Lecture 1: Introduction to Signal
Processing
„ 1.0 Introduction
„ The aim of this lecture is to introduce some of the concepts of digital
signal processing.
„ Give some example of signal that can be processed.
„ Discuss some areas where DSP has found applications.
Digital signal processing and its Benefits
„ The types of signal that has application with DSP processing
include:-
„ Speech processing, including telephony, automatic speech
recognition, and speech enhancement.
„ Biomedical applications, such as processing ECG signals to
determine heart disease, EEG signals to determine brain activity
or dysfunction.
„ Sound and music, such as MP3 encoding.
„ Image processing, such as processing information from CAT
scans to construct images.
„ Radar and sonar processing, such as identification of targets,
their bearing, the range and speed by its Doppler frequency.
The disadvantages of using DSP
„ The speed and cost of implementing DSP solutions to a problem can
become expansive. This is particularly true in the case when processing
signal with large bandwidths.
„ Limitations of DSP techniques are due to ADC/DAC converters. Also,
the DSP processor devices are not fast enough to perform the
mathematical processing.
„ The design time involved in developing a DSP solution can be time
consuming.
„ DSP represent signal with a limited number of bits. The limitation can
degrade the performance of the system may result.
Basic structure of DSP processing
Attraction of the DSP
„ DSP accuracy is limited to the number of bits used to represent the
signal.
„ The performance of the DSP processing does not change due to
external effects such as temperature.
„ DSP solution to problems offers lower cost, and low power
consumption.
„ DSP systems are based on programmed devices and consequently this
offers great flexibility without the need for modifying hardware.
„ Function that other wise can not be implemented in the analogue
domain can be implemented in the digital domain. For example, filter
that have a linear phase or complex adaptive filters.
Application Areas
„ DSP has found application in a wide range of areas where information can be
handled in digital form or controlled by a digital processor.
Image processing
„ pattern recognition where an object is recognized.
Image enhancement where the images can be consider to be a two dimensional
„
image and the noise is filtered out.
Images can be scanned into a PC and software is used to improve the
„
appearance of the picture.
Instrumentation
„ spectral analysis where a signal of sampled the DSP processor uses
mathematical algorithms to transform the signal from the time domain to the
frequency domain.
„ Position and rate control, is in the case of tracking a target
„ Kalman filters in which the state variables relate to the position, velocity and
acceleration.
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Speech processing
„ Speech recognition is an application where DSP is widely used.
„ Speech utterance is sampled and converted to feature vectors that
represent the feature of speech.
„ The detection of a spoken word is achieved using likelihood measures
of a sequence of word segments called phonemes. The probability for
sequence of phonemes is model using Hidden Markov Models (HMM).
Military applications
„ DSP processing has found many applications in the military including
encryption and de-encryption providing secure communications.
„ Radar and sonar processing such as non-cooperative target
recognition, target bearing information, target tracking, and missile
guidance.
Some Examples of Real-World
Applications using DSP Solution
Digital audio mixing
„ This allows the mixing and monitoring the characteristics of multiple
audio inputs
Speech Recognition
„ The concept of speech recognition can be divided into two tasks.
„ The first task is the training phase where the user speaks a set of
words that are to be recognized.
„ The computer than converts the spoken word to a set of parameter
and a template of the word in stored.
Telecommunications
„ The applications of DSP in the telecommunication include echo
cancellation.
The signal is reflected from the receiver back to the transmitter
cause the one speaking to hear a delay version of his own
voice.
DSP technique can be used to subtract the echoed signal.
Biomedical processing
„ Some applications where DSP is used in the medical field
include tomographic reconstruction, patient monitoring,
analyzing and extracting information EEG signals when the
patient undergo seizures, analyzing ECG signal for the diagnosis
of various heart problems.
„ The digital audio equalizer consists of a set of controllable
digital filters that are used to manipulate parts of the signal
spectrum to achieve the desired sound.
„ This is followed by a mixing matrix that allows the user to
combine the any of the equalized signals.
„ After mixing further DSP processing can be done using the
postprocessing, which may include reverberation an
equalization.
„ The second task is concern with the identification of the speech
utterance.
„ The speech is tested against the predetermine templates and a word is
identified when a match is found.
„ Speech recognition is not an easy task to accomplish since
environmental factors such as background noise affect the
performance.
„ The change of the DSP processing is to provide robust processing
algorithms.
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 Biomedical DSP Application:
The Cochlea Implants
„ One area where DSP has found application in the biomedical field is with
cochlea implants.

SYLLABUS: EE4000 SIGNAL

PROCESSING 3
„ Lecture 1 Introduction: Applications of signal processing „ Software Tools
„ Lecture 2 Analogue to Digital Conversion „ Lecture 17 Software Tools Visual DSP++
Lecture 3 Digital-to-Analogue Conversion
„
„ Lecture 18 Assembler Language
„ Z-transform „ Lecture 19 Assembly Language
„ Lecture 4 Z transform definition „ Frequency Analysis of Signals
„ Lecture 5 Z-transform properties and applications „ Lecture 20 Discrete Fourier Transforms
„ Digital Filters „ Lecture 21 FFT Decimation-in-time
„ Lecture 6 Introduction to Digital Filters „ Lecture 22 FFT Decimation-in-frequency
„ Lecture 7 FIR Window Method, FIR Optimal Method.
„
„ Lecture 8 FIR Frequency Sampling Method
„ Lecture 9 IIR Pole-Zero Placement Method, IIR Impulse Invariant Method „ Time Analysis of Signals
„ Lecture 10 Matched Z-transform, Bilinear Z-transform „ Lecture 23 Correlation
„ Lecture 11 Filter Structure Realisations (Parallel, Cascade) „ Lecture 24 Convolution
„ Lecture 12 Lattice Implementation „ Multirate Filter
„ Lecture 25 Multirate filters: Decimation and Interpolation
„ Some Hardware Consideration to DSP
„ Lecture 13 Introduction to DSP Architectures
„ Lecture 26 Multirate filter structures design
„ Lecture 14 Core Architecture „ Exam Preparation Revision
„ Lecture 15 IO Processor
„ Lecture 16 ADSP 21262 evaluation board.