Q1.

) RAJA RAM MOHAN ROY – FATHER OF INDIAN JOURNALISM

Roy published magazines in English, Hindi, Persian, and Bengali. He published Brahmonical

Magazine in English in 1821. One notable magazine of his was the Sambad Kaumudi, published in
1821. In 1822, Ram Mohan published Mirat-ul-Akbar in Persian language.

Brahmonical Magazine ceased to exist after publication of few issues. But Sambad Kaumudi, a news
weekly, covered topics such as freedom of press, induction of Indians into high ranks of service and
separation of the executive and judiciary. Sambad Kaumudi became bi-weekly in January 1830 and
continued for 33 years.
He published newspaper to register his protest against the introduction of Press Ordinance of 1823.
The ordinance stated that a license from the Governor General in council would be mandatory to
publish any newspaper. When the English Company censored the press, Rammohan composed two
memorials against this in 1829 and 1830 respectively. Being an activist, he steadily opposed social
atrocities like Sati and child marriage.

In Dec., 1821, he started the Sambad Kaumudi, a weekly paper, intended to advance the intellectual
and moral welfare of the people, and later, in Per-Ian, the Mirat-al-Akhbar. These early efforts have
given him the title of founder of native journalism in India. He has also been called the father of
Bengali prose, as up to that time few Bengali prose works had appeared, and they of little merit. His
prose works are mostly controversial, showing that the Shastras in their higher teachings are on the
side of monotheism and against idolatry. He also composed religious songs that hold even to-day a
high place in Bengali hearts.
During this period of residence in Calcutta he came much in contact with Europeans, including
missionaries, and became familiar with the Bible, studying both the Hebrew and Greek. The ethics of
the teachings of Christ deeply influenced him, resulting in his publishing the Precepts of Jesus, the
Guide to Peace and Happiness. This. publication was followed by an unfortunate discussion on the
doctrinal side of Christianity with the Baptist missionaries of Serampore. In 1828 the Atmiya Sabha,
which he had founded, became the Brahma Sabha, later known as the Brahma Samaj, and under its
enthusiastic leader many were drawn to a theistic belief. On Jan. 23, 1830, a building was consecrated
for its use. In Nov., 1830, Rammohan Roy, now Raja Rammohan Roy, a title given him in 1829 by
the Emperor of Delhi, set sail for England, where he died. He is entitled to the honor of being the first
modern Brahman to cross the ocean.

Rammohan Roy is the first modern man of India. I believe that he has first unleashed the way to think
and analyze the religion. Society and any other socio cultural aspects in a true way of self
manifestation in the light of universal. He even taught the principles of universal cooperation lines of
cultural understanding. As a whole he has first opened and paved the way of cultivating and
upgrading the humanism by progressive intellectual thoughts and actions infront of the India. I
personally respect him to a high degree. I get a mental satisfaction and confidence out of self
realization going through his deeds works and seeing his photo even.
Q2.) THE GROWTH OF LANGUAGE PRESS IN INDIA

Press would have been taken to mean the English language newspapers published from the
metropolitan cities. A few lesser towns did have English dailies, but their fame rested more on their
association with some eminen t personalities than on their size or strength. There were vigorous
publications in some Indian languages, too, but they counted for little in the national scheme. Two or
three decades later, the provincial newspapers in English and several Indian langua ges were powerful
enough to compel the attention of political and economic interests. Still later the Indian language
press acquired clout as a national player. In India's Newspaper Revolution, Robin Jeffrey chronicles
the changes in the media landscape since Independence.

A newspaper straddles two different markets: one comprises the readers who buy its copies, and the
oth er the advertisers who buy space in it. An inquiry to ascertain which of these markets drives the
newspaper will show that by and large advertisers have replaced readers as the main force. Readers
are important only to the extent that they are needed to attract and hold advertisers.

Jeffrey examines the process of localisation that has played a big part in the readership explosion.
Very often this process has been accompanied by trivialisation of newspaper content. This aspect does
not come under scrutiny since the book is not prima rily about the content of the newspapers.

Long before the newspaper owners discovered the joys of capitalism, the capitalists had discovered
the virtues of newspaper ownership and picked up whatever publications were up for grabs. As a
result, some of the large English language newspapers became a part of the big industrial houses in
the early years of Independence. Some of them attempted to extend their reach from the big cities to
the small ones and from English to the Indian languages. However, the local institutions were able to
hold their own. The most ambitious of the empire-builders, Ramnath Goenka, planted his flag in a
dozen towns and half a dozen languages but could not achieve primacy anywhere.

While the English newspaper chains spread out from big cities to smaller ones, the Indian language
newspapers moved in the opposite direction. Many of them had their origin in the humble setting of
small towns from where they extended their sway over the entire region or State.

The phenomenal growth of the newspapers was made possible by a combination of factors: rise in
literacy rates, spread of the reading habit, increase in purchasing power and so on. Since these factors
have not fully worked themselves out, the newspaper re volution that Jeffrey set out to chronicle is
certain to roll on for a long time yet. Recognising this fact, he refrains from presenting his story as
one with an ending. However, he expresses the hope that his analysis, covering such aspects as what
driv es the industry, the people who own, operate and seek to control it and its wider consequences,
will prove durable.

The ground realities militate against the assumption that the trends of the past will continue. Even as
city-based English newspapers penetrated deep into the country, a powerful provincial press could
emerge, as the advertisers, eager to tap new markets , patronised State-level newspapers, including
those in the local languages. If the earlier trends persist, advertisers must now turn to publications in
smaller towns to reach out to newer markets, leading to the blooming of the district press. However,
with State-level newspapers tightening their hold on the districts, that possibility is being foreclosed.
Thus the odds are that the monopolistic tendencies that are in evidence in some areas will grow in the
coming years. Also, with television providing an opportunity to reach out to small-town and rural
consumers, advertisers may not attach as much value to the district papers as they did to the provincial
papers.The Indian newsroom does not reflect the country's social diversity. That two categories are
grossly under-represented: Dalits and women. Many newspapers recognise that women constitute an.
Yet, they are loathe to follow the salutary principle enunciated by the American Society of Newspaper
Editors that the newsroom must be representative of the society that it seeks to serve.

Q1.) DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRESS FREEDOM IN USA & UK

USA

The public's right to know is one of the central principles of American society. The framers of the
Constitution of the United States resented the strict control that the American colonies' British rulers
had imposed over ideas and information they did not like. They determined that the power of
knowledge should be placed in the hands of the people. To insure a healthy and uninhibited flow of
information, they included freedom of the press among the basic human rights protected in the new
nation's Bill of Rights. These first 10 Amendments to the Constitution of the United States became
law in 1791. The First Amendment says, in part, that "Congress shall make no law… abridging the
freedom of speech, or of the press…" That protection from control by the federal government meant
that anyone -- rich or poor, and regardless of political or religious beliefs -- could generally publish
whatever he or she wished.

Ever since, the First Amendment has served as the conscience and shield of all Americans.  In those
early days, the media, created by printing presses, were few and simple -- newspapers, pamphlets and
books. Today the media also include television, radio, films and the Internet; and the term "the press"
refers to any news operation in any media, not just print.

Few press laws are in force in the U.S. because of this broad constitutional protection of press
freedom and analogous provisions in the constitutions of the 50 states. Existing laws tend to provide
additional protections in categories not covered by the Constitution. The Privacy Act of 1974, for
example, regulates the collection and dissemination of personal information contained in the files of
federal agencies; the Privacy Protection Act of 1980 establishes protection from police searches of
newsrooms. Additional examples include federal and state Freedom of Information and "sunshine"
laws (such as the 1966 federal Freedom of Information Act) which opens up executive-branch records
to public and press scrutiny.

The scope of U.S. press freedom has been determined principally by court decisions interpreting the
nuances of the First Amendment. In general, the U.S. courts have held that the press has a "watchdog"
role over government and is not subject to prior restraint or registration. On the other hand,
defamation, obscenity and publication of national-security secrets have been generally determined not
eligible for protection under the First Amendment.

In 1934, Congress set up the current oversight agency of the broadcasting industry, the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC). The law vested in the FCC not only "watchdog" functions, but
licensing and rulemaking powers, subject to "public interest, convenience, and necessity." Acting on
this mandate, the FCC has sought to promote diversity in content and ownership in the broadcasting
industry.

 UK
Julian Assange and wikileaks is like the earlier UK Parliament expenses exposure. Someone removes
what is classified as raw secret documents and then someone else publishes them. In media terms we
are seeing the difference between the British and American end results and no doubt the British had
factions that cried hang the bastard just like the Americans are. Which will be stronger voiced time
will tell.The Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England established parliamentary sovereignty over the
Crown and, above all, the right of revolution. A major contributor to Westernliberal theory was John
Locke. Locke argued in Two Treatises of Government that the individual placed some of
his rights present in the state of nature in trusteeship with the sovereign (government) in return for
protection of certain natural individual rights. A social contract was entered into by the people.

Until 1694, England had an elaborate system of licensing. No publication was allowed without the
accompaniment of a government-granted license. Fifty years earlier, at a time of civil war, John
Milton wrote his pamphlet Areopagitica. In this work Milton argued forcefully against this form of
government censorship and parodied the idea, writing "when as debtors and delinquents may walk
abroad without a keeper, but unoffensive books must not stir forth without a visible jailer in their
title." Although at the time it did little to halt the practice of licensing, it would be viewed later a
significant milestone as one of the most eloquent defenses of press freedom.

Milton's central argument was that the individual is capable of using reason and distinguishing right
from wrong, good from bad. In order to be able to exercise this ration right, the individual must have
unlimited access to the ideas of his fellow men in “a free and open encounter." From Milton's writings
developed the concept of the openmarketplace of ideas, the idea that when people argue against each
other, the good arguments will prevail. One form of speech that was widely restricted in England
was seditious libel, and laws were in place that made criticizing the government a crime. The King
was above public criticism and statements critical of the government were forbidden, according to the
English Court of the Star Chamber. Truth was not a defense to seditious libel because the goal was to
prevent and punish all condemnation of the government.

John Stuart Mill approached the problem of authority versus liberty from the viewpoint of a 19th
century utilitarian: The individual has the right of expressing himself so long as he does not harm
other individuals. The good society is one in which the greatest number of persons enjoy the greatest
possible amount of happiness. Applying these general principles of liberty to freedom of expression,
Mill states that if we silence an opinion, we may silence the truth. The individual freedom of
expression is therefore essential to the well-being of society.

Mill’s application of the general principles of liberty is expressed in his book On Liberty: "If all
mankind minus one, were of one opinion, and one, and only one person were of the contrary opinion,
mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person, than he, if he had the power, would
be justified in silencing mankind".
Q2.) PENNY PRESS

Penny press newspapers were cheap, tabloid-style papers produced in the middle of the 19th century.

The penny papers became to hire reporters and correspondents to seek out and write the news. The
papers began to move away from sounding editorial to sounding journalistic. It is noted as the rise of
objectivity. Also, reporters were assigned to beats and were involved in the conduct of local
interaction.

he Penny Press was most noted for being very low-priced - only one cent per paper - while other
contemporary newspapers were priced around six cents per issue. The exceptionally low price
popularized the newspaper in America and extended the influence of paper media to the poorer
classes. With the penny press, newspaper made the news and journalism more important. The
newspapers also began to pay more attention to the public that they served. They realized that the
same information that interested the upper class did not interest the penny public. The “new public”
enjoyed information about police and criminal cases. The main revenue of the penny press was
advertising while other newspapers relied heavily on high priced subscriptions.

The idea of a penny paper was not new in the 1830s. By 1826, multiple editors were experimenting
with sports news, gossip, and a cheap press.

The success of the penny papers was not automatic; selling the new concept of the newspaper to the
consuming audience took some persuading. Consumers did not want to buy a new newspaper day
after day, which became a challenge. Mostly newspapers at the time did not have any sort of
timeliness, so buying a newspaper daily had no point. But, eventually people were concerned with the
latest news as penny papers had the latest news.

It became popular with the American public because while other papers were priced around six
cents, they were able to sell their paper for just a penny. The low price made newspapers and
the news available to more than just upper class citizens for the first time.

The labor and lower classes were able to purchase a paper and read the news. As more people
began buying papers throughout the country, news and journalism became more important
overall.

Newspapers also began paying more attention to the public it served. They were quick to realize
that the same information and news that interested the six cent public, did not interest the penny
public. Newspapers used information from police stations, criminal courts and divorce courts to
fill their paper and make it more appealing to their new public.

The heavy dependence on advertising as a major source of revenue was a main reason that the
Penny Press was able to sell papers for a lower price than anyone else. Other papers relied
heavily on subscriptions and daily sales. The price of paper and materials used to produce the
newspapers also decreased making the production of the newspaper itself less expensive.
The changes made to the newspaper during the Penny Press era set a precedent for the way
newspapers operate today. Newspapers rely heavily on advertising as a main source of income
and that is also a main reason they are still being offered at relatively low prices today.
Newspapers also pay more attention to their surrounding communities and report of important
information more diligently and objectively. Newspapers changed their coverage when they no
longer relied so dependently on subscriptions or daily sales to make a profit.