect. dens. ~7. (e/u+: 2.56O H 2.58*
Weight percentage of: K 21.358. u 23.872”
Bulk density Pb (g/cm3): 2.56’ H 2.58‘
Weight percentage of: Ca 0.019O Y 0.144’
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 3.77’ u 3.82*
Weight percentage of: Fe 0.79V w 1.341’
u, (=Pexp,) : 9.74’ +a 9.**
Weight percentage of: Al 18.35’ ti 18.518*
Capt. cr.-sect. c (ea.): 23.82’ ct 24.735*
Weight percentage of: Si 18.027. ct 18.099O
Therm. Neut. Dec. Time T (gs): 183.7GG” - 192.444’
Weight percentage of: 0 40.599O H 40.848’
N. s-down length Ls (cm): 32.9’ H 33.89O
Imparities and traces:
Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 8.63* H 8.74’
Ti, Mn, Mg.
N. m&rat. length LM (cm): 34.79’ ct 35.73’
Alteration:
Epith. Nent. Pm. ~(cNL)+ (p.n.): -1.6’ * -1.p
analcite and zeolites.
Therm. Nent. Por. 4(~qth (pa.): -0.9’ H -1.1’
At, (~/fib
never with qnartz.
Ata (wm):
Crystal System: Hexagonal t,1 (nsl4:
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Gamma ray GR (API): m 370.0
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 6.0 * corresponds to example 1. * corresponds to exa,nple 2.
Density (g/cm3): 2.59 +-a 2.625’.’
OCCURRENCE
Igneons rocks:
important constituent of the groundmass of some potassium
rich lavaa; unknown in plntonic rocks.
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1KIESERITE 1
CLASSIFICATION
HYDROUS-SULPHATE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY

General: M&301 HsO Coefficient C (=2&): 1.012
Weight percentage of: Mg 17.572 Shear modulus p (kbar):
Weight percentage of: S 23.169 ~onng’s modulus E (Imar):
WELL LOGGING
Alteration:
epsomite.
Elect. dens. & (e/cm”): 2.529 H 2.630 2.60
Associated m&:
Bnlk density Pb (g/cm”): 2.519 H 2.627 2.595
csmsllite, halite and potassium salts.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY U, (=Pexp<) : 4.622 ++ 4.807 4.752
Capt. cr.-sect. c (ea.): 13.580 r* 14.123 13.965
Crystal System: Monoclinic Therm. Nent. Dee. Time T (118): 325.73

Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 3.50 N. migrat. length LM (cm): 10.85
Density (g/cm”): 2.50 H 2.60 a.& Epith. Nent. Pm. ~$(GNL)+ (p.n.): 43.0
Therm. Nent. Pm. ~(GN+, (pa.): 41.9

OCCURRENCE
At, (/+t): FI 50.0
At, (w/f+
Sedimentary rocks:
At ratio:
In evaporites. In large amounts in the salt deposits of
Reslstivity R (n-m):
Germany”.
$21bh4:
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1LABRADORITE /
CLASSIFICATION
TECTOSILICATE
PHYSICS
Feldspar
Plagioclase
Molecular weight: 270.222t - 273.419t
GEOCHEMISTRY sum n;Z,: 134.0t H 135.80 t
Sum n;Z;ri: 325.340t H 3G8.02d
Formnla: Snm n,C,: 1.227t +a 1.221t
General: Nal.-, Cs, All.+, Sis.-. OS Average atomic number Z: 12.794t ++ 13.19Bt 13.22*
with .5 < x < .7 Coefecient C (=2 &
example 1’: K.o3Ca2.3*3Na~.~,,Fe.,1rAls.aas Sio.ssoO32 Bnlk modnlas k ,,a+:): ““’
Elemental composition: Shear modulus fi (kbar):
Weight percentage of: Na 4.254t 3.117* c 2.522t Yonng’s modalus E (mar):
Weight percentage of: Ca 7.41Gt 8.7GG” H lO.ZGlt Poisson’s ratio ~7:
Weight percentage of: Al 14.97Gt 15.723O H 18.775 t
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: Si 25.987t 24.723“ c* 23.G29t
Weight percentage of: 0 47.3G7t 4G.994* Y 46.813t
Elect. dens. /J. (e/c&): 2.G5St - 2.G9St 2.678*
Bnlk density & (g/cm3): 2.657t c 2.70t 2.678*
Fe (< LO%), K (< 0.1%);
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 2.428t Y 2.714t X7?
Th (pp~+~.“: .5 c 3.0; u (ppm)‘3.‘5: .2 w 5.0
U. (=Pexp,) : 6.453t e 7.3237
A&g&&z&:
Capt. cr.-sect. c (ea.): 7.434t H 7.44Gt 7.87O
chlorite.
Them. Neut. Dec. Time r (p): 577.574O
Associated miner&:
N. s-down length Ls (cm): 29.33* 30.5t c 3ox4t
bytownite, pyroxenes.
Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 14.74* 15.52t - 15.47t
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY N. migrat. length L,,, (cm): 24.97t 33.59* e+ 35.od
Epith. Nent. Pm. d(c~~)~ti (p.n.): -1.2*

Crystal System: Triclinic Therm. Neat. Pm. +(cnrL)th (pa.): -1.4*
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES At, (dft):

At, (alft):
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 8.0 w G.5 At ratio:

Density (g/em3): 2.08 c 2.12' 2.70° Resistivity R (n-m):
OCCURRENCE
tp1 b/m):
Gamma ray GR (API): 5.0 c 55.0 25.0
t corresponds to extreme values of z of the theoretical formula.
Igneans rocks:
diorites, gabbros, norites; andesites and basalts;
anorthosites (max. %: m 90%).
Metamorphic rocks:
amphibolites.
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[LANGBEINITEJ
CLASSIFICATION
SULPRATE
PHYSICS
GEOCREMISTRY

FOMlllIZX Average atomic namber Z: 14.227
General: KP M&.2 5% 0,~ Coefacient C (=2*): 0.993
Weight percentage of: K 18.842 Shear modnIna p (kbar):
Weight percentage of: Mg 11.719 Young’s modulus E (h.fbar):
Weight percentage of: S 23.178 Poisson’s ratio 0:
weight percentage of: 0 46.261
WELL LOGGING
carnallite, halite, sylvite.
Elect. dens. p. (+I?): 2.80 c 2.82 2.81
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Bulk density Pa (g/c&): 2.809 ++ 2.830 2.82
Crystal System: Cubic U, (=Pexp.) : 9.962 +a 10.034 9.998
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Capt. cr.-sect. c (ea.): 24.098 ++ 24.269 24.179

Therm. Neut. Dec. Tie 7 (,,s): 187.995
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 3.5 Y 4.0 N. s-down length Ls (cm): 28.64
Density (g/cm”): 2.82 ++ 2.84 2.83’.’ Therm. diff. length Lo (cm): 8.15

OCCURRENCE
Epith. Nat. Par. ~(cN~,)~H (pa.): -1.0
Therm. Nent. Pm. ~+cNL)*,, (pa.): o.2
mhry rocks:
At, (p+t): !a mo
:ly rare mineral found as nodules or gains, rarely beds,
At, (w/w
m evaporite deposits.
At ratio:
Resistivity R (a-m):
$1 w4:
G-a ray GR (API): 300.0 e, 305.0
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) LAUMONTITE 1
(LEONHARDITE)
CLASSIFICATION
PHYSICS
TECTOSILICATE
zedite gronp
Molecnlar weight: 470.45lt
GEOCHEMISTRY Average atomic number Z: 12.65t c lZ.GG*
Coefficient C (=2&j: l.OIZt
Formula: Bulk modnlns k (kber):
General: Ca (Ah Sill 0,2).4H10 Shear modulus p (kbar):
example 1’: K.o3Ca.ss*Na.usA12.a67Si3o460la 3.74(H~O) Yonngys mod,,Ins E (mar):
Weight percentage of: Ca 8.5191 H 8.254O
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: Al 11.470t u 11.93z
Weight percentage of: Si 23.880t Y 23.719*
Elect. dens. /?. (e/c&): 2.226 H 2.387 2.~8~
Weight percentage of: 0 54.414t u 53.905O
Bulk density ~6 (g/cm”): 2.194 * 2.387 a.~?*
Weight percentage of: H 1.714t H l&14*
Photo&et. ind. Pe : 2.~4~
U, (=Pexp.) : 5.188 +. 5.564 5.35-
K (- 0.25%)0, Na (- 0.3%)’
Capt. cr.-sect. c (ea.): 11.92F u 12.09G” 13.41
Pssociated minerals:
Therm. Newt. Dec. Time 7 (a): 375.782O
epidote, magnetite; chabazite, analcite; natrolite, stilbite.
N. s-down length Ls (cm): 9.87 u 10.2Q”
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 5.69 rt 5.Q4*
N. m&rat. length LM (cm): 1X04*
Crystal System: Monoclinic Epith. Neat. Par. $+~,q~ (pa.): 31.1* H 35.4
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Therm. Nat. Par. &CN~)t,, (pa.): 31.5O u 85.8
At, (dfi):
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 3.5 H 4.0 Ata (P/W
Density (g/cm3): 2.20 w 2.348 2.26 At ratio:

OCCURRENCE
$1 wmj:
Gamma ray GR (API): m 5.0
Igneous rocks:
in amygdales and fissures, chiefly in basic volcanic rocks
(baslts, andesites); ~rs alterati.tion products in some granites.
Metamorphic rocks:
in veins in schists, gneisses; in cavities in skams.
Sedimentary rocks:
aa authigenic mineral in some arkoses; in volcanic tu&.
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CLASSIFICATION
TECTOSILICATE
PHYSICS
Feldspathoid group
GEOCHEMISTRY Molecular weight: 218.25Zt
Average atomic number Z: 13.757 u 13.84*

Formula: Coefficient C (~2s): 0.990
General: K Al Siz OS Bulk modulus k (kbar):
example 1’: K.o,*Na.s4,Ca.oozFe.olsAloss Si,.mOs Shear modulus p (kbar):
Elemental composition: Yonng’s modnlus E (Mbar):
Weight percentage of: K 17.914 ++ 17.4779 Poisson’s ratio 0:
Weight percentage of: Al 12.361 - 12.158*
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: Si 25.740 w 25.574’
Weight percentage of: 0 43.984 H 43.87X9
Elect. dens. f& (e/en?): 2.405 ct 2.474 2.45O
Weight percentage of: Na 0.0 c 0.494O
Bulk density Pb (g/cm”): 2.386 w 2.4150 X44*
Weight percentage of: Ca 0.0 H 0.03V
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 3.153 H 3.22O
Weight percentage of: Fe 0.0 ct 0.383*
U, (=Pex&) : 7.582 ++ 7.91°
Impurities or tracesz’T.8.n:
Capt. cr.-sect. c (a.): 18.224 tt 18.345O
Na can replace K (Na ++ 1.5%); traces of Mg, Cs, Li, Rb, Ti.
Therm. Nent. Dec. Time T (p): 247.783*
Alteration:
N. s-down length Ls (cm): 35.53 c 33.95O
feldspara, mph&m, kaolinite.
Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 10.39 Y 10.15O
N. migrat. length I+, (cm): 37.79 +a 313.23~
divine, augite.
Epith. Nent. Por. d(c~~),i (p.n.): -1.7”
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Therm. Nent. Pm. ~(cNL)*~ (pa.): -1.3’
At, (cl++
Crystal System: Tetragonal At, (a/w:
Etardness (Mobs’ scale): 5.5 H 6.0 t,, (ns/mj:
Density (g/cm3): 2.47 u 2.507.8.9 2.485*.’ Gamma ray GR (API): w 290.0

OCCURRENCE
igneous rocks:
in potassium-rich basic lavas: leucite tephrite, leucite basan-
ite, leucite phonolite, leucitite. In ultra-basic volcanic rocks
ugandite and katungite.
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i
(BROWN COAL)
CLASSIFICATION
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY Molecular weight: lG.45

Coe5cient C (=Z& ): 0.999
General: C Haa N.o,a 0.x, Bulk modulus k (kbar):
Elemental composition: Shear modulus /J (kbar):
Weight percentage of: C 73.002 Yonng’s modulus E (mar):
Weight percentage of: N 1.277 Poisson’s ratio fJ:
Weight percentage e,f: 0 20.519
Weight percentage of: H 5.202 WELL LOGGING
ashes (silica and clays). Sulphur. Elect. dens. /& (e/c&): 1.099 ++ 1.2s
Uranium sometimes adsorbed. Bulk density ~b (g/cm’): 0.988 Y 1.19
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Photoelect. ind. Pe : o.ao
u, (=Pexp,) : 0.26 Y 0.310
Crystal System: Amorphous Capt. cr.-sect. c (c.ll.): 12.9
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Therm. Nent. Dee. Time 7 (J‘S): 352.35

Hardness (Mobs’ scale):
Density (g/em’): 1.10 Y 1.30’ 1.23
Epith. Nent. Pm. ~(cN+; (pa.): 55.6
OCCURRENCE
Therm. Neut. Pm. +,qth (pa.): 54.2
At, (&ft): 140.0 u 160.0
Sedimentary rocks:
At, (&ft):
in beds, sometimes thick, inter&ratified with shales, sand-
At ratio:
stones and conglomerates, more rarely limestones.
t,l (44:
Gamma ray GR (API): 10.0 YM 25.0
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(LIMONITE j
CLASSIFICATION
HYDROXIDE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY
Molecular weight: 125.78st

General: FeO(OH).nHaO Coefecient C (=Z a,: 1.010
with n between 2.0 and 2.1 Bulk modulus k (kbar)? 592.470 H 602.380
example: Fe O(OH) 2.05 (HzO) Shear modulus /J (kbar)? 308.890 +v 313.140
Elemental composition: Young’s modulus E (MIbar): 0.789 H 0.801
Weight percentage of: Fe 44.399’ Poisson’s ratio CI: 0.278 ++ 0.278
Weight percentage of: 0 51.514*
Weight percentage of: H 4.087’

WELL LOGGING
Impnrities or traces:
Phosphorus (- 2%).
Elect. dens. & (e/cm”): 2.727 +a 4.343 3.636
Traces of Vanadium.
Bnlk density & (g/cm’): 2.731 c 4.460 3.704
haematite, magnetite, chamosite, siderite, pyrite; silica, clay
u, (=Pex&%) : 35.45 H 58.46 47.24
minerals, hydrous aluminium oxides.
Capt. cr.-sect. c (c.m.): 73.313
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Therm. Ned. Dec. Time 7 (115): 62.00
Crystal System: Amorphous Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 1.26

Epith. Nent. Pm. +(~jvq+ (pa.): > GO
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 4.0 c 5.5 Therm. Neat. Par. $+~~qth (pa.): > GO
Density (g/em3): 2.7 c* 4.3 3.60 At, (gs/ft): 57.265 H GO.829 56.9
At, (&ft): 103.347 H 109.684 102.6
OCCURRENCE
At ratio: 1.803 H 1.805 1.803
Sedimentary rocks:
t,r (ns/m): 10.50 H 11.0
alteration product of iron-bearing minerals, in all kinds of
Gamma ray GR (API): HW 20.0
rocks. Typically found in the gossan or weathered outcrops of
many metalliferour veins. Common as a biogenic precipitate
in swamps, forming a large part of bog iron ore. Laterite.
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1MAGNESITE /
CLASSIFICATION
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY

General: hQ C OS ;;;~;~l~s(;;~z): 0.996
Weight percentage of: Mg 28.839 Shear modulus /J (kbar):
Weight percentage of: C 14.243 Ymng’s modulus E (MLmr):
Weight percentage of: 0 5G.919 Poisson’s ratio 0:
Impurities or traces’.“‘:
WELL LOGGING
A complete solid solution series exists between magnesite and
siderite by replacement of Mg by Fe. The intermediate terms
Elect. dens. p. (e/e&): 2.948 H 3.108.2.988
are: breannerite (- 30% FeCOa), mesilite (30% < FeCOa
Balk density Pa (g/cm’): 2.968 H 3.139 S.01
5 SO%), pistomesite (50% 5 FeCOs 2 70%), and sidero-
Photoelect. lnd. Pe : 0.829
plesite (70% +a 95% F&O*).
U, (=Pexp,) : 2.444 c 2.577 2.46
Mg can be replaced by Mu, Ca (cw5%), Co and Ni.
Capt. cr.-sect. c (c.u.): 1.418 c 1.495 1.428
As?&ated minerals:
Therm. Nent. Dec. Time 7 (p): 518.7
serpent&s; talc, chlorite; evaporites (halite); calcite,
N. s-down length Ls (cm): 18.86 H 17.87
dolomite; opal, calcedonite, quartz.
Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 27.53 ++ 26.16
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY N. m&rat. length LM (cm): 33.63 ++ 51.94
Epith. Neut. Pm. ~(cNL).+ (p.m.): 4.0
Crystal System: Rhombohedral Therm. Nent. Pm. &NL)t,, (pa.): -1.6
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES At, (dfi):
At, (w/fi):
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 3.50 H 4.50 At ratio:

Density (g/cm”): 2.96 ++ 3.12’ S.O’.‘.” Resistivlty R (n-m):
OCCURRENCE
t,l (d4:
Igneous rocks:
alteration product of magnesium-rich basic igneous rocks
(peridotites).
Metamorphic rocks:
alteration product of chlorite schists and talc schists.
Sedimentary rocks:
In evaporites by the reaction of magnesium sulphate upon
aragonite. As heaps in limestones and d&stones.
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1MAGNETITE /
CLASSIFICATION
OXIDE
Spine1 group PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY
Moleenhr weight: 231.541t

Formula:
Average ,atomic nnmber Z: 23.671t c 23.64O
General: Fea 04
Coe5cient C (=2&): 0.950t
example 1’: Fe~.n~sAl.oooSi.olOa
Bulk modulns k (kbar)‘4: 1618.230
Shear modulns fi (kbar)“: 913.750
Weight percentage of: Fe 72.3Gt +a 72.003*
Young’s modulus E (Mbar): 2.307
Weight percentage of: 0 2i’.G4t +, 27.76*
Poisson’s ratio 0: 0.262
Weight percentage of: Al O.Ot H 0.111’
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: Si O.Ot H O.126o
Impurities or traces2~‘~8.“:
Fe3+ cm be replaced by Al (- 1.9%), Cr (- 0.3%), V (-w Elect. dens. /& (e/c&): 4.751 H 4.941 4.922*
1%). Bulk density Pb (g/em’): 4.897 ti 5.10 5.080°
Fe’+ can be replaced by Mg, Mn (- G.Z%), Ca, Ni (+a I%), Photoelect. ind. Pe : 22.14* * 22.241t
Co, Zn, Ti (sometimes in considerable amount). U, (=Pexp.) : 105.683 Y 109.889t 108.96*
Th (ppr~$~+ 0.3 H 20.0; u (ppJqJ5: 1.0 c 30.0 Capt. cr.-sect. c (c.u.): 99.888 ++ 103.8747 lOS.OlV
Alteration: Therm. Neut. Dec. Time 7 (OS): 43.759t +a 44.123O
in haematite, limo&e. N. s-down length Ls (cm): 17.$&t +a 17.4O
Associated minerals: Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 2.24t ++ 2.26’
apatites, pyroxenes; garnets, diopside, olivine, pyrite, N. m&rat. length L.w (cm): 17.68t - 17.7Z”
haematite, chalcopyrite; biotite, amphiboles, epidote Epith. Nent. Por. ~(cNL)+ (pa.): 4.5
feldspars; ilmenite. Therm. Neut. Par. +(~jqt,, (pa.): 11.2
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY At, (&-t): 40.487 H 4l.zcm”

At, (w/ft): 71.299 ++7a.711’~
Crystal System: Cubic At ratio: 1.762
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Resistivity R f&m):
$1 h/m):
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 5.5 +a 6.5
Gamma ray GR (API): 10.0 u 320.0 m 50.0
Density (g/cm3): 5.0 u 5.20’ 5 182.8,0 t corresponds to the theoretical formula.
OCCURRENCE
Igneons rocks:
accessory mineral in many igneous rocks acidic and especially
basic. Gabbros, basalts; anorthosites.
Metamorphic rocks:
skams; chlorite schists.

Sedimentary rocks:
as heavy accessory mineral in beach and fluvial sandstones;
may become concentrated by stream or tidal action
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1MARCASITE (
CLASSIFICATION
SULPHIDE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY

General: Fe Sz Coefficient C (=Z&): 0.967
Elemental composition: Bulk modnlus k (kbar):
Weight percentage of: Fe 46.549 Shear modulns /L (kbar):
Weight percentage of: S 53.451 ~onng’s modnlas E (Mlmr):
Impurities cm traces’.‘: Poisson’s ratio 0:
As (arsenic) in small amount.
WELL LOGGING
Alteration:
easily alterated in iron sulphate, pyrite, limonite.
Elect. dens. p. (e/cm3): 4.689 t) 4.738 4.728
Associated miner&:
Bnlk density Pa (g/cm”): 4.831 Y 4.883 4.873
sometimes with lignite; g&x+, sphalerite, calcite, dolomite.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY U, (=Pexp,) : 79.597 H 80.418 80.254
Capt. cr.-sect. c (ca.): 87~538 +a 88.542 88.357
Crystal System: Orthorhombic Therm. Nent. Dec. Time 7 (JLS): 61.444
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 6.0 ++ 0.5 N. migrat. length I,.,, (cm): 43.34
Density (g/ems): 4.85 H 4.90’ 4.89’.’ Epith. Neut. Por. I$(CNL)~H (p.m.): -2.2
Therm. Nent. Pm. r$(~j,qk (pa.): -1.9
OCCURRENCE
At, (w/fib
Ata (dft):
Does not occur as a magmatic mineral: only formed in sedi-
At ratio:
ments or metslliferous veins. Formed at low temperature (be-
low 450” C)” and from acid solutions.
t,1 b/m):
Sedimentary rocks:
replacement deposits in limestones; concretions embedded in
clays, chalks, marls; associated with lignite. Often forms the

materisl in which fossils are preserved.
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CLASSIFICATION
TECTOSILICATE Metamorphic rocks:

Feldspar group essentially in gneisses.
Alkali feldspar Sedimentary rocks:
GEOCHEMISTRY immature sandstones (arkoses, feldspathic wackes...).
Formula:
PHYSICS
032 Moleedar weight: 278.338l
example 2': K3.,o~Na.l,6Ca.o33Fe.“~~ Al4.ssSi11.o3803z Average atomic number Z: 13.38gt ++ 13.30’ 12.a*
Elemental composition: Coeffleient c (=2&): 0.992t
Weight percentage of: K 14.047t 13.349‘ H 6.5G4* Bulk modnlns k (kbar)“: 571.080
Weight percentage of: Al 9.693t 9.823’ - 10.3Op Shear modulus p (kbar)? 251.780
Weight percentage of: Si 30.275t 30.151’ H 30.756O Young’s modulus E (Mbar): 0.659
Weight percentage of: 0 45.9857 46.087’ H 47.407* Poisson’s ratio e: 0.308
Weight percentage of: N.a O.Ot 0.364* Y 4.392’ WELL LOGGING

Impurities or traee&‘~*:
K can be replaced by Na (- 5X), Li (- 0.34% LizO), Elect. dens. Pe (e/en?): 2.52 H 2.608 2.65’
Cs (- 0.6%CszO), and Rb (- 3.3% RbzO), Balk density Pb (g/cm”): 2.51 c 2.603 2.54’
Ba (- 2.0% BaO). Ca, Mg, Sr and Mn can be present in small Photoelect. ind. Pe : 2.31* Y 2.860 2.84’
amount. Al can be replaced ty Fe, Ti. Th (ppm)‘3,‘5: 3.0 H U, (=Pexp,) : 5.92* w 7.458 7.23’
7.0; u (ppm)‘3.‘5: 0.20 H 3.0
Capt. cr.-sect. c (ea.): 11.552O u 16.02 15.5’
Alteration: Them. Neut. Dec. Tie r (,a): 393.479* Y 295.25.Y
in kaolin& under acid conditions. N. s-down length Ls (cm): 30.0’ H 32.2Gt 50.94’
Associated minerals: Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 10.7’ w 12.Z
quartz, &ho&se, albite, oligoclase, micas, amphiboles; clay N. dgrat. length LM (cm): 33.20 c-t 34.77t 33e48e
minerals. Epith. Neut. Par. ~(CNLJ+ (p.m.): -1.5t H -1.3O -1.4’
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
Therm. Neut. Pm. d(ca~)~h (pa.): -0.9’ H -l.lt
At, (,&-t): so.912 Y 51.9og
Crystal System: T&link
At, (c”s/ft): 96.619 - 98.510
At ratio: 1.898
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 6.0 H 6.5 Resistivity R (n-m):

Density (g/cm”): 2.54’ ct X59+*.’ ++ 2.63’.’ t&A (44:
OCCURRENCE Gamma ray GR (API): 240.0 ++ 277.0
Igneous rocks:
* corresponds to example 1 and - to example 2.
acidic to intermediate igneous rocks (granites, syenites, gran-
odiorites). In pegmatites.
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1MONAZITE 1
CLASSIFICATION
PHOSPHATE
PPXSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY Moleenlar weight: 229.92’

Average atomic number Z: 55.83.
Fo-qci%: CoeElcient C (=Z&):
General: Ce(PO&) Bulk modulus k (kbar):
but more frequently Ce is replaced by La, Nd, Th to give: Shear modulus p (kbar):
(Ce,La,Th)POh’ with, for example, the following composition Y,,~,,& moddus E (mar):

Weight percentage of: Ce 30.5‘
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: La 18.1’
Weight percentage of: Th 10.1.
Elect. dens. pe (e/cm’): 4.58’
Weight percentage of: P 13.5’
Bulk density Pa (g/ems): 4.73’
Weight percentage of: 0 27.8’
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 488.37’
Impnrities or traces’.‘.‘:
u, (=Pexp.) : 22S8.0’
Y +a 4.7% YzO3; U ++ 6.6% UOz; Nd; traces of Al,
Capt. cr.-sect. c +I.): 53.53’
Fet3, Ca. Th may vary between 0% and 32% ThOz
Therm. Nent. Dec. Time 7 (p): 84.907’
N. s-down length Ls (cm): 2139’
ilmenite, zircon; cassiterite.
Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 4.19’
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY N. mlgrat. length LM (cm): 22.37’
Epith. Nat. Por. &CNL)+ (p.n.): 1.2’
Crystal System: Monoclinic Therm. Next. Par. f$(~,,r~)th (pa.): 5.3’
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES At, wft):
AL (dfi):
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 5.0 r* 5.5 At ratio:
Density (g/cm3): 4.6’ H 5.0 Y 5.3’ H 5.4’ 5.16’ Resistivity R (n-m):
t&d Wm):
OCCURRENCE
Gamma ray GR (API): generally saturation
Igneous rocks:
rare accessory mineral in granitic rocks; more frequent in
biotite-granitoids, in syenitic and granitic pegmatites.
Metamorphic rocks:
in dololuitic marble.
sediientary rocks:
As detrital mineral (placers) in stream and beach sands.
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1MORDENITE /
CLASSIFICATION
TECTOSILICATE
PHYSICS
zeolite gronp
GEOCHEMISTRY
Molecular weight: t
Average atomle nnmber Z: 11.742
Coellhient C (=Z*
General: (Nal,K&a)[AlzSiloOan].7Ha0 Bulk modulus k (kb,):): “01
example: Nz,.~ K.s Ca.z Ak Silo 031 HU Shear modnlns /I (kbar):
Weight percentage of: Na 3.312’ Poisson’s ratio 6:
Weight percentage of: K 2.1GG’
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: Ca 0.888’
Weight percentage of: Al 5.98’
Elect. dens. p. (e/cm”): 2.142 Y 2.172 2.15
Weight percentage of: Si 31.127’
Bulk density pb (g/cm”): 2.104 H 2.137 2.11
Weight percentage of: 0 54.983’
Weight percentage of: H 1.584.
U, (=Pexp.) : 3.817 u 3.871 3.84
Capt. cr.-sect. c (c.n.):.12.238 H 12.411 12.41
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
Therm. Neut. Dec. Time 7 (as): 3GQ.F7
N. s-down length Ls (cm): 12.08 H 11.91 10.98
Crystal System: Orthorhombic Therm. diff. length Lo (cm): 6.17 H 6.08 6.12
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES N. migrat. length LM (cm): 13.72 Y 13.53 12.75
Epith. Nent. Pm. ~(cwL)~~ (p.n.): 25.2
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 3.0 Y 4.0 Therm. Nent. Pm. q$~&r~)th (pa): 26.7
Density (g/em”): 2.12 u 2.152”‘9 2.13 At, (~/fit):

At, b-+-q:
OCCURRENCE
At ratio:
Igneons rocks:
as amygdules or as a product of hydration of volcanic glasses.
t,1 Wm):
G-a ray GR (API): m 40.0
Frequent in basalts.
Sedimentary rocks:
As authigenic mineral in rare sandstones.
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CLASSIFICATION
HYDROUS-CARBONATE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY
Molecular weight: 28G.151

Formnla: Average atomic number z: 8.324
General: NazCOa 10 HgO Coefficient C (=Z&): 1.062
Weight percentage of: C 4.197 Shear modnIna /.J (kbar):
weight percentage oE 0 72.688 Young’s modulus E (hcrbar):
Weight percentage of: Na 1G.oGS Poisson’s ratio 0:
WELL LOGGING
trona, thermonatrite.
Elect. dens. & (e/en?): 1.662 H 1.572
Txansformation:
Bnlk density ~a (g/cm”): 1.485 H 1.495
in thermonatrite in dry air.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY U. (=Pexp,) : 0.807 H 0.812
Capt. cr.-sect. c (,.a): 25.858
Crystal System: Monoclinic Therm. Nent. Dec. Time 7 (/u)): 190.68
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES N. s-down length Ls (cm): G.G8
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 1.0 Y 1.5 N. migrat. length L,,, (cm): 7.27
Density (g/cm”): 1.4T8 H 1.4~~ Epith. Nent. Por. q$c.n~L).pi (pa.): > 50
Therm. Neat. Pm. ~+cNL)~~ (pa.): > 50
OCCURRENCE
At, b+-q:
At, (wdft):
Sedimentary rocks:
At ratio:
in saline lakes of deserts.
t&dWm):
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/ NEPHELINE]
(NEPHELITE)
CLASSIFICATION
PHYSICS
TECTOSILICATE
Feldspathoid gronp
Molecular weight: t
GEOCHEMISTRY Average atomic number Z: 12.1G0 H 13.58’
Coefiicient c (=2&): 0.988
Formlda: Bulk modulns k (kbar):
General: Naa(Na,K)[AlrSirOlcj Shear modulus p (kbar):
example 1’: Naj.21aK.aasCa.o?3Fe.042 Al~.&.i4.2~201(i Young’s modulus E (Iv&r):
example 2’: Naz.oooK,.sosCa.ls~g.ulsFe.,~~ 1U3.&i4.~wO~~ Poisson’s ratio u:
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: Na 12.904’ c 8.101’
Weight percentage of: K 3.062* - 9.904’

Elect. dens. Pe (e/cm3): 2.54* - 2..58*
Weight percentage of: Ca 0.514* w 1.036’
Bulk density Pa (g/cm”): 2.54* w 2.58’
Weight percentage of: Fe 0.415O ++ 1.73’
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 2.017’ c 3.01’
Weight percentage of: Al 17.341* ++ 17.303’
U, (=Pexp,) : 5.14’ H 7.78’
Weight percentage of: Si 21.057O H 18.894’
Capt. cr.-sect. c (~a.): 11.865O t) 18.928’
Weight percentage of: 0 44.70@ - 42.972’
Therm. Neat. Dec. Tie 7 (~(8): 383.1° w 268.518.
Alteration:
N. s-down length Ls (cm): 29.25O - 30.26’
analcite and zeolites; pinine, haolinite; bauxite.
Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 12.11° H 10.13’
N. m&rat. length I.M (cm): 3~45~ - 32.68’
never with qnartx; albite, zircon, sphene, apatite; sanidine:
Epith. Nent. Par. $(cNL)+ (p.u.): -l.l* H -1.3’
anorthoclase;
Therm. Nent. Por. $+cN+~ (pa.): -0.G’ - -0.8”
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
At, wft):
At, (dfi):
Crystal System: Hexagonal At ratio:
PETROPHYtiICAL PROPERTIES Resistivity R (n-m):
$1 w4:
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 5.5 c 8.0 Gamma ray GR (API): 110.30 H 160.0
Density (g/cma): 2.56 Y 2.665’.’ td epends on the elemental composition.
* corresponds to example 1. + corresponds to example 2.

OCCURRENCE
Igneous rocks:
most characteristic mineral of alkaline rodrs; nepheline
syenite; gabbros; phonolites.

Metamorphic rocks:
gneisses.
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1OLIGOCLASE 1
CLASSIFICATION
TEGTOSILICATE
PHYSICS
Feldspar group
Plagioclase
Molecular weight: 263.82St H 267.025t
GEOCHEMISTRY Average atomic nmnber Z: ll.83Gt 12.09* ++ 12.345t
coefficient c (=Z&
Formula: Bulk modulns k (kbar):): o’gg2
Generd: Na,-, Ca. Ah+, Sk-, OS Shear modnlus /t (kbar):
with .I< x 2.3 Young’s modalus E (h&w):
example 1’: K.,,IINa3.3~Ca.~,4Fe.“~~g.oas AlrsesSill.ze?Oaz Poisson’s ratio 0:
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: Na 7.843t 7.298O u G.OZ?t
Weight percentage of: Ca 1.51gt 2.318* c 4.503t
Elect. dens. Pe (e/cm’): 2.GOSt 2.63* H 2.648t
Weight percentage of: Al 11.24gt 11.934’ H 13.135t
Balk density Pa (g/em3): 2.603t 2.82” - 2.erst
Weight percentage of: Si 30.875t 29.811° ++ 28.402t
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 1.835t 1.9S” ++ 2.135t
Weight percentage of: 0 48.514t 48.22G* w 47.934t
U, (=Pexp,) : 5.2O
Capt. cr.-sect. c (,.a): 7.823* 7.662t Y 7.6087
Fe, Mg, K. Th (ppm)‘3.‘S: 0.5 Y 3.0; U (ppm)‘3.15: 0.2 -
Therm. Nent. Dec. Time r (//a): 581.005°
5.0
N. s-down length Ls (cm): 28.41° 29.37t - 29.G7t
Alteration:
Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 14.69O 15.1t ++ 15.18t
Kaolinite.
N. migrat. length Lnr (cm): 32.73’ 33.75t Y 34.oet
Agsoeiated minerals:
Epith. Nent. Per. c$(c~~)~e (p.u.): -1.0”
quartz, orthoclase, micas, amphiboles.
Therm. Neut. Par. q$~j.~+/, (pa.): -1.2O
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY At, (psfft):
Ata (wm):
$4 w4:
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 6.0 Gamma ray GR (API): 6.0 Y 55.0
t corresponds to extreme x&es of 2 of the theoretical formula.
Density (g/em’): 2.F3’ ++ 2.67*.‘.*
OCCURRENCE
Igneons rocks:
principal plagiockae in granites; diorites.
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(C~YSOLITE 0r PERIDOT)
CLASSIFICATION
in gabbros, d&rites and basal&; obsidians; trachybasalts and

ORTHOSILICATE
trachytes.
Olivine gronp
Metamorphic rocks:
GEOCHEMISTRY metamorphosed iron-rich sediments. Marbles
Sedimentary rocks:
Foormula:
Practically absent.
General: Mg, Fel-, Si 04
with 0.5 x 52. PHYSICS
Complete ionic substitution between Mg and Fe.

The two end members are Fayalltet (Fe) and For&&t& Molecular weight: lG1.280t H 142.GOZt
Average atomic nnmber Z: 12.427t +a 17.773t
(Mg)
Fe can be replaced by Mn giving Tepbroite. Coefficient C (~2s ): 0.981t H 0.994t
Ca can combine with Mg giving Monticelllte. Bulk modnlns k (kbar)“: 1145.620
The intermediate minerals are called Olivine. Shear modnlns j‘ (kbsr)‘? 897.730
The ratio Mg/Fe varies between 2 and 16. Young’s modulus E (Mbar): 2.135
Elemental composition: Poisson’s ratio v: 0.189
Weight percentage of: Mg 20.134t H 33.081t WELL LOGGING

Weight percentage oE Fe 2.35Ot ct 22.818t
Weight percentage of: Si 19.G95t u 17.38gt Elect. dens. ~7. (e/c&): 3.2t H 4.17t
Weight percentage of: 0 31.4OGt ++ 45.484t Bulk density Pa (g/cm3): 3.24t c 4.2gt
Example 17: h%asDz Fe.zsz Si.w Photoelect. ind. Pe : 1.54t H 17.17t
Impurities or tracesz~‘.8: U, (=Pexp.) : 4.92t - 7l.GSt
Traces of Ti, Ca, Mn, Cr and Ni in magnesium rich &vine. Capt. cr.-sect. c (c.u.): 4.1t H 67.87 t
Alteration: Therm. Nent. Dec. Time T (w): llOst ++ G7.87t
talc, serpentine; chlorhe. N. s-down length Ls (cm): 22.37t w 19.93t
Associated minerals: Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 17.52t +.a 3.2lt
Pyrope. Dolomite, magnesite. N. migrat. length LM (cm): 28.94t c 20.44t
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Epith. Nent. Per. q+c&,qepi (pa.): O.St - Z.Zt
Therm. Neat. Per. q+~~~)th (pa.): -O.Gt H 7.2 t
Crystal System: Orthorhombic
At, (j+t): 36.011 H 36.558
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES At, (,m/ft): 58.172 H 59.055
At ratio: l.Gl5
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 6.5 c 7.0 Resistitity R (n-m):
Density (g/cm3): 3.22 H 4.39*.’ t,1 (ns/m) :
3.28 ++ 3.4”’ for Olivine 9.8. Gamma ray GR (API): 5 10.0
OCCURRENCE t variety described in this data base.

Igneons rocks: formula.
Ultra-basic rocks: peridot&s, dun&s; camzmn constitwnl
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CLASSIFICATION
TECTOSILICATE PHYSICS
Silica group
GEOCHEMISTRY See varieties.
WELL LOGGING
l$rml-Jg
General: Si 0z.n Hz0
See varieties.
The water content is around 6 to 10 % but can reach more
than 20%
See varieties.
Impnrities or traces’.‘:
Al and Fe are often present in small percentage. Traces of Mg,
‘Ca, Na, K.
&so&ted minerals:
chalcedony; calcite; quartz.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
Crystal System: Amorphous
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 5.5 Y F.5

Density (g/cm3): 2.0 - 2.16’ 2.2’
OCCURRENCE
Igneons rocks:
formed by hydrothermal low temperature alteration of vol-
canic tuffs and effusive rocks; found in mdesites, trachytes,
baa&s, and rhyolites.
Deposited from many hot and warms springs and geysers.
Found filling seams and fissures of igneous rocks where it has

been deposited during the last stages of the cooling of the
rocks.
Sedimentary rocks:
forms the siliceous skeletons of various sea organisms as di-
atoms, radiolarians, sponges... which can constitute beds of
wide extensions: diatomites, radiolarites, spongolites, gaize.
Present in most chalcedony, iit and cherts as concretions

in chalks. Found also in fissures in sandstones and conglom-
erates.
In fossil wood, shells and bones.
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(3.5% WATER)
CLASSIFICATION
PHYSICS
TECTOSILICATE
Silica gronp
GEOCHEMISTRY Average atomic nnmber Z: 11.881
~~~~~kic_(;;~~): 1.02
Formnla:
Generat: Si O~.~~OOH.zm Shear modnIna /.& (kbar):
Elemental composition: Young’s modnJns E (hIbar):
Weight percentage of: Si 45.111 Poisson’s ratio 0:
weight percentage of: 0 54.497
WELL LOGGING
See OPAL.
Elect. dens. /& (e/cm”): 2.145 H 2.185 2.165
CRYSTALLOGRAPW Bnlk density pa (g/cm3): 2.108 u 2.151 2.129
Crystal System: Amorphous U, (=Pexpc) : 3.754 +.a 3.824 5.789
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Capt. cr.-sect. c (ca.): 5.257
Therm. Nent. Dec. Time 7 (w): 804.676
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 5.5 ++ G.5 N. s-down length Ls (cm): 18.62
Density (g/cm”): 2.14 CI 2.180 2.16 Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 14.37
N. ndgrat. length LM (cm): 25.94
OCCURRENCE
Epith. Neat. Pm. #)(cwq.pi (pa.): S.3
Therm. Nent. Par. ~+cNL)~/, (pa.): 1.9
See OPAL.
AL (w/q:
Ata (dfi):
At ratio:
$1 b44
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(6.33% WATER)
CLASSIFICATION
PHYSICS
TECTOSILICATE
Silica group
GEOCHEMISTRY Average atomic number Z: 11.597
cOemcient C (=Z*): 1.06
Formnla: Bulk modnlns k (kbar):
General: Si 0~2.~3 H.46,~ Shear modulus p (kbar):
Elemental composition: ~oun~‘s modnlns E (1~b.w):
WELL LOGGING
See OPAL.
Elect. dens. p. (e/c&): 2.112 +, 2.162 2.112
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Bulk density ,?b (g/cm”): 2.072 H 2.126 2.072
Crystal System: Amorphous U, (=Pexp,) : 3.80 c 3.686 3.60
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Capt. cr.-sect. c (ea.): 6.336
Therm. Newt. Dec. Time ‘r (@a): 718.257
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 5.5 ++ 8.5 N. s-down length Ls (cm): 15.59
Density (g/cm”): 2.10 +3 2.15 2.10 Therm. diff. length Ln (cm): 11.32
OCCURRENCE
Epith. Neat. Por. d(~~~)~pi (pa.): 7.S
Therm. Nent. Por. +(~,q/, (pa.): 6.3
See OPAL.
AL (w/ft):
Ata (PP):
At ratio:
t,t w4:
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(8.97% WATER)
CLASSIFICATION
PHYSICS
TECTOSILICATE
Silica gronp
GEOCHEMISTRY Average atomic number Z: 11.519
Coefficient C (=Z& ): 1.09
General: Si 01.32a H.B510 Shear modulus fi (kbar):
WELL LOGGING
See OPAL.
Elect. dens. p. (e/cm3): 2.017 H 2.118 2.05,
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Bulk density Pa (g/cm3): I.971 H 2.079 2.014
Crystal System: Amorphous u, (=Pexp.) : 3.356 H 3.523 3.433
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Capt. cr.-sect. c @.a): 7.254
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 5.5 u 6.5 N. s-down length Ls (cm): 13.98

Density (g/c&): 2.0 u 2.10 2.04 Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 9.58
OCCURRENCE
Epith. Nent. Pm. 4(CNqepi (P.Q 11.1
Therm. Nent. Par. ~$cNL)~~ (pa.): 10.5
See OPAL.
At, wft):
Ata (dfi):
At ratio:
t,i (ns/m):
116
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CLASSIFICATION
TECTOSILICATE
Essexites.
Feldspar gronp
Metamorphic rocks:
Alkali-feldspar
acid and intermediate gneisses.
GEOCHEMISTRY Sedimentary rocks:
immature sandstones: arkoses (max. %: = 35%), feldspathic
Formda: wackes (max. %: M 20%). Shales.
Gerwal: K Al Sil OS
PHYSICS
example 1’: Kr.ssNa,..~nCa.rh3Fe.ullAla.26o S~IL.TSOSZ
exvmple 2’: K387cNa.lseCa.ooaFe.aInA14.2sa 8311.759032
Average atomic number Z: 13.389 12.G4O w 13.33.
Weight percentage of: K G.789O rl 12.924’ 14.04lt
Coefficient C (=Z&$): 0.992
Weight percentage of: Al Q.GS3t 10.32. w 10.G3S9
Bulk modulns k (kbar)‘? 458.230
Weight percentage of: Si 29.7’ i 30.485*
Shear modulus fi (kbar)‘? 277.690
Weight percentage of: 0 45.985t 46.037’ Y 47.28Q”
~oun.$s modulns E (Mbar): 0.893
Weight percentage of: Na 0.591’ H 4.139-
Poisson’s ratio 0: 0.248
WELL LOGGING
K can be replaced by Na (++FLI 5% in sanidine); traces of Fe,
Ca. Th (ppm)‘-: 3.0 ++ 7.0; u (ppm)‘-: 0.2 w 3.0.
Elect. dens. Pe (e/en?): 2.54’ Y X568* 2.548
Varieties:
Bulk density Pb (g/cm3): 2.53’ ++ 2.5Gl 2.540
Adularia: nearly pure potassium silicate,
Photoelect. ind. Pe : X33* w 2.82’ 2.86
Sanidine: glassy feldspar containing sodium.
U, (=Pex,+) : 5.97* Y 7.15’ c 7.345 7.288
Alteration:
Capt. cr.-sect. c (a.): ll.F41’ c 15.178. 15.832
in kaolinite if pH< 7; in illite-montmorillonite if pH> 7.
Therm. Neut. Dec. Time 7 (~8): 299.484’ H 390.475*
N. s-down length Ls (cm): 30X0 Y 32.0’ 52.13
quartz, microcline, nlbite, oligoclase, amphiboles; clay miner-
Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 10.69 10.92’ Y 12.28*
als.
N. m&rat. length LM (cm): 33.3’ c 34.59’
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
Epith. Nent. Por. ~(cNL)~~~ (p.m.): -1.g c -1.6’
Crystal System: Monoclinic Therm. Neut. Por. +(cNL)~~ (pa.): -1.0’ Y -1.1’
At, (jm/ft): 53.2~4 ++ 53.8sP

At, (&ft): 92.02 Y 93.08G’4
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): G.0 At ratio: 1.727
Density (g/cm3): 2.55 - 2.63’ but 2.56 w 2.58’.’ 2.57 Resistivity R (n-m):
OCCURRENCE t,1 Wm):
Gamma ray GR (API): 235.0 c 275.0
most common of all silicates. t corresponds to the theoretical formula.
Igneous rocks: * corresponds to example 1 and * to example 2.
acid igneous rocks: granites (max. %: w 45%), syenites (max.
%: M TO%), granodiorites; pegmatites; rhyolites, trachytes.
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CLASSIFICATION
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY Molecdar weight: 21.76

Formula: Coefficient C (~2s
General: C H.88 N.os 0.5, Bulk modulus k (kb a r):): “04
Weight percentage of: C 55.201 Young’s modnlus E (Ml+:
Weight percentage of: N 3.219
Imparities or traces: WELL LOGGING

clays, quartz.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Elect. dens. & (e/en?): 1.04 Y 1.14

Balk density & (g/cm”): 0.887 H 1.04
Crystal System: Amorphous Photoelect. ind. Pe : 0.25

u. (=Pexp,) : 0.29
Capt. cr.-sect. c (Cal.): 9.119
Therm. Nent. Dec. Time i- (w): 498.472
Eardness (Mobs’ scale): 1.0 +a 1.5
Density (g/em3): 1.0 ct 1.10
OCCURRENCE
Epith. Newt. Pm. ~(cNL)+ (p.m): 24.3
Sedimentary rocks:- Therm. Neut. Pm. +r+, (pa.): 25.8
forms where there is rapid growth and reproduction of plants
At, (rslfi):
in a watersaturated environment (bog or fen). Silt and clays
At, b=/ft):
m;ry be present. At ratio:
t&dc-/m):
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1PEROVSKITE 1
CLASSIFICATION
OXIDE
PHYSICS
GEOCBEMISTRY

Fomnda: Average atomic number z: 18.71
General: CaTiO. Coemdent c (=2S
Elemental composition: Bulk modnlns k (kbar):):
Weight percentage of: Ca 29.475 Shear modulus /J (kber):
Weight percentage of: Ti 35.226 Young’s modnlae E (War):
Weight percentage of: 0 35.299 Poisson’s ratio l7:
Impurities or trace&‘~*:
Ti can be replaced by Nb (niobium), Ta (tantale); Ca by Na,
WELL LOGGING
Fe+’ and Ce, La I Y I Zr.
Associated
..___ minerals:
Elect. dens. PC (e/c&): S.91
leucite, nepheliine.
Bulk density pa (g/cm”): 4.0
u, (=Pexp,) : 07.5
Crystal System: Monoclinic? Capt. cr.-sect. c (ea.): 116.575
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Therm. Nent. Dec. Time 7 (j&a): 59.059

Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 5.5 Therm. diSZ length LD (cm): 2.85
Density (g/cm”): 3.98 H 4.28’ 4.03 N. m&rat. length LM (cm): 22.41
Epith. Neat. Par. &c,v+pi (pa.): 1.0

OCCURRENCE
Therm. Nat. Pm. c$(c~q*,, (pa.): 5.S
At, (w/f+
Igneons rocks:
At, (w/w
accessory mineral in basic and alkaline igneous rocks.
At ratio:
Metamorphic rocks:
occurs in some contact metamorphosed imputes limestones.
t,1 h/m):
t corresponds to theoretical formula.
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/ POLYHALITE 1
CLASSIFICATION
HYDROUS-SULPHATE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY

Formnla: Average atomic number 2: 15.011
General: K~SO&QSOI(C~SO& 2HzO Coefficient C (~2%): 1.02
Elemental composition: Balk modulus k (kbar):
Weight percentage of: K 12.9G9 Shear modnins p (kbar):
Weight percentage of: S 21.272 Young’s modulus E (mar):
Weight percentage of: Mg 4.033
Weight percentage of: Ca 13.294

Weight percentage of: H 0.669 WELL LOGGING
&so&ted minerals:
snhydrite, halite, camallite, kieserite, glauberite. Elect. dens. p. (e/cm3): 2.775 ++ 2.785
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Balk density ~a (g/cm’): 2.782 +a 2.793
Crystal System: Triclinic u, (=Pexp,) : 11.975 u 13.018

Therm. Neat. Dec. Time r (~5): 191.851
Eardness (Mobs’ scale): 2.5 H 3.0
Therm. diff. length %LD (cm): 5.25
Density (g/cm3): 2.77 u ~78~
OCCURRENCE
Epith. Nent. Pm. ~(cNL)~~~ (~.a.): 16.5
Therm. Nent. Por. ~+cNL)~,, (pa.): 21.6

Sedimentary rocks: At, (ps/ft): 57.50
as nodules or grains in mhydrite 01 halite (early evaporation
At, (as/ftf:
product). At ratio:
t,1 Wm):
Gamma ray GR (API): rtj 210.0
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/PYRITE/
CLASSIFICATION
SULPHIDE
PHYSICS

General: Fe Sz Coe5cient C (=2&): 0.967
Elemental composition: Bulk modulus k (kbar)? 1386.0 1418.890 - c 1581.0”
Weight percentage of: Fe 48.549 Shear modnlns p (kbar)‘*: 1098.0 1204.530 Y 1487.0’3
Weight percentage of: S 53.451 Young’s modulus E (h&w): 2.81B I 3.396
Impurities or traces*~“*~*: Poisson’s ratio 0: 0.169 +a 0.142
Fe can be replaced by Ni (- lG%), Co (- 14%), Mn; Tl, V,
WELL LOGGING
Cr, Cu and Au in traces; S can be replaced by Se, As, Sb.
Alteration:
Elect. dens. /?. (e/e&): 4.788 c 4.883 4.844
in humid environment gives ferrous sulphate (melanterite);
Bulk density pb (g/cm”): 4.935 ++ 5.017 4.997
by hydrolysis in sulfuric environment gives ferric hydroxides.
Ascosj&ed minerals:
U, (=Pexp.) : 81.239 H 82.552 83.223
with a lot of minerals in igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary
Capt. cr.-sect. c (c.u.): 99.525
rocks.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY N. s-down length Ls (em): 41.96
Crystal System: Cubic N. m&rat. length L,,, (cm): 42.3
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Epith. Neut. Por. ~(cNL)~~; (p.n.): -2.2

Therm. Nent. Por. d(c,qth (pa): -1.9
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 6.0 ++ G.5 At, (ps/ft): 35.923 H 31~2~~ Y 39.G 37.594
Density (g/em”): 4.95 c 5.03’.’ +a 5.Z2 5.91 At, (gs/ft): 55.Gll u 56.0” H 82.286 58.819
At ratio: 1.548 c 1.5543 u 1.584
OCCURRENCE
Resistivity R (R-m)“: G.OXIO-’ w 1.0 x IO-~
t,t (nsh):
wide spread distribution.
Igneous rocks:
accessory mineral in diorites, gabbros.

Metalliferous v_eins:
associated with g&m, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite.
Sedimentary rocks:
in reducing environments often associated with organic mate-

rial and uranium; as nodules, crystals or fossils (pyritization),
in shales, marl, lignite OI coal, chalk, limestones. Sometimes
as cement in sandstones.
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1PYROPE 1
CLASSIFICATION
PHYSICS
ORTHOSILICATE
Garnet gronp
Molecnlar weight: 403.15Tt
GEOCHEMISTRY
CoelBcient C (=2&): 0.992
General: Mga Al? Si3 0~ Bulk modulus k (kbar):
Exnmple 17: Shear modulus p (kbar):

Mg,.,,Fe.srzCa.3ssMn.~~Alr.essCr.ol d&O12
Elemental composition: Young’s modulus E (1Mbar):
Weight percentage of: Mg 18.096t H 9.9@ Poisson’s ratio 0:
Weight percentage of: Al 13.383t CI 12.1049 WELL LOGGING

Weight percentage of: Si 20.90t H 19.33O
Weight percentage of: 0 47.620t u 44.04* Elect. dens. p. (+I?): 3.483 3.55 H 3.73O
Weight percentage of: Fe O.Ot +a 10.786’ Balk density Pa (g/cm”): 3.539 3.613 H 3.80°
Weight percentage oE Ca O.Ot c 3.3550 Photoelect. ind. Pe : 1.601 H 5.04*
Weight percentage of: Cr O.Ot H 0.155* u, (=Pexp*) : 5.5’17 5.69 c 18.780
Weight percentage of: Mn O.Ot - 0.252” Capt. cr.-sect. c (c.~.): 6.11 6.236 c 19.308*
Impnriies or traces2~7~8~D: Therm. Neut. Dec. Time 7 (~9): 728.88 H 235.41~5~
Fe always partly replacing Mg; Ca, Cr, Mn. N. s-down length Ls (cm): 20.95 21.37 Y 20.52O
&erat&: Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 13.94 14.32 H 7.47*
in serpentine, talc; chlorite. N. r&rat. length LM (cm): 25~58 t* 22.32*
Aasp_elat?d.~~.~~.~~: Epith. Neut. Par. ~(cNL)+ (p.m.): 1.3 1.5 w l.@
diopside, olivine, biotite, ilmenite. Therm. Neat. Par. q+~~~)th (pa.): 0.7 1.0 H 4.4*
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY At, (dfi):

Ata (w/w:
Crystal System: Cubic At ratio:
t,1 (44:
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 7.0 Y 7.5
Density (g/cm”): 3.51’.*.” ++ 3.58’ 3.54’ t corresponds to the theoretical formula.
OCCURRENCE ’ corresponds to example 1.
Igneons rocks:
ultrabasic rocks: mica peridotites, kimberlites, serpentinites.
Metamorphic rocks:
Eclogites.
Sedimentary rocks:
Accessory heavy mineral in sands and gravels derived from the
outcrops of ultrabasic rocks.
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1PYROXENES ]
CLASSIFICATION
PHYSICS
INOSILICATE
Pyroxene group
See varieties
GEOCHEMlSTRY
WELL LOGGING
&xr?lul_a:
See varieties.
General: WI-JX,Y),+~Z>OG
t Mineral described in the data base.
where W=Ca, Na; X=Mg, Fe’+, Mn, Li, Ni, Y=Al, Fe’+, Cr,
Ti; Z=Si, Al.
Varieties:
Orthorhombic pyroxenes or orthopyroxenes:
Enstatitet-BroneiteHypersthenef-Orthofemosilite
WW=);
Monoclinic pyroxenes or clinopyroxenes:
Diopsidet, Hedenbergitet (Ca,Mg,Fe,Mn);
An&et Ferroaugite (Ca,Ns,Fe,Mn,Al,Ti); Pigeon&
(Mg,F=,C+k,F=), Aegirlnef (Na,Fe), Spodnmene
(Li,Al), Jadeite (Ns,Al).

Impluiles or traces’-:
Th (ppm): 2.0 c* 25.0; U (ppm): 0.01 - 40.0.
Alteration:
in serpentine, talc; chlorite.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
Crystal System: Orthorhombic or monoclinic
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTlES
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 5.0 c 7.5

Density (g/cm”): 2.98 H 3.56
OCCURRENCE
Minerals fundamentally present in basic or ultrabasic igneous

rocks and in some metamorphic rocks. See varieties.
Sedimentary rocks:
Sometimes accessory heavy minerals in immature sands and
gravels derived from the outcrops of basic 01 ultrabasic rocks.
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1PYRRHOTITE /
CLASSIFICATION
SULPHIDE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY

Geneml: Fe, Ss Coefecient C (=Z a): 0.958
Elemental composition: Bulk modulus k (kbar)‘? 538.890
Weight percentage of: Fe 60.38 Shear modulus fi (kbar)‘? 346.60
Weight percentage of: S 39.62 Young’s modulus E (Mbar): 0.85G
Impurities or traces’.‘: Poisson’s ratio 0: 0.235
Ni, Co, Mn, Cu in small amounts.
WELL LOGGING
N&&ign:
pyrite, marcasite; iron sulphates, carbonates and oxides;
Elect. dens. Pe (e/cn$): 4.386 w 4.491 4.453
limonite.
Bulk density /?b (g/cm3): 4.506 Y 4.619 4.578
Photoelect. lnd. Pe : 20.549
pyrite, marcasite, chalcopyrite, pentlandite, sphalerite.
u, (=Pexp,) : 90.126 u 92.290 91.503
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Capt. cr.-sect. c (c.u.): 95.493
Therm. Nent. Dec. Time r (was): 47.6
Crystal System: Hexagonal N. s-down length Ls (cm): 44.26
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 3.5 u 4.5 Epith. Nent. Pm. I#J(~~L)~@ (p.u.): -2.3
Density (g/cm”): 4.58’ Y 4.69 4.6S2 Them. Neat. Por. +(cNL)~~ (pa.): -2.1
At, (ps/ft): 65.0 65.203 H 65.982
OCCURRENCE
At, (pa/ix): 110.4 110.798 +a 11z.1~1
At ratio: 1.698
Igneous rocks:
Resistivlty R (O-m)‘“: 2.0 x lo-’ u 1.G x lo-”
pegmatites; basic and ultra basic rocks: diorites, gabbros,
$aI (44:
norites.
Metalliferous __- veins:
high temperature hydrothermal veins.
Metamorphic rocks:
metamorphosed limestones; schists.
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CLASSIFICATION
TECTOSILICATE
PHYSICS
Silica gronp
GEOCHEMISTRY Moleenlar weight: GO.086

&~~.@I: coefficient c (=2&): 0.999
General: Si 0.2 Bulk modrdns k (kbar)‘4.43.“.“‘: 363.0 w 380.0
Elemental composition: Shear modnlns p (kbar)‘“.“3,4e.4’: 444.0 +a 457.0
Weight percentage of: Si 46.747 Young’s modalas E (Mbar): 0.946 ++0.979
Weight percentage of: 0 53.253 Poisson’s ratio CT: 0.066 u 0.071
WELL LOGGING
few ppm of Li (rose), Na, K, Al, Fe (amethyst), Mn, Ti.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Elect. dens. Pe (./cm3): 2.646

Bnlk density Pb (g/m?): 2.644
Crystal system: Trigonal Photoelect. ind. Pe : 1.806
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES u, (=Pexp,) : 4.779

Capt. cr.-sect. c (ml.): 4.651
Therm. Neut. Dec. Time 7 (a): 998.687
Density (g/cma): 2.65 very small v;triations around this N. s-down length Ls (cm): 28.81

value.
N. n&rat. length LM (cm): 35.24
OCCURRENCE
Epith. Neut. Par. ~(CNL+ (P.U.): -1.1
Therm. Nent. Por. 4(CNL)th (P.U.): -2.1

Igneous rocks:
At, (&I): =mmoc 50.323’~ 50.4
common constituent in many igneous, metamorphic and sed-
At, @s/t-t): 73.259 Y ‘rum 74.54a 74.0
imentary rocks.
At ratio: 1.467 c* 1.469 1.4a4’
acid rocks: granites (max. %: w 37%), granodiorites (Inky.
%: w 21%), diorites (max. s ra Z%), quartz gabbros (max.
t,, (ns/m): 7.0 - 1.40
%: w 3X), monzonites (max. %: m 5%); rhyolites (m gran-
ites). Pegmatites.
Metamorphic rocks:
gneieses; kornfels; slates; schists; qusrteites
Sedimentary rocks:
sand and sandstones (max. x: H 100%); &stones (mx %:

M 70%); shales (max. %: M 35%). Limestones and dolostones
(nm. %: < 45.50%).
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CLASSIFICATION
OXWE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY

Formula: Average atomic number Z: 19.Olt w 19.039
Generals Ti O2 CoefFlcient C (=Z&): 0.Q51t
example 1’: Ti...~Fe.““sCroozAl.oozSi.uv302 Bulk modulus k (kbar)“: 2152.0 c 2230.0~~
Elemental composition: Shear modulus /J (kbar)‘? 1035.043 c 1135.0
Weight percentage of: Ti 59.950t H 59.3OP Young’s modulus E (MLmr): 2.G-78 Y 2.911
Weight percentage of: 0 40.050t c 39.977’ Poisson’s ratio 0: 0.293 c 0.282
Impurities or traces2.‘.‘:
WELL LOGGING
Ti can be replaced by Nb (niobium) (+a 32% NbsOs), Ta
(tantale; c 23.5% TazOs), Fe (- 12.3 % Fe0 or 11% FesOs),
Elect. dens. il. (e/cm’): 3.978 u 4.03* 4.024
Sn (- 1.5% SnO2).
Bulk density Pa (g/cm”): 4.OG8 H 4.13- 4.118
Photoelect. iod. Pe : 10.082 r) 10.14*
n lot of other minerals are associated with rut&.
U, (=Pexp,) : 40.087 H 40.89* 40.566
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Capt. cr.-sect. c (c.u.): 193.2420 H 194.17
Therm. Neut. Dec. Time 7 (p): 23.52Z”
Crystal System: Tetragonal N. s-down length Ls (em): 18.51* - 18.55
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 1.96’
N. m&rat. length LM (cm): 18.81*
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): G.0 w 6.5 Epith. Neat. Pm. I$(~NL)+ (p.n.): 3.3
Density (g/cm”): 4.18 c 4.25 4.23’ but w 5.8 for varieties Therm. Neat. Pm. &cNL)*~ (pa.): 9.4
rich in Nb and Ta. At, (as/ft): azog w 33.1~~33.435

At, (ps/ft): 58.493 ++ 60.5 FI.V?J~~~
OCCURRENCE
At ratio: 1.818 - 1.847 1.8?
Very widely distributed as minute grains in many igneous,
tpt (m/m): 31.80 H 43.50
metamorphic and sedimentary rocks.
Igneons rocks:
granites, syenites, hornblende diorites; pegmatites.
o corresponds to example I.
Metamorphic rocks:
accessory mineral in amphibolites, eclogites, gneisses, mica
schists.
Sedimentary rocks:
common detritaJ accessory mineral in ssndstones, siltstones
and shales.
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CLASSIFICATION
TECTOSILICATE
PHYSICS
Feldspar gronp
Alkali feldspar
Molecnlar weight: t
GEOCHEMISTRY
Average atbmic number Z: 12.71* ++ 18.0’
Coefficient C (~2s): 0.991 ++ 0.989
Balk modnlus k (kbar):
Shear modulus p (kbar):
~oung’s modnlns E (h&r):

Ba.o29K.,,rNa.23*Ca.onzsMgooaFe.o24Ti.ao~ Siz.o.nsOs Poisson’s ratio c7:
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: K 5.802* c 10.0513’
Weight percentage of: Na 4.741° c 1.977’
Elect. dens. Pe (e/en?): 2.53S” H 2.59’
Weight percentage of: Ca 0.107° c 0.036’
Bnlk density Pb (g/em”): 2.528* u 2.59’
Weight percentage of: Fe 0.G3Q9 Y 0.329’
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 2.37’ H 8.3’
Weight percentage of: Ba 0.0 w 1.4’
u, (=Pexp,) : 6.01° e? 21.51’
Weight percentage of: Al 9.625O c 10.138’
Capt. cr.-sect. c (c.u.): 11X8* c 14.079’
Weight percentage of: Si 31.865* c 29.797’
Therm. Nent. Dec. Time r @a): 404.83Q” u 322.848’
Weight percentage of: 0 47.221’ H 46.177’
N. s-down length Ls (cm): 30.2@ H 29.13’
Impurities or traces”‘:
Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 12.5Z9 - 11.02’
K can be replaced by Na (H= 5% in sanidine); Ti, traces of
N. m&rat. length L.u (cm): 33.53* w 31.88’
Li and Rb. Th (ppm)“.“: 3.0 - 7.0; U (ppm)‘3.‘5: 0.2 -
Epith. Next. Pm. 4(c,,rqepi (pa.): -1.3” * -1.1’
3.0.
Therm. Neat. Pm. r$+(~jv~)th (pa.): -l.l* +a -0.6’
Alteration:
At, (ps/ft): 53.284 CI 53.892
in kaolin& if pH< 7; in ill&-montmoriIlonite if pH> 7.
At, (ps/ft): 92.02 ++93.086
At ratio: 1.727
quartz, microcline, albite, oligoclase, amphiboles; clay miner-
als.
t,1 Wd:
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
Gamma ray GR (API): 175.0 CI 220.0
. Crystal System: Monoclinic t depends on the elemental composition.
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES - corresponds to example 1 and * to example 2.
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): G.0

Density (g/a+ 2.56 u 2.GZ2.’
OCCUIUlENCE
c~mmm feldspar of acidic volcanic rocks.
Igneons rocks:
normally occurs in volcanic rocks: rhyolites, trachytes.
Essexites.
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(SIDERITE j
CLASSIFICATION
CARBONATE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY
Molecular weight: 11.5.858t

Formnla: Average atomic number Z: 21.093 Y 21.0Z”
General: Fe C 03 Coe5cient C (=2*): 0.967
example 1’: Ca.uoJMg.,,,Mn.oosFel.soaCzOo Bulk modnlus k (kbar)“% 1240.0
Elemental composition: Shear modulus fi (kbar)“% 510.0
Weight percentage of: Fe 48.204t H 45.705* Young’s modulus E (Mbar): 1.346
Weight percentage of: C 10.367t c) 10.39* Poisson’s ratio 17: 0.319
Weight percentage of: 0 41.42gt i-t 41.523O
WELL LOGGING
weight percentage of: Ca o.of r* 0.07*
Weight percentage of: Mg O.Ot c 0.126”
Elect. dens. Pe (e/cm’): 3.760 c 3.8’ 3.83
Impnrities or traces2.“p’“:
Balk density f& (g/cm”): 3.837 H 3.88* 3.91
Fe can be replaced by Ca (- lo-15% of CaO), Mn and Mg
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 14.686 ++ 14.51*
n complete isomorphous series existing between siderite and
U, (=Pexp,) : 55.1* H 56.22
rhodocrosite or magnesite. Co, Zn in traces.
Capt. cr.-sect. c (c.u.): 52.776 H 62.216a
Alteratioq:
Therm. Neut. Dec. Time r (rs): 86.127 Y 73.059’
in limonite by oxidation; more rarely to haemstite or msg-
N. s-down length Ls (cm): 16.16 - 15.92O
netite.
Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 3.5 l-t 3.24’
N. migrat. length LM (cm): 16.79 H 113.5~
dolomite, calcite, pyrite; galena, sphalerite, sphalerite;
Epith. Neut. Pm. f$(cn~,)~ti (p.m.): 6.3 H 6.V
chamosite.
Therm. Nent. Pm. +(~~&)th (pa.): 12.9 - 13.7”
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY At, (p+t): 42.880 H 43.441 43.a45
At, (p/r-t): 83.20 H 84.287 64.945
Crystal System: Rhombohedral At ratio: I.940H 1.93s4’
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Resistivity R (0-m):
tpl (IIS/III): a.80 H 9.10
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 3.5 - 4.0 Gamma ray GR (API): < 5.0
Density (g/cm”): 3.83 H 3.aa8.n Y .X96’.’
OCCURRENCE
Sedimentary rocks:
aa nodules or beds in clay ironstones in association with coal.
&Ietauic veins:
as hydrothermal mineral.
Metamorphic rocks:
in metamorphosed iron carbonates
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1SPESSARTINE 1
CLASSIFICATION
ORTHOSILICATE
PHYSICS
Garnet group
GEOCHEMISTRY Molecular weight: 495.035t
Average atomic number Z: 18.71t w 18.Z”

Formula: Coefficient C (=2&):
General: Mu Alz Sk OL2 Balk modnlns k (kbar):
example 1’: Ca.soBMnr.ss1Fe.321Mg.S.8A13.0?8SiS.808Ti.oo40a4 Shear modnlns fi (kbar):
Elemental composition: ~oung’s modulns E (mar):
Weight percentage of: Mu 33.294t H 25.85° Poisson’s ratio 0:
Weight percentage of: AI 10.Qt - 11.024O
WELL LOGGING
Werght percentage of: Si 17.022t * 16.7570
Weight percentage of: 0 38.784t ct 39.441+
Elect. dens. & (e/cm’): 4.05t H 4.00’)
Weight percentage of: Fe O.Ot H 1.841*
Bulk density Pa (g/c&): 4.14t Y 4.09O
Weight percentage of: Mg O.Ot - 1.494O
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 9.55t H 8.6S6
Weight percentage of: Ca O.Ot +a 3.573O
U, (=Pexp.) : 38.132~ H 34.52*
Impnrities or traces:’
Capt. cr.-sect. c (cm): 208.3491 c 16S.82”
Mu may reach 43.1 % MnO; Mn may be replaced by
Therm. Nent. Dec. Time 7 (/a): 21.817t ++ 37.833O
Y (- 2% YzOa). Ti (O.O2%O). P.
N. s-down length Ls (cm): 17.52t * 17.9.V
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Therm. difE length Li, (cm): 1.9gt - 2..?2”
N. m&rat. length LM (cm): 17.87 t - 18.35*
Crystal System: Cubic Epith. Nent. Pm. f$(~~~)~pi (p.u.): S.9*
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Therm. Nent. Por. &c~~,th (pa): *
At, (A+-+
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 7.0 +a 7.5 At, (w/t-+
Density (g/em”): 4.19’ ++ 4.12* At ratio:

Resistiity R (n-m):
OCCURRENCE
t,1 (44:
Igneons rocks:
t corresponds to the theoretical formnla.
commonest garnet in granitic pegmatites.
Metamorphic rocks:
* data not available.
skms; known from veins in metamorphosed greywackes.
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) SPHALERITE /
(BLENDE)
CLASSIFICATION
PHYSICS
SULPHIDES
GEOCHEMISTRY Melee&w weight: 97.45

Form&&: Coefficient C (=Z*):
General: ZnS Bnlk modnlns k (GPa)‘? 75.2
Elemental composition: Shear modulus /J (GPa)48.4D: 32.3
weight percentage of: Zn 87.094 Yonng’s modulus E (Mbar):
Weight percentage of: S 32.906 Poisson’s ratio 0: 0.31
Impurities or traces2”‘8’D: WELL LOGGING
Zn replaced by Fe (- 26%); Cd(c 3%) and Mn (- 5.8%).
Ga, Ge, In, Tl, Co, Hg.

Elect. dens. p. (e/cm3): 3.78
Alteration:
Bulk density Pb (g/cm”): 3.85
sulphates soluble in water; carbonates 01 silicates of Zn
wiated minerals:
u. (=Pexp.) : 135.89
G&m, pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite.
apt. .x.-sect. c (ea.): 40.05
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Therm. Nent. Dec. Time T (P): 113.507
N. e-down length Ls (cm): 38.95
Crystal System: Cubic Therm. dlff. length LD (cm): 7.99
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES N. mlgrat. length LM (cm): 40.08

Epith. Nent. Pm. d(c,v~)+ (p-n.): - 1.7
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 3.50 -4.0 Therm. Nent. Pm. (P(cNL)~/, (pa.): - 1.8
Density (g/cm”): 4.10”’ 4.0 At, (p/ft): X.6

At, (ps/ft): 108.3
At ratio:
OCCURRENCE
Resistivity R (n-m): 4,0x10-’ u 4.0 x (104)”
$1 (ns/m): 9.3 H 9.5

Igneous rocks:
in pegmatites.
Sedimentary rocks:
piles and strata. As disseminations in limestones and sand-
stones.
Lower temperature hydrothermal origin in veins in dolomitic
limestones.
Metamorphic rocks:
skams.
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CLASSIFICATION
HUMITE GROUP
Metamorphic rocks:
GEOCHEMISTRY gneisses, schists rich in ferromagnesian minerals.
Sedimentary rocks:
Formnla:
aa accessory mineral; if abundant, possibly of authigenic ori.
General: Ca Ti [Si Or] (O,OH,F)
gin.
PIIYSICS

Weight percentage of: Si 14.326 Y 14.106* 14.058’
coefficient c (x2&):
Weight percentage of: Ca 20.442 ++ 19.449* 18.733’
Weight percentage of: 0 42.314’ 40.802 Y 40.762’
Weight percentage of: Ti 24.43 c 23.577O 21.048’
Weight percentage of: Fe 0.0 +, l.llv 1.173’
Young’s modulus E (h&s):
Weight percentage of: Mn 0.0 +a 0.05S0 0.188*
Weight percentage of: Na 0.0 e 0.274O WELL LOGGWG
Weight percentage of: F 0.0 ++ 0.605* 0.657’

Weight percentage of: H 0.0 H O.OGZ” 0.103’ Elect. dens. p. (e/cm’): 3.43 H 3.47’+
Weight percentage of: Mg 0.0 ++ 0.062’ Balk density Pa (g/cm”): 3.48 H 3.52” 3.53’
Impurities or traces’.‘.‘.‘: Photoelect. ind. Pe : 6.94’ 7.12 H 7.Y
Ca can be replaced by Na, Sr, Ba, Mu, rare earths, Th U, (=Pexp,) : 24.1’ 24.4 u 24.9p
Ti can be replaced by Al, Fe, Mg, Nb, Sn, Ta, V. Capt. cr.-sect. c (ml.): 66.66 71.94 Y 72.13P
0 can be replaced by OH, F. Th - 2,500 ppm’. Therm. Neut. Dec. Time T (/a): G3.011° c 68.187’
Alteration’: N. s-dewn length Ls (cm): 23.68 H 18.44O lG.65’
anatase, rutile. Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 3.97 c 3.73’+
Associated minerals: N. migrat. length LM (cm): 17.38’+
Albite, epidote, adularia; nepheline; chlorite; apatite. Epith. Neat. Pm. ~$(cNL)~~~ (~.a.): 0.2 H 5.6’
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Therm. Nent. Pm. $+cN+~ (pa.): 3.6 c 11.8’
At, h/fib
Crystal System: MonocLinic At, wfi):

Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 5
tpl Wm):
Density (g/cm3): 3.4’ 3.45 H 3.54’+’ 3.50 Gamma ray GR (API): H lo,000
OCCURRENCE * corresponds to example 1 and * to example 2.
Igneons rocks:
Accessory mineral (amphibole granite, syenite, diorite); par-
ticularly abundant in nepheline-syenites.
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CLASSIFICATION
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY

Formula: Average atomic number Z: 11.17t H 14.77’
General: MgAln01 Coefficient C (=Z&):
example 1’: Mg.mFe.mAl,.o,sO~ Bnlk modnlus k (kbar):
Elemental composition: Shear modulus /I (kbar):
Weight percentage of: Mg 17.093t c 13.392’ Yonng’s modnlus E (mar):
Weight percentage of: Fe O.Ot - Q.2SG” Poisson’s ratio c:
Weight percentage of: 0 35.29Qt H 42.77”
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: Al 37.925t H 34.582O
Impurities or traces2~‘~8~o:
Elect. dens. pe (e/m?): 3.64* H 3.74
Zn may replace Mg, Mu, Ti, Cr may replace Al.
Bnlk density p6 (g/ems): 3.71* Y 3.81
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 1.49 c 4.070
forsterite, diopside; phlogopite, calcite; cordierite, orthopyrox-
U, (=Pexp.) : 5.57 u 14.85O
enc.
Capt. cr.-sect. c (~.a.): 8.46 ct 16.926”
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Therm. Neut. Dec. Time T 1~): 268.547*
N. s-down length Ls (cm): Xl.60 - 21.18“
Crystal System: Cubic Therm. diff. length LO (cm): 11.96 c 8.23*
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES N. n&rat. length LM (cm): 24.57 H 23.25O

Epith. Nent. Por. &CNL)+ (pa.): 1.7 H 1.4”
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 7.5 w 6.0 Therm. Nent. Por. (P(CNL)t,, (pa.): 2.0 H 3.6O At,
Density (g/cm”): 3.55*.’ H 3.72* 3.80 Wfi):
At, wfi):
OCCURRENCE
At ratio:
Metamorphic rocks:
$1 b/4:
common high-temperature mineral in metamorphic rocks:
contact and regionally metamorphosed limestones, in ther- t
corresponds to the theoretical formula.
m&y metamorphosed argillaceous rocks poor in SiOz.
Sedimentary rocks:
rare in sandstones.
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) STRONTIANITE)
CLASSIFICATION
CARBONATE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY

Generat: Sr C 03 Coe5cient c (3s): 0.921
Weight percentage of: Sr 59.353 Shear modulus @ (kbar):
Weight percentage of: C 8.135 Young’s modnlns E (1Mbar):
Weight percentage of: 0 32.511 Poisson’s ratio u:
Impurities or traces2.7’8’s:
WELL LOGGING
Sr can be replaced by Ca (- 7% CaO).
Elect. dens. & (e/cm3): 3.390 ++ 3.41
calcite, celestine, luorite, baryte, galena.
Balk density pb (g/cm’): 3.440 Y 3.46
CRYSTULOGRAPHY Photoelect. ind. Pe : 68.48
U, (=Pex&) : 232.1G5 rt 233.41
Crystal System: Orthorhombic Capt. cr.-sect. c (cu.): 18.323
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Therm. Nent. Dec. Time r (,w): X8.018
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 3.5 H 4.0 Therm. diff. Iength LD (cm): T.!b7
Density (g/em”): 3.88 H 3.714’ 3.70*.* N. m&rat. length LM (cm): 24.0,
Epith. Neat. Pm. ~(cNL)~@ (pa.): 0.8
OCCURRENCE
Therm. Nent. Par. 4(~~~)th (pa.): 3.3
At, ww:
Sedimentary rocks:
At, (dft):
a.?fibrous mama in veins in limestones, marls and shalea.
At ratio:
Metallic veins:
Resistivity R (&II):
associated with galem, sphslerite, pyrite.
tpi b/~):
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CLASSIFICATION
HALIDE
PHYSICS
Chloride

Formnla: Coefficient G (~2 &): 0.986
General: K Cl BnIk modulus k (kbar)“: 174.0 t) 181.0
Elementaf composition: Shear modalus p (kbar)‘? 94.0 u 95.0
Weight percentage of: K 52.443 Young’s modulus E (Mb=): 0.239 H 0.243
weight percentage of: Cl 47.557 Poisson’s ratio 0: 0.271 rt 0.277
WELL LOGGING
Cl can be replaced by Br (H 0.5%).
Elect. dens. /Je (e/c&): 1.903 H 1.91
halite, anhydrite, gypsum, kieserite, kainite, carnallite.
Bulk density & (g/em’): 1.848 M 1.86
U, (=Pexp,) : 16.192 H 16.27
Crystal System: Cubic Capt. cr.-sect. c (Cal.): 563.943
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Them. Nent. Dec. Time 7 (/.a): 8.074
N. e-down length Ls (cm): 102.18
Hardness (Mohs’ SC&): 1.5 c 2.0 Therm. diff. length LO (cm): 0.926
Density (g/cm”): 1.970 u 1.992.8.0 1.98 N. rnigrat. length L,,, (cm): 102.2
Epith. Neut. Par. $(GNL)+ (p.n.): -2.7
OCCURRENCE
Therm. Neut. Par. ~$(cNL)*/, (pa.): -4.1
At, (/r&t): 77.127 H 78.589
Sedimentary
-~ rocks:
.
At, (/as/f%):138.799 H 140.242
Last term in the evaporite sequence. As beds more or less
At ratio: 1.784 c 1.80
thick layered in halite deposits.. Results sometimes from the
alteration of carnalI&.
t,, (m/m): 7.10 u 7.40
Gamma ray GR (API): 830.0 CI 855.0
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1TACHHYDRITE]
CLASSIE’ICATION
HYDROUS-CHLORIDE
GEOCHEMISTRY

General: C.&l2 2 h&&la 12 Hz0 Coefficient C (=Z&): 1.028
Weight percentage of: Ca 7.743 Shear modulne p (kbsr):
Weight percentage of: Cl 41.097 Yomgb modulus E (hcfbar):
Weight percentage of: H 4.G73
WELL LOGGING
Elect. dens. p. (e/cm3): 1.706 H 1.727
halite, camallite.
Bulk density Pa (g/cm”): I.658 H 1.660
U. (=Pex,,,) : 6.547 - 6.626
Crystal System: Rhombohedral Capt. cr.-sect. c (c.u.): 399.988
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Therm. Nent. Dec. Time 7 (p): 11.564
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 2.0 Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 0.67
Density (g/cm”): 1.66’ Y 1.68 N. migrat. length L.,, (cm): 8.2

Epith. Nent. Par. ~+cNL)+ (pa.): > GO
OCCURRENCE
Therm. Neut. Por. +,qh (p.n.): > 60
At, (/I+): is 92.0
Sedimentary rocks:
__-
At, (w/w:
In evaporite. In masses or beds in salt deposits.
At ratio:
tpl (ns/m):
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/ THERMONATRITE j
CLASSIFICATION
HYDROUS-CARBONATE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY

General: COaNaz Hz0 Coeffleient C (~2s): 1.0
Weight percentage of: C 9.686 She& modalus p (kbar):
Weight percentage of: Na 37.08 Young’s modulus E (Mbar):
weight percentage of: 0 51.609 Poisson’s ratio c:
WELL LOGGING
a-iated mineral&r
trona, natron, gaylussite.
Elect. dens. p. (e/ems): 2.25
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Bulk density pb (g/cm”): 2.22
Crystal System: Orthorhombic u, (=Pexp,) : 1.68
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Capt. cr.-sect. c (ml.): 18.883

Therm. Nent. Dec. Time 7 (p): 240.711
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 1.0 Y 1.5 N. s-down length Ls (cm): 9.25
Density (g/em3): 2.25 Therm. diff. length Lo (cm): 4.55
N. mlgrat. length I+, (cm): 10.45

OCCURRENCE
Epith. Nent. Pm. $(cNL)+ (p.u.): 43.4
Therm. Nent. Pm. d(~~qth (pa.): 44.8

Sedimentary rocks:
AL (dfi):
in salt lakes of deserts.
At.9 Wfi):
At ratio:
t,i k++
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1TOURMALINES /
CLASSIFICATION
CYCLOSILICATE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY
Formnla: seedravite.
Gener& Na(R)aAle[SisOm](B03)3 (oH,F)~ WELL LOGGING
very complex cmaposition in with R is fondamentaly one of
the following elementsor a mixture of them, generating a wide see dravite
type of vnrieties. t : mineral described in the data base
Varieties’:
Alkali tourmaline (elbaite): fundamentally Na and Li mix-
ture (example: Na.m, Li.nsa,Al1.w)
Iron tourmaline (schorl): Fe dominant (example: Fez.lss,
Mgcmo, Ahm)
Msgnesium tourmaline (dravitet): fundamentally Mg domi-
nant (example: Mgusz)
Na.cm be replaced partially by K or Ca if valency conditions
are satisfied.
almandine, spessartite; lepidolite, beryl, quartz, microcline.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
Crystal System: Rhombohedral

Density (g/cm’): 2.98 c 3.25
OCCURRENCE
Igneous rocks:
schorl and elbtite are typical of granite pegmatites, pneuma-
tolitic veins, and of sane granites (leucogranites, aplites)
Metamorphic rocks:
in low metamorphosedmagnesiansedimentary rocks (dravite).

in mica schists
Sedimentary rocks:
dravite in limestones and gypsum

As BCC~SBON
mineral in detrital sediments.
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1TREMOLITE 1
CLASSIFICATION
INOSILICATE
PHYSICS
Amphibole group
GEOCHEMlSTRY Molecular weight: 812.424
Average atomic number Z: 13.OG

Formnla: coefficient c (A&
General: Ca&fg&sOza(OH)z Bulk modulus k (kbar):):
Elemental composition: Shear modulus g (kbar):
Weight percentage of: Ca 9.8GG ~onn~‘s modulus E (imar):
WELL LOGGING

Elect. dens. p. (e/cxr?): 3.02
Impnrities or traces?‘:
Bulk density Pa (g/cm=): 3.04
Fe can replace Mg (- 50%); small amount of Mn.
Adated minerals:
u. (=Pexp,) : 7.9
talc, ant&rite, calcite, dolomite.
Capt. cr.-sect. c (c.u.): ‘7.189
~xnsformation:
Them. Nent. Dec. Time T (p): 632.319
at higker grades of metamorphism in diopside if calcite and
quartz itre still available; in for&rite if there is an excess of
dolomite relative to quartz.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Epith. Nat. Pm. ~$(cNL)+ (p.u.): 8.1
Therm. Nent. Pm. ~(CNQ~ (pa.): 6.6

At, 1dfi):
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Ata (dfib
At ratio:
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 5.0 - 6.0 Resistivity R (n-m):
Density (g/cm’): 3.02 Y 3.2’ $1 kw:
OCCURRENCE
Gamma ray GR (API): 5 5
Metamorphic rocks:
metamorphic mineral in both contact and regionally metamor-
phosed impure d&stones.
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1TRIDYMITE )
CLASSIFICATION
TECTOSJLICATE
PHYSICS
Silica gronp
GEOCHEMISTRY Molecular weight: GO.086

Formula: Coefficient C (=Z &): 0.999
General: Si 02 Bulk modulus k (kbar):
Elemental composition: Sheer modulus fi (kbar):
Weight percentage of: Si 46.747 ~onng’s modnlns E (Mbar):
WELL LOGGING
Al may replace Si in small amount and Na introduced to bal-
ace the charge deficiency.
Elect. dens. Pe (e/c&): 2.277 H 2.327 X307
~ansfoml~:
Balk density Pa (g/cm”): 2.249 y 2.302 2.281
in quart?,.
Photoeleet. ind. Pe : 1.806
Associated e&
U, (=Pexp,) : 4.111 u 4.202 4.166
sanidine, augite, fayalite; cristobalite.
Capt. cr.-sect. c (,a.): 5.967
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Therm. Neat. Dec. Time 7 (jm): 1146
Crystal System: Hexagonal Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 21.90
Epith. Nent. Pm. #(cNL)+,< (pa.): -1.6
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 7.0 Therm. Nent. Pm. q&qth (p.m.): -2.8
Density (g/cm’): 2.2@’ H 2.330 2.810 AL (dft):

At, wfi):
OCCURRENCE
At ratio:
Igneone rocks:
mineral occurring in cavities of acidic volcanic rocks (tra-
t,1 w4:
chytes, mdesites, obsidians, rhyolites). Ma. ‘?& 25% in rhy-
elites and quartz Istites.
Sedimentary rocks:
rhyolitic tuffs.
Metamorphic rocks:
in highly metamorphosed impdre limestones and arkoses ad-
jacent to basic igneous intrusions.
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CLASSIFICATION
HYDROUS-CARBONATE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY
Molecular weight: 22G.032

General: NazCOa NaHCO~ 2 Hz0 Coefficient C (=2&j: 1.09
Weight percentage of: Na 30.514 Shear modnlus p (kbar):
Weight percentage of: C IO.628 Yoang’s modulus E (Mbar):
Weight percentage of: 0 5F.628 Poisson’s ratio 0:
WELL LOGGING
natron, thermonatrite, halite, glauberite, thenardite, gypsum,
Elect. dens. p. (e/cm3): 2.128 H 2.159 2.158
borax.
Bulk density pb (g/cm”): 2.090 H 2.122 2.101
U, (=Pex,,,) : 1.439 Y 1.460 1.446
Crystal System: Monoclinic Capt. cr.-sect. c (Cal.): 18.404
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Therm. Nent. Dec. Time 7 (a): 246.977
N. s-down length L$ (cm): 8.64
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 2.5 ++ 3.0 Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 4.21
Density (g/em”): 2.11 H 2.14’.’ 2.12 N. m&rat. length L,u (cm): 9.6s
Epith. Nent. Par. ~$(cNL)~~; (p.m.): > 50
OCCURRENCE
Therm. Nent. Por. 4(~~~)tj, (pa.): > 50
At, b+):
Sedimentary rocks:
AL Wft):
deposit of various saline lakes of deserts.
At ratio:
tpl (44:
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1UVAROVITE /
CLASSIFICATION
ORTHOSILICATE
PHYSICS
Garnet group
GEOCHEMISTRY Molecular weight: *

Average atomic nnmber Z: 17.98t - 17.99’
Formula: Coefficient C (=Z*
General: Gas Crz Sia 012 Balk modulns k (Lb=):):
example 1': Cas.o3~.o”4Fe.aosMg.alA1.2~~ Sis.s&r3.5a401h Shear modulus /J (kbar):
Elemental composition: Young’s modulns E (mar):
Weight percentage of: Cr 20.78Zt H 18.524* Poisson’s ratio 0:
Weight percentage of: Al O.Ot c 0.G’
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: Si 1G.83Gt Y l&789*
Weight percentage of: 0 38.35gt H 38.482”
Elect. dens. /& (e/cm3): 3.83 t H .X69*
Weight percentage of: Fe O.Ot - 1.73~
Bulk density & (g/em%): 3.92t w S.76*
Weigbt percentage of: Mg O.Ot Y 0.024”
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 8.27t+
Weight percentage of: Ca 24.023t H 23X34*
U, (=Pexp.) : 31.GSt H 30.51*
Impnrities or traces:’
Capt. cr.-sect. c (c.u.): 37.281t ++ 34.80?
MD in minor amount (0.02%“).
Therm. Nent. Dec. Time 7 (w): 121.924t ++ 130.588a
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY N. s-down length Ls (cm): 23.12 t c 23.89o
Therm. diff. length Lo (cm): 5.Gst Y 5.95*
Crystal System: Cubic N. m&rat. length LM (cm): 24.29t Y 25.lzr
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Epith. Neut. Por. &NL)epi (pa.): 0.4t H 0.20
Therm. Nent. Pm. q+~~~)th (pa.): 3.4t ++ 2.8*
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 7.0 c* 7.5 A++ (w+):

Density (g/cm3): 3.9”’ H X75* Ata (/=/fib
At ratio:
OCCURRENCE
t,r w4:
Less frequent of garnets.
Metamorphic rocks:
* depends on the elemental composition.
contact metanorphism of ultrabasic rocks on limestones and
d&stones.
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/ WITHERITE 1
CLASSIFICATION
CARBONATE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY

General: BaCOs Coefficient C (‘2s):
Weight percentage of: C 8.085 Shear modulus p (kbar):
weight percentage of: 0 24.32 Young’s modulus E (mar):
Weight percentage of: Ba 69.595 Poisson’s ratio 0:
Impurities or tracesz.7.8.n:
WELL LOGGING
Ga, Sr rind Mg may replace Ba.
Elect. dens. J& (e/c&): 3.75
galena, anglesite, baryte, fluorite.
Bulk density pb (g/cm”): 3.82
U, (=Pexp,) : 1205
Crystal System: Orthorhombic Capt. cr.-sect. c (c.ll.): 15.798
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Therm. Nent. Dec. Time r (p): 287.73

Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 3.0 tt 3.5 Them. diff. length Lo (cm): 8.74
Density (g/cm’): 4.29”’ H 4.30’ N. m&rat. length LM (cm): 27.49
Epith. Neut. Pm. ~$(cNL)~H (~.a.): -0.3

OCCURRENCE
Therm. Nent. Par. ,$(c~L)th (pa.): 1.2
At, (,m/ft):
Sedimentary rocks:
Ata wfi):
nearly always in low temperature hydrothermal veins.
At ratio:
Resistitity R (n-m):
t,1 (44:
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1WOLLASTONITE 1
CLASSIFICATION
INOSILICATE
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY
Molecular weight: 116.1GGt

Formnla: Average atomic number Z: 15.79t ct 15.83O
General: Cs[SiOa] Coefficient C (=Z&): 0.938
&ample 1’: K.“,,Na.,,,Cas.eosMn.oolFe.~~~Mg.losAl.~~~ Bulk modulus k (kbar):
Sis.ssaOls Shear modulus @ (kbar):
Elemental composition: Yonng’s modnlns E (Mbar):
Weight percentage of: Al O.Ot CI 0.359O Poisson’s ratio 0:
Weight percentage of: Si 24.18t CI 23.615*
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: 0 41.31gt H 41.15@
Weight percentage of: Ca. 34.501t H 33.764*
Elect. dens. p. (e/cm3): 2.9Zt +a 2.8@
Weight percentage of: Mg O.Ot c 0.3GS9
Bulk density p6 (g/cm”): 2.93t ct 2.88O
Weight percentage of: Mn O.Ot ct 0.016*
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 5.18t H 5.23*
Weight percentage of: Na O.Ot w 0.059*
u, (=Pexp*) : 15.1t - 14.9v
Weight percentage of: K 0.0 t ++ 0.307”
Capt. cr.-sect. c (tn.): Q.lOGt u 9.482O
Therm. Neut. Dec. Time r (w): 499.181t ++ 479.368O
Ca may be replaced by Fe (- 9% FezOa), Mg, Mn (- 1%).
N. s-down length Ls (cm): 30.94t - 31.36”
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Therm. difZ length LD (cm): 13.49t u 13.3*
N. migrat. length Ia, (cm): 34.4St c 34.81*

Crystal System: Triclinic Epith. Neat. Pm. #J(CNL)+ (p.n.): -1.4t+
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Therm. Nent. Pm. q&v+,, (pa.): -1.4t u -1.5*
AL (l4W
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 4.5 w 5.0 At, (dft):
Density (g/cm3): 2.87+’ c 3.09 At ratio:

OCCURRENCE
Gamma ray GR (API):

Igneous rocks:
in alkaline igneous rocks: ijolite, phonolite.
Metamorphic rocks:
common mineral of metamorphosed impure limestones.
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CLASSIFICATION
HUMITE poup
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY
Molecnlar weight: 183.30Gt

Formula: Average atomic number Z: 32.55t rt 38.98.
General: Zr Si Oa Coefecient C (=Zs): 0.938
Example 1’: Zr.s~Th.o~Y.~~~U.a,~Al.~~~Si.~~~O~ Bulk modulus k (GPa): 19.850’Jo
Elemental composition: Shear modulus /J, (kbar): 19.75”.60
Weight percentage of: Zr 49.7G3t 46.22’ ++ 39.023’ Young’s modulus E (Mbar):
Weight percentage of: Si 15.324t 15.71’ H 13.293o Poisson’s ratio 0: 0.1350.5Q
Weight percentage of: 0 34.913t 35.12’ c 33.8O
WELL LOGGING
Weight percentage of: Th O.Olt 1.26. Y 1.225O
Weight percentage of: U 0.03t 1.68’ H 1.635’
Elect. dens. Pe (e/m?): 3.7” rt 4.419 4.39t 4.40’
Weight percentage of: Y 0.0 t* c 8.359*
Bnlk density ~a (g/cm3): 3.V u 4.542 4.61f 4.52’
Impurities or traces*.‘-J5:
Photoelect. ind. Pe : 70.04t H 132.75* 133.93’
Hafnium is alwi~ys present: Hf01/Zr02 normally varies be-
U, (=Pexp.) : 307.53t c 490.94’ 589.19’
tween 0.01 and 0.04, with maximum 0.6; H 31% HfOz.
Capt. cr.-sect. c (ea.): 5.52 t ++ 8.075’
‘lhces of Al (- 2% AlzO& Fe (- 2.6% FezOa), P (-
Therm. Neat. Dec. Time T (p): 823.595t Y 502.923’
3.4-appreciable amounts.
N. s-down length Ls (cm): 21.15t 20.08’
Th H 2.1% ThOa and 2,500 ppm, U - 1.5% &OS and 3,000
Therm. diff. length LD (cm): 13.87t 11.46’
PPm.
N. migrat. length LM (cm): 25.86t 23.71’
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Epith. Nent. Por. ~(cNL)+ (p.u.): 1.4t 2.0.
Therm. Nent. Par. &cNL)~~ (p.o.): 0.9t 2.5.
Crystal System: Tetragonal
At, (/~s,‘t-t):~5.8~O.=
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES At, (ps/ft): 146.550.5’
At ratio:
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): G +a 7.5 Resistivity R (f&m):
Density (g/em’): 3.8 ’ 3.96”, 4X8* ++ 4.7*“’
$1 w4:
OCCURRENCE G-a ray GR (API): 2800.0 u saturation
t corresponds to the theoretical formula with Th and U traces.
Igneous rocks: * corresponds to example 1.
Common accessory mineral particularly in the plutonic rocks ’ corresponds to the third composition.
relatively rich in sodium (granite pegmatites, nepheline-
syenites). Often enclosed by biotite OI amphiboles (pleochroic

haloes).
Sedimentary rocks:
very common accessory mineral in many sediments.

Metamorphic rocks:
less common.
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IPOTASSIUM BEARING MINERALS 1
(from references 2,7,8,9,60)
r Potassium
I: Mineral Range
(Weight %)
MeaIl
(Weight %)
r FELDSPAR
Alkali Feldspars
GROUP
Microcline 14.07* 13.34 H 6.54 EJ 12.5l

Orthoclase 14.07* 12.95 w 6.74 EJ 10.51
S&dine 5.85 - 10.04
Anorthoclase 3.11 H 4.47 zz 4.0
Adularia 12.70
Plagioclases 0.0 H 1.6 FJ 0.3

i
- FELDSPATHOID GROUP
Metasilicate
Leucite 17.91* 17.45 H 16.64 FJ 17.0
Orthosilicates
Nepheline 3.0 H 10.14 w 5.0
Kalsilite 21.29 t-+ 25.52 w 24.0
- MICA GROUP
Muscovite 9.8+ 9.37 H 6.78 ~1(8.70
Biotite 8.1 H 5.42 B 6.95
Phlogopite 9.9 H 5.36 w 8.43
Lepidolite 8.03
- ZEOLITE GROUP
Analcite 0.0 H 3.7 P( 1.0
Laumontite c 0.25 m 0.15
Mordenite c* 2.16 FJ 1.0
-
* for the theoretical formula

1 corresponds to a beginning of alteration
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~POTASSIUMBEARING MINERALS OFEVAPORITESI
(from reference3 2,9,60)
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1Thorium and Thorium bearing Minerals 1
(from Frondel et al., 1956, and Roubault, 1958, in reference 60)
Name Composition l-ho* content, %

THORIUM
MINERALS
Cheralite (Th, Ca. Ce) (PO,SiO,) 30, variable
Huttonite ThSiO, 81.5 (ideal)
Pilbarite ThO,, UO,, PbO. 2Si0,.4H,O 31,variable
Thorianite Th 0, lsomorphous series to UO:”
Tborite** ThSiO, 25to 63 - 81.5 (ideal)
Thorogummite” Th(Si04111JOH) 4x~ <0.25 24 to 58 or more
THORIUM-BEARINti
MINERALS
Allanite 0, Ce, fib, /Al. Fe, Mg), Si,O,, IOH) 0 to about 3
Bastnasite (Ce, La) CO3 F Less iban 1
Betafife About (U, Ca) (Nb, Ta. Ti), O,nH,O 0 to about 1
Brannerite About ill, Ca, Fe. Tb. Y), Ti,O,, 0 to 12 (av.: 3 - 4)
Euxenite iY. Ca, Ce, U, Th) (Nb, Ta, T&O, 0 to about 5
Eschynite (Ce, Ca, Fe, Th) (Ti, Nb),06 oto17
Fergusonite (Y. Er, Ce, U, Th) (Nb, Ta, TilO, 0 to about 5
Mona&?* ice. Y, La, Th)PO, 0 to about 30 : usually 4 to 12
Samarskite (Y, Er, Ce, U, Fe, Thi (Nb, T&O, 0 to about 4
Thucholite Hydrocarbon mixture containing U.Th.
rare earth elements
Uraninite UO, (ideally) with Ce, Y, Pb. Th, etc. oto 14
Yttrocrarite About (Y, Th, U. Ca), (Ti, Fe, W),O,, 0 to 9
Zircon ZrSiO, Usually less than 1
f MOIt impOrtant Commercialore Of thorium. Depo*its are found in Brazil. India, USSR. Scandinavia.Sauth Africa, and USA
** Potential thorium ore minerals.
11, “ranl”m is often presem Iup fO 25%)
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)Uranium and Uranium bearing Minerals 1
(from Roubault, 1958, in reference 60)
Name Composition u Content %
URANIUM
MINERALS
Autunite” C&IO, jz (PO. j2 lo-12H, 0 48
Becquerelite CaO,6UO,,llH,O 70 to76
Carnotite’ K, (UO, lz WO,), l-3H,O 52.8 to 55
Gummite 70
lanthinite ZUO,. 7H,O 70 to 71.5
Pechblende” U, 0, to UO,. amorphous
Schoepite 4UO,, 9H, 0 68 to 74
Soddyite 5U03, 2Si0, ,6H, 0 69 to71
Tyuyamunite* ~o(uO,), V,O,. 5-8H,O 54.4 to 56.7
Uraninite UO, cubic”’
Uranopilite (UO2)6 (SO,) (OH),, lZH,O 67.9
URANIUM-BEARING
MINERALS
Betafite W, Cal (Nb, Ta, Ti), 0, n H,O 16 to25
Brannerite W. Ca, Fe, Y, Th), Ti,O,, 40
Chalcolite CuO,2UO,,P,O,,B-lZH,O 47 to51
Euxenite IY. C-a.Ce. U. Th) (Nb, Ta. Til,O, 3 to18
Fergusonite (Y, Er, Ce, Fe) (Nb, Ta, Ti)O, 0 to 7
Microlite INa, Cal, (Ta, Nb),O, (0, OH, F) 0 to 5
Parsonsite 2PbO. UO, , P, 0, , H, 0 18 to25
Polycrase (Y, Ca, Ce, U, Th) (Nb, Ta, Ti, Fe), 0, 3 to18
Pyrochlore (Na. Cd, (Nb, Ta), 0, F 0 to 1.4
Renardite Pb0,4UO,,P,O,, 9H,O 52 to55
Uranotile (uranophanel CaO,ZUO,, ZSiO,, 6.7H, 0 53 to56
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/THORIUM AND URANIUM CONTENT /
OF
1SOME COMMON MINERALS]
(from references 15, 66)
Miierd Uranium Thorium

(PPm) (PPm)
1Major Minerals
r&larte 0.1 Y 5.0 0.5 H 6.0

!&wte (granite)“’ 2.2 H 2.4
Biotite 1.0 Y 40.0 0.5 - 50.0
Biotite (granite)“6 2.6 H 48.0
Muscovite 2.0 H 8.0 20.0 Y 25.0’
Muscovite (granite)G6 8.1
K Feldspar 0.2 ++ 3.0 3.0 c 7.0
K Feldspar (granite)GG 1.2 ct 2.6
Plagioclases 0.2 c 5.0 0.5 Y 3.0
Plagioclases (granite)6G 1.9 H 6.0
PyWCelle 0.01 H 40.0 2.0 Y 25.0
Hornblende 1.0 H 30.0 5.0 Y 50.0
Hornblende (granite)GG 2.8 Y 43.0
OliVille 0.01 1OW
Accessory Minerals
Alla&e (accessory) 30.0 Y 700.0 500.0 Y 5,000.0

Alla&e (granite)“6 540.0
Alla&e (pegmatite) ? H 100.0 1,000.0~ 20,000.0
Apatite (accessory) 5.0 Y 150.0 20.0 H 150.0
Apatite (granite)GG 47.0 Y 62.0
Apatite (agregate) 10.0 H 50.0? 50.0 Y 250.0?
Epidote 20.0 Y 50.0 50.0 H 500.0
Garnet (granite)bG 5 Y 75.0
Ibnenite 1.0 H 50.0
llmenite (granite)GG 48.0
Magnetite 1.0 Y 30.0 0.3 Y 20.0
Monazite 500.0 Y 3,000.0 25,000.0 Y 200,000.~
Sphene 100.0 h 700.0 100.0 H 600.0
Xenotime 500.0 k 35,000.0 1OW
Xenotime (granite)FG 360.0 c 12,700.O
Zircon (accessory) 300.0 c 3,M)o.o / 100.0 Y 2,500.O
Zircon (granite)“’ 1,450 H 4,600.O !
Zircon (pegmatite) 100.0 H 6,000.0 50.0 c 4,000.0
L
* : Theoretically thorium is absent in muscovite, but practically thorium is always observed in small
amount associated with muscovite and its average proportion is the one indicated here.
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IRELATIVE DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS/
An
-1
(from reference 15)
Mineral Dielectric constant E, Propagation time t,l

b/m)
Albite 5.39 c 5.63

Analcite 5.88
Anhydrite 5.70 H 6.35 6.35 8.4
Apatite* 7.40 ++ 10.47 9.1 - 10.8
Aragonite 6.46 w 9.72
Baryte 6.69 ++ 12.2
Biotite* 6.19 Y 9.30 7.1 ++ 8.2
Calcite 7.80 ++ 8.50 9.1 t* 10.2
Celestite 7.60 ++ 8.26
Dolomite 6.80 +-+8.00 6.80 8.7
Fluorite 6.25 +. 6.79
GaleKt 17.9
Gypsum 4.16 ++ 11.5 6.8
Halite 5.6 +-+6.35 7.9 c 8.4
25.0
Leucite 7.13
Limonite* 10.5 Y 11.0
Muscovite* 6.19 - 8.00 8.3 u 9.4
OPd 7.15
Orthoclase* 4.50 ++ 5.80 7.0 ++ 8.2
Quarts 4.19 H 5.05 4.65 7.2
Rutile* 31.0 Y 170.0 31.8 F-S43.5
Siderite* 8.8 Y 9.1
Sphalerite* 9.3 +-+9.5
Sylvite 4.39 +a 6.20 7.2 ++ 7.3
Tourmaline 5.60 Y 7.10
8.59 H 12.00
l : values estimated from literature, not verified by large measurements.

Remark: values in bold are recommended values.
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MICA CATALOG
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CLASSIFICATION
PHYLLOSILICATES
Mica group
GEOCHEMISTRY Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 2.50 H 3.0

Density (g/cm3): 2.70 u 3.30’ 3.22
OCCURRENCE
Igneons rocks:
granites Y diorite: max. %: Eli 5%40;
syenites; rhyolites Y mdesites.
8ee table.
Metamorphic rocks:
K may be replaced in smaI1 amount by: Na (-6~ OS%), Ca,
gneiss; mica-schists: max. %: FJ 30%
Ba, Rb, Cs.
Sedimentary rocks:
Fe+’ may be replaced by Mn; Al by Li in small amount.
less frequent than muscovite due to its lower stability
arkoses: nmx. %: 7%*’ for micas
Th (ppm): 0.50 H 50.0’s.‘~; u (ppm): 1.0 Y 40.0’3.‘s
graywxkes: max. X: 6%‘5 for micas.
Alteration:
PHYSICS
montmoriUonite, vermiculite2;
chlorite + iron hydroxides or oxides; glauconitez~25.
Molecular weight: t
Associated miner&:
Average atomic number Z: lG.G39” Y 18.59%
quartz, feldspar, plagioclase, hornblende, zircon, monaeite;
coemcient c (=Z& ): 0.985 - 0.983
garnet.
Bulk modulus k (GPa)% 59.7 ++ 41.1
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
Shear modulus /.J (GPa)? 42.3 H 12.4
Young’s modulus E (Mbar): 0.6m u 0.~88
Poisson’s ratio @: 0.21 - 0.36
Unit Cell Dimensions: a 5.3344, b 9.23A, c lO.O5A, @ Y
WELL LOGGING
05.1” e+ loo”.”
see table.
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Elemental composition
Element ,sulta
:Weight %) 1 2 3 i
H 0.28 0.33 0.15 0.21 0.4
Li 0.47
0 42.38 43.11 39.20 41.50 37.87 10.00
F 1.11 0.85 2.01 3.85
Na 0.37 0.52 0.11 0.43
Mg 8.16 7.67 2.54 0.28 0.13 5.10
Al 7.83 6.92 7.69 11.97 8.34 5.60

Si 17.96 18.25 17.29 18.36 17.16 17.50
K 6.59 5.42 6.81 7.37 7.43 8.1

Ca 1.05 1.17 0.12 1.08 0.07
Ti 1.78 2.55 1.87 0.13

Mn 0.40 tr. 0.22 0.77
Fe 13.19 12.95 23.37 16.73 23.26 23.3
Well Logging data
Well Logging Results of AIlalvsiE

L
1
T
Parameters 1 2 3 4 5 t
Pb 2.997 2.862 3.10 3.04 3.121 3.22
Pe 2.95 2.82 3.03 2.99 3.05 3.16
PLDT 2.97 2.83 3.06 3.01 3.08 3.20
P, 6.22 6.05 8.96 7.01 8.87 8.70
U, 18.37 17.08 27.16 20.97 27.04 27.53

c 28.76 26.46 35.61 28.86 125.44 35.09
L. 15.00 14.80 17.45 13.99 15.30 12.64
Ld 5.42 5.58 5.13 5.16 2.40 4.30
8.5 9.0 4.5 11.1 * 15.3

13.7 13.9 9.4 16.6 * 22.5
t : values listed in The Technical Review, vol. 36, n. 1, 1988.
* : not available (C higher than 70).
Analyses from:
Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., & Zussman, J. (1962). Rock Forming Minerals, vol. 3: Sheet Silicates. Longman, London.
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j MUSCOVITE]
CLASSIFICATION
PHYLLOSILICATE
n&a gronp
GEOCHEMISTRY Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 2.5 H 3.0

Density (g/cm”): 2.i’6’~8.9 H 2.88’ Y 3.1’ 2.84
Formnla:
General: K2 Al4 [SiaA12010](OH,F)r
Elemental composition: OCCURRENCE
see table.
K may be partially replaced by Na, Rb, Cs, Ca, Ba; Igneons rocks:
Al may be replaced by Mg, Fe, Mn (- 2% MnO), in granitic pegmatitea often hs enormous plates; in hyper
Li (- 3.5% LinO), Cr (- 8% CrzOz), Ti, V; acidic granites (2 micas granites and leucogranites); in syen-
(OH) can be replaced by F. ites; rare in volcanic rocks.
(&All) can vary to (Si,Al). Metamorphic rocks:
Impnrities or traces’.‘: mica schists; phyllites; gneisaes.
Th (ppm)‘: 10.0 +a 25.0; U (ppm)“.“: 2.0 Y 8.0 Sedimentary rocks:
Varieties: shales; sandstones.
Sericite: a fine-grained white mica close to muscovite in corn-
PHYSICS
position.
Alteration:
Molecular weight: t
in serpentine; ill&, kaolinite.
Average atomic number 2: 12.581° - 14.580
Associated n$e
Coefficient c (=Z a,: 0.995 Y 0.993
quartz, feldspara, biotite, clay minerals.
Balk modulus k (GPa)‘“: 61.50 Y 42.9
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Shear modulus ,U (GPa)? 41.1 H 22.2
Young’s modulus E (Mb-): 0.329 H 0.879
Crystal System: Monoclinic Poisson’s ratio aao: 0.23 CI 0.28
Unit Cell Dimensions: a 5.19.& b 8.99-9.04A, c lO.O5A,
WELL LOGGING
p N 95.18” c 95”30’.6
see table.
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[MUSCOVITE/
Element
[Weight
H
%) F 0.52
1
0.53
Results of A oal v&a
2
-
3
0.48
4
0.52
-
0.5
t
Li 0.32 tr.
0 18.68 48.10 46.96 49.68 18.;
F 0.54 0.17
Na 0.47 1.39 0.26 0.36
a 0.06 0.51
Al 20.47 18.82 14.44 15.52 10.:
Si 21.43 21.46 22.74 22.60 t1.:
K 8.36 6.78 9.37 9.12 9.8
Ch 0.80 0.09
Ti 0.52 0.13
MI3 0.07
Fe 0.09 5.23 1.13
Rb 1.09 0.11
-
Well Logging data
Well Logging lr 7
Resnlts of Anabsis
T
Parameters 1 2 3 4 %
- -
/‘b 2.84 1.865 2.82 2.82 2.84
Pe 2.32 * 2.80 2.81 2.82
PLDT 2.83 * 2.81 2.81 2.83
P. 2.28 l 3.88 3.08 2.40
U. 6.45 * 10.86 8.64 6.79
c 16.05 * 21.01 L7.96 17.06
L. 13.06 * 13.58 13.15 13.27
Ld 6.77 l 5.98 6.39 6.63
+CNL epi. 14.2 * 12.3 13.8 13.4
fPCNL therm. 16.9 * 16.6 17.2 16.5
* : mm section data for Rb unavailable for computation of nuclear parameters.
t : values listed in The Technical Review, vol. 36, n. I, 1988.
Analyses from:
Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., & Zussmm, J. (1962). Rock Forming Minerals, vol. 3: Sheet Silicates. Longman, London.
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1PHLOGOPITE 1
CLASSIFICATION
PHYLLOSILICATE
Mica group
GEOCHEMISTRY Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 2.0 Y 2.5

Density (g/cm3): 2.70’ Y 2.76’ u 2.90’.’ 2.80
Formda:
OCCURRENCE
General: Kz(Mg,Fe+Z)s[Si~A1~O~oj(OH,F)~
with Mg/Fe > 2.
Metamorphic rocks:
metamorphosed limestones and dolostonea (marbles); regional
see table.
metamorphism of magnesium limestone.
K may be replaced by Na (Na:Kzl:l), and minor amounts of
Igneons rocks:
Rb, Cs and Ba. h4n may be present (- 18% MnO + MnzOa).
ultrabasic rocks, kimberlite (m;u. %: FJ 25%)‘; leucite rich
Fe” by Fe+3, Al, Ti (HM 9% TiOl), Li. The highest content
rocks.
of F is &74%.
PHYSICS
Impnrities o* traees=J:
Ti (em 5.3%), Mn (we 4.8%), Na replacing K; traces of Li, Moleeolar weight: +

Rb and Ba; highest content in F is 674%. Th (ppm): 10.0 rl Average atomic nwnber Z: 12.925* - 14.02’
25.0; U (ppm): 2.0 - 8.0 CoefBeient C (=2&): 0.989 c 0.992
Alteration: Bulk modnlns k (GPa)? 58.5 ++ 40.4
ill&, vermiculite. Shear modlllus /.J (GPa)? 40.1 - 13.4
Associated minerals: Your&s modulus E (Mbar):
leucite, pyroxene; alcite; olivine, s&dine. Poisson’s ratio U3’: 0.22 ct 0.35
see table.
Unit Cell Dimensions: D 5.30-5X.& 6 9.2& c 10.2.10.3A,
p N 99.82" Y 100°.'
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[ PHLOGOPITE ]
Element Hem of & ysis

-
2 4
LWeight X) 3
-%
H 0.56 0.36 0.46 0.50
0 45.60 43.42 44.92 46.0
F 0.56 0.62
Na 2.64 0.51 0.03
Mg 16.57 14.51 13.62 17.5
Al 7.96 9.00 8.91 6.5
Si 16.57 18.27 18.85 20.2
K 5.36 9.10 8.00 9.8
Ti 1.69 0.68 0.47
Mu 0.21
Fe 3.04 3.38 4.03
Well Logging data
well Logging lr ReSl of A na IYSis

Parameters 1 2 3 4 -i-
Pb 2.81 2.714 2.83 2.78 2.80
Pe 2.78 2.70 2.81 2.76 2.79

PLDT 2.79 2.70 2.82 2.77 2.80
PC 2.52 3.00 3.37 3.37 2.30
U. 7.00 8.09 9.47 9.30 6.42

c 15.24 17.98 19.39 17.71 14.95
L. 19.23 12.89 14.51 13.63 13.34
L.4 8.94 6.25 6.60 6.56 7.10
dCNL epi. 2.7 14.8 9.7 12.2 13.1

,a CNL therm 4.6 18.3 13.3 15.6 16.5
% : values listed in The Technical Review, vol. 36, n. I, 1988.

Analyses from:
Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., & Zussman, J. (1962). - Rock Forming Mi,,erals, vol. 3: Sheet Silicates. Longman, London.
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/ GLAUCONITE 1
CLASSIFICATION
OCCURRENCE
PHYLLOSILICATE
Mica gronp
Sedimentary rocks:
formed by marine diagenesis in shallow water under
GEOCHEMISTRY moderately reducing conditions.
Limestones, d&stones;
sandstones (‘&xreensands’ max. %: 80 c 90%)*.‘, silstones.

General: (K,Ns,Ca)l.2-z.o(Fe3+,A1,FeZ+,~), [Si,--7.6
Al,-n.r,Oml(OH).r
Elemental composition: PRYSICS
see table.
Molecular weight: t
Th (ppm): 3.0 H 10.0; U (ppm): 2.0 ++ 5.0.
Average atomic number Z: t
CoeffldeIlt c (2 *,: 0.988
quartz; phosphates, dolomite, calcite.
Shear modolns p (kbar):
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Young’s modulus E (Mbar):
Poisson’s ratio f7:

Unit Cell Dimensions: a 5.23-5.251, b 9.05.9.10& WELL LOGGING
c lO.Ol-lO.O3A, p N lOO”50’.
See table.
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES t : depends on the elementtal composition

Density (g/cm’): 2.40 - 2.95’.’ 2.86
Cation exchange capacity (meq/lOOg): 10.0 H 40.0
Gamma ray GR (API): 155.0 H 210.0
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1GLAUCONITE 1
Element
-r - -
T T
I[Weight %) 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9
- - -
H 0.74 0.93 1.13 1.27 1.32 1.42 1.32 1.36
0 45.74 47.56 50.57 49.08 48.29 49.47 48.32 47.83
Na 1.04 0.78 0.09 0.16 0.09 0.01
MS 2.17 2.12 2.86 1.96 2.32 1.97 2.31 1.78

Al 4.52 5.42 9.40 4.15 1.68 4.14 1.67 3.85
Si 22.99 23.19 24.22 23.M) 23.03 22.71 22.96 2o.ir
K 6.97 4.25 3.35 5.36 5.00 4.88 4.98 4.98
Ca 0.45 0.43 0.38 0.58 0.53 0.49 0.53 0.07
Ti 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.12
Fe 16.42 15.06 7.31 14.00 17.67 1464 17.61 19.66
- - - __
Well Logging data

- - -
well Logging T - T
Resultc 1 ofA
-
lyais
- - -
Parameten 1 2 3 5 6 7 a 9
- - - - - -
Pb 2.75 2.75 2.70 2.58 2.69 2.555 2.58 2.735
Pe 2.73 2.73 2.70 2.65 / 2.57 2.68 2.55 2.57 2.72
PLDT 2.73 2.74 2.70 2.64 2.57 2.68 2.55 2.57 2.73
PC 6.69 6.05 3.83 5.82 6.78 5.36 5.92 6.77 7.28
U, 18.23 16.55 10.34 15.40 17.46 14.37 15.13 17.42 19.82
c 25.85 23.98 18.58 24.55 26.28 24.01 24.59 26.21 29.57
L. 11.98 10.84 10.13 9.92 I 10.04 10.17 9.77 10.05 9.36
4.72 4.57 4.97 4.14 1 3.98 4.32 4.04 3.99 3.60
SCIE epi. 19.0 26.3 32.6 34.9 ’ 33.6 32.2 36.6 33.5 41.7
P
, CNL therm. 24.7 31.4 35.4 39.5 38.9 36.9 41.2 38.8 46.6
Analyea 1 to 3 from: Grim, R.E. (1988). - Clay Mineralogy McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
Analyse 4 from: CM&e, S., & H&in, S. (1963). - MXraIogie des Argiles. Mason, Paris.
Analyses 5 to 9 from: Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., & Zussman, J. (1962). - Rock Forming MneraJs, vol. 3: Sheet Silicates.
Lagman, London.
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/SUMMARY OF MICA MINERAL COMPOSITION\
Element
Mineral
I- Muscovite
s’It
pen 1tage)
T M7SX. Aver.
I
Biotite
Itage)
Aver.
I
- 1
0
H 0.48 0.53 0.51 0.02 0.15 0.287 0.093
0 46.96 49.68 48.324 0.986 37.87 40.677 2.001
Na 0.26 1.39 0.62 0.520 0.11 0.358 0.176
Mg 0.06 0.57 0.315 0.361 0.13 3.98 3.548
AI 14.44 20.47 17.91 2.777 5.60 8.058 2.140
Si 21.20 22.74 21.886 0.724 17.16 17.753 0.508
K 6.78 9.80 8.686 1.187 5.42 6.953 0.919
Ca 0.09 0.80 0.445 0.502 0.07 0.698 0.553
Ti 0.13 0.52 0.325 0.276 0.13 1.583 1.028
Fe 0.09 5.23 2.15 2.718 12.95 18.80 5.119
Mlhleral Phlogopite
t per< 1tage) I
Glauconite
It pew?1&age) 1
Element MU. AVW. L Aver. L
H 0.12 0.56 0.40 0.173 0.74 1.182 0.223
0 39.43 46.00 43.874 2.672 45.74 48.398 1.348
Na 0.09 2.64 0.973 1.137 0.01 0.323 0.410
Mg 13.62 17.50 15.732 1.606 1.78 2.244 0.353
Al 6.50 9.00 7.798 1.202 1.67 4.514 2.323
Si 16.57 20.20 18.624 1.346 20.27 22.882 1.078
l-c 5.36 9.90 8.432 1.877 3.35 5.112 1.045
CCI 0.05 0.39 0.196
Ti 0.47 1.69 0.86 0.56 0.06 0.082 0.024
Fe 0.24 4.03 2.673 1.673 : 7.31 14.948 3.640
160
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CLAY CATALOG
161
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jATOMIC STRUCTURE I
[CLAY MkERALS 1
Kandites Halloysite
Smectites
www.petroman.ir
Chlorites Vermiculites
163
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(Berthierine)
CLASSIFICATION PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
PHYLLOSILICATES Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 3.0, 3.4-3.5’

Septechlorite group Density (g/cm”): 2.85’.’ H 3.310’ 3.P3.55 3.190
Cation exckange capacity (meq/lOOg): 10.0 H 40.0
GEOCHEMISTRY Gamma ray GR (API): -m 50.0
Formala: OCCURRENCE
General: Fe~~Al~.@g,Fe+3,Al,etc)o.~ (Siu&U1.l)O1O(OH)~
for ferrous charmsite Sedimentary rocks:
Elemental composition: in lateritic clay deposits as fine-grained yellow, greenish grey
see table. or greenish brown aggregates, associated with other clay min-
Impnrities or traces: erals and iron oxides.
See CHLORITES. Also found as ooliths with siderite and kaolinite in sedimen-
tary ironstones.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
WELL LOGGING
Unit Cell Dimensions: a 5.415& b 9.382, c 7.11A,

See table.
p N 90”.
164
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1CHAMOSITE j
ElsIU& iE%ly ais

r I:Weight %) 3 4
H 1.19 1.30 2.33 1.18
0 42.97 45.17 17.66 49.62

Na 0.13 0.22
w 1.64 6.85 1.75 19.40
Al 13.24 9.65 4.91 4.79

Si 11.13 12.34 8.75 18.46
P 0.96
K 0.14 0.12
Ca 0.30 3.57
Ti 0.54
Mu 0.03 0.08
Fe 30.83 24.10 z9.13 4.94
cu 1.61
Well Logging data
lr Resulta Analysis
1 I 2
3.30 3.03
3.25 3.01
3.29 3.03
9.99 8.11
32.50 24.39
39.42 31.63
8.29 8.56
2.95 3.34
> 50.0 > 50.0

> 50.0 > 50.0
Analyses 1 and 2 from:
Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., & Zussman, .I. (1962). - Rock Forming Miner&, vol. 3: Sheet Silicates. Longman, London.
Cailke, S., & H&in, S. (1963). Min&aiogie des Argiks. Masson, Paris.
Remark: analyses 1 to 3 correspond to ferrous chamosite under the form of ooliths. Analyais 4 corresponds to a magnesian
chamosite.
165
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1CHLORITES 1
CLASSIFICATION
PHYLLOSILICATES
Chlorite group
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 2.0 - 3.0
Density (g/cm”): 2.60 H 3.30”.’
GEOCHJ%MISTRY Cation exchange capacity (meq/lOOg): 10.0 Y 40.0
Gamma ray GR (API): YW 50.0
OCCURRENCE
General: (Mg,Fe,Al)Iz[(Si,Al)sOza](OH)ls
y&&ls&
Igneous rocks:
Magnesium rich chlorite (Clinochloret).
common products of hydrothermal alteration of pyroxenes,
Iron rich chlorite (Thurlngitef).
amphiboles and biotite (in andesitea and bra&s); abundant
Chamosite$*;
constituents of spilites
Penninite.
Metamorphic rocks:
The aluminium rich chlorite is the most characteristic mineral
Fe can be replaced by Al, Cr, Ni, Ti, Ma.
of greenschist facies (chloritoschists).
Si can be replaced by Al from (SiTAl) to (Siu%).
Sedimentary rocks:
h4g can be replaced by Al from (MgllAl) to (MgsAlr),
Iron rich chlorite is the dominant chlorite mineral of sedimen-
or by Fe. Th (ppm): 3 H 5’3,‘5.3’; K (‘36): w 0.3 O.l=
tary rocks; common product of weathering of ferromagnesian
minerals (pyroxenes, amphiboles and biotites); occarz as de-
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY trital or authigenic crystals;
found as thick beds within limestones’;
Crystal System: Monoclinic ~ ooliths’.‘.‘.‘.D.
Unit Cell Dimensions: R 5.3il, b 9.2.& c 14.3& in argillaceous sediments.
0 N 97”G’.
WELL LOGGING
See varieties.
$ : variety described in this data base.

* : more precisely corresponds to septechlorite.
167
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/ THURINGITE 1
(Iron rich chlorite)
CLASSIFICATION
OCCURRENCE
PHYLLOSILICATES
See CHLORITES
Chlorite gronp
PHYSICS
GEOCHEWISTRY
Molecular weight: +
Formda’:
see Chlorites.
Coe5cient C (=Z a): 0.986 H 0.984
see table.
Young’s modnlns E (Mbar):
see CHLORITES.
Poisson’s ratio m:
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
WELL LOGGING

See table.
Unit Cell Dimensions: a 5.3A, b 9.2& c 14.3x%,
t : depends on the elemental composition.
4 N 97”6’.

Density (g/cm”): 2.94
Cation exchange capacity (meq/lOOg): 10 c 40.
Gamma ray GR (API): ++M 50.0
168
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/ THURINGITE]
Element lr Results of Analysis
IWeight %) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
H
0
1.16
41.43
1.14
41.61
1.14
41.63
1.17
41.83
1.26
46.97
1.17
44.17
1.05
41.84 ‘ 1.16
11.44
t
Na 0.25 0.08 0.05
Mg 2.51 1.41 1.41 1.41 8.97 5.90 2.32 2.51
AI 9.38 11.38 11.26 11.23 11.53 10.01 10.78 9.37
Si 9.77 10.22 10.35 10.32 11.70 11.72 10.54 9.77
K 0.29 0.07 0.02

ca 0.11 0.11 0.21 0.29
Ti 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.02
0.04 0.04 0.06
1
hh
Fe 35.75 34.39 33.72 33.61 19.51 26.63 33.06 15.74
Well Logging data
well Logging lr Results ( 4nalvsis
Parameters
pb
1
3.05
2
3.20 3.20
3
3.20
4
2.96
6
3.063
7
3.206
I 8
3.31
Pe 3.00 3.15 3.15 3.15 2.94 3.03 3.15 3.25
PLDT 3.02 3.18 3.18 3.18 2.96 3.05 3.18 3.29
P, 11.37 10.96 10.87 10.81 6.79 8.82 10.68 11.37
U. 34.07 34.49 34.20 34.01 19.95 26.71 33.65 36.97
c 39.79 40.62 40.77 40.68 27.06 33.03 39.32 43.19
1. 9.14 8.7, 8.78 8.65 8.83 8.92 9.03 3.42
Ld 3.06 2.98 2.98 2.95 3.71 3.37 3.11 2.82
44.9 > 50.0 > 50.0 z 50.0 50.0 48.5 46.7 > 50.0
z 50.0 > 50.0 > 50.0 > 50.0 > 50.0 > 50.0 > 50.0 > 50.0
Grim, RE. (1968). - Clay Mineralogy. McGraw-HillBook Co., New York.
Analyse 3 from:
CailBre, S., & H&in, S. (1963). - Min&aIogie des Argiles. Mason, Paris.
Analyses 4 to 8 from:
Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., & Zussman, J. (1962). _ Rock Forming Minerals, vol. 3: Sheet Silicates. Longman, London
169
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j CLINOCHLORE /
(Magnesium rich chlorite)
CLASSIFICATION
OCCURRENCE
PHYLLOSILICATES
See CHLORITES.
chlorite group
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY
MoIeenIar weight: t

Formnla:
coemcient c (=2&f&): 0.996 w 1.Ocl7
see CHLORITES
Shear modulus @ (kbar):
see table.
~oang’s modulus E (mar):
see CHLORITES.
WELL LOGGING
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
See table.
Unit Cell Dimensions: a 5.3A, b 9.X& c 14.3A,
p N 97”6’.
Density (g/em3): 2.81 c 2.85 2.85

Cation exchange capacity (meq/lOOg): 10 H 40.
Gamma ray GR (API): HIJ 50.0
170
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1CLINOCHLORE 1
Element Results of Analysis

IWeight X) 1 3 4 5 6 7 a 9
H 1.48 1.52 1.32 0.85 1.41 1.28 1.36 1.27
0 51.75 50.49 49.42 43.23 50.41 47.55 50.08 48.01
Mp 12.73 19.93 16.34 10.61 18.73 12.70 19.60 13.15
Al 9.34 7.66 13.40 11.25 9.66 13.08 9.61 10.67
Si 14.71 13.96 12.53 11.07 14.55 13.01 14.10 13.93
K 0.31 0.02
Ca 0.20 2.37 0.49
Ti 0.06 0.09
Cr 1.07
Mn 1.41 0.10
Fe 5.37 6.80 20.61 5.16 10.97 4.92 12.20
Well Logging data
Results of Anal9sie
Parameters 1 2 5 6 7 8 9
-
2.65 2.65 2.95 2.80 2.83 2.65 2.847
2.67 2.67 2.92 2.81 2.82 2.66 2.84
2.67 2.66 2.93 2.82 2.83 2.66 2.85
1.38 1.72 7.40 2.81 4.76 2.16 4.85
3.68 4.6 11.58 7.90 13.43 7.33 13.77
11.42 12.51 15.64 15.76 25.41 14.55 21.14
8.92 8.98 10.45 8.69 9.04 9.31 9.05
5.79 5.55 4.35 4.86 3.93 5.26 4.30
48.4 47.5 29.6 > 50.0 46.5 42.5 46.4
44.0 44.2 34.7 > 50.0

I 49.2 41.7 48.0
Grim, R.E. (1968). - Clay Mineralogy. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
Analyae 6 from:
Cd&e, S., & H&in, S. (1963). Min&ahgie des Argiles. Masson, Paris.
Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., 4~ Zussman, .I. (1962). Rock Forming Minerale, vol. 3: Sheet Silicates. Longman, London.
171
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CLASSIFICATION
PETROPWSICAL PROPERTIES
PHYLLOSILICATE
Clay-mineral
Hardness [MOW scale): 1.0 w 2.0
Mite group
Density (g/cm3): 2.60 w 2.90
Cation exckange capacity (meq/lOOg): 10.0 ct 40.0
GEOCHEMISTRY Gamma ray GR (API): 130.0 Y 235.0
with 1.0 5 x < 1.5

Sedimentary rocks:
Commonanddominantclaymineralin marinedepositsof old
see table.
age.Product of alteration of micas,alkali feldspars,etc. un-
Impnrities 07 traces”““:
der alkalineconditions.
Na may replace K in small amount;
Abundantin shales(max k cm 70%),and marls (max. %:
AI may be replacedby Fe (MC 3.5%)01by Mg (we 125%);
uti 60%);abundantalsoin somesandstones a8detrital mai
Ti and MD are presentin traces;
terial or as authigenicmineral (max. k w 30%).
Thorium (ppm)‘3’55.3’:10.0ct 25.0
Resultsof diageneaisof montmorillonite or kaolinite under
Uranium (ppm)‘-“: 1.0 Y 5.0
burial (compaction).
Associated mIp*r&:
other cl;tys(preferentiallysmectite),quartz, feldspars,micas; PHYSICS
calcite,dolomite.
Molecalar weight: 1
Average atomic nnmber Z: t
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
Coefficient C (=Zs>r): 0.997 Y 0.995
Shear modulus ,U (kbar):
Unit Cell Dimensions: a 5.2& b 9.OA,c 9.951.
Young’s modulus E (h&ar):
WELL LOGGING
Seetable.
t : dependson the elementalcomposition.
172
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Element Rem SOfAnal lye38

- - - -
(Weight %) 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9
- -
H 0.88 0.80 1.33 1.02 0.71 0.73 0.65 0.67
0 50.50 49.86 50.42 47.14 49.66 49.41 49.82 51.41
Na 0.24 0.13 0.52 0.34 0.16 0.23 0.16 0.32
& 1.61 1.71 4.15 2.97 2.18 2.76 1.21 1.27
Al 13.61 13.66 10.84 8.40 13.23 11.69 14.00 9.88
Si 24.28 23.86 19.14 17.84 24.81 24.62 25.43 26.80
K 5.42 5.04 2.70 3.04 6.65 5.15 5.74 4.28
Ca 0.43 0.11 0.64 0.87 0.50 0.35 1.12
Ti 0.22 0.32 1.28 2.87 0.61 0.41 0.49
Fe 2.81 4.52 8.98 15.52 1.48 5.40 2.22 1.23
-
Well Logging data
well Lagging -r -
Resulta of Analysis
L
Parameters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
- -
Pb 2.60 2.60 2.75 2.80 2.60 2.60 2.65 2.65 2.65
Pe 2.60 2.59 2.75 2.78 2.60 2.59 2.64 2.64 w-4

PLDT
PC
2.59
2.85
2.59
3.27
2.75
4.37
2.78
6.49
2.60
2.65
2.59
2.67
2.64
3.48 I 2.64
2.77
2.64
3.13
U.
c
L.
7.39
15.91
11.67
8.48
16.46
12.14
12.02
23.12
9.25
18.02
30.01
10.28
6.91
16.48
IO.93
6.92
15.94
12.66
9.18
16.43
12.27
II 7.31
.5.3B
.2.86
8.28
15.28
12.64
Ld 6.01 6.08 4.14 3.92 5.59 6.42 6.17 6.66 6.56
‘?kNL
4 CNL therm.
ep’. 20.7
23.5
18.2
21.4
43.3
46.1
31.1
37.0
25.6
28.4
15.8
18.8
17.5
20.7
1 14.9
17.7
15.8
18.6
Analyse 9 from:
Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., & Zussman, J. (1962). - Rock Forming Minerals, vol. 3: Sheet Silicates. Longman, London.
173
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CLASSIFTCATION
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
PHYLLOSILICATE
Crystal System: Monoclinic or tricllnic
Clay-mineral
(see varieties).
Kandite group.
Unit Cell Dimensions: a 5.15-5.2A, b S.Q5-8.9A,
c 7.2.14.42A, o( Qo-91”8’, ,Y N QO-104”5’.
Formula:
Generdz A14[Si4010](OH)8
Hardness (M&s scale): 2.0 k 2.50
Density (g/cma): 2.08 u 2.68’
Weight percentage of: Al 20.901t
(see varieties).
Weight percentage of: Si 21.761t
Cation exchange capacity (meq/lOOg)‘“: 3.0 - 50.0
Weight percentage ol: 0 55.777i
(see varieties).
Weight percentage of: H 1.562t
Gamma ray GR (API): 80.0 ~1 130.0
see table.
Imparities or tracee2.‘:
Fe (- 0.5X), Mg (I+ 0.2%), Na, Ti (- 0.5%), OCCURRENCE
K (%): u 0.6 0.P

By adsorption one can have: Sedimentary rocks:
Tb (PP~) ==: 7.0 c 47.0 15.0; Probably the most common clay minerals.
u (PPm) -3’: 1.0 H 12.0 3.0 Dominant clay mineral in continental deposits.
PHYSICS
Kaolinitet, dickitet, nacrite, halloysitet.
Formation: see varieties.
weathering under acid conditions, or hydrothermal alteration
of feldrpars, feldspkhoids and other silicates.a.‘.*.B
WELL LOGGING
Quartz, iron oxides, pyrite, siderite, muscovite and other clay

888 varieties.
minerals.
t: corresponds to the theoretical formula
175
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j KAOLINITE 1
CLASSIFICATION
OCCURRENCE
PHYLLOSILICATE
see KANDITES
Clay-mineral
Kandite group.
PHYSICS
GEOCHEMISTRY
Molecular weight: t
Average atomic number 2: t
Formula:
General: Al~[SirO,n](OH)s
Shear modalus /J (kbar):
see KANDITES and table.
Young’s modnlns E (Mbar):
Traces and impurities:
Poisson’s ratio u:
K (- 1.25%); Na (- 0.3%); Ti (- 1.5%)
see KANDITES and table.
WELL LOGGING
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
See table.
Unit Cell Dimensions: a 5.15& b 8.95& c ‘?.39A,
a 91”8’, p rr 104”5’.
Hardness (Mobs scale): 2.0 u 2.50

Density (g/cm”): 2X30=Y 2.63’.=.’ 2.62
Cation exchange capacity (meq/lOOg)‘“: 3.0 H 50.0 10
Gamma ray GR (API): 80.0 w 130.0
176
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1KAOLINITE j
Element Resulta / of A lysis

(Weight
H
%) 1
1 .GO
2
1.58
3
1.46
4
1.55 1.45
5
__
G
1.72
7
1.65
I 8
1.43
9
1.52 1.55 1.52
0 55.49 55.58 55.25 53.48 54.84 55.97 55.51 54.71 54.8 55.38 54.98
NT% 0.18 0.12 0.33 0.27 0.04 0.10 0.22
WJ 0.10 O.lG 0.21 0.28 0.14 0.23 0.09

Al 20.39 20.91 19.82 20.23 19.81 20.00 19.50 20.04 19.45 20.83 20.33
Si 21.09 21.20 21.97 21.78 21.94 20.93 21.03 21.90 20.80 21.31 21.76
K 0.35 0.30 0.70 0.40 1.24 0.26 0.38
CT% 0.17 0.43 0.21 0.31 0.37 0.09 0.73 0.31
Ti 0.51 0.11 0.28
1
0.25 1.50 0.22 0.75 1.30
Fe 0.13 0.07 0.54 0.45 0.84 0.23 0.40 0.80 0.22

L i
Well Logging data
Well Logging II Res 8 of AI YSiS 1

Parameters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11
Pb 2.GO 2.60 2.60 2.80 2.62 2.62 2.62 2.62 2.61 2.62
Pe 2.62 2.62 2.61 2.62 2.63 2.G4 2.G4 2.63 2.63 2.64
PLDT 2.61 2.Gl 2.81 2.61 2.63 2.64 2.64 2.63 2.62 2.63
P, 1.63 1.58 1.70 1.68 1.71 1.70 1.70 1.97 1.66 1.65
U” 4.26 4.07 4.45 4.39 4.51 4.48 4.49 5.19 4.37 4.35
c 14.48 13.81 15.29 13.23 13.63 14.62 15.43 LG.12 13.31 13.92
L. 8.94 8.98 9.31 9.08 9.27 8.51 8.73 9.08 9.03 9.07
Ld 5.08 5.23 5.12 5.39 5.42 4.89 4.84 4.88 5.3G 5.27
47.4 45.9 250.0 45.9
I
48.1 42.5 43.0 >50.0 46.S 46.0
46.4 45.4 42.3 43.8 41.6 2 49.9 45.G 44.3 44.2

L
&ill+, S., & H&in, S. (1983). - Min&alogie des Argiles. Masson, Paris.
Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., & Zussman, J. (1962). Rock Forming Jvfinerak, vol. 3: Sheet Silicates. Longman, London.
177
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IDICKITE/
CLASSIFICATION
OCCURRENCE
PHYLLOSILICATE
Clay-mineral
Hydrothermal origin.
Kandite group.
Generally absent a.s detrital mineral in sedimentary rocks
but may be present as antbigenic mineral.
GEOCHEMISTRY
PHYSICS
Formula:
General: Alr[SirOlu](OH)t
Average atomic number Z: ll.lGZt
see table.
coemcient c (=Z&
?&aces or impurities:
Bulk modulus k (kbu):): 1’07t
see KANDITES.
Shear modulus /.J (kbar):
Young’s modnlos E (IV&~):
quartz and sulphides.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
WELL LOGGING

See table.
Unit Cell Dimensions: a 5.15& b 8.9&l, c 14.422,
7 : corresponds to theoretical formula.
8 N QG”8’.
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 2.0 - 2.50

Density (g/cm”): 2.60z.‘.0 H 2.G30” 2.60
cation exchange capacity (meq/100g): M 10.0
Gamma ray GR (API): 80.0 +-, 130.0
179
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/ HALLOYSITE 1
CLASSIFICATION
PHYLLOSILICATE
Clay-minW%l
Knndite group.
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 1.0 c 2.0
Density (g/cm”): 2.0 ++ 2.557 2.08
Cation exchange capacity (meq/lOOg): 30.0 - 50.040.0
Gamma ray GR (API): 50.0 Y m5.o 100.0
General: AII(SirOlu)(OH)s.4Ha0
OCCURRENCE
Hydrous kaolinite.
Sedimentary rocks:
Weight percentage of: H 2.741t
See KANDITES.
Weight percentage of: 0 59.824t
Weight percentage of: Al 18.341t
Weight percentage of: Si 19.09Gt
PHYSICS
see table.
Impurities or traces: Molecular weight: 294.199t
see KANDITES. Average atomIe number Z: 10.83Gt
Transformation: Coefecient C (=Z 32~): 1.020
in kaolinite by loss of excess water. Bulk modulus k (kbar):
Associated minerals: Shear modulns p (kbar):
Sometimes with kaolinite; allophane, alunite Young’s modulus E (Mbar):

See KANDITES. Poisson’s ratio 0:
Crystal System: Monoclinic See table.
Unit Cell Dimensions: B S.ZA, b 8.9& c lO.lA, t: corresponds to the theoretical formula
i, N 97”G’.
180
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/I
1HALLOYSITE]
suits hafl
1 3 4 5 6 1 8
H 1.46 2.18 1.60 1.56 1.61 1.59 1.95 2.18
0 54.88 56.89 55.64 55.76 55.43 55.18 56.81 57.80

Na 0.05 0.15 0.12 0.22
Mg 0.05 0.17 0.22 0.11
Al 19.64 18.19 21.21 21.03 20.09 20.62 19.52 19.10
Si 21.90 18.97 20.98 21.64 20.93 21.60 20.89 20.41
K 0.50 0.17 0.31 0.10 0.25
CFt 0.16 2.81 0.12 0.19 0.08 0.26
Mn 0.04
Ti 0.33
Fe 0.04 1.11 0.22 0.08
Well Logging data

-
r Well Logging
Parameters
lr
1 2 3 4
1 iu1ts 0tP mdY
5 6 1
Pb 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.08
Pe 2.61 2.64 2.62 2.62 2.62 2.62 2.10
PZDT 2.61 2.63 2.61 2.61 2.61 2.62 2.06
P, 1.88 1.10 1.52 1.48 1.86 1.50 1.52

4.91
14.09
9.32
4.48
16.31
7.68
I
3.98
.3.58
8.93
3.89
L2.95
9.03
4.87
14.11
8.91
3.93
13.oi
8.95
3.20
12.09
LO.16
5.33 4.22 5.25 5.42 5.02 5.36 5.74
42.3 > 50.0 48.3 46.1 48.6 47.9 32.4
Analyses 1 and 2, and 7 to 10 from:

41.4 > 50.0
I 45.9 44.2 47.0
I -45.2 33.0
I
Grim, R.E. (1968). Clay Mineralogy. McGraw-Hill Bank Co., New York
Analyse 3 from:
Cnillbre, S., & H&in, S. (1963). - Mindralogie des Argiles. Mason, Paris.
Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., k Zussman, .I. (19G2). - Rock Forming Minerals, vol. 3: Sheet Silicates. Longman, London
Analyses 1 to 6 correspond to dickite, analyses 7 to 12 to halloysite.
181
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(SMECTITE)
CLASSIFICATION
OCCURRENCE
PHYLLOSILICATE
Sedimentary rocks:
Clay mineral
Montmorillqnite is the principal component of bentonite
Montmorillonite group
(max. %: M 90%). It is formed by alteration of eruptive
igneous rocks (essentially basic), usually tuffs and volcanic
ashes.
As hydrothermal alteration products around metalliferous
Formnle: veins or deposits.
General: ($Ca,Na)n.,(Al,Mg,Fe)~[(Si,Al)sOm] (OH)+nHzO In shales resulting from the weathering of basic igneous rocks
Elemental composition: in poor drainage conditions and alkaline environment.
see table. Saponite occurs mainly associated with mineral veins, but also
Impurities or traces: in cwities in basalt.
Th (ppm)‘3.‘5: G.0 H 44.0 a4; u (ppm)‘~-: 1.0 Y 21.0 5.0 Nontronite is found both in mineral veins (with opal and
Varieties_: quartz) and as an alteration product of volcanic glass.
Beidellitet, nontronitef, saponiter, hectorite, sauconite.
PHYSICS
Alt_erl&ioJ:
possibly in kaolinite OI chlorite.
Moleemlar weight: t
transformation:
in illite by diagenesis (burial and compaction).
Coeffleient C (=2&): 1.005 ++ 1.002
&+&&d __~ minerals:
in bentonites: quartz, feldspar, biotite, aeolites, zircon, cristo-
Shear modalus p (kbar):
halite.
Young’s modulns E (ML+:
in shales: illite, kaolinite, detrital micas, quartz and feldspars.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
WELL LOGGING

See table.
Unit Cell Dimensions: a 5.17+0.02& b 8.94f0.02&
$ : variety analysed in this data base (see table).
c 9.9510.OGA, 0 N 9Q954’ + 30’.
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 1.0-a 2.0
Density (g/cm”): 2.0 H 3.02.‘but 2.0 c 2.0GGu 2.23 2.03

gee table.
Cation exchange capacity (meq/lOOg)‘: 80.0 - 150.0
Gamma ray GR (API): 45.0 H 356.0 140.0
182
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[MONTMORILLONITE J
Element Results of Analysis

[Weight %) 1 2 ’ 3 4 5 G 7 8 9 / 10 11 12
l-l 2.47 2.84 2.58 2.56 1.63 0.95 2.04 2.11 2.91 1.01 2.62 220
0 58.62 58.77 58.27 59.09 54.83 51.94 58.7, 56.70 GO.25 55.44 59.00 56.58
Na 0.88 0.13 0.03 2.08 0.24 0.10 0.97 0.19 0.11
Mg 2.28 3.93 2.47 1.95 1.49 2.35 ~ 2.09 1.41 0.14 1.91 1.33 1.68
Al 10.00 8.43 8.53 la51 10.59 10.50 9.15 15.04 10.69 10.68 10.72 9.04
si 24.25 23.48 23.35 24.02 25.14 28.79 23.46 21.22 23.43 26.75 23.35 23.99
K 0.37 0.13 0.09 0.49 0.49 1 0.23 l.OG 0.23 0.05 0.70
Ca 2.33 ;:;; / ;:A; 1.16 ,“:J; ;:; ; ;:I; 0.63 1.05 ,“:J,” 1.72 ;:2;
Ti
Fe 0.04 i 2.87 0.58 2.78 5.16 i 1.73 2.90 0.48 2.18 1.02 4.18
Well Logging data
Well Logging
Parameters 1 2 3 4 5
Results of Analyak
-
8 9
-
10 11
Pb 2.20 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.04 2.04 2.057 2.25
Pe 2.24 2.14 2.14 2.14 2.12 2.14 2.13 2.09 2.06 2.10 2.28
PLDT 2.21 2.11 2.10 2.10 2.08 2.10 2.09 2.05 2.01 2.06 2.25
PC 1.63 1.63. 2.31 1.65 2.31 2.02 2.25 1.65 2.13 1.81 2.75
u.
c
3.65
14.33
3.49
14.83
4.95
15.74
3.54
14.30 II 4.90
.2.67
4.34
15.53
4.79
13.86
3.45
15.78
4.37
11.51
3.81
14.55
G.28
16.74
L.
Ld y8.50
4.63
8.59
4.53
8.74
4.43
8.74
4.67
.0.92
5.96
8.82
4.42
9.69
5.15
8.42
4.27
11.32
6.38
8.83
4.64
8.86
4.43
25.7 > 50.0 37.5 > 50.0 22.9 > 50.0 49.5
1
&NL ep’. > 50.0 > 50.0 > 50.0 > 50.0
4 CNL therm. > 50.0

I > 50.0 > 50.0 > 50.0 27.5 > 50.0 38.5 > 50.0 24.4 49.5 49.7
Grim, R.E. (1968). - Clay Mineralogy McGraw-Hill Book CO., New York.
Caill&~e, S., k H&in, S. (1963). - Min&aIogie des Argiles. Masson, Paris.
Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., & Zussman, .I. (1962). Rock Forming Minerals, vol. 3: Sheet Silicates. Longman, London
183
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/ BEIDELL-
1NONTRONITE 1
/ SAPONITE]
Element Results of An&&
(Weight %) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
, El 2.20 2.19 2.80 2.31 2.39 1% 2.15 1.73 2.34 1.61 1.18
0 55.95 56.98 57.78 52.34 53.86 53.51 52.65 50.15 52.06 48.44 52.17
0.72 0.12 0.10 520 0.06 1
0.42 1.40 0.52 0.04 0.99 0.56 16.0 14.66
lO.G9 14.90 12.07 2.73 5.21 6.57 2.85 4.98 2.91
Si 22.02 21.03 21.44 18.86 19.34 21.86 19.59 18.08 23.77 20.38
K 0.07 0.20 0.03
Ca 1.96 0.63 1.01 1.37 1.20 1.89 1.76 0.50 2.04

Ti 0.28 0.51 0.05 0.05
Fe G.05 2.87 4.21 22.05 19.21 13.39 22.42 26.02 20.85 1.40 0.46
I
Well Logging data
Well Logging Result8 of Analysis

Parsmeters 1 T 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
i
fb 2.10 2.10 1.998 2.50 2.44 2.40 2.44 2.70 a.35 2.35 2.35 2.30
Pe 2.13 2.13 2.03 2.51 2.46 2.42 2.45 2.70 -2.36 2.34 2.36 2.35
PLDT 2.09 2.09 1.99 2.50 2.44 2.40 2.44 2.70 2.34 2.32 2.34 2.33
P, 3.22 2.24 2.64 7.48 6.54 5.23 7.03 7.73 8.41 7.29 1.91 1.65
u, 6.85 4.76 5.36 18.80 16.09 12.64 17.23 20.87 19.84 17.08 4.52 3.87
c 18.01 14.15 15.71 29.18 26.89 22.11 26.62 28.87 29.47 25.07 9.71 15.08
L, 9.52 9.51 9.35 7.93 7.96 8.89 8.41 8.48 8.42 9.97 11.19 7.93
Ld 4.89 5.02 4.61 3.08 3.21 3.89 3.37 3.34 3.14 3.95 7.25 4.33
39.7 39.7 42.0 > 50.0 > 50.0 49.0 > 50.0 > 50.0 > 50.0 34.3 23.7 > 50.0
Annlyses
41.F
1, 2, 9 and 10 from:
40.6 43.6 > 50.0 > 50.0 > 50.0
I > 50.0 > 50.0 > 50.0 39.6 23.0 > 50.0
CnillBre, S., & H&in, S. (19G3). Min&alogie des Argiles. Matson, Paris.
Analyses 3, 8 and 12 from:
Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., & Zussman, J. (1962). - Rodr Forming Minerals, vol. 3: Sheet Silicates. Longman, London.
Analyses 4 to 7, and 11 from:
Grim, R.E. (1968). Clay Mineralogy. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
Annlyses 1 to 3 correspond to beidellite, analyses 4 to 10 to nontronite, and 11 and 12 to saponite.
184
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[SUMMARY OF CLAY MINERAL COMPOSITION1
Illite
(Wei’ ght pert
Element Min. M&X. 0
H 0.65 1.33 0.224 0.95 2.91 0.575

0 47.14 51.41 1.221 51.94 60.25 2.354
Na 0.10 0.52 0.132 0.03 2.03 0.665
Mg 0.80 4.15 1.058 0.14 3.93 0.890
Al 8.40 15.34 2.240 8.43 15.04 1.725
Si 17.84 26.80 2.943 21.22 26.79 1.584
K 2.70 6.65 1.346 0.05 1.06 0.314
Ca 0.11 1.12 0.314 0.16 2.33 0.615
Ti 0.03 2.87 0.922 0.06 0.29 0.085
Fe 1.23 15.52 4.674 0.04 5.16 1.598
Millera Kaolinite Chamosite

(Wei It per‘ tag4 t per-c en1 tape)
Mii. M&X. Aver. Max. Aver.
H 1.43 1.72 1.548 0.083 1.18 2.33 1.50 0.556

0 54.71 55.97 55.272 0.375 42.97 49.62 16.355 2.900
Na 0.04 0.33 0.171 0.097 0.13 0.22 0.175 0.064
Mg 0.09 0.28 0.165 0.069 1.64 19.40 7.41 8.355
Al 19.45 20.91 20.118 0.457 4.79 12.24 7.898 3.675
Si 20.80 21.97 21.428 0.426 8.75 18.46 12.67 4.138
K 0.260 1.24 0.495 0.330 0.12 0.14 0.13 0.014
Ca 0.09 0.73 0.320 0.174 0.30 3.57 1.935 2.312
Ti 0.11 1.50 0.597 0.495 0.54 0.54 ,054 0.00
Fe 0.07 0.80 0.399 0.224 4.94 30.83 : 22.25 11.889
It percentage)
Element Max_ 2..-
H
0
NC3
1.26
40.97
0.25
1.1.X
42.F1.5
0.12T
0.05T
l.QTi
0.108
: 1.52
51.75
1.328
49.161
0.201
2.635
Mg 8.97 3.305 2.721 10.61 22.73 17.066 4.086

Al 11.53 10.617 0.901 7.66 13.40 10.842 1.979
Si 11 72 10.549 0.766 11.07 14.71 13.432 1.150
K 0.29 0.127 0.144 0.02 0.31 0.165 0.205
Ca 0.29 0.18 0.087 0.20 2.37 1.02 1.178
Ti
Fe
0.05
35.75
0.038
31.551
0.015
5.653 I 0.06
1.28
0.09
20.61 I
0.075
8.414
0.021
6.038
185
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~OTHER~LAYDATAFORCOMPARIS~N~
(compiled by R. Hertzog)
Mineral Montmorillonite
Element
H 1.53-1.60 1.15-1.34 0.62-1.99 0.57-2.10

Na k-0.42 - 0.22-0.52 tr.-2.08
Mg tr.-0.28 2.47-22.56 1.63-2:53 1.15-3.86
Al 19.69-23.87 9.21-12.91 8.63-13.39 8.47-11.96
Si 20.52-25.57 9.72-14.68 20.0-27.44 23.37-32.77
K 5.64-7.80 0.08-0.66
Ca k-1.36 - 0.64-1.72 1.14-2.50
Fe 0.28-1.26 tr.-26.51 2.03-5.80 0.49-3.71
Density 2.0-3.0
(g/c4
Surface Area 8.8-23 l&23 38-113 34-82

W/d
186
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/AVERAGE A1203 COMPOSITION OF CLAY MINERALS (
Number of Standard
analyses WrOI
IIlite 7 1.5
24 0.40
r--
Montmorillonite I&Cd 21.934 3.192
3
101
4.60
0.33
Wyoming 23.780 1.581 9 0.53
tiCd 19.327 2.673 17 0.65
Cheto 20.249 1.235 7 0.47
Beidellite 28.528 6.379 4 3.20
Nontronite 11.29 7.87 6 3.20
Saponite 7.841 4.007 7 1.50
Kaolinite MiSCd 37.05 3.30 14 0.88

MiXel. 37.05 2.15 17 0.52
Nacrite 39.59 0.0098 3 0.057
Dickite 39.44 0.87 6 0.36
Halloysite 38.46 1.67 19 0.38
Chlorite Dioctahedral 41.70 8.21 7 3.1

Chamosite 17.26 4.30 8 1.50
Miscel. 9.118 4.252 69 0.52

MiiCd. 9.333 6.405 12 1.8
Ill.-mont. 24.791 4.484 10 1.4

Chlor.-mont. 3 Oct. 14.44 1.12 5 0.71
Chlor.-mont. 2 act. 35.28 2
Dioctahedral 31.41 8 / 1.5
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AVERAGE SiOz COMPOSITION OF CLAY MINERALS
Miield GWlp Average Standard Number cd Standard

Tweightk leviation analyses error
-
Illite Fithian 51.74 4.01 7 1.52
miscel. 49.78 1.97 24 0.40
atypical 47.10 6.13 3 3.54
Montmorillonite miscel. 59.49 3.27 101 0.33

Wyoming 61.23 1.89 9 0.63
miscel. 50.97 3.72 17 0.90
Cheto 62.33 1.79 7 0.68
Beidellite 52.03 6.84 4 3.42
Nontronite
Saponite
44.13
43.17
6.46
3.54 I 6
7
2.64
1.34
Miscel. 46.81 3.87 14 1.03

Miscel. 43.54 1.66 17 0.40
Nacrite 45.66 0.81 3 0.47
Dickite 46.13 0.83 6 0.34
Halloysite 43.35 1.84 19 0.43

Chamosite 27.22 5.45 8 1.93
Glauconite Miscel. 49.22 2.63 69 0.32

Miscel. 48.50 3.74 12 1.08
Mixed-Layer 111:mont. 53.54 3.08 10 0.97

Chlor.-mont. 3 act. 38.21 3.91 5 1.75
Chlor.-mont. 2 act. 41.04 1.10 2
Sericite Dioctahedral 47.89 2.34

I 8 0.83
188
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1AVERAGE MgO COMPOSITION OF CLAY MINERALS]
n / I
MiIEFd Group Average Standard Number of Standard

weight % deviation adj%S error
I=
Dlite Fithian
I&Cd
atypical
1.99
2.75
4.74
0.48
1.00
2.12
7
24
2
0.18
0.19
Montmorillonite 3.55 1.63 0.16

Wyoming 1.74 0.41 0.14
I g
miscel. 3.17 1.28 15 0.33
Cheto 5.79 1.09 7 0.41
Beidellite 1.18 1.03 ~ 4 0.51
Nontronite 2.07 1.94 6 0.79
Saponite 20.75 4.96 8 1.75
Kaolinite Miscel. 0.20 0.26 14 0.07

Miscel. 0.28 0.18 15 0.05
Nacrite 0.06 0.11 3 0.06
Dickite 0.08 0.13 6 0.05
Halloysite 0.07 0.08 19 0.02
Chlorite Dioctahedral 4.39 e 1.71

Chamosite 5.90 8 1.20
Glauconite Miscel. 1.00

Miscel. 0.36
Mixed-Layer Ill.-mont. 2.83 0.96 10 0.30

Chlor.-mat. 3 act. 21.23 2.99 5 1.34
Chlor..mont. 2 act. 3.26 3.18 2
Sericite Dioctahedral 1.74 0.89 8 0.31
189
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1AVERAGE CaO COMPOSITION OF CLAY MINERALS 1
(compiled by R. Hertsog)
Mherd Group Number of

analyses
Fithian 7
miscel. 24
atypical 2

Wyoming 0.25 0.25 9 0.09
miscel. 1.75 1.06 16 0.27
Cheto 0.88 1.43 7 0.54
B&dell&e 0.78 1.01 4 0.51
Nontronite 2.08 0.85 6 0.35
Saponite 2.22 0.53 7 0.20
Eaoliiite MiiCd. 0.30 0.37 14 0.10

Miscel.
Nacrite 0.11 0.03 2
Dickite 0.22 1
Halloysite 0.19 0.10 11 0.03
Chlorite Dioctahedral 0.88 0.73 2

Chamosite 0.59 0.35 5 0.16

Miscel. 0.72 1.34 10 0.42
Mied-Layer Ill.-mont. 0.41 0.58 10 0.18

Chlor.-mont. 3 wt. 1.57 0.77 5 0.34
Chlor.-mont. 2 act. 1.48 0.18 2
S&cite Dioctahedral 0.36 1 0.35 1 8 0.12
190
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AVERAGE NazO COMPOSITION OF CLAY MINERALS
Average Standard Number of Standard

weight % zleviation t%FdySeS error
Lllite Fithian 0.36 0.13 7 0.05

IG.Cd. 0.25 0.21 24 0.04
atypical 2.15 2.70 3 1.56

Wplllillg 0.36 0.30 9 0.10
miscel. 0.65 0.86 16 0.21
Cheto 0.88 1.43 7 0.54
Beidetite 1.71 1.73 4 0.86
Nontronite 0.14 0.04 2
Saponite 0.25 0.17 3 0.10
Miscel. 0.58 0.33 7 0.12

MiSCd.
Nacr&
Dickite
Halloysite 0.38 0.46 5 0.21
Chlorite Dioctahedrd 0.17 0.07 2

Chamosite 0.14 0.06 3 0.03
Glauconite Mid. 0.46 0.54 69 0.07

MiScel. 0.45 0.42 10 0.13
Mixed-Layer Ill.-mont. 0.20 0.32 9 0.11

Chlor.-mont. 3 act. 0.26 0.18 5 0.08
Chlor.-mont. 2 act. 0.34 0.19 2
S&cite Dioctahedral
191
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(AVERAGE KzO COMPOSITION OF CLAY MINERALS /
Group Average Standard Number of Standard

weight % deviation analyses error
Fithian 5.59 0.57 7 0.21

miscel. 7.02 1.3 24 0.27
atypical 3.15 0.41 3 0.24

Wyoming 0.48 0.82 9 0.27
miscel. 0.55 0.42 16 0.10
Cheto 0.042 0.068 6 0.028
Beidellite 0.51 0.34 4 0.17
Nontronite 0.59 0.13 3 0.08
Saponite 0.19 0.13 2
Miscel. 0.18 0.13 7 0.05

Miscel. 17
Nacrite
Dickite
Halloysite 0.24 0.27 8 0.10

Chamosite 0.52 0.57 4 0.29
Glauconite Miscel. 6.88 1.25

Miscel. 6.53
Mixed-Layer Ill.-mont. 5.82

Chlor.-mont. 3 act. 1.11
Chlor:mont. 2 act. 0.82
Sericite Dioctahedral II 0.54

I u
192
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AVERAGE Fe203 COMPOSITION OF CLAY MINERALS
Mineral Group Number of Standard

analyses error
Illite Fithian 7 0.33

miscel. 24 0.58
atypical 3 3.47
Montmorillonite miscel. 101 0.27

Wyoming 9 0.59
mkcel. 16 0.89
Cheto 7 0.29
Beidellite 4 1.64
Nontronite 7 3.59
Saponite 2 3.90
Kaollnite Miscel. 1.09 0.47 14 0.13

Miscel. 1.44 1.55 17 0.38
Nacrite 0.29 0.24 2
Dickite 0.13 0.02 2
Halloysite 0.43 0.41 19 0.10
Chlorite Dioctahedrsl 3.16 2.39 4 1.19

Chamosite 42.77 19.21 7 7.26

Miscel. 22.38 7.25 12 2.09
Mixed-Layer III.-mont. 3.52 2.53 10 0.80

Chlor:mont. 3 Oct. 7.76 4.41 3 1.73
Chlor.-mont. 2 act. 1.02 0.52 2
S&cite Dioctabedral 3.13 2.80 7 1.06
193
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1AVERAGE HzO+(‘) COMI’OSITION OF CLAY MINERALS /
Mineral Group AVerage standard Number of Standard

weight % ieviation analyses error
IIIite Fithian 6.92 0.83 -4 0.21

lI&SCd 7.12 1.18 24 0.24
atypical a.75 3.02 3 1.75
Montmorillonite l&Cd. 8.38 1.85 101 0.93

Wyoming 6.52 0.58 9 0.19
miscel. 7.05 2.81 16 0.70
Cheto 7.78 0.59 7 0.22
BeideUite 10.90 1.20 2
Nontronite 7.10 0.53 3 0.31
Saponite 7.09 2.64 7 1.M)
Kaolinite Miscel. 13.43 1.03 15 0.27

Miscel. 13.30 0.77 17 0.19
Nac&? 14.13 0.32 3 0.19
Dickite 13.87 0.29 6 0.12
Halloysite 14.89 0.93 19 0.21

Chamosite 11.56 1.84 4 0.92
Glauconite Mi3cel. 8.48 2.64 69 0.32

Miscel. 6.79 0.71 6 0.29
Mixed-Layer 1ILmont. 6.75 1.53 10 0.49

Chlor.-mont. 3 wt. 11.72 4.89 5 2.19
Chlor.-mont. 2 act. 11.43 0.21 2
S&cite Dioctahedral 6.19 1.05 8 0.37
(1) lattice or interlayer water, also known as bound water, includes hydroxyl.
194
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1AVERAGE HzO-(‘1 COMPOSITION OF CLAY MINERALS
Group Average standard Number of Standard

weight % leviation error
Illite Fithian 2.40 1.53 4 0.77

miscel. 1.48 1.33 24 0.27
atypical 0.00 0.00 2
Montmorillonite IllisCd
Wyoming 8.38 2.45 9 0.82
miscel. 12.42 3.64 1S 0.91
Cheto 9.42 3.33 7 1.26
BeideUite 14.57 4.07 2
Nontronite 16.44 5.76 5 2.58
Saponite 11.80 4.05 7 1.53
Kaolinite M&Xl. 0.81 0.33 14 0.09

Miscel.
Nacrite 0.61 1
Dickite 0.20 0.20 2
Halloysite 3.09 2.8 16 0.72
Chlorite Dioctahedral
Chamosite 2.03 2.07 3 1.20
Glauconite Miscel.
MiCd.
Mixed-layer IIl-mont. 2.53 1.05 6 0.43

Chlor.-mont. 3 act. 5.70 1.01 3 0.58
Chlor.-mont. 2 act. 5.28 0.89 2
Sericite Dioctahedral 0.39 0.42 7 0.16
(1) surface or free water
195
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1THORIUM AND URANIUM CONTENT]
OF
1CLAY MINERALS 1
(from references 15,35,37)
Range
Iin PP~)
Illite M 15
Montmorillonite
Bentonite
Kaolinite
Chlorite
Glauconite
I 5 t-1 135 s3 55
/POTASSIUM CONTENT OF CLAY MINERALS/

(from references’2,7,8,9,60)
Potassium
Mineral Range Mean
(Wgt %) (Wgt %)
Illite 2.7 +? 6.65 4.91

Glauconite 3.35 c 6.95 5.0
Montmorillonite 0.05 - 1.06 0.38
Kaolinite 0.2 i--t 0.i 0.49
Thuringite 0.0 c 0.29 0.13
Chlinochlore 0.0 - 0.31 0.16
Chamosite 0.0 H 0.14 0.10
196
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/MINERALPARAMETER~INGE~cHM/
(given for comparison as used in ELAN)
”
Element II H C 0 Si Fe 1
Mineral Density
Quartz 2.65 53.257 46.743

Calcite 2.71 12.0 47.956 40.044
Dolomite 2.846 13.027 52.059 13.18 21.735
Siderite 3.96 LO.367 41.43 48.203
Albite 2.62 48.812 8.767 10.289 32.131
Orthoclase 2.55 46.341 0.832 9.964 30.403 12.315 0.145
Mnscovite 2.81 0.506 48.202 20.322 21.153 9.816
Biotite 3.019 0.452 43.002 0.335 7.431 8.279 17.456 7.05 0.539 13.634'
Anhydrite 2.96 47.01 29.44.

Gypsum 2.32 2.342 55.758 23.279t
Halite 2.17 39.3373
pyrite 5.00 46.552"
Glaneonite 2.9G 0.475 '0.113 45.239 0.352 2.262 4.991 24.055 5.988 0.472 16.053
Ulite 2.78 0.512 '0.304 48.776 0.350 1.698 14.223 24.366 5.513 0.356 3.902V
Smectite 2.78 0.540 '0.128 51.423 0.616 2.181 12.213 28.885 0.314 0.859 2.842
Kaolinite 2.59 1.512 '0.640 54.974 0.395 0.139 19.932 21.176 0.149 0.230 0.853&
Chlorite 2.94 1.234 44.088 1.879 9.707 12.813 0.399 29.88
* and 1.824 of Ti
* and 23.549 of S
t and 18.621 of S
* and 60.663 of Cl
o and 53.448 of S
* corresponds to Ti
v and 0.0008 of Gd
b and 0.0013 of Gd
Density is expressed in g/cm’
The demerit composition is expressed in weight percent of dry mineral.
197
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SEM Photographs
Kaolinite lllite
Montmorillonite Chlorite
198
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PRINCIPAL CROSS-PLOTS
FOR
MINERAL IDENTIFICATION
199
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cross-Plot Pb VS 0~
1.0
1.8
.----------t---‘-----------~-..-----------
. G&m
__---- _____
t ____.._..._______
\__._.........-
40.0 60.0
@N (P-u-)
200
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Cross-Plot M vs N
1.1
l Gypsum
1.0 .--------------r----------------i-----------------~-----------------~--------------.
/ .,,f
it tl ! sog:t
.__________-_--
+----+- Secondsry .-j ___--________----
+L ____----__-_.
0.9 POrOSitY
M /I ij
l i lxcite
0.8 ._----.---_----t_--------------~-----------------;-------~-~!!~~-~--------------.
t Dolomlto /
0.7 ._________--___ i t __---_---_____-- byA __--_________--_- ;---___--------.
Pf = 1 g/cm3
0.8
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
N
*tt-*t x oo, @N)f - @N
M= N=
Pb-Pf - pb-pf
201
www.petroman.ir
Cross-Plot Pma vs Urni
. Opal 3
2.5
2.7 __________._._~
l
Calcite
Dolomite
-0
2.9
ite I Glauconite
A”%rite
3.1 3---
Biotite
3.3
:hlore
- Thuringite
3.5 = 34
0 5 10 15 20 25
Uma ( b/cm3)
202
www.petroman.ir
Cross-Plot Pe vs K
12.5 -
c Thuringite:
10.0 -
7.5 -
5.0 -
2.5 .
Quartz
0 I I 1 I
0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5
K (wgt %)
203
www.petroman.ir
CrOSS-Plot pb vs At
EVAPORITES
l Sylvite Bischofite
1.57
Carnallite
1.56 Tachhydrite
1.64
t
I t 1 100
2.0
Halite .
2.2 .__---_______--_
i l Gypsum
2.4 ________---____.
2.6 ._______----____
2.8 ._-- __________

-_.
j . Anhydrite
3.0 l
50 60 70 80 90
At (Pm
204
www.petroman.ir
cross-plot Pb VS K
EVAPORITES
l Sylvite
1. 64 Tachhydrite
2.0
Halite
Kainite l ;
2.2 ____-- __________

+ _____ _____--i _______-- ____-__
cr
6 2-4
.
s?
2.6
Polyhalite ;
2.8 l
____--__________I
l-----.-‘--.------:‘---..----.-----
0:
Langbeinite i
knhydrite
I I
0 10 20 30 40 50
K (wgt %)
205
www.petroman.ir
Cross-Plot At vs K
EVAPORITES
100
Bishofite I
Tachhydrite j
90 _________ - _____ j _____ -- ____ -- ____ j ______ - ----__---- t __.---__..--___..) ___..._____..
l
sywte
Kainite /
-___.--___..-__ j-.--___.- * __.-_; __.-_____._______;_____ ______- ____I--- _____--___
Halite
60 _____._____._-_:;~~--~~~~~-~~~~~-i~~~~--~~~~~~-~~~~~
a :-..-‘---..-----.‘:------------.
I 0
j Polyhalite j
Gypsum .j
i Langbeinite j
Anhydrite !
50 c
10 20 30 5’0
K (wgt “A)
206
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Cross-Plot Pmaa vs tp ma
2.5
_-_____-___--. ___-___-..___..
2.6
0- 2.7 ,___----__--___ ___.________-.~

E C9 Calcite
0
.
2
2.8 .___--____-_--- _______--____~
iit!
CL / Dolomite
0
2.9 .___-___-____-_
j Anhydrite
3.0 t l
8 9 IQ
t p ma (ns)
207
www.petroman.ir
MID-Plot
2.0
Q
Halite
2.2
2.4
2.6 ---------------“---------------~-----------------~-----------------~---------------
j Calcite
i-
2.8 ______-____--__T------------‘---i-----------------
0 i _._____.._____. --; ____ _____---__
Dolomite I
ja Anhydrite
.
I I I
40 45 50 55 60 65
At maa
208
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Cross-Plot Al vs Si
ALUMINIUM BEARING MINERALS
44.36 Diaspore, Boehmits
25 I_
I I
34.60 Gibbsite
20 ____
,..__- _______--
;-- _...___--------;
I Muscovite
‘II\
i
no point in
this zone
-__
3 10 ___
C
opai 3
.
0 I I
0 10 20 30 40 50
Si (wgt Oh)
209
www.petroman.ir
Cross-Plot Ca vs Si
no point in this zone
--
0 10 20 30 40 50
Si (wgt %)
210
www.petroman.ir
Cross-Plot Ca vs Al
50
7
Calcite
________--- --. .___-----.-_.___ ______.______.
40
--i--
_____
___~-- . .
Anhydrlte -t- ----t
Dolomite
._--- _________ ...-.-_______._____.
2 Ankerit e:
_____--________-I r ..________-.. _--- ________

-.
--it Sml tite
Thuringits /
Biotite
“?
Kaolin lite
m 1
-A-
0 5 10 15 20 25
Al (wgt %)
211
www.petroman.ir
Cross-Plot Fe vs Si
IRON BEARING MINERALS
69.9
Haematits
50
40
no point in
this zone
30
20
10
Calcite
0 I I I I -
0 10 20 30 40
Si (wgt %)
212
www.petroman.ir
Cross-Plot K vs Si
POTASSIUM BEARING MINERALS

K Evaporites
12.5
10.0 ______
--- ______
f--- _________
Muscovite
7.5
T
i+
Y 5.0
2.5
Anorthit~ ?I
;C
f
0 10 20 30 40 50
Si (wgt %)
213
www.petroman.ir
Cross-Plot Th vs K
+ Monazite (25,000 ppm)

Zircon (3,000 ppm)
25
20
F 15
g 10
Potassium
0 ;Evaporites
I I I I
0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5
K (wgt %)
214
www.petroman.ir
mCross-Plot KmvsAl
POTASSIUM BEARING MINERALS

K Evaporites
12.5
Orthoclasc
10.0 _________-.__
.__________----
llllte
_____________
2.5
Montmor ite Anorth
Bite
Clinoc re
Calcite I Kaolinite
k ::...:
0:
Opal3 o 5 10 15 20 25
Al (wgt %)
215
www.petroman.ir
ROCK CLASSIFICATION
217
www.petroman.ir
PLUTONICROCKS VOLCANICROCKS
Acidic Acidic
Granites Rhyolites
Pegmatites
Intermediate
Intel-mediate Dacites
Syenites Trachytes
Gramdiorites Trachy-andesites
Monzonites And&e
Diorites
Basic
Basic Dolerite
Gabbros Basalt
Ultrabasic
Peridotites
Pyroxenites
Dunites
218
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)SEDIMENTARY ROCKS]
SILICICLASTIC ROCKS
Textural Classification
Chemical Class~cation
Conglomerate
Quarts arenite (Orthoquartzite)
Breccia
Sublitharenite (Protoquartzite)
Sand
Feldspathic wacke
Sandstone
Lithic wxke
Mud
Subarkose
Mudstone
Arkose
Silt
Argillaceous sandstone
Siltstone
calcareous sandstone
Clay
Dolomitic sandstone
Claystone
H&tic sandstone
Anhydritic sandstone
Glauconitic sandstone (‘green sand”)
Phosphatic sandstone
Shale
calcareous shale
Marl
Kaoliiitic shale
Illitic shale
Carbonaceous shale
Siliceous shale
Bituminous shale
219
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CHEMICAL ROCKS
EVAPORITES
CARBONATES
Chemical Classikation Gypsum

Anhydrite
Limestone
Dolomitic limestone Calcareous anhydrite
Dolomitic anhydrite
Calcareous d&stone
Polyhalitic anhydrite
D&stone
Ankerite Polyhalitic halite
Halite
Magnesite
Argillaceous limestone Tachydrite
Argillaceous dolostone Bishofite
Anhydritic limestone Carnalitte
Anhydritic do&tone Polyhalite
Sandy limestone Langbeinite

Kainite
Sandy dolostone
Sylvite
Textural Classification (References 23,24) Kieserite

Epsomite
Calcirudite Trona
Bounstone
C&are&e
Grainstone
Packstone
Wackestone
Calcilutite
Mudstone
221
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SILICATES IRON ROCKS
Chert Limonite
Opal&es Haematite
Chalcedony Magnetite
Diatomites Siderite
Radiolarites Ferruginous oolites
PHOSPHATES
Phosphorites
ORGANIC ROCKS
Peat,
Lignite
Coal
Bituminous coal
Bituminous limestones
RESIDUAL ROCKS
Bauxite
Laterite
222
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IMETAMORPHIC ROCKS]
Mylonite
Gneiss
Grandite
Schist
Greenschist
Chloritoschist
Mmicaschiit
Slate
Quart&e
Marble
Amphibolite
Hornfels.
223
www.petroman.ir
Cla isification of Sedimentary
C
Ro; kS
/ ARKOSE GRAYWACKE
MUDSTONE
Quartz arenite-mostty quartz (nonkmimted)
I
CONGLOMERATE SANDSTONE SILTSTOEIE CLAYSTONE A
p5 .-
5
3E GRAVEL
t
SAND CLAY
E
8
I I I I
f %
; 0
8
Grain Siie (!q scale)
ROCK ‘MESTONE DO‘OSTONE IRONSTONE EVAPORITE _I

CNEWOAL
COMPOSIT,ON -,
GYPsm
MA,” HEMAnTE
CALCrrE WDRm
MINERALS DoLOMrn Le.ictmE
(APtGoNE) HALVE
SlERm
OTHER SALTS
(ads@& fmm Press 8 Sievtx 1978)

224
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Classification of the Sedimentary Rocks
Excluding Epigenetic Sediments
EXOGENETIC SEDIMENTS ENDOGENETIC SEDIMENTS

“Clastic” “Chemical and Biochemical”
HYBRID SEDIMENTS
Calcareous shale
PY ROCLASTIC Carbonaceous shale
Tuffaceous shale
etc...
EPICLASTIC SEDIMENTS PRECIPITATED SEDIMENTS

“Washed residues”
Coarse Fine
www.petroman.ir
Classification of Sandstones
3 COMPONENTS
SUBDIVISIONS OF A TRIANGLE
QUARTZ
Orthoquartzite
-754 *15-
Mudrocks Wackes Arenites
CLAY FELDSPAR
(adapted from Selley. 1976)
226
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Classification of Sandstones’
4 COMPONENTS
SUBDIVISIONS OF A TETRAHEDRON MATRIX
(fmm Pattijohn & a/., 1972)
www.petroman.ir I”^..-I.^_ l-l__l”---l. --_. -.---_

Rock Classifications
SandClass
Fe-Shale
Fe-Sand
I
Shale
Quartz
Arenite
-1
5
log (SiOp/Al203)
228
www.petroman.ir
Relative Abundance of
Sandstone Classes
CLASS Krynine Pettijohn Middleton Tallnam

(1948) (1960) (1960) (1949)
Orthoquartzite 22.50 34.00 34.00 45.00
Arkose 32.50 15.00 16.00 17.00
Graywacke 10.00 26.00 24.00 17.00

(“high rank graywacke”)
Lithic Arenite 35.00 20.00 26.00 21.00
(“low rank graywacke”

or “subgraywacke”)
Miscellaneous
229
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ROCK CATALOG
231
www.petroman.ir
Main Igneous Rock
Macking Minerals
SIALIC GROUP
Essential Alkali Feldspar Orthoclase, Microcline
Plagioclase Albite - Anorthiie
Quartz
Accessory Nepheline
FERROMAGNESIAN GROUP (Mafic)

Essential Olivine Forsterite -. Fayaliie
Pyroxene Orthopyroxenes: Enstatite --)

Hypersthene
Ferrosilite
Clinopyroxenes: Diopside
Hedenbergite
Augite
Aegirine
Amphibole (Hornblende)
Mica Biotite. Muscovite
Accessory Iron Ores Magnetite, Hematite, llmenite
232
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Mineral Proportions in the
Major Plutonic Rocks
0 PLAGIOCLASE BIOTITE p$“J CLINOPYROXENE
g@j QUARTZ AMPHIBOLE p& OLIVINE

I
m POTASSIUM FELDSPAR m ORTHOPYROXENE m MAGNETlTE + ILIMENITE

+ APATITE
233
(adapted from Wedephl. 1969)
www.petroman.ir
/PRINCIPAL MINERALS]
OF
/IGNEOUS PLUTONIC ROCKS1

(from references 12, 21, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31)
ROCK ESSENTIAL SECONDARY ACCESSORY

TYPE MINERALS MINERALS MINERALS
% 2 10% 10% L % L 2% % 5 2%
Granite K-Feldspar Micas Amphiboles, Pyroxenes

QUXtZ Magnetite, Apatite
Oligoclase, Albite Ilmenite, Zircon
Sphere, Mona&e, Rut&
Gram-dkwite Andes&, Oligoclase Micas Ilmenite, All&k
Quartz Apatite, Garnet
K-Feldspar Sphene, Zircon
Amphiboles Magnetite
Quartz-&o&e Andesine, Oligoclase K-Feldspar Orthopyroxene

QUartZ Micas Apatite, Ilmenite
Amphiboles Sphene, Garnet
Clinopyroxene Magnetite
Diorite And&m, Oligoclase Micas Apatite
Amphiboles clinopyroxene Sphene
Orthopyroxene QUXtZ
Micas
K-Feldspar
Gabbro Labradorite Amphiboles Micas, Corundum
Clinopyroxene OIivine Magnetite, Ilmenite
Orthopyroxene Apatite, Garnet
Rut&, Sphene
Dunite OliVilE Magnetite Orthopyroxene

Syenite K-Feldspar Amphiboles QU&Z
Pyroxenes Sphene
Biotite Diopside, Augite
Yepheline Syenite K-Feldspar Nepheline Corundum
Albite leucite
234
www.petroman.ir
Element
IWeight %)
H
T 1 T
0.03
2
0.09
A
Result is of ALdySi.5
I R I 4
0.09 0.09
II 5
A
.08
I 6
0.12
7
0.14
0 49.30 49.01 48.59 48.96 47.47 47.98 17.45
Na 2.38 2.24 2.59 2.23 2.09 2.75 2.50
Mg 0.01 0.55 0.53 0.54 1.34 1.15 1.69
Al 6.36 7.71 7.67 7.67 8.32 8.44 8.59
Si 36.03 33.64 32.87 33.47 30.16 30.41 28.82
P 0.08 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.11
K 4.07 3.42 3.42 3.40 3.43 2.28 1.75
Ca 0.57 1.44 1.43 1.43 3.03 3.16 3.85
Ti 0.23 0.21 0.34 0.40
Mll 0.09 0.19 0.16 0.05 0.08
Fe 1.26 1.91 2.49 1.90 3.6 3.28 4.71
Well Logging data
Well Logging lr Results of F IYSiS

Parameters 1 2 T 3 4 5 6 7
+
L’b 2.64 2.63 2.67 2.63 2.72 2.72 2.81
2.62 2.61 2.65 2.61 2.70 2.70 2.79
2.62 2.61 2.65 2.61 2.70 2.70 2.79
2.47 2.66 2.86 2.70 3.33 3.14 3.56
6.47 6.95 7.58 7.05 8.99 8.46 9.91
9.90 10.15 11.62 10.85 12.78 11.67 12.84
25.78 22.37 21.80 22.33 22.22 20.51 19.15
12.57 11.75 10.82 11.36 10.34 10.47 9.60
-0.4
-0.1 I 0.8
1.3
1.0
1.9
0.8
1.5
0.8
2.0
1.8
2.8 ! 2.8
4.2
Analyses 1 and 2, 4 and 5 from reference 28.

Analyses 3, 6 and 7 from reference 62.
Analyses 1 to 4 correspond to granite; 5 and 6 to granodiorit~e; and 7 to quartzdiorite.
235
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/IGNEOUS ROCK DATA BASE/
Diorite - Gabbro - Dunite
Element Results of Analvsis

d
[Weight %: 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10
H 0.07 0.11 0.10 0.15 0.07 0.15 0.16 0.32 0.07
0 46.48 45.31 46.01 46.57 43.31 44.82 45.20 45.30 44.04
Na 2.75 2.22 2.67 2.52 1.39 1.78 1.89 0.07 0.15
& 1.88 3.00 2.65 2.52 4.04 4.11 4.54 27.94 28.23
Al 8.71 9.49 9.00 8.83 10.22 9.80 9.47 0.46 0.26
Si 27.85 24.26 25.94 26.57 19.62 22.18 22.58 18.93 19.75
P 0.22 0.09 0.26 0.11 0.43 0.17 0.12 0.02 0.02
K 3.16 1.32 1.99 1.76 0.74 0.58 0.74 0.03 0.25
Ch 3.58 6.12 5.22 4.82 7.04 7.87 7.86 0.50
Ti 0.30 0.12 0.30 0.50 0.30 0.24 0.58 0.01 0.02
MJI 0.31 0.23 0.23 0.10 0.38 0.31 0.24 0.12
Fe 4.68 7.73 5.62 5.64 7.89 i 12.46 7.99 6.84 6.29 7.21
Well Logging data
!SI&S (-7 9
1 __2 __4 5 6 7 8 9 - 10
2.81 2.89 2.84 2.90 2.94 2.92 2.97 3.28 3.30
2.78 2.86 2.81 2.87 2.90 2.89 2.94 3.26 3.27
2.79 2.87 2.82 2.88 2.91 2.90 2.96 3.30 3.31
3.70 4.58 3.91 4.69 5.99 4.79 4.46 3.32 3.56
10.30 13.10 11.01 13.46 17.34 13.84 13.11 10.83 11.64
14.77 15.45 14.06 16.58 19.37 15.96 15.03 12.36 11.28
22.00 19.56 18.49 18.75 20.76 18.26 17.50 12.58 17.96
9.52 8.74 8.98 8.26 7.85 8.31 8.40 7.68 9.63
0.9 2.4 3.4 3.1 1.6 3.6 4.5 16.2 3.9
2.4 4.5 5.2 5.5 4.1 5.9 6.6 16.8 5.2
Analyses 1 to 3, 5 to 7, and 10 from reference 28

Analyses 4, 8 and 9 from reference 62.
Analyses 1 to 4 correspond to diorite; 5 to 8 to gabbro; 9 and 10 to dunite.
236
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Cross-Plot K vs Si
Plutonic Rocks
10
____--_______--
+ ------.---____.. i------ ______
--+-- i ._____________
______.______
8
(WZ%)
c
0 10 20 30 40 50
Si (wgt %)
237
www.petroman.ir
Density vs Slowness
2.4
2.6 ---____.
2.8
‘b
__-_____.
3.2 - --___.-.
Ib
30 40 50 60 70 80
At (w/W
Plutonic Rocks
238
www.petroman.ir
(PRINCIPAL MINERALS]
OF
1SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 1
SILICICLASTIC DEPOSITS
FUNDAMENTAL SECONDARY ACCESSORY CEMENTING

ZONSTITUENTS CONSTITUENTS MINERALS MINERALS
2 10% 1% 5 5 10% I 1%
QUartZ Detrital chert Zircon, tourmaline Quartz
K Feldspar Plagioclase (&go&se) Magnetite, Ilmenite Cal&e
Kaolinite mane grained micas mtile dolomite
mite chlorite, chamosite phosphate, epidote anhydrite, halite
Smectite haematite, limo&e garnet, hornblende haematite, pyrite
Glauconite lignite pyrite i
CARBONATE DEPOSITS
FUNDAMENTAL SECONDARY ACCESSORY CEMENTING

CONSTITUENTS CONSTITUENTS MINERALS MINERALS
2 10% 1x< 510% 5 1%
Calcite chert, opal anatase calcite
Dolomite secondary quartz authigenic rut& dolomite
Ankerite Gypsum, anhydrite marcasite
smectite, chlorite
glauconite, phosphate
siderite, iron ores
239
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1PRINCIPAL MINERALS OF DETRITAL ROCKS 1

TYPE MINERALS MINERALS MINERALS CEMENT PROPERTIES
% 2 10% 10% 2 % 2 1% % I 1%
-
Orthoquartzite Quartz Chert grains TOUl7ll&l~ Minor: Coar.-Med. gr.size
Q35% Z&Xl Silka v.weU sorted

Magnetite Calcite well rounded
Rutile Dolomite Low radioactiv.
High 4 k k
Quartz wacke QUWtZ Sericite Zircon Silk Coar.-fine gr.s.
QS 80% Chlorite Hornblende Calcite rare poor sorting

Feldspars Clay minerals coal frag. ang.-sub round.
Muscovite Med. radioact.
Low46rk
Feldspathic Quartz K-Feldspar ZirCOll Silka v. poor sorting
Wacke 25%<Q155% Rock fragments T0lllTdiUe Calcite low-mod. round.
Plagioclase Micas pyrite grad. bedded
lO%IP<50% HombIende Med. radioact.
. low 4 & k
Lithic wacke Qllart. Feldspm ZiICOll Calcite v. poor sorting
lo%< Q 930% T0UllIlaline Silka low-mod. round.
Rock fragments Hornblende grad. bedded
lO%iR.F.<50% Med. radioact.
S&cite or low 4 & k
Chlorite
as matrix
15%_<matr.<60%
240
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/PRINCIPAL MINERALS OF DETRITAL ROCKS j
(continued)
-
TYPE MINERALS MINERALS MINERALS CEMENT PROPERTIES
% 2 10% 10% 2 % 2 1% % 5 1%
Arkose QUWtZ Micas ZiPLOll Calcite Coar.-fine grs.
30%6Q<70% Kaolinite Iron oxides Silica Mod. weII sorted
K-Feldspar 5 15% poor. rounded
25%<F+40% Massive to
Plagioclases well bedded
P < 45% good-med. 4
medium k
High radioact.
h33lsandI3 QUartZ Phosphates WeIl to mod. sorted
10%6Q< 90% radioactive
Glauconite medium to good
lO%<GL 90% d&k
241
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j AVERAGE ELEMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS 1
OF
j SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 1
(from reference 68)
Rock lr Shale lr Carbonate

Element lverage Range Average
27.3 20-30 2.4

8.0 >4 0.42
2.2 14 30.2
242
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[AVERAGE MINERAL COMPOSITION ]
OF
/ SEDIMENTARY ROCKS]
Mineral Sandstone Shale Carbonate

(wgt X) (wgt %) (wgt %)
Quartz 65-70 20-30 o-5

Feldspar lo-25 5-20 0
Clay 5-10 5&60 &5
Carbonates s5
&5 O-10 95
243
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/AVERAGEMINERAL CONP~~ITI~NOFSHALES/
(from reference 26)
Clark Leith 81 Yaalon Shaw &

Constituent Mead Weaver
(1924) (1915) (1962) (1965)
Quartz 22.30 32.00 20.00 36.00
Feldspar 30.00 16.00 6.00 4.50
Clay Minerals 25.00 l 34.00 50.00 66.90
iron Oxides 5.60 5.00 3.00 c 0.50
Carbonates 5.70 0.00 7.00 3.60
Other Minerals 11.40 1 .oo 3.00 < 2.00
Organic Matter 1 .oo 1 .oo
Kaolinite and Clay Minerals 10

Sericite and Paragonlte 18
Chlorite and Serpentlne 6
244
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Shale Composition
Silt
Produced by abrasion
quartz , feldspars, micas
Cement Common marls

Biochemical Produced by
precipitate weathering
kaolinite
carbonates
illite
organic matler
montmorillonite
chlorite
245
www.petroman.ir
1PRINCIPAL MINERALS]
OF
1METAMORPHIC ROCKS /

TYPE MINERALS MINERALS MINERALS
% ? 10% 10%2%~2% % I 2%
Kyanite, Graphite
246
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REFERENCES & COMPLEMENTARY BIBLIOGRAPHY
247
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MINERALOGY
1 AUBERT, G., GUILLEMIN, C., & PIERROT, R. (1978). - P&is de Min&alogie. Mason, Paris.
2 BARIAND, P., CESBRON, F., & GEFFROY, J. (1978). - Les Min&aux: leur~ gisements, Ieurs
associations. Editions du BRGM,
3 BERRY, L.G., & MASON, B. (1959). - Mineralogy. Freeman & Co., San Francisco.
’ BUTTGENBACH, H. (1953). - Les min&aaux et les rodes. Dunod, Paris.
5 CAILLERE, S., & HENIN, S. (1963). - Min&aiogie des .&g&s. Masson, Paris.
G DEER, W.A., HOWIE, R.A., & ZUSSMAN, J. (1962). - Rock F orming Minerals. Longman, London.
’ DEER, W.A., HOWIE, R.A., & ZUSSMAN, J. (1966). - An Introduction to the Rock Forming
Minerals. Longman, London.
a FISCHESSER, R. (1977). - Don&es des principales esphs min&&s. Soci&d de 1’Industrie Mint&,
Saint-Etienne, fiance.
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PHYSICS
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GEOCHEMISTRY
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Element Mineral Rock Catalog - O.Serra

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Element

(Data compiled by 0. SERRA)

- General theoretical formula

- Example of chemical composition with reference from which it is extracted

- The elemental composition for the theoretical and example formula.

- Varieties, when they exist

- Transformation, when it OCCURS

~ Most frequent associated minerals

- Cation exchange capacity (only for clay minerals)

* indicates a mark of Schlumberger.

RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF ELEMENTS IN THE EARTH CRUST

1Element Weight Weight Atom VOlllIIE ktomic

0 46.71 46 60.5 94.24 1.40

Si 27.69 28 20.5 0.51 0.36

K 2.58 2.3 1.4 1.21 0.95

Mg 2.08 4 1.8 0.37 0.70

/THE MINOR ELEMENTS IN SEDIMENTS]

Element Name Symbol Concentration Concentration

oxyg= 0 8 16.0000 0.00027 -2 1.32 1.00000

COPPer CU 29 63.5400 3.81000 +2,+1 0.72, 096 0.91281

Element Name Symbol Z A c 1033 IOR C=2Z/A

Zirconium Zr 40 91.2200 -0.18200 +4 0.79 0.87700

Niobium Nb 41 92.9060 0.15000 t5,+4 0.69, 0.74 0.88261

Molybdenum MO 42 95.9400 2.6500 t6,+4 0.62, 0.70 0.87555

Sylver Aa 47 107.8700 63.8000 t2,+1 0.89, 1.26 0.87142

Cadmium Cd 48 112.4000 2450.000 +2 0.97 0.85409

Till Sn 50 118.6900 0.63000 +4 0.71 0.84253

Barium Ba 56 137.3400 1.20000 +2 1.34 0.81549

Cerium Ce 58 140.1200 0.730 +3 1.03 0.82786

S~arium Sm 62 150.3500 5820.000 +3 0.96 0.82474

Europium EU 63 151.9600 4100.000 t3,+2 0.95, 1.09 0.82917

Tungsten W 74 183.8500 18.500 +6 0.62 0.80500

Lead Pb 82 207.2000 0.18800 +2 1.2 0.79151

Uranium U 92 238.0508 2.72000 t4,+6 0.94, 0.80 0.77294

FrlJlll To obtain Multiply From To obtain Multiply

SiO2 Si .46X3 Si SiO2 2.13935

TiOz Ti .599so Ti Tie 1.66806

-41203 AI .52924 AI .412Q3 1.88950

Fe203 Fe .69943 Fe Fe203 1.42973

Fe0 Fe .77730 Fe Fe0 1.28650

hf”203 MII .69596 Mn MD203 1.43686

MIIO Mn .I7445 Mll MIlO 1.29124

cr203 cr .68419 cr cr203 1.46158

Mgo Mg .60309 Mg Mgo 1.65813

CaO ca .71469 CL3 Cl30 1.39921

SIO SK 34559 Sr SrO I.18260

Na20 Na .7418S Na Na20 1.34798

K20 K .83014 K K20 1.20462

905 P .43641 P 405 2.29142

so3 S .40048 S so3 2.49700

so2 S .50049 S so2 1.99804

Hz0 H .11190 H H20 8.93675

co2 C .27291 C co2 3.66421

Class Defining Anions Examples

Native elements None: no charged ions copper: cu

Sulfides and similar compounds S2 and similar anions Pyrite: F&z

Oxides 0-Z Haematite: Fez03

Hydroxides (OH)- Brucite: Mg(OH)z