Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention,

Innovation and Entrepreneurship

ThiS is a FM Blank Page
Elias G. Carayannis
Editor

Encyclopedia of
Creativity, Invention,
Innovation and
Entrepreneurship

With 481 Figures and 105 Tables

Editor
Elias G. Carayannis
Department of Information Systems and Technology
Management, European Union Research Center
GWU School of Business, The George Washington University
Washington, DC, USA

ISBN 978-3-319-15346-9 ISBN 978-3-319-15347-6 (eBook)

ISBN 978-3-319-15348-3 (print and electronic bundle)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15347-6
1st edition: © Springer Science+Business Media LLC 2013
2nd edition: © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or
part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
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The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
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Preface to the Second Edition

I am pleased to share with you the second print edition of perhaps the first in its
nature, scale, and scope publishing project trying to bring together theories,
practices, and policies related to the nature and dynamics of creativity,
invention, innovation, and entrepreneurship. In collaboration with Springer
Publishers, my four Associate Editors of the Springer Encyclopedia of Cre-
ativity, Invention, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship and I have brought to
completion this precedent-setting and intellectual-footprint-defining Work of
Reference. The aim has been to help define the intellectual scaffolds for the
four related emerging thematic areas of research and practice.

Editorial Board
Editor-in-Chief: Prof. Dr. Elias G. Carayannis, George Washington University,
USA
Creativity Associate Editor: Dr. Igor N. Dubina, Altai State University, Russia
Invention Associate Editor: Dr. Marta Peris-Ortiz, Universitat Politècnica de
València, Spain
Innovation Associate Editor: Dr. David F. J. Campbell, University of Klagen-
furt, Austria
Entrepreneurship Associate Editor: Dr. Evangelos Grigoroudis, Technical
University of Crete, Greece

The Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention, Innovation, and Entrepreneur-

ship (CI2E) is a multivolume electronic and print reference that uniquely
covers the broad spectrum of topics relating to the process of creativity and
innovation from a wide variety of perspectives (e.g., economics, management,
psychology, anthropology, policy, technology, education, the arts) and modes
(e.g., individual, organization, industry, nation, region).
The CI2E First Edition, published in 2013, is comprised of some 300 topical
entries, definitions of key terms and concepts, and review essays from a global
array of researchers, business executives, policymakers, and artists, illuminat-
ing the many facets of creativity and innovation and highlighting their relation-
ships to such universal concepts as knowledge management, economic
opportunity, and sustainability. Entries feature description of key concepts
and definition of terms, full-color illustrations, case examples, future direc-
tions for research and application, synonyms and cross-references, and biblio-
graphic references.

v
vi Preface to the Second Edition

The CI2E Encyclopedia Second Edition, published in 2020, has a total of

358 entries including definitions/entries of approximately 2000–4000 words
apiece plus longer (up to 6000 words) essays. The presentation style of the
entries is informational/educational; the entries describe, define, synthesize,
and review a topic, whereas there are several entries that highlight original
theoretical or empirical research. We have included qualified input from
government, university, industry, and civil society researchers, policy makers,
and practitioners. All contributions underwent both peer review as well as
editorial review and revision prior to publication.
The CI2E Encyclopedia consists of both print and online versions. It will
remain a dynamically evolving electronic content multimedia platform. More-
over, it will incorporate new entries on an ongoing basis in its online version as
well as have follow-up print editions on a periodic basis.

Professor of Science, Technology Elias G. Carayannis

Innovation and Entrepreneurship Ph.D., M.B.A., M.Sc.EE, CPMMA
Director, European Union Research
Center School of Business, George
Washington University
Washington, DC, USA
September 2020
Preface to the First Edition

I am pleased to share with you perhaps the first in its nature, scale and scope,
publishing project trying to bring together theories, practices and policies
related to the nature and dynamics of creativity, invention, innovation and
entrepreneurship. In collaboration with Springer Publishers, the four Associate
Editors of the Springer Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention, Innovation,
and Entrepreneurship and I have brought to completion this precedent-
setting and intellectual footprintdefining Work of Reference. The aim has
been to help define the intellectual scaffolds for the four related emerging
thematic areas of research and practice.

Editorial Board
Editor-in-Chief Prof. Dr. Elias G. Carayannis, Department of Information
Systems and Technology Management, School of Business, George
Washington University, USA
Creativity Associate Editor Dr. Igor N. Dubina, Altai State University, Russia
Invention Associate Editor Prof. Dr. Norbert Seel, University of Freiburg,
Germany
Innovation Associate Editor Dr. David F. J. Campbell, University of Klagen-
furt, Austria
Entrepreneurship Associate Editor Prof. Dr. Dimitri Uzunidis, Universite du
Littoral, France

The CI2E Encyclopedia has a total of 274 entries including definitions /

entries of approximately 2000–4000 words apiece plus longer (up to
6000 words) essays. The presentation style of the entries is informational/
educational; the entries describe, define, synthesize, and review a topic,
whereas there are several entries that showcase original theoretical or empir-
ical research findings (see for instance the piece on the Epidemiology of
Innovation). We have included qualified input from Government, University,
Industry and Civil Society researchers, policy makers and practitioners. All
contributions were reviewed on the basis of peer review as well as editorial
review.

vii
viii Preface to the First Edition

The CI2E Encyclopedia will consist of both print and on-line versions and
will remain a living conceptual platform that will incorporate new entries on an
ongoing basis in its online version and will have follow up print editions on a
periodic basis.

Washington, DC, USA Elias G. Carayannis

May 2013 Ph.D., M.B.A., B.Sc.EE, CPMMA
 List of Topics

Creativity Creative Pedagogy

Creative Process: The Apple-Tree Creative
Section Editor: Igor N. Dubina
Process (ACP)
Semantic Rhapsody About Creativity, From Creative Styles
Harvard to Habsburg Creative Thinking Skills: Inbox, Outbox, and
Actor-Network-Theory and Creativity Research Newbox (ION) Thinking Skills
Adaptive Creativity and Innovative Creativity Creative Thinking Training
Art of Innovation: A Model for Organizational Creative, ADHD, or Both?
Creativity Creative, or a Behavior Problem?
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Creativity Across Cultures
Creativity Creativity and Age
Big C Versus Little c Creativity Creativity and Church
Business Creativity Creativity and Confucian Parenting
Cognitive Fixation and Creativity Creativity and Confucianism (Asian Culture)
Complexity and Creative Problem Solving Creativity and Innovation: What Is the
Computerized Testing of Creativity Difference?
Conflict and Creativity Creativity and Labor
Confrontation Techniques: Inspiration of Ideas by Creativity and Systems Thinking
Unrelated Stimuli Creativity as a Phenomenon of Social
Creative Attitudes: The 4S (Soil, Sun, Storm, and Communications and Interactions
Space) Attitudes Creativity Definitions: Approaches
Creative Behavior Creativity Economy Versus Creative Economy
Creative Brain Creativity for Compassion and Compassion for
Creative Class Creativity
Creative Climate Tests, Creative Attitudes Tests, Creativity from Design and Innovation
and Creative Thinking Skills Tests Perspectives
Creative Climates: Soil, Sun, Storm, and Space Creativity in Research
Climates Creativity Journals
Creative Collaboration Creativity Management Optimization
Creative Ideas as a Starting Point for Innovations Creativity Testing
Creative Industries Creativity, Innovation, and Economic Crises
Creative Leadership Creativity, Knowledge, and Innovation: The
Creative Linguistics Interactive Facets of the New Economy
Creative Management Decrease in Creativity

ix
x List of Topics
Directed Evolution ® Technology
Divergent Thinking
Four Ps in Organizational Creativity
Four Ps of Creativity and Recent Updates
Gender-Bias-Free Parenting for Creativity
Genius
Idea-Marathon System (IMS)
Ideas and Ideation
Implicit Theories and Creativity
Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ), Theory
Inventive Resources
Levels of Invention
Measuring Organizational Climate for Creativity
and Innovation
Method for Creating Wisdom from Knowledge
Model for Managing Intangibility of
Organizational Creativity: Management
Innovation Index
Novology
Parsimonious Creativity
Patterns of Technological Evolution
Personal Creativity
Play for Creativity
Reading for Creativity
Role of Intuition in Creativity
Rural Creativity and Urban Creativity
Scenarios as a Basis for Setting Up Innovation
Strategies
Science of Creativity
Simplexity Thinking and the Basadur Innovation
Profile Assessment
Six Sigma
TRIZ Software for Creativity and Innovation
Support
Women Creativity in Patriarchal Culture
Invention
Section Editor: Marta Peris-Ortiz
Age and Creative Productivity
Alternate Reality Games as Inventions
Analogies and Analogical Reasoning in Invention
Brainstorming and Invention
Cluster Innovation
Cluster Performance
Cognition of Creativity
Corporate Creativity
Creative Mind: Myths and Facts
Creative Personality
Creativity and Emotion
Creativity in Invention: Theories
Creativity in Music Teaching and Learning
Creativity in Puzzles, Inventions, and Designs:
The Sudden Mental Insight Phenomenon
Creativity Training in Design Education
Creativity, Discourses
Creativity, Experiential Theories
Creativity, Intelligence, and Culture
Creativity: Cultural Capital in Mathematics
Education
Crowdfunding and Entrepreneurship
Developing Radical Inventions
Dialogical Critical Thinking in Children:
Developmental Process
Divergent Versus Convergent Thinking
Effects of Intuition, Positive Affect, and Training
on Creative Problem Solving
Experiential Learning and Creativity in
Entrepreneurship
Fostering Creativity Through Science Education
Freedom and Constraints in Creativity
Green Innovation
How Does Material Culture Extend the Mind?
Identifying and Assessing Creativity
Imagery and Creativity
Imagination
In Search of Cognitive Foundations of Creativity
Innovation and Ambidexterity
Interaction, Simulation, and Invention
Interdisciplinarity and Innovation
Intrinsic and Prosocial Motivations, Perspective
Taking, and Creativity
Invention and Innovation as Creative Problem-
Solving Activities
Invention and Modification of New Tool-Use
Behavior
Invention as a Precedent for Innovation
Invention in Total Quality Management
Invention Versus Discovery
Inventive Thinking Skills, Development
Managerial Innovation Implementation
Mathematical Discovery
Measurement of Creativity
List of Topics
Measuring Innovation
Mental Models and Creative Invention
Merits of Aesthetics in Realm of Science
Metaphorical Reasoning and Design
Creativity: Consequences for Practice and
Education
Models for Creative Inventions
Multiple Models of Creativity
Nature of Creativity
Online Corporate Social Networking
Organizational Capability
Organizational Innovation
Process Innovation Capability
Promoting Student Creativity and Inventiveness
in Science and Engineering
Psychology of Creativity
Research on Creativity
Scientific Creativity as Combinatorial Process
Scientific Inventive Thinking Skills in Children
Social Media Crowdsourcing
Social Metacognition and Micro-creativity
Social Psychology of Creativity
Spin-Off (A Different Approach)
State Space Paradox of Computational Research
in Creativity
Strategic Thinking and Creative Invention
Student Creativity and Inventiveness in Business
Administration
Teaching as Invention
Technical Invention
Technological Invention of Disease
Creativity Machine® Paradigm
User-Generated Information System
Using Movement, Music, and Humor: Creative
Approaches to Enhance Student Engagement
Women’s Entrepreneurship and Invention
Innovation
Section Editor: David F. J. Campbell
Academic Entrepreneur, Academic
Entrepreneurship
Academic Firm
Ambidexterity
Antitechnology Movements: Technological
Versus Social Innovation
xi
Applied Design Thinking Lab and
Creative Empowering of Interdisciplinary
Teams
Areas of Innovation in Arts: Innovation and
Where to Look for It
Artistic Research
Arts, Research, Innovation, and Society: ARIS
China’s National Innovation System
Citizen Science in Health Domain
Citizen Science: Different Scopes of Citizens’
Involvement in Research
Collaborative Innovation
Communicating Invention, Creativity,
Innovation, and Entrepreneurship
Corporate Foresight
Creative Knowledge Environments
Cross-Employment
Cross-Retirement (Cross-Employed and Cross-
Retired) and Innovation
Empty Spaces in Space
Entrepreneur’s “Resource Potential,” Innovation
and Networks
Epidemiology of Innovation: Concepts and
Constructs
Epistemic Governance and Epistemic Innovation
Policy
Evaluation of Research, Development, and
Innovation
Financing Innovation
Foresight
From Personal to Impersonal Exchange in Ideas
Future Innovations in Next Centuries
Future of Innovation
Game Theory and Innovation Analysis
Gender and Innovation
Global University System in World Society
Healthcare and Innovation
Higher Education and Innovation
Innovation and Democracy
Innovation Audit: Measuring Innovation
Management Capabilities
Innovation by Applied Mathematics
Innovation Eats Transformation: Leading
Innovation, Digital Transformation, and the
Importance of Culture
Innovation in Business: Six Honest Questions
Innovation in Defense Technologies
xii
Innovation in Forestry: New Values and
Challenges for a Traditional Sector
Innovation in Interdisciplinarity: Four Different
Dimensions
Innovation in Radical Economic Thought
Innovation of Comparative Framework
Innovation of Italian Cuisine in the Twenty-First
Century
Innovation of Joint Applications
Innovation Policies (vis-à-vis Practice and
Theory)
Innovation Policy Coordination
Innovation Policy Learning
Innovation System of India
Innovations in Business Administration
Innovations in Geometry
Innovations in Presidential Elections: The United
States, France, and Austria in Comparison
Innovations of and in Organizations
Innovations of Direct Democracy
Innovations of Domestic Espresso Making
Innovative Milieu as a Driving Force of
Innovative Entrepreneurship
Interdisciplinary Research (Interdisciplinarity)
Joseph A. Schumpeter and Innovation
Knowledge Society, Knowledge-Based
Economy, and Innovation
Knowledge-Capital and Innovation
Linguistic Dimension of Creativity, Invention,
Innovation, and Entrepreneurship
Media and Innovation
Meta-Liveness, Innovative Perception of
Liveness in Online Environments
Mode 1, Mode 2, and Innovation
Mode 3 Knowledge Production in Quadruple
Helix Innovation Systems: Quintuple Helix
and Social Ecology
Model of Dialectical Learning
Multilevel Systems of Innovation
National Innovation Systems (NIS)
Networks and Scientific Innovation
Nonlinear Innovations
N-Tuple of Helices
Organizational Slack and Innovation
Palliative Care and Hospice: Innovation at End of
Life
Patent System
List of Topics
Paths of Influence from Higher Education Policy
Paradigms on Innovating Institutional
Autonomy
Political Leadership and Innovation
Politics of Light: Innovative Look at How
Nontransparent Ideologies in Visible Light
Influence Our Behavior
Polynomiography and Innovation
Preparing a “Creative Revolution”: Arts and
Universities of the Arts in the Creative
Knowledge Economy
Principal-Agent Model in Universities: Problems
and Solutions
Processes of Learning and Processes of
Innovation
Product Innovation, Process Innovation
Public Health and the Commons
Quality Assurance and Quality Enhancement in
Higher Education and Innovation
Quality of Democracy and Innovation
Quintuple Innovation Helix and Global Warming:
Challenges and Opportunities for Policy and
Practice
Reforms and Innovations of Democratic Systems
and the Importance of Political Control
Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI): A
Critical Reflection Toward Evaluation
Standards
Semantic Technologies in Knowledge
Management and Innovation
SME Growth and Influence of Internal and
External Environmental Factors
Social Design
Social Ecology and Quintuple Helix Innovation
Systems
Social Innovation
Speaking Pictures: Innovation in Fine Arts
Systems Theory and Innovation
Techno-globalization and Innovation
Technology Life Cycles
Innovation and Evolution of Parliamentary
Inquiries
The Innovation of Tax: Epistemic Tax Policy and
Online Tax Accounts (Artificial-Intelligence-
Based Tax Accounts)
Knowledge and Innovation Principle of KITA
PITA CITUITA
List of Topics
Rigidity of Scientific Thought Hinders
Innovation
Topsy-Turvy: Innovation of Political
Leadership
Transdisciplinary Research (Transdisciplinarity)
Translational Medicine and the Transformation of
the Drug Development Process
Translational Research
Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government
Relations
University Research and Innovation
Entrepreneurship
Section Editor: Evangelos Grigoroudis
Academic Entrepreneurship
Accompaniment of Business Creation
Agricultural Entrepreneurship
Angel Investors
Business Climate and Entrepreneurialism
Business Cycles
Business Emergence
Business Incubator
Business Model
Business Project
Business Start-Up: From Emergence to
Development
Church and Entrepreneurship
Clusters, Networks, and Entrepreneurship
Co-Conception and Entrepreneurial Strategies
Corporate Entrepreneurship
Craftsman
Creative Destruction
Cyberentrepreneurship and Proximity
Relationships
Digital Economy and Business Creation
Diversity and Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneur and Economists
Entrepreneur in Utopian Thinking
Entrepreneur: Etymological Bases
Entrepreneurial Behavior and Eco-Innovation
Entrepreneurial Capability and Leadership
Entrepreneurial Opportunity
Entrepreneurial Organizations
Entrepreneurship and Business Growth
Entrepreneurship and Financial Markets
xiii
Entrepreneurship and National Culture
(According to Hofstede’s Model)
Entrepreneurship and Small Business Agility
Entrepreneurship and Social Inclusion
Entrepreneurship Education
Entrepreneurship in Creative Economy
Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries
Entrepreneurship in International Context
Entrepreneurship Policies
Entrepreneurship Policy
Environmental Determinants of Entrepreneurship
Extrapreneurship
Female Entrepreneurship
Financing Entrepreneurship
Firm Failure and Exit
Green Business and Entrepreneurship
Green Enterprising and Green Entrepreneurs
Health of Entrepreneurs
Heroic Entrepreneur, Theories
Individual Determinants of Entrepreneurship
Industrial Atmosphere
Information Asymmetry and Business Creation
Information Monitoring and Business Creation
Innovation and Entrepreneurship
Innovation Opportunities and Business Start-Up
Innovation Systems and Entrepreneurship
Innovative Milieux and Entrepreneurship
Innovator
Institutional Entrepreneurship
Institutional Entrepreneurship, Innovation
Systems, and Innovation Policy
Intellectual Property, Creative Industries, and
Entrepreneurial Strategies
Interactive Processes in the Form of Creative
Cooperation
Knowledge Capital and Small Businesses
Knowledge Creation and Entrepreneurship
Love Money
Low-Tech Entrepreneurship
Microfinance and Entrepreneurship
Microfirms
Network and Entrepreneurship
Networking Entrepreneurship
New Forms of Entrepreneurship in a Sustainable
Knowledge-Based Service Economy
Open Innovation and Entrepreneurship
Partnerships and Entrepreneurships
xiv
Patents and Entrepreneurship
Planned Economy and Entrepreneurial Function
Product Development, Business Concept, and
Entrepreneurship
Proximity Relationships and Entrepreneurship
Psychological Aspects of Entrepreneurial
Dynamics
Risk, Uncertainty, and Business Creation
Schumpeterian Entrepreneur
Self-Made Man
Small Business
Small Businesses: Value, Transmission, and
Recovery
Small Businesses and Sustainable Development
List of Topics
Social Capital of the Entrepreneur
Social Entrepreneurship
Social Networks and Entrepreneurship
Socialized Entrepreneur, Theories
Spin-Off
Startup
Start-Up and Small Business Life
Strategic Scanning of SME
Technological Entrepreneurship and
Asymmetries
Technology Push and Market Pull
Entrepreneurship
Territory and Entrepreneurship
Venture Capital and Small Business
About the Editor

Elias G. Carayannis
Department of Information Systems and Technology
Management, School of Business, George
Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

Dr. Elias G. Carayannis is Full Professor of Sci-

ence, Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneur-
ship as well as co-Founder and co-Director of the
Global and Entrepreneurial Finance Research
Institute (GEFRI) and Director of Research on
Science, Technology, Innovation and Entrepre-
neurship at the European Union Research Center
(EURC) in the School of Business at the George
Washington University in Washington, DC. Dr.
Carayannis’ teaching and research activities
focus on the areas of strategic government-
university-industry R&D partnerships, technol-
ogy road-mapping, technology transfer and com-
mercialization, international science and
technology policy, technological entrepreneur-
ship, and regional economic development.
Dr. Carayannis has several publications in both
academic and practitioner journals, including
IEEE Transactions in Engineering Management,
Research Policy, Journal of R&D Management,
Journal of Engineering and Technology Manage-
ment, International Journal of Technology Man-
agement, Technovation, Journal of Technology
Transfer, Engineering Management Journal,
Journal of Growth and Change, Review of
Regional Studies, International Journal of Global
Energy Issues, International Journal of Environ-
ment and Pollution, Le Progres Technique, and
Focus on Change Management. He has also
published more than 50 books to date on science,
technology, innovation, and entrepreneurship

xv
xvi About the Editor

with Springer, CRC Press, Praeger/Greenwood,

Palgrave/MacMillan, and Edward Elgar and has
several more projects under contract.
He is Editor-in-Chief of the Edward Elgar
Book Series on Science, Technology, Innovation
and Entrepreneurship; the Springer Book Series
on Innovation, Technology, and Knowledge Man-
agement; the Palgrave MacMillan Book Series on
Democracy, Innovation and Entrepreneurship for
Growth (DIE4Growth); the Springer Book Series
on Arts, Research, Innovation and Society
(ARIS); the Springer Journal of the Knowledge
Economy; the Springer Journal of Innovation and
Entrepreneurship: A Systems View Across Time
and Space; and the IGI International Journal of
Social Ecology and Sustainable Development and
Associate Editor of the International Journal of
Innovation and Regional Development and on the
Editorial Boards of several academic journals.
He has consulted for a wide variety of
chnology-driven organizations in both govern-
ment and the private sector, including the World
Bank, the European Commission, the Inter-
American Development Bank, the US Agency
for International Development, IKED, the
National Science Foundation Small Business
Innovation Research Program, the National Insti-
tute of Standards and Technology’s Advanced
Technology Program, the National Coalition for
Advanced Manufacturing (NACFAM), the USN
CNO Office, Sandia National Laboratories’ New
Technological Ventures Initiative, the General
Electric Corporate Training & Development Cen-
ter, Cowen & Co, First Albany International,
Entreprises Importfab, and others. He is fluent in
English, French, German, and Greek and has a
working knowledge of Spanish.

Academic Profile – Selected Works

Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2348-4311
Googlescholar: https://scholar.google.com/
citations?user¼ZN_DyIUAAAAJ&hl¼en
Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Elias_G._Carayannis, https://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Quadruple_and_quintuple_innovation_helix_
(Q2IH)_framework
By decree or by choice? A case study –
Implementing knowledge management and
About the Editor xvii

sharing at the education sector of the World

Bank Group: http://documents.worldbank.org/
curated/en/574241468763497022/By-decree-or-
by-choice-A-case-study-Implementing-knowledge-
management-and-sharing-at-the-education-sector-
of-the-World-Bank-Group
The strategic management of technological
learning in project/program management: the
role of extranets, intranets and intelligent
agents in knowledge generation, diffusion,
and leveraging: https://www.sciencedirect.com/
science/article/pii/S0166497298000650
Fostering synergies between information
technology and managerial and organizational
cognition: the role of knowledge management:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0166497298001011
Springer Handbook of Cyber-Development,
Cyber-Democracy and Cyber-Defense: https://
www.springer.com/gp/book/9783319090689
Cyber-Development, Cyber-Democracy and
Cyber-Defense: Challenges, Opportunities and
Implications for Theory, Policy and Practice:
https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9781493910274
Smart Quintuple Helix Innovation Systems:
https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030015169
e-Development Toward the Knowledge
Economy Leveraging Technology, Innovation
and Entrepreneurship for “Smart” Develop-
ment: https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/
9781403942449
Unescap Report – Smart Specialization and
the Quintuple Innovation Helix: http://
techmonitor.net/tm/images/0/0a/15jul_sep_tm_
final.pdf
McGill University – Convergent Innovation
Webinar Series – From Industry 4.0 to Indus-
try 5.0 and the Quintuple Innovation Helix
Framework – Theories, Policies and Practices:
https://www.mcgill.ca/desautels/channels/event/ci-
food-webinar-series-dr-elias-g-carayannis-296951
Innovation Ecosystems and Artificial Intelli-
gence: https://www.iem.fraunhofer.de/de/termine/
workshop-innovation-ecosystems-artificial-intellig
ence.html
Entrepreneurship and Innovation Academic
Work
Peer –Reviewed Journals
xviii About the Editor

• Springer Journal of Innovation and

Entrepreneurship: A Systems View Across
Time and Space:
– http://www.innovation-entrepreneur
ship. com
• Springer Journal of the Knowledge
Economy:
– http://www.springer.com/economics/
policy/journal/13132
• IGI Journal of Social Ecology and Sus-
tainable Development:
– http://www.igi-global.com/journal/
international-journal-social-ecology-
sustainable/1174
• Springer Journal of Technology, Innova-
tion and Education
– http://www.technology-innovation-
education.com
Book Series
• Springer Technology, Innovation and
Knowledge Management Book Series:
– http://www.springer.com/series/8124
• Edward Elgar Science, Innovation, Tech-
nology and Entrepreneurship:
– http://www.e-elgar.com/shop/books?
book_series¼Science,%20Innovation,%
20Technology%20and%20Entrepreneur
ship%20series
• Springer Arts, Research, Innovation and
Society Book Series:
– http://www.springer.com/series/
11902
• Palgrave Macmillan Democracy, Innova-
tion and Entrepreneurship for Growth Book
Series:
– https://www.palgrave.com/us/series/
14635
• Emerald Innovation, Technology and
Education for Growth
– http://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.
com/products/books/notable/page.htm?
id¼2059-2841
About the Editor xix

Major Reference Works

• Springer Encyclopedia on Creativity, Inven-
tion, Innovation and Entrepreneurship:
– http://refworks.springer.com/mrw/index.
php?id¼4379
– http://www.springer.com/business+%26
+management/book/978-1-4614-3857-1
• Springer Handbook of Cyber Development,
Cyber Democracy and Cyber Defense:
– https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319
090689
ThiS is a FM Blank Page
About the Associate Editors

David F. J. Campbell is an Associate Professor

(“Privat-Dozent”) for Comparative Political Sci-
ence at the University of Vienna (https://politikwis
senschaft.univie.ac.at/en/about-us/staff/associate-
professors/campbell/); a Researcher, Teacher, and
Project Manager at the Center for Educational Man-
agement and Higher Education Development in the
Department for Continuing Education Research and
Educational Technologies at Danube University
Krems (https://www.donau-uni.ac.at/en/university/
organization/employees/person/4295299466); and
a Quality Enhancement Expert and Quality
Researcher at the University of Applied Arts in
Vienna (http://www.dieangewandte.at/jart/prj3/
angewandte_aris/main.jart?j-j-url¼/_1 and http://
www.dieangewandte.at/uqe).
David Campbell studied political science at the
University of Vienna, completing his studies with
a doctoral degree in 1996. In 2014, Campbell rece-
ived a “Habilitation” (Doctor Habilitatus) from
the University of Vienna with a Venia Docendi
(entitlement for teaching) for Comparative Politi-
cal Science.
Campbell lead-authored Global Quality of
Democracy as Innovation Enabler (Palgrave
Macmillan, 2019, https://www.palgrave.com/de/
book/9783319725284 and https://link.springer.
com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-72529-1), Democ-
racy Ranking (Edition 2014): The Quality of
Democracy in the World (Books on Demand,
2015), Epistemic Governance in Higher Educa-
tion: Quality Enhancement of Universities for
Development (Springer, 2013) and Democracy
Ranking (Edition 2012): The Quality of Democ-
racy in the World (Books on Demand, 2012); co-
authored Smart Quintuple Helix Innovation

xxi
xxii About the Associate Editors

Systems (Springer, 2019, https://www.springer.

com/de/book/9783030015169), Mode 3 Knowl-
edge Production in Quadruple Helix Innovation
Systems: 21st-Century Democracy, Innovation,
and Entrepreneurship for Development (Springer,
2012); co-edited The Future of Education and
Labor (Springer, 2019, https://www.springer.com/
gp/book/9783030260675), Handbook of Cyber-
Development, Cyber-Democracy, and Cyber-
Defense (Springer, 2018, https://www.springer.
com/de/book/9783319090689), The Future of
Museums (Springer, 2018, https://www.springer.
com/de/book/9783319939544), Arts, Research,
Innovation and Society (Springer 2015, https://
www.springer.com/de/book/9783319099088),
Cyber-Development, Cyber-Democracy and Cyber-
Defense: Challenges, Opportunities and Implica-
tions for Theory, Policy and Practice (Springer,
2014), Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention, Inno-
vation and Entrepreneurship (Springer, 2013),
Knowledge Creation, Diffusion, and Use in Innova-
tion Networks and Knowledge Clusters (Praeger,
2006) and Demokratiequalität in Österreich:
Zustand und Entwicklungsperspektiven (Leske +
Budrich, 2002) (“Democracy Quality in Austria”).
His articles on knowledge, innovation, knowl-
edge economy, and democracy (knowledge
democracy and quality of democracy) have been
published in several international journals (cita-
tions of his academic work can be followed at
Google Scholar: http://scholar.google.at/citations?
user=GSNvicMAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao). Camp-
bell teaches (taught) at the University of Vienna,
Alpen-Adria University of Klagenfurt, University
of Applied Arts Vienna, Danube University Krems,
George Washington University in Washington, DC
(Elliott School of International Affairs), and at
THAPAR University (Punjab, India).
David Campbell is Academic Director of the
global Democracy Ranking of the quality of
democracy (http://democracyranking.org/) and
Senior Associate Editor (Chief Associate Editor)
to the following journals and book series:

Journal of the Knowledge Economy (JKEC)

(Springer), http://www.springer.com/econom
ics/policy/journal/13132
Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship
(JIE) (Springer Open Source), http://www.
About the Associate Editors xxiii

springer.com/business+%26+management/
entrepreneurship/journal/13731
International Journal of Social Ecology and
Sustainable Development (IJSESD) (IGI
Global), http://www.igi-global.com/journal/
international-journal-social-ecology-sustaina
ble/1174
Arts, Research, Innovation, and Society (ARIS)
(Springer), http://www.springer.com/series/
11902

Igor N. Dubina is Professor of Mathematical

Methods in Economics at Novosibirsk National
Research State University (Novosibirsk, Russia)
aProfessor of Economics and Econometrics at
Altai State University (Barnaul, Russia). His educa-
tional background is in the fields of economics and
statistical analysis, his Ph.D. dissertation in Social
Sciences is on “Creativity as a Phenomenon of
Social Communications” (1999), and the topic of
his Dr.Sc. dissertation in Mathematical Economics
is “Game-Theoretic Models for the Organization of
Creative and Innovative Activities in Firms”
(2012). His research interests are concentrated in
interdisciplinary approaches to creativity and inno-
vation studies, mathematic modeling and computer
simulation of innovation, game theory, and mea-
surement theory. Prof. Dubina worked as Visiting
Scholar at the George Washington University
(Washington, DC) in 2004–2005, 2010–2011, and
2014; the International Center for Studies in Crea-
tivity (Buffalo, NY) in 2005; Central European
University (Budapest, Hungary) in 2009; and Mar-
tin Luther University (Halle, Germany) in 2014.
Prof. Dubina published 15 monographs and text-
books on creativity and innovation management
and mathematical methods and models, including
Cross-Cultural Aspects of Creativity, Innovation,
and Entrepreneurship (New York, 2016), Creative
Decision-Making in Management and Business
(Moscow, 2017), Game Theory Fundamentals
(Moscow, 2015), Statistical Methods for Social
and Economic Research (Moscow, 2010), and Cre-
ativity Management in the Innovation Economy
(Moscow, 2009), and over 150 papers in Russian
and English. He presented over 50 conference
papers and taught guest lectures in over 20 universi-
ties worldwide (Austria, China, Costa-Rica, Egypt,
xxiv About the Associate Editors

France, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Kazakhstan,

Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia, Malta, Russia, Spain, Sin-
gapore, Tajikistan, Ukraine, the USA, and other
countries).

Evangelos Grigoroudis is Professor of Manage-

ment of Quality Processes in the School of Produc-
tion Engineering and Management at the Technical
University of Crete, Greece (since 2002). He was
Visiting Professor in the School of Business
Administration at the European University of
Cyprus and in the School of Business and Econom-
ics at the TEI of Piraeus. Prof. Grigoroudis has also
served as Deputy Dean of the School of Production
Engineering and Management at the Technical
University of Crete and is the national representa-
tive in EURO (Association of European Opera-
tional Research Societies) and IFORS
(International Federation of Operational Research
Societies). He is Vice-President of the Hellenic
Operational Research Society (HELORS) and
member of the American Society for Quality
(senior member), the Sigma Xi Scientific and
Research Society, the New York Academy of Sci-
ences, and the International Society on Multiple
Criteria Making. Prof. Grigoroudis has received
distinctions from the Hellenic Operational
Research Society, best paper awards from the
World Automation Congress and the Academy of
Business and Administrative Sciences, and the
gold award of the Greek Healthcare Business
Awards 2017. He is Associate Editor of 8 scientific
journals and member of the Editorial Board of
6 scientific journals, and he acts as reviewer for
more than 80 journals. Prof. Grigoroudis is author
and/or editor of 18 books on service quality, oper-
ations management, business strategy and manage-
ment, multicriteria decision aid approaches, and
innovation management. He has published more
than 200 papers in scientific journals, books, and
conference proceedings, and he has edited 7 feature
issues in scientific journals. Since 1991, he has
been involved as coordinator or research associate
in 50 international and national research projects.
His research interests include quality management
processes, customer satisfaction measurement,
multicriteria decision analysis, innovation manage-
ment, and sustainability assessment.
About the Associate Editors xxv

Marta Peris-Ortiz is Full Professor of Entrepre-

neurship and Innovation at Universitat Politècnica
de València. She received her Ph.D. in Manage-
ment from the University of Valencia in 2005. Her
current research is focused on the topics of Entre-
preneurship and Innovation. She has published
more than 50 articles in journals indexed in the
SSCI such as Journal of Business Research and
Technological Forecasting and Social Change.
Prof. Peris-Ortiz has been Guest Editor of Tech-
nological Forecasting and Social Change, Man-
agement Decision, European Journal of
International Management, Service Industries
Journal, and Journal of Organizational Change
Management among others. She has been editor
of more than 20 research books published by
Springer. Prof. Peris-Ortiz is on the editorial
board of several journals of relevant international
prestige and has been President in different Inter-
national Conferences.
ThiS is a FM Blank Page
Contributors

Marian Adolf Karl Mannheim Chair for Cultural Studies, Zeppelin Univer-
sity, Friedrichshafen, Lake Constance, Germany
Ömer Akın School of Architecture, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh,
PA, USA
José Miguel Albarracín Guillem Departament of Business Organisation,
Faculty of Business Administration and Management, Universitat Politècnica
de València, Valencia, Spain
Gema Albort-Morant Department of Business Administration and Market-
ing, Faculty of Economics, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Sevilla, Spain
Carol R. Aldous School of Education, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA,
Australia
Andrei G. Aleinikov International Academy of Genius, Montery, CA, USA
Laurice Alexandre-Leclair Research Network on Innovation, CEDAG
Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
Sharam Alijani Department of Strategy and Entrepreneurship, NEOMA
Business School, Reims, France
Darien Allan Faculty of Education, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC,
Canada
Carl Martin Allwood Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg,
Göteborg, Sweden
Antonio Alonso-Gonzalez Marketing and International Business, EIAM-
PRIME Business School, Universidad Sergio Arboleda, Bogotá, Colombia
Beth Altringer Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences,
Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
MIT International Design Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
Alessandro Antonietti Department of Psychology, Catholic University of
the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
Markus Arnold Faculty of Interdisciplinary Studies (IFF), Institute for Sci-
ence Communication and Higher Education Research (WIHO), Alpen-Adria
University of Klagenfurt, Vienna, Austria
xxvii
xxviii Contributors

Arvind Ashta Finance, Control and Law, CEREN, EA 7477, Burgundy

School of Business - Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
Jonathan Bainée ENSTA ParisTech, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne
– France, Paris, France
Mohamed Bakhouya Department of Engineering Design and Production,
Aalto University School of Science and Technology, Aalto, Finland
Chaffik Bakkali University of Montpellier, Montpellier Management, Mont-
pellier, France
Pierre Barbaroux French Air Force Research Center, BA 701-EOAA/
CReA, Salon Air-France, France
Oscar Barroso-Huertas CETYS Universidad Baja California, Ensenada,
Mexico
Gerald Bartels Department of Communication Studies, Université de Mon-
tréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
Banff Centre for Arts and Creativity, Banff, AB, Canada
Research and Innovation of Intervene Design, Toronto, ON, Canada
Thorsten D. Barth Political Scientist and Academic Entrepreneur, Vienna
Democracy Ranking Organization – Academic Ranking Team, Vienna,
Austria
Redouane Barzi Ecole Nationale de Commerce et Gestion, Université Ibn
Tofail, Kenitra, Morocco
Min Basadur Michael G. DeGroote School of Business, McMaster Univer-
sity, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Tim Basadur College of Business, Krauss Hall 215, Concordia University
Chicago, River Forest, IL, USA
Gerald Bast Rector, University of Applied Arts Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Alain Philippe Batsale University of Paris 12, Paris, France
Frank Beckenbach University of Kassel, FB Wirtschaftswissenschaften,
Kassel, Germany
Guy Ben-Ari Defense Industrial Initiatives Group, Center for Strategic and
International Studies, Washington, DC, USA
Nicolas Bencherki Center for the Sociology of Innovation, Mines ParisTech
University, Paris, France
Philippe Béraud IMT Atlantique &LIRIS (Université de Rennes 2), Cesson
Sévigné, Cedex, France
James Berry UCL, London, UK
Tarek R. Besold Digital Media Lab, Center for Computing and Communi-
cation Technologies (TZI), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Contributors xxix

Shubhasheesh Bhattacharya Symbiosis Institute of International Business,

Pune, Maharashtra, India
Sonali Bhattacharya Symbiosis Centre for Management and Human
Resource Development, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Peter Biegelbauer Department Innovation Systems, Center for Innovation
Systems and Policy, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna, Austria
Magdalena Bielenia-Grajewska Intercultural Communication and
Neurolinguistics Laboratory, Department of Translation Studies, Faculty of
Languages, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
Andreas Binder Industrial Mathematics Competence Center, MathConsult
GmbH, Linz, Austria
Mauro Birattari Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
Alan F. Blackwell Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cam-
bridge, UK
Alicia Blanco-González Business Economics Department, King Juan Carlos
University, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
Gerhard W. E. Blasche Center for Public Health, Medical University of
Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Vincent Boly Equipe de recherche sur les processus innovatifs (ERPI),
Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
Maria Bonnafous-Boucher Novancia Business School Paris, Paris, France
Benjamin J. J. Bösch Vienna University of Economics and Business (WU),
Vienna, Austria
Boston College, Boston, MA, USA
Najoua Boufaden ISG – Institut Supérieur de Gestion, Paris, France
Hélène Perrin Boulonne France Angels, Paris, France
Pierre Bourgogne CAIRN-INNOVATION Consulting Agency, BLENOD-
LES-PAM, France
Sophie Boutillier Research Unit on Industry and Innovation/CLERSE–
CNRS (UMR 8019), University of Lille Nord de France, Research Network
on Innovation, Dunkerque, France
Research Unit on Industry and Innovation, University of Littoral Côte
d’Opale, Dunkerque, France
Angela Brand Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, MERIT (Maastricht
Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology),
Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Jay L. Brand Ideation, Haworth, Inc., Holland, MI, USA
Pascale Brenet IAE, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
xxx Contributors

Marc Bühlmann Année Politique Suisse, Institute of Political Science, Uni-

versity of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Thierry Burger-Helmchen BETA- Bureau d’Economie Théorique et
Appliquée, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
Cyndi Burnett International Center for Studies in Creativity, Buffalo, NY,
USA
Kevin Byron Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
John F. Cabra International Center for Studies in Creativity, Buffalo State,
Buffalo, NY, USA
Anuja Cabraal Graduate School of Business and Law, College of Business,
RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Mauricio Camargo ERPI, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
David F. J. Campbell Department of Political Science, University of Vienna,
Vienna, Austria
Department for Continuing Education Research and Educational Technolo-
gies, Center for Educational Management and Higher Education Develop-
ment, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
Unit for Quality Enhancement (UQE), University of Applied Arts Vienna,
Vienna, Austria
Faculty for Interdisciplinary Studies (IFF), Department of Science Communi-
cation and Higher Education Research (WIHO), Alpen-Adria-University Kla-
genfurt, Vienna, Austria
George S. Campbell Aon, Vienna, Austria
Carlos Devece Carañana Departamento de Organización de Empresas,
Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
Elias G. Carayannis Department of Information Systems and Technology
Management, European Union Research Center, GWU School of Business,
The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
Hernan Casakin School of Architecture, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
Didier Chabaud Sorbonne Business School – Université Paris I Panthéon
Sorbonne, Paris, France
Ming Ming Chiu University at Buffalo, State University of New York,
Buffalo, NY, USA
Dowon Choi Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
Denis Choulier UBFC / UTBM, Belfort, France
Francois Christophe Department of Pervasive Computing, Tampere Uni-
versity of Technology, Tampere, Finland
Eric Coatanéa Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
Contributors xxxi

Cinzia Colapinto Department of Management, Ca’ Foscari University Ven-

ice, Venice, Italy
Barbara Colombo Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the
Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
M. Pilar Conesa-Garcia University Polytechnic of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Franck Cormerais Université of Bordeaux 3 &MICA, Domaine
universitaire, Bordeaux, Cedex, France
Mawuli Couchoro CERFEG, FASEG, Université de Lomé, Lome, Togo
Jerry Courvisanos Federation Business School, Federation University Aus-
tralia, Mt Helen Campus, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
Ana Cruz-Suárez Business Economics Department, King Juan Carlos Uni-
versity, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
Alexander Damianisch Support Art and Research, University of Applied
Arts, Vienna, Austria
Marie-France Daniel Département de kinésiologie, Université de Montréal,
Montréal, QC, Canada
Maria Daskalakis University of Kassel, FB Wirtschaftswissenschaften,
Kassel, Germany
Jim Davies Institute of Cognitive Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON,
Canada
Karl Dayson Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of Sal-
ford, Salford, UK
Helen De Cruz Somerville College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Centre for Logic and Analytical Philosophy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,
Leuven, Belgium
Johan De Smedt Department of Philosophy and Ethics, Ghent University,
Ghent, Belgium
Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Jesus Huerta de Soto King Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
Robert L. DeHaan Division of Educational Studies, Emory University,
Atlanta, GA, USA
Marc-Hubert Depret University of Poitiers, CRIEF, IRIAF, Poitiers (cam-
pus of Niort), France
Robert H. Desmarteau Department of Strategy, Social and Environmental
Responsibilities, School of Management Sciences (ESG), University of Que-
bec at Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
Francisco Diez-Martin Business Economics Department, King Juan Carlos
University, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
xxxii Contributors

Faridah Djellal Clersé-CNRS, University Lille 1 and RRI, Villeneuve

d’Ascq, France
Marija Dobrovolska-Stoian Thinking Approach Group (TA Group), Riga,
Latvia
Amelie Drexler Department of Political Science, University of Vienna,
Vienna, Austria
Igor N. Dubina The Faculty of Economics, Novosibirsk State University
(NSU), Novosibirsk, Russia
The International Institute of Economics, Management, and Information Sys-
tems, Altai State University (ASU), Barnaul, Russia
Susanne Durst University of Skövde, Högskolevägen, Skövde, Sweden
School of Business, Skövde, Sweden
Geert Duysters Brabant Center of Entrepreneurship, Eindhoven University
of Technology and Tilburg University, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Robert P. Eckert New & Improved, LLC, Paul Smiths, NY, USA
Jakob Edler Innovation Policy and Strategy, University of Manchester,
Manchester, UK
Ingi Runar Edvardsson University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Michihiko Esaki Wisdom Management Research, DTCN International
Incorporation, Gifu City, Japan
Sandra Escamilla-Solano Departament of Business Administration, Faculty
of Juridical and Social Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
Sofia Estelles-Miguel Departament of Business Organisation, Faculty of
Business Administration and Management, Universitat Politècnica de
València, Valencia, Spain
Dawn L. Eubanks Behavioural Science and Entrepreneurship and Innova-
tion, Warwick Business School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
Nikolaos G. Evangelatos UNU-MERIT (Maastricht Economic and Social
Research Institute on Innovation and Technology), Maastricht University,
Maastricht, The Netherlands
Intensive Care Medicine Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine,
Allergology and Sleep Medicine, University Clinic for Emergency and Inten-
sive Care Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
Nikolaos Evangelatos Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, MERIT (Maas-
tricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology),
Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Intensive Care Medicine Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine,
Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University (PMU),
Nuremberg, Germany
Contributors xxxiii

Alexandra Fabrykowska Department of Political Science, University of

Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Faculty for Interdisciplinary Studies (iff), Institute of Science Communication
and Higher Education Research (WIHO), Alpen-Adria-University Klagenfurt,
Vienna, Austria
Joshua Fairchild Department of Psychology, Creighton University, Omaha,
NE, USA
Alain Fayolle EM Lyon Business School, Grenoble, France
Gregory J. Feist Department of Psychology, San Jose State University, San
Jose, CA, USA
Cristina Fernandes Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco,
Portugal
NECE – Research Unit in Business Sciences, Covilhã, Covilhã, Portugal
João J. Ferreira Management and Economics, University of Beira Interior
and NECE – Research Unit in Business Sciences, Covilhã, Portugal
Roger Firestien Innovation Resources Inc., Buffalo, NY, USA
Joëlle Forest EVS-ITUS UMR5600, National Institute of Applied Sciences
of Lyon, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
Claude Fournier Réseau de Recherche sur I’Innovation (RRI), Laboratoire
de recherche sur I’industrie et I’innovation (Lab.RII), Dunkerque, France
Janice Francisco BridgePoint Effect, Ottawa, Canada
Thomas A. E. Fuchs Political Science (Research Focus: European Union,
European Integration, Security Policy), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Liane Gabora Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia
Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
Andrea Gaggioli Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the
Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
Mathieu Gagnon Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
Delphine Gallaud CESAER UMR 1051 Agrosupdijon Inra, Dijon, France
Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1041, AgroSup Dijon, INRA
CESAER, Dijon, France
Faïz Gallouj Clersé-CNRS, University Lille 1 and RRI, Villeneuve d’Ascq,
France
Christian Garaus WU (Vienna University of Economics and Business),
Institute for Strategy, Technology and Organization, Vienna, Austria
Raghu Garud Department of Management and Organization, The Pennsyl-
vania State University, State College, PA, USA
Brigitte Gay Toulouse Business School, University of Toulouse, Toulouse,
France
xxxiv Contributors

Robert M. Gemmell Department of Strategy and Entrepreneurship, Robin-

son College of Business, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
Horst Geschka Geschka & Partner Unternehmensberatung, Darmstadt,
Germany
Michael Gibbons SPRU (Science Policy Research Unit), University of Sus-
sex, Brighton, UK
Susanne Giesecke Center for Innovation Systems and Policy, Austrian Insti-
tute of Technology, Vienna, Austria
Ignacio Gil-Conesa University Polytechnic of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Ignacio Gil-Pechuan University Polytechnic of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Georg Glaeser Institute of Arts and Technology, Department of Geometry,
University of Applied Arts Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Aytac Gogus BAGEM, Center for Individual and Academic Development,
Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
Raúl Gómez-Martínez Rey Juan Carlos University, Faculty of Law and
Social Sciences, Department of Business Economics, Madrid, Spain
Tomás Félix González-Cruz Departamento de Dirección de Empresas,
Facultad de Economia, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
Richard Tabor Greene De Tao Master’s Academy, Beijing, China
System Design and Management, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
Samapti Guha Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra,
India
Priya Dhamija Gupta Symbiosis Centre for Management and Human
Resource Management, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Wolfgang H. Güttel Institute of Human Resource and Change Management,
Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria
Samia Haddad Institute of High Commercial Studies of Tunis (IHEC),
Tunis, Tunisia
Mavis Haigh School of Learning, Develoment and Professional Practice,
The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Abdelillah Hamdouch Planning Department, Polytechnic School, Univer-
sity of Tours, Tours, France
Katharina Handler Centre for Social Innovation, Vienna, Austria
Ulrike Hanke Department of Educational Science, University of Education
Freiburg (Pädagogische Hochschule), Freiburg, Germany
Georg Hanschitz Amrop Jenewein, Public Sector, Technology & Media,
Professional Services and Industry, Vienna, Austria
Business Development Manager, Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer LLP,
Vienna, Austria
Contributors xxxv

Yi Hao The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA

Cynthia Hardy Department of Management and Marketing, University of
Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
Phillip Sinclair Harvard EIGSI – University of La Rochelle, La Rochelle,
France
Parina Hassanaly UFR medecine SESSTIM UMR 912, Aix Marseille
Université, Marseille, PACA, France
John Haworth Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
Thomas Heinze Lehrstuhl für Organisationssoziologie, Bergische Univer-
sität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
Andreas Heller Department for Public Care, University of Graz, Graz,
Austria
Ludger Helms Department of Political Science, University of Innsbruck,
Innsbruck, Austria
Sven Hemlin Department of Psychology, School of Business, Economics
and Law, Gothenburg Research Institute (GRI), University of Gothenburg,
Göteborg, Sweden
Beth A. Hennessey Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
MIT International Design Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
Takeo Higuchi Idea-Marathon Institute (IMS Institute), Tokyo, Japan
Lisz Hirn Independent Philosopher and Researcher, Vienna, Austria
University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Rae Ann Hirsh Early Childhood, Carlow University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Josef Hochgerner Centre for Social Innovation (ZSI), Vienna, Austria
Margit Hofer Centre for Social Innovation, Vienna, Austria
Bjørn Hofmann Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU),
Gjøvik, Norway
University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
W. David Holford Department of Management and Technology, School of
Management Sciences (ESG), University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM),
Montreal, QC, Canada
Werner Hölzl Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO), Vienna,
Austria
Yi Hua The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
Samuel T. Hunter The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA,
USA
Dirk Ifenthaler Learning, Design and Technology, University of Mannheim,
Mannheim, Germany
xxxvi Contributors

Jonathan Impett School of Media and Performing Arts, Middlesex Univer-

sity, London, UK
Jean-Pierre Issa International Center for Studies in Creativity, Buffalo State
College, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
Anna Katharina Jacob Zentrum fuer Hochschul- und Qualitaetsent-
wicklung (ZfH), Universitaet Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
Garrett Jaeger University of Georgia, Vista, California, USA
Sabina Jaeger Auckland University of Technology-New Zealand, Auck-
land, New Zealand
Jonatan Jelen Parsons The New School for Design, New York, NY, USA
Björn Johnson Department of Business and Management, Aalborg Univer-
sity, Aalborg, Denmark
Renata Jonina Thinking Approach Group (TA Group), Riga, Latvia
Nowshade Kabir Knolee Group, Toronto, ON, Canada
Robert Kaiser Seminar of Social Sciences, University of Siegen, Siegen,
North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany
Thomas Kaiserfeld Departmant of Arts and Cultural Sciences, Lund Uni-
versity, Lund, Sweden
Bahman Kalantari Department of Computer Science, Rutgers, The State
University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
D. Kariv Department of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, The College of
Management, Academic Studies, Rishon Lezion, Israel
James C. Kaufman Department of Psychology, Learning Research Institute,
California State University at San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, USA
Uwe H. Kaufmann Centre for Organisational Effectiveness (COE Pte Ltd),
Singapore, Singapore
Matthias Keppel L4.4 People’s Services, Austrian Parliament, Vienna,
Austria
Ralph Kerle The Creative Leadership Forum, Willoughby, NSW, Australia
Stefan Kesting Auckland University of Technology-New Zealand, Auck-
land, New Zealand
Barbara Kieslinger Centre for Social Innovation (ZSI), Vienna, Austria
Daehyun Kim University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
Kyung Hee Kim The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
Laurens Klerkx Knowledge, Technology and Innovation Group,
Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Contributors xxxvii

David A. Kolb Department of Organization Behavior, Weatherhead School

of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
Michael König Department of Strategy and Innovation, Vienna University of
Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria
Stefan Konlechner Institute of Human Resource and Change Management,
Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria
Pawel Korzynski Department of Human Resources, Kozminski University,
Warszawa, Poland
Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
Gerhard Krauss Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Rennes 2,
Rennes, France
Georg Krücken International Centre for Higher Education Research
(INCHER), University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
Ulf Krumnack Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück,
Osnabrück, Germany
Stefan Kuhlmann Science, Technology, and Policy Studies (STePS), Uni-
versity of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
Kai-Uwe Kühnberger Institute of Cognitive Science, University of
Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
Hubert Lackner Institute of Human Resource and Change Management,
Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria
Thomas Lans Education and Competence Studies Group, Wageningen Uni-
versity, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Blandine Laperche Research Unit on Industry and Innovation/CLERSE–
CNRS (UMR 8019), University of Lille Nord de France, Research Network on
Innovation, Dunkerque, France
Research Unit on Industry and Innovation, University of Littoral Côte
d’Opale, Dunkerque, France
Edgar Lasevich Thinking Approach Group (TA Group), Riga, Latvia
Kung Wong Lau Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Poly-
technic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
Eric Michael Laviolette Novancia Business School Paris, Paris, France
Antonio Leal-Millán Department of Business Administration and Mar-
keting, Faculty of Economics, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Sevilla,
Spain
Antonio L. Leal-Rodríguez Department of Management, ETEA-
Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
xxxviii Contributors

Divya Leducq UMR CNRS 7324 CITERES, Polytech Tours, Tours, France
Johannes Leitner University for Applied Sciences bfi Vienna, Vienna,
Austria
Karl-Heinz Leitner Center for Innovation Systems and Policy, AIT Austrian
Institute of Technology, Vienna, Austria
Center for Entrepreneurship and Applied Business Studies, University of
Graz, Graz, Austria
Nadine Levratto EconomiX, UMR 7235 CNRS, University Paris Ouest
Nanterre La Défense and Euromed Management, Nanterre, France
Loet Leydesdorff Amsterdam School of Communication Research
(ASCoR), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Gordana Licina Michael G. DeGroote School of Business, McMaster Uni-
versity, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Peter Liljedahl Faculty of Education, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby,
BC, Canada
Malin Lindberg Department of Business Administration, Technology and
Social Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
Bengt-Åke Lundvall Department of Business and Management, Aalborg
University, Aalborg, Denmark
Stuart Mackenzie Federation Business School, Federation University Aus-
tralia, Mt Helen Campus, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
Steve Maguire Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill University, Mon-
treal, QC, Canada
Michel Marchesnay ERFI, ISEM, Université de Montpellier, Montpelier,
France
Ilse Marschalek Centre for Social Innovation, Vienna, Austria
Ben R. Martin SPRU – Science and Technology Policy Research, The
Freeman Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
Clay Martin The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
Clayton V. Martin Alvernia University, Reading, PA, USA
Jason L. Mast Karl Mannheim Chair for Cultural Studies, Zeppelin Univer-
sity, Friedrichshafen, Lake Constance, Germany
Ruth Mateus-Berr Center for Didactics of Art and Interdisciplinary Educa-
tion, University of Applied Arts Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Kurt Mayer REFLACT – Sustainable Consulting, Vienna, Austria
Galina Medyna Department of Engineering Design and Production, Aalto
University School of Science and Technology, Aalto, Finland
Contributors xxxix

José M. Merigó Lindahl Department of Management Control and Informa-

tion Systems, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
Céline Merlin-Brogniart CLERSE, Lille, France
University of Lille–France, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
Karim Messeghem University of Montpellier, Montpellier Management,
Montpellier, France
Michael Meyer Department of Management, Institute for Nonprofit Man-
agement, WU – Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna,
Austria
Winter Meyer Learning Research Institute, California State University at
San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, USA
Dimis Michaelides Performa Consulting, Nicosia, Cyprus
Blair Miller Blair Miller Innovation, Evanston, IL, USA
Alfonso Montuori Department of Transformative Inquiry, California Insti-
tute of Integral Studies, San Francisco, CA, USA
Seana Moran MIT International Design Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
Clark University, Worcester, MA, USA
Laure Morel ERPI, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
Maria D. Moreno-Luzon Department of Business Administration, Facultat
d’Economia, Universitat de València, Valencia, VC, Spain
Piera Morlacchi Department of Management, University of Sussex Business
School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
Barbara Müller Institute of Human Resource and Change Management,
Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria
Karl H. Müller Steinbeis Transfer Center New Cybernetics, Vienna, Austria
Marc Muller International University Institute, Munsbach, Luxembourg
Francis Munier BETA, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
Abu Saleh Mohammad Musa Credit and Development Forum (CDF),
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Bence Nanay Centre for Philosophical Psychology, University of Antwerp,
Antwerp, Belgium
Peterhouse University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Ferreira Nathalie Research Network of Innovation, Paris, France
Patrice Noailles-Siméon European Forum for Innovation Policies – Evry
University – RRI, Paris, France
Nicole Norton The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
xl Contributors

Kamisah Osman Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,

The National University of Malaysia, Bangi Selangor, Malaysia
Marta Palmer Gato Departament of Business Organisation, Faculty of
Business Administration and Management, Universitat Politècnica de
València, Valencia, Spain
Andreas Panagopoulos University of Crete, Department of Economics,
Rethymnon, Greece
Jordi Paniagua Faculty of Economics and Business, Catholic Universtiy of
Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
Ivan Pantelić Independent Artist and Researcher, Vienna, Austria
Elke Park Institute for Science Communication and Higher Education
Research (WIHO), University of Klagenfurt, Vienna, Austria
Florin Paun ONERA – The French Aerospace Lab, Palaiseau, France
Attila Pausits Department for Continuing Education Research and Educa-
tional Technologies, Center for Educational Management and Higher Educa-
tion Development, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
European Higher Education Society (EAIR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Michael Pawlikowski University at Buffalo, State University of New York,
Buffalo, NY, USA
Michael Peneder Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO), Vienna,
Austria
Julien Pénin University of Strasbourg – BETA (UMR 7522 CNRS-UdS),
Strasbourg Cedex, France
Marta Peris-Ortiz Departamento de Organización de Empresas, Universitat
Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
Yvon Pesqueux Chaire de Développement des Systèmes d’Organisation,
Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
Francesca Petrella Lest CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Aix-en-provence,
France
Thomas Pfeffer Department for Migration and Globalization, Danube Uni-
versity Krems, Krems, Austria
Institute for Science Communication and Higher Education Research, Kla-
genfurt University, Vienna, Austria
Fabienne Picard University of Technology of Belfort-Montbeliard, Belfort,
France
Robert A. Pierce George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
Carlotta Piscopo IRIDIA, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles,
Belgium
Contributors xli

Paola Plaza-Casado Departament of Business Administration, Faculty of

Juridical and Social Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
Christian Poncet ART-Dev, University of Montpellier, Montpelier, France
Colin Porlezza Department of Journalism, City, University of London,
London, UK
Alberto Prado-Román Business Economics Department, King Juan Carlos
University, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
Camilo Prado-Román Rey Juan Carlos University, Faculty of Law and
Social Sciences, Department of Business Economics, Madrid, Spain
Miguel Prado-Román Departament of Business Administration, Faculty
of Juridical and Social Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid,
Spain
Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
Barbara Prainsack Department of Political Science, University of Vienna,
Vienna, Austria
Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Kings College London,
London, UK
Heiko Prange-Gstöhl DG Research and Innovation, European Commission,
Brussels, Belgium
Hector Ramos Department of Educational Psychology, College of Education
and Human Development, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA
Suzanna J. Ramos Department of Educational Psychology, College of Edu-
cation and Human Development, Texas A&M University, College Station,
TX, USA
Kathleen Randerson University of Grenoble IUT2-CERAG, Grenoble,
France
Clint Randles Center for Music Education Research, School of Music, MUS
317 College of the Art, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
Jacques-Laurent Ravix GREDEG research group (Groupe de Recherche en
Droit, Economie, Gestion), University of Nice – Sophia Antipolis and CNRS
(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Nice, France
Department of Economics, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
Julie Ray Réseau de Recherche sur l’Innovation, Dunkerque, France
Olga M. Razumnikova State Scientific-Research Institute of Physiology and
Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
Sophie Reboud CEREN, EA 7477, Burgundy School of Business,
Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
xlii Contributors

Renaud Redien-Collot Novancia Business School Paris, Paris, France

Nadine Richez-Battesti Lest CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Aix-en-pro-
vence, France
Alan G. Robinson Isenberg School of Management, University of Massa-
chusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
Serge Le Roux Research Unit on Industry and Innovation, University of
Littoral, Dunkerque, France
Research Network on Innovation, Paris, France
Carlos Rueda-Armengot Departamento de Organización de Empresas,
Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
Mark A. Runco University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
Creativity Research and Programming, Southern Oregon University,
Ashland, OR, USA
American Institute for Behavioral Research and Technology, Vista, California,
USA
Charlotta Ruth Zentrum Fokus Forschung (ZFF), University of Applied
Arts, Vienna, Austria
Anne-Laure Saives Department of Management and Technology, School of
Management Sciences (ESG), University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM),
Montreal, QC, Canada
Sylvie Sammut University of Montpellier, Montpellier Management, Mont-
pellier, France
Aljona Sandgren School of Business, Åbo Akademi University, Turku/Åbo,
Finland
Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm
University, Stockholm, Sweden
Teresa Schaefer Centre for Social Innovation (ZSI), Vienna, Austria
Helene Schiffbaenker Joanneum Research, Vienna, Austria
Willi Schlegelmilch Manager, Accounting System Standardisation,
Schönaich, Germany
Adele L. Schmidt School of Education and Professional Studies, Griffith
University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Russell Schneck WorkingLessons, Kerhonkson, NY, USA
Wieland Schneider Die Presse, Vienna, Austria
Wilfred Schoenmakers Management Studies Group, Wageningen Univer-
sity and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Maria Schrammel Centre for Social Innovation, Vienna, Austria
Klaus Schuch Centre for Social Innovation (ZSI), Vienna, Austria
Contributors xliii

Martina Schwarz-Geschka Geschka & Partner Unternehmensberatung,

Darmstadt, Germany
Angela Schwering Institute for Geoinformatics, University of Münster,
Münster, Germany
Norbert M. Seel Department of Education, University of Freiburg, Freiburg,
Germany
Franz Seifert Austrian Science Fund FWF (Funding Organization), Vienna,
Austria
Imen Selmi National Engineering School of Gabes (ENIG), Gabès, Tunisia
Pieter Seuneke Aeres University of Applied Sciences Wageningen,
Wageningen, The Netherlands
Robina Shaheen The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
Dean Keith Simonton Department of Psychology, University of California,
Davis, CA, USA
Anthony Siradakis The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA,
USA
Nina Slanevskaya St. Petersburg Centre for Interdisciplinary Neuroscience
Ltd., St. Petersburg, Russia
David A. Smarsh International Academy of Genius, Montery, CA, USA
Alexander Sokol Thinking Approach Group (TA Group), Riga, Latvia
Hefa Song Institute of Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Sci-
ences, Beijing, China
Markku Sotarauta Faculty of Management, University of Tampere, Tam-
pere, FI, Finland
Philippe Spieser Groupe Escpeurope, Paris, France
John E. Spillan School of Business, University of North Carolina At Pem-
broke, Pembroke, NC, USA
Nico Stehr Karl Mannheim Chair for Cultural Studies, Zeppelin University,
Friedrichshafen, Lake Constance, Germany
Anne Stenros KONE Corporation, Espoo, Finland
Sam Stern College of Education, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR,
USA
Kajetan Stransky-Can Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and
Research, Vienna, Austria
William B. Strean Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
K. S. Subramanian Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra,
India
xliv Contributors

Gregory Tassey National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithers-

burg, MD, USA
Leïla Temri Montpellier SupAgro - UMR 1110 MOISA, SESG, Montpellier,
France
Stephen Thaler Imagination Engines, Inc., St. Charles, MO, USA
Mazzarol Tim University of Western Australia Business School, Crawley,
WA, Australia
André Torre INRA, Agro Paristech, UMR SAD-APT, Paris, France
Olivier Torrès University of Montpellier South of France, Montpellier,
France
Faruk Ulgen Grenoble Faculty of Economics, University Grenoble Alpes-
Centre de Recherche en Economie de Grenoble (CREG), Grenoble, France
Eskil Ullberg Interdisciplinary Center for Economic Science, George Mason
University, Fairfax County, VA, USA
Iris Ullmann AuPSA/Branch Political Leadership, Innsbruck, Austria
Elisabeth Unterfrauner Centre for Social Innovation, Vienna, Austria
Diego Uribe-Larach Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Las Condes, Santiago,
Chile
Vuk Uskoković Therapeutic Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Depart-
ment of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California,
San Francisco, CA, USA
Dimitri Uzunidis Research Unit on Industry and Innovation/CLERSE–
CNRS (UMR 8019), University of Lille Nord de France, Research Network
on Innovation, Dunkerque, France
Political Economy, Research Unit on Industry and Innovation University,
University of Littoral Côte d’Opale, Dunkerque, France
Ingrid Vaileanu XVALUATOR, universal digital hub converting big data in
shared value, Member of Cap Digital and Finance Innovation, Paris, France
Ingrid Vaileanu Paun Institut de l’Evaluation Participative de la Valeur
Territoriale, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
Jonathan Vehar Center for Creative Leadership, Greensboro, NC, USA
Etienne Vignola-Gagné Science-Metrix, Montréal, Canada
Daniela Villani Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the
Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
Yingxu Wang Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Interna-
tional Institute of Cognitive Informatics and Cognitive Computing (ICIC),
University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
K. Matthias Weber Center for Innovation Systems and Policy, Austrian
Institute of Technology, Vienna, Austria
Contributors xlv

Peter Webster Scholarly and Professional Studies, Scholar-in-Residence,

University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Gerhard Weiss Department of Economics and Social Sciences, University of
Life Sciences and Natural Resources, Vienna, Austria
European Forest Institute - Forest Policy Research Network, University of
Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
Claudia Wenzel Department Health Sciences, IMC University of Applied
Sciences Krems, Krems, Austria
Marian Wielezynski Université du Littoral (RRI Dunkerque), Consulting-
European Union, Beauvais, France
Noël Williams The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
Joshua Wilson The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
Lee Wilson School of Political Science and International Studies, The Uni-
versity of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
Division of Social Anthropology, Department of Archeology and Anthropol-
ogy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
David M. Wineroither Department of Political Science, Hungarian Acad-
emy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
Jeffrey G. Woods School of Business, University of Indianapolis, Indianap-
olis, IN, USA
Robert F. Xavier ThePoliticalMinds.com, Laguna Hills, CA, USA
Fangqi Xu The Institute for Creative Management and Innovation, Kindai
University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, Japan
Shinya Yamamoto Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama
City, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
Titus Yong National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Sureyya Yoruk Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
Christopher Ziemnowicz Department of Management, Marketing, and
International Business, The University of North Carolina at Pembroke, Pem-
broke, NC, USA
Andrea Zirm Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften (HAW),
Wentorf, Hamburg, Germany
Boris Zlotin Ideation International Inc., Farmington Hills, MI, USA
Alla Zusman Ideation International Inc., Farmington Hills, MI, USA
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