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Use of Lesson 4

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 English So-young goes to school with her friends every day
Present Simple

Structure
Korean So-young every day with her friends to school goes
Structure

Korean 소영이는 매일 친구들과 학교에 가요

친구들하고
친구들이랑
1. 소영 = Korean female name go basic form → 가다
2. 매일 [adv or noun] = every day. strangely many English
adverbs and adverbial phrases turn out to be noun in
Korean.
3. 학교 [noun] = school
■ grammar

1. the ‘이’ sound is added to the name ‘소영’, because it’s just a first name and it has the final consonant in
the last letter of the name.
2. the ‘들’ sound is added to ‘친구’ to make it plural. we don’t often use the plural form in Korean, but it seems
fine in this case, because the speaker wants to tell it’s more than one friend.
3. ‘에’ is added to school because the subject goes to that place.

2
 English I am going to professor Kim’s office with a cop now
Present Continuous

Structure
Korean I now with a cop to professor Kim’s office am going
Structure

Korean 저(는) 지금 경찰하고 김 교수의 사무실에 가고 있어요

경찰과
경찰이랑

1. 경찰 [noun] = a cop, the police to go basic form → 가다

2. 교수 [noun] = professor
3. 교수님 [noun] = the honorific form of the noun ‘교수’
4. 사무실 [noun] = an office

■ grammar

1. sometimes it sounds more natural without the subject particle ‘는’ or the entire subject ‘저는’.
2. in Korean, you always put the name first, and then put job title or the job position. therefore, the last name
‘Kim’, ‘김’ should come first, and then ‘professor’, ‘교수’.
3. ‘의’ is used to take the role of “ ’s (apostrophe s)”.

3
 English I went to Ji-yong’s house with Dong-bae and So-young last night
Structure
Past Simple

Korean I last night with Dong-bae and So-young to Ji-yong’s house went
Structure

Korean (저는) 어젯밤 동배랑 소영이랑 지용이 오빠의 집에 갔어요

동배하고 소영이하고
동배와 소영이와
go basic form → 가다
1. 어젯밤 [noun] = last night. 어제 = yesterday, 밤 =
night
2. 집 [noun] = house

■ grammar
1. let’s say the subject (or the speaker) is a female and Ji-yong is a subject’s friend whose older than the speaker.
2. sometimes it sounds more natural without the entire subject ‘I’, ‘저는’
3. you already know that you use the same particle for ‘with’ and ‘and’ in many cases and they are all
interchangeable.
4. the particle ‘이’ is added to the name ‘소영’ and ‘지용’, because each has the final consonant in the last
letter and is just a first name without a last name.

4
 English I went to a restaurant and a karaoke with my boyfriend last night
Structure
Past Simple

Korean I last night with my boyfriend to a restaurant and a karaoke went

Structure

Korean (저는) 어젯밤 남자친구랑 레스토랑하고 노래방에 갔어요

남자친구하고 식당이랑 노래방에
남자친구와 식당과 노래방에
1. 남자친구 [noun] = boyfriend. go basic form → 가다

2. 레스토랑 [noun] = a restaurant which sells food from

another country.
3. 식당 [noun] = a restaurant which sells Korean food.
4. 노래방 [noun] = karaoke where the alcohol is not
allowed to sell.

■ grammar

1. sometimes it sounds more natural without the entire subject ‘I’, ‘저는’.
2. ‘랑’ or ‘하고’ sounds more casual than ‘와’ or ‘과’.
3. 랑, 하고 and ‘와’,’과’ are interchangeable with one another in any case.

5
 English we will go to the beach next week
Structure
Future

Korean we next week to the beach will go

Structure

Korean 우리는 다음 주(에) 해변에 갈 거예요

go basic form → 가다
1. 우리 [pron] = we.
2. 다음 주 [phrase] = next week. 다음 = next, 주 = week
3. 해변 [noun] = beach.

■ grammar

1. the particle ‘에’ used with the ‘next week’ indicates a certain point in time and the other ‘에’ used with the
‘beach’ indicates a place.
2. This is just a future simple tense. that’s why ‘ㄹ 거예요’ is used.

6
 English I will watch a moive with my girlfriend in a theater tonight
Structure
Future

Korean I tonight in a theater with my girlfreind a movie will watch

Structure

Korean 저(는) 오늘 밤(에) 극장에서 여자친구랑 영화를 볼 거예요

여자친구하고
여자친구와
see, whtch basic form → 보다
1. 오늘 밤 [noun] = tonight. 오늘 = today, 밤 = night.
2. 극장 [noun] = a movie theater.
3. 영화 [noun] = a movie.

■ grammar

1. the particle ‘에서’ is used for a ‘theater’, because the action, watching a movie, will take place inside of the
theater.
2. ‘랑’ sounds like more casual than ‘하고’, ‘하고’ sounds more casual than ‘와’.
3. there is no particular rule for this, but if you put the words in order of ‘when’, ‘where’, ‘who’, ‘how’ and ‘why’ in a
Korean sentence, it wouldn’t be a problem. therefore, if you don’t know, just follow this order.

7
 English my girlfriend is shopping in a department store
Present Continuous

Structure
Korean my girlfriend in a department store is shopping
Structure

Korean 제 여자친구는 백하점에서 쇼핑하고 있어요

제 여자친구가
to shop basic form → 쇼핑하다

1. 여자친구 [noun] = a girlfriend.

2. 백화점 [noun] = a department store.

■ grammar
1. if you want to emphasize the verb ‘shop’ or imply the meaning that the speaker is doing something else while
the speaker’s girl is shopping, you can use the subject particle ‘는’, or if you want to emphasize the subject
‘my girlfriend and imply the meaning that it is ‘my girlfriend who is shopping’, you can use the other subject
particle ‘가’.
2. the particle ‘에서’ is used, because the action shopping is being taken place inside of the department.

8
 English we are now having lunch in a restaurant
Present Continuous

Structure
Korean we now in a restaurant lunch are eating
Structure

Korean 우리(는) 지금 식당에서 점심(을) 먹고 있어요

to eat basic form → 먹다

1. 우리 [pron] = we.
2. 식당 [noun] = a restaurant which sellls Korean food.
3. 점심 [noun] = lunch.
4. 점심밥 [noun] = lunch. 점심 = lunch, 밥 = a meal. It’s
actually a redundancy, because 점심 already means lunch.
But, people do use this.

■ grammar
1. it sometimes sound more natural without subject or object particle in a conversation.
2. this sentence is the perfect answer to the question like “what are you guys doing now?”.
3. in English, we can use the verb ‘have’ to mean ‘eat’, but, in Korean, we just use the verb ‘eat’ all the time.
4. ‘을’ is added to the noun ‘lunch’, because it is the object of the verb ‘eat’.

9
 English I am listening to music in my room
Present Continuous

Structure
Korean I in my room to music am listening
Structure

Korean 저(는) 방에서 음악을 듣고 있어요

to listen basic form → 듣다

1. 방 [noun] = a room.
2. 음악 [noun] = music.

■ grammar

1. the particle ‘에서’ is used because the action, listening to music, is being taken place in the room.
2. the object particle ‘을’ is used to the noun ‘music’, because there is no point to to distinguish a transitive and
an intrasitive verb in Korean regarding the fact that there is no concept of preposition in Korean. music is just
an object in this sentence.

10
 English I am watching Youtube in my room with my friend and my younger brother
Present Continuous

Structure
Korean I in my room with my friend and my younger brother Youtube am watching
Structure

Korean 저는 방에서 제 친구랑 제 동생이랑 유투브를 보고 있어요

제 친구하고 제 동생하고
제 친구와 제 동생과

1. 동생 [noun] = a younger sister or a younger brother. a to watch basic form → 보다

younger sibling or a friend who’s younger than the speaker.
2. 유투브 [noun] = Youtube. Just imitation of the English
sound.

■ grammar

1. the particle ‘에서’ is used and now you know why.

2. the first ‘랑’, ‘하고’ or ‘와’ is used for the conjunction ‘and’ and the second ‘이랑’, ‘하고’ or ‘과’ is
used for the preposition ‘with’.

11
 English I slept in a car together with my dog ‘fluffy’ last night
Structure
Past Simple

Korean I last night in a car with my dog ‘fluffy’ together slept

Structure

Korean 저는 어젯밤(에) 차에서 제 개 ‘fluffly’ 랑 같이 잤어요

제 개 ‘fluffly’ 하고 함께
제 개 ‘fluffly’ 와

1. 차 [noun] = a car. to sleep basic form → 자다

2. 개 [noun] = a dog.
3. 같이 or 함께 [adv] = together.

■ grammar
1. in English, you don’t really have to use ‘together’, but,in Korean, it sounds a bit more natural to use the adverb
‘together’ together with the preposition ‘with’. But, you can still make a sentence without it. no problem!

12
 English Suzi is coming home now
Present Continuous

Structure
Korean Suzi now home is coming
Structure

Korean 수지 언니가 지금 집으로 오고 있어요

수지 언니는

to come basic form → 오다

1. 언니 [noun] = a older sister to a woman.

■ grammar

1. 언니 : let’s say the speaker of this sentence is a female and this girl ‘Suzi’ is her friend who’s older than her,
or she might be her real sister who’s older than her.
2. You can use the particle ‘가’ if you want to emphasize the subject ‘수지 언니’. It sounds more natural with
the particle ‘가’ here, because when you say this sentence, you probably want to tell somebody that it is Suzi
who’s coming now, and it is new information.
3. 으로 : you can use ‘에’ too, but the particle ‘으로’ contains a kind of feeling that the subject is moving
toward the destination.

13
 English teacher So-young Goh went back to U.S. last month
Structure
Past Simple

Korean teacher So-young Goh last month to U.S. went back

Structure

Korean 고소영 선생님이 지난 달(에) 미국에 돌아갔어요 or 갔어요

고소영 선생님은 미국으로

1. 선생님 [noun] = a teacher. to go back basic form → 돌아가다

2. 지난 달 [noun] = last month. or

3. 미국 [noun] = U.S.A. America. to go basic form → 가다

■ grammar
1. in Korea, when the relationship is originated from social life, you normally use the someone’s job title or
position to refer to that person.
2. you can use both ‘에’ and ‘으로’ when you want to say that something/someone goes or comes to
somewhere. just ‘으로’ contains nuance of ‘toward’ slightly more.

14
 English Dong-bae and Suzi are running toward home now
Present Continuous

Structure
Korean Dong-bae and Suzi now toward home are running
Structure

Korean 동배랑 수지가 지금 집으로 뛰고 있어요

동배하고 수지가
동배와 수지가
to run basic form → 뛰다

■ grammar

1. ‘랑’, ‘하고’ or ‘와’ is used as the translation for the conjunction ‘and’.
2. as you see, the subject particle ‘가’ doesn’t have to be added to the first subject ‘동배’, because ‘동배’
already has the particle which is the translation for the conjunction ‘and’.

15
 English Mina is coming to me to come basic form → 오다
Present Continuous

Structure
Korean Mina to me is coming
Structure

Korean 미나가 저에게 오고 있어요

저한테
저에게로
저한테로
■ grammar

1. why is ‘으로’ not used here? Because ‘me’ is a person. ‘으로’ can be used only with a building, location or
place, not with a living things. if you really want to add the nuance of the direction or that of moving torward,
just add ‘로’ to ‘에게’ or ‘한테’. otherwise you need to add one more word that you’ve never learned to
‘으로’. Let’s not talk about It here.
English that lion is coming to us
Present Continuous

Structure 1. 사자 [noun] = a lion.

Korean
Structure
that lion to us is coming 2. 저 [demo adj] = that.
Korean 저 사자가 우리에게(로) 오고 있어요
우리한테(로)
16
 English I am going to eat dinner at home
Structure
Future

Korean I at home dinner am going to eat

Structure

Korean 저는 집에서 저녁밥을 먹을 예정 이에요

1. 저녁 [noun] = night. sometimes it means dinner too. to eat basic form → 먹다

2. 밥 [noun] = meal.
3. 저녁밥 [noun] = dinner.

English Dong-bae is going to marry next month

Structure
Future

Korean Dong-bae next month is going to marry

Structure

Korean 동배 오빠가 다음 달(에) 결혼 할 예정이에요

(let’s say the speaker is a female and Dong-bae is a speaker’s friend who’s older than her)

1. 다음 [noun] = the next. the following. to marry basic form → 결혼하다

2. 달 [noun] = month.
3. 다음 달 [noun] = next month.

17
 English I am planning to meet Ji-yong tonight
Structure
Future

Korean I tonight Ji-yong am planning to meet

Structure

Korean 저는 오늘밤(에) 지용이 형을 만날 계획이에요

(let’s say the speaker in a male and Ji-yong is a speaker’s friend who’s older than him)

1. 오늘 [noun] = today. to meet basic form → 만나다

2. 밤 [noun] = night.
3. 오늘밤 [noun] = tonight.
just one interesting point. ‘today’ or ‘tonight’ is an adverb in English, but ‘오늘’ or ‘오늘밤’ is a noun in Korean.

English professor will come soon

Structure
Future

Korean professor soon will come

Structure

Korean 교수님이 곧 올 거예요

to come basic form → 오다
1. 교수 [noun] = a professor.
2. 교수님 [noun] = an honorific form of the noun ‘professor’.
3. 곧 [adv] = soon. shortly.
18
 English I will divorce soon for my happiness
Structure
Future

Korean I soon for my happiness will divorce

Structure

Korean 저는 곧 제 행복을 위해(서) 이혼할 거예요

to divorce basic form → 이혼하다

1. 행복 [noun] = happiness.
2. 이혼 [noun] = a divorce.

English I will sit with you oppa

Structure
Intention

Korean I with you oppa will sit

Structure

Korean 제가 오빠랑 앉을게요

to sit basic form → 앉다
오빠하고
오빠와
we don’t really say ‘you’ in Korean. let’s say the

앉을게요 안즐게요
subject ‘I’ is a female and ‘you’ is her friend who’s
older than her. therefore, let’s just call him ‘오빠’

19
 English maybe my boyfriend would come here soon with his parents
Structure
Possibility

Korean maybe my boyfriend soon with his parents here would come
Structure

Korean 아마 제 남자친구가 곧 부모님과 여기로 올 것 같아요

부모님하고 여기에
부모님이랑

1. 아마 [adv] = maybe. to come basic form → 오다

2. 부모 [noun] = parents.
3. 부모님 [noun] = the honorific form of ‘parents’. plural
form is not used for one’s parents in Korean.
4. 여기 [pron] = here

■ grammar

1. maybe : like English, you can start the sentence with ‘아마’ istead of the subject.
2. his : as we learned, the possessive ‘his’ is not used in Korean that often. you can omit it in a Korean sentence
when it’s obvious.
3. here : ‘여기’ is not adverb in Korean, but it’s a noun. therefore, you can add the particle ‘로’ or ‘에’ which
indicates the place or location.

20
 English Mr. Ji-yong would go to Europe with his friends next summer
Structure
Possibility

Korean Mr. Ji-yong next summer with his friends to Europe would go
Structure

Korean 지용씨는 다음 여름에 친구들이랑 유럽에 갈 것 같아요

친구들하고
친구들과
to go basic form → 가다
1. 여름 [noun] = summer.
2. 유럽 [noun] = Europ.
■ grammar

1. 지용씨 : ‘지용’ is a first name. ‘씨’ is the translation for Mr. Mrs. or Ms.. in English, you don’t use Mr.
Mrs. or Ms. with a just first name, but in Korean, you can use ‘씨’ just with a first name. But, that person
should be close enough to you socially or be your date or something. otherwise, you should use the full name.
2. ‘에’ is added to ‘next summer’, ‘다음 여름’, because it indicates a certain point in time.
3. ‘들’ : plural form is used to show the fact that there will be more than just one friend.

갈 것 같아요 갈 것 가타요
21
 English I am studying for my future
Structure
Future

Korean I for my future am studying

Structure

Korean 저는 제 미래를 위해서 공부하고 있어요

to study basic form → 공부하다

1. 미래 [noun] = future.

English I am planning to cook for my girlfriend at home tonight

Structure
Future

Korean I tonight at home for my girlfriend am planning to cook

Structure

Korean 저는 오늘밤(에) 집에서 여자친구를 위해(서) 요리할 계획 이에요

to cook basic form → 요리하다

1. 오늘밤 [noun] = tonight.

22
 English we talked about So-young’s job
Structure
Past Simple

Korean we about So-young’s job talked

Structure

Korean 우리는 소영이의 직업에 대해(서) 이야기했어요 or 얘기했어요

1. 우리 [pron] = we. to talk basic form → 이야기하다

2. 직업 [noun] = a job.

■ grammar
1. we use ‘we’, ‘우리’, a lot in Korea.
2. ‘의’ takes the role of “ ’s (apostrophe s)”. ‘이’ is added because the last letter of ‘소영’ has a final
consonant.
3. 대해(서)’. you can ommit (서).
about : ‘에
4. 얘기했어요 : you can combine ‘이’ and ‘야’ sound of ‘이야기했어요’ together (이 + 야 = 얘)
and make the shortened form ‘얘기했어요’ which is used more frequently in a real life conversation.

23
 English that woman asked me about my family
Structure
Past Simple

Korean that woman me about my family asked

Structure

Korean 그 여자가 (저에게) 제 가족에 대해서 물었어요

to talk basic form → 묻다

1. 가족 [pron] = family.

■ grammar
1. 가 : the particle ‘가’ is used for the subject ‘that woman’ to emphasize the subject and show this is new
information.
2. 에게 : as we learned in Lesson 3, ‘에게’ is used for an indirect object of the sentence. ‘me’ here the
indirect object of the sentence. (i.e. that woman asked me a question – me : indirect object, a question :
direct object)
3. You can ommit the entire indirect object ‘me’, ‘저에게’ if you want, becasuse it’s so obvious that it is ‘me’
who were asked about the family, not someone else.
plus, in Korean, when it is so obvious, you can ommit the subject ‘ I ’ and most of the possessives such as
‘my’, ‘his’ or ‘her’.
4. 묻다 → 물어요 → 물었어요 : irregular change of the verb ‘ask’. we will learn more about this in
Lesson 5.

24
 English that person whispered her name in my ear
Structure
Past Simple

Korean that person in my ear her name whispered

Structure

Korean 그 사람이 제 귀에 이름을 속삭였어요

그 분이
to whisper basic form → 속삭이다
1. 그 사람 = that person. 그 = that, 사람 = person
2. 그 분 = the honorific form of ‘그 사람’
3. 귀 [pron] = an ear. 4. 이름 [noun] = name.
■ grammar
1. 그 사람 : if you don’t know the person or feel offended by the person, you can use ‘that person’, ‘that
man’ or ‘that woman’, ‘그 사람’, instead ‘he’ in English.
2. 이 : the particle ‘이’ is used to emphasize the subject and say that it is that person who whispered.
3. 그 분 : this is the honorific form of ‘그 사람’. you can use this when you think this person deserves some
respect.
4. 에 : the particle for a place or a location ‘에’ is used here, because when you whisper to a person, you
need to put your mouth near the ear of the listener. therefore, it is a sort of position or location too.
5. 속삭이었어요 (X) → 속삭였어요 (O) : we learned about this irregular change in Use of Lesson 3
and Lesson 4.

25
 English we learned about Korean food last week
Structure
Past Simple

Korean we last week about Korean food learned

Structure

Korean (우리는) 지난 주(에) 한국 음식에 대해(서) 배웠어요

한국 음식에 관해(서)
to learn basic form → 배우다
1. 지난 주 [noun] = last week. 지난 = last, 주 = week.
2. 한국 음식 = Korean food.
한국[noun] = Korea, 음식[noun] = food.

■ grammar

1. 우리는 : the subject can be ommitted when it’s so obvious.

2. 에 관해(서) : it is interchageable with ‘에 대해(서)’.
3. 배우었어요 (X) → 배웠어요 (O)
배우다 → 배우어요 → 배워요, 배우었어요 → 배웠어요

26
 English I lied about my wealth and academic background to that woman
Structure
Past Simple

Korean I to that woman about my wealth and academic background lied

Structure

Korean (저는) 그 여자에게 제 재산과 학력에 대해(서) 거짓말했어요

그 여자분에게 제 재산과 학력에 관해(서)

1. 그 여자 = that woman. to learn basic form → 거짓말하다

2. 그 여자분 = the honorific form of ‘그 여자’
3. 재산 [noun] = wealth. asset. a measure that shows how
wealthy this perosn is. the amount of money that someone
has as asset.
4. 학력 [noun] = level of education. academic or educational
background.

■ grammar

1. 그 여자분 : you add ‘분’ when you think this person deserves some respect.
2. 에게 : when you do, talk(say), send or give something to someone, you use the particle ‘에게’. we
learned about this in Lesson 3.

27
 English I received a phone call from my younger cousin
Structure
Past Simple

Korean I from my younger cousin a phone call received

Structure

Korean (저는) 제 사촌동생에게서 전화를 받았어요

제 사촌동생한테서
제 사촌동생으로부터
1. 사촌동생 [noun] = younger cousin. to receive basic form → 받다
사촌 = a cousin, 동생 = a younger sibling.
2. 사촌 남동생 = male younger cousin.
3. 사촌 여동생 = famale younger cousin.
English I received a text message about Min-a from Su-ji and So-young today
Structure
Past Simple

Korean I today from Su-ji and So-young about Min-a a text message received
Structure

Korean (저는) 오늘 수지와 소영이에게서 민아에 대해(서) 문자를 받았다

수지와 소영이한테서 민아에 관해(서)
수지와 소영이로부터
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 English Min-a and Su-ji received a admission letter from the school
Structure
Past Simple

Korean Min-a and Su-ji from the school a admission letter received
Structure

Korean 민아와 수지는 학교로부터 입학 편지를 받았어요

입학 통지를
to receive basic form → 받다
1. 학교 [noun] = a school.
2. 대학교 [noun] = university, college.
3. 입학 [noun] = admission. entering the school.
4. 편지 [noun] = a letter. a message written on paper and
sent usually by post.
5. 통지 [noun] = notice. official or formal written statement.

■ grammar

1. ‘민아’ and ‘수지’ are the subjects of the sentence, but you put the subjet particle ‘는’ only to the
both
second subject ‘수지’, because the particle for the conjunction ‘and’ should be attached to the first subject
‘민아’.
2. 로부터 : you cannot use ‘에게서’ or ‘한테서’ because ‘the school’ is non-living object.

29
 English Min-a is going to depart from Seoul for Hawaii with her friend and her family
Structure
next week for her vacation

Korean Min-a next week from Seoul for Hawaii with her friend and her family
Future

Structure
for her vacation is going to depart

Korean
민아가 (or 는) 다음주에 서울에서 하와이로 친구랑 가족과
휴가를 위해(서) 출발 할 예정이에요

to depart basic form → 출발하다

1. 서울 [noun] = Seoul.
2. 하와이 [noun] = Hawaii.
3. 휴가 [noun] = a vacation. a holiday.

■ grammar

1. 랑/이랑, 와/과, 하고 : just remember that these particles are used as a translation for the English
preposition ‘with’ and conjunction ‘and’ and they are all interchangeable with one another. choose anything
that sounds good to you.

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 English I have a girlfriend
Present Simple

Structure
Korean I a girlfriend have
Structure

Korean 저는 여자친구가 있어요

to have basic form → 있다

가지고 있다
■ grammar

1. you can’t use ‘가지고 있다’, ‘가지고 있어요’ here, because ‘가지고 있어요’ is used only with
an object or something like a thought, an idea or an attitude. Did we mention this before? Please do not forget
this.

English So-young has a boyfriend

Present Simple

Structure
Korean So-young a boyfriend has
Structure

Korean 소영이 누나는 남자친구가 있어요

(let’s say the speaker is a male and So-young is a speaker’s friend who’s older than him)

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 English I have money a lot
Present Simple

Structure
Korean I money a lot have
Structure

Korean 저는 돈이 많이 있어요
돈을 가지고 있어요
to have basic form → 있다
1. 돈 [noun] = money.
2. 많이 [adv] = a lot. more than average. 가지고 있다

■ grammar
1. well maybe it would sound a littlbe bit better if we say ‘I have a lot of money’, but we haven’t learned how to
make an adjective a modifier, therefore let’s use adverb ‘a lot’ instead for now.
2. ‘많이’ modifies the verb ‘have’ in Korean, therefore it’s better to put it right before the verb, and, of course,
‘hieut’, the second final consonant is silent.
3. you can use ‘가지고 있어요’ here, because ‘money’ is an object.

32
 English I had a car before
Structure
Past Simple

Korean I before a car had

Structure

Korean 저는 전에 차가 있었어요
차를 가지고 있었어요

to have basic form → 있다

1. 전에 [noun] = before.
2. 차 [noun] = a car. 가지고 있다

■ grammar

1. ‘전’ is a noun in Korean. strange, isn’t it? there are a lot of English adverbs turn out to be a noun in Korean.
once it combines with the particle ‘에’, it sounds far much closer to the English adverb ‘before’.
2. it is not strange to add ‘었어요’ to the stem ‘있’ to make it have the past tense.

33
 English I have a mobile phone in my purse
Present Simple

Structure
Korean I in my purse a mobile phone have
Structure

Korean 저는 지갑에 핸드폰이 있어요

핸드폰을 가지고 있어요
to have basic form → 있다
1. 핸드폰 [noun] = a moblie phone. cell phone. hand phone.
가지고 있다
English I had a dog last year
Present Simple

Structure
Korean I last year a dog had
Structure

Korean 저는 작년에 개가 있었어요

개를 가지고 있었어요

1. 개 [noun] = a dog.

well some people don’t use ‘가지고 있다’ to a dog because it’s a living thing, plus dogs are very close to
human like friends.

34
 English I am in the library now
Present Simple

Structure
Korean I now in the library am
Structure

Korean 저는 지금 도서관에 있어요

be at a location basic form → 있다

1. 도서관 [noun] = library.

■ grammar
1. we don’t use present continuous form of ‘있다’ because it’s an adjective. just keep that in mind.
English there are mosquitoes in my room
Present Simple

Structure
Korean in my room mosquitoes there are
Structure

Korean 제 방에 모기가 있어요

1. 모기 [noun] = mosquito.

2. be careful! even though we use the particle ‘가’ here, it doesn’t mean ‘있어요’ in this sentence means ‘to
have’.

35
 English there are the pictures of Su-ji in my computer
Present Simple

Structure
Korean the pictures of Su-ji in my computer there are
Structure

Korean 수지의 사진들이 제 컴퓨터에 있어요

수지의 사진들은 제 컴퓨터 안에

1. 컴퓨터 [noun] = computer. it borrowed its sound directly be at a location basic form → 있다
from the English word ‘computer’.
2. 안에 [phrase] = inside of
3. 사진 [noun] = picture, photo.
■ grammar

1. ‘의’ is used in substitution for ‘of’ in English in most cases.

2. ‘들’ is used to emphasize the fact that there are more than one picture.
3. you can use the subject particle ‘은’ here, but it would have the nuance that ‘the pictures of Su-ji are in my
computer, but the pictures of others are somewhere else.’
4. when you talk about the location of something, if it is physically or conceptually inside of something, you can
use ‘안에’, too. (i.e. brains are inside of a head and memories are inside of the brains.)

36
 English my friend is inside of my room
Present Simple

Structure
Korean my friend inside of my room is
Structure

Korean 제 친구가 제 방 안에 있어요

제 방에
be at a location basic form → 있다
■ grammar

1. you can use the subject particle ‘는’ here, but it would have nuance that ‘someone else might be in another
room, but it is my friend who is in my room.’ now you understand the nuance that ‘은’ or ‘는’ has?

English a pencil is on the desk

Present Simple

Structure
Korean a pencil on the desk is
Structure

Korean 연필이 책상 위에 있어요 2. you can use only ‘에’ here too, but it
is not clear where exactly the pencil
1. 연필 [noun] = a pencil. is. So, it’s better not to use it.
2. 책상 [noun] = a desk.
3. 위에 [phrase] = on top, above.
37
 English my cat is under the table
Present Simple

Structure
Korean my cat under the table is
Structure

Korean 제 고양이가 탁자 밑에 있어요

1. 고양이 [noun] = a cat. be at a location basic form → 있다

2. 탁자 [noun] = a desk.
3. 밑에 [phrase] = below, under.
■ grammar

1. you can use the subject particle ‘는’ here, but it would have nuance that ‘my cat is under the table, but your
cat is on the chair or my cat is under the table, but my dog is on the table.’ we don’t think you need more
explanations. : )

38
 English my house is on the left
Present Simple

Structure
Korean my house on the left is
Structure

Korean 제 집은 왼쪽에 있어요

be at a location basic form → 있다

1. 왼쪽 [noun] = the left.
2. 왼쪽에 [phrase] = on the left.

English my car is on the right

Present Simple

Structure
Korean my car on the right is
Structure

Korean 제 차는 오른쪽에 있어요

1. 오른쪽 [noun] = the right.

2. 오른쪽에 [phrase] = on the right.

39
 English Su-ji is next to Ji-yong
Present Simple

Structure
Korean Su-ji next to Ji-yong is
Structure

Korean 수지는 지용이 옆에 있어요

be at a location basic form → 있다

1. 옆에 [phrase] = beside, next to.

English So-young is on the right side of me

Present Simple

Structure
Korean So-young on the right side of me is
Structure

Korean 소영이는 제(저의) 오른쪽에 있어요

1. 오른쪽 [noun] = the right.

2. 오른쪽에 [noun] = on the right.

40
 English I don’t cry now cry basic form → 울다
Present Simple

Structure
Korean I now don’t cry or cry not
Structure
Korean
Spelling 저(는) 지금 안 울어요 or 울지 않아요
English
Present Continuous

Structure I am not crying now

Korean
Structure I now am not crying or am crying not
Korean
Spelling 저(는) 지금 안 울고 있어요 or 울지 않고 있어요
울고 있지 않아요
English
Structure I didn’t cry yesterday
Past Simple

Korean
Structure I yesterday didn’t cry or cry not
Korean
Spelling 저(는) 어제 안 울었어요 or 울지 않았어요

않고 안코 않아요 아나요
41
 English I didn’t cry for my baby
Structure
Past Simple

Korean I for my baby cried not

Structure
Korean
Spelling 저는 제 아기를 위해서 울지 않았어요

to cry basic form → 울다

1. 아기 [noun] = a baby.

■ grammar

1. it would be totally weird to use ‘안’ in this case, because of ‘for my babay’ part. the reason? not sure about
that.
2. there is more natural way to say this using ‘아니에요’ in Korean, but we’ve never learned it. we’ll let it later.
3. Do you still want to see how Koreans actually say?

English it is not that I cried for my baby

Structure
Past Simple

Korean I for my baby cried that is not

Structure
Korean
Spelling 제가 아기를 위해서 울었던 것은 아니에요
confusing, isn’t it? don’t worry. we’ll learn about this later again.

42
 English I don’t wait now to wait basic form → 기다리다
Present Simple

Structure
Korean I now don’t wait wait not
or
Structure
Korean
Spelling 저는 지금 안 기다려요 or 기다리지 않아요
English
Present Continuous

Structure I am not waiting now

Korean
Structure I now am not waiting or am waiting not
Korean
Spelling 저는 지금 안 기다리고 있어요 or 기다리지 않고 있어요
기다리고 있지 않아요

English
Structure I didn’t wait yesterday
Past Simple

Korean
Structure I yesterday didn’t wait or waited not
Korean
Spelling 저는 어제 안 기다렸어요 or 기다리지 않았어요

43
 English
Structure I didn’t wait for my friend yesterday
Past Simple

Korean
Structure I yesterday for my friend didn’t wait or waited not
Korean
Spelling 저는 어제 친구를 안 기다렸어요 or 기다리지 않았어요
■ grammar

1. we don’t translate the preposition ‘for’ here at all. it’s in the same line that we don’t translate the preposition ‘to’
in ‘listen to’. we only use these prepositions because intransitive verbs in English can’t take an object directly
without prepositions.
2. therefore, ‘my friend’ is an object of the verb ‘wait’, ‘기다리다’, in Korean sentence.
3. we can’t really say this preposition ‘for’ is used to mean ‘for the benefit of’ in this sentence.

English
I am not waiting for my girlfriend for a date
Present Continuous

Structure
Korean
Structure I for a date for my girlfriend am waiting not
Korean
Spelling 저는 데이트를 위해서 제 여자친구를 기다리고 있지 않아요
3. well it sounds a bit weird, but just wanted to show you that not all prepositions in English perfectly match with
Korean words. Just take a look at it and move on. we’ll explain more about this later again. we promise.

44
 English I don’t worry to worry basic form → 걱정하다
Present Simple

Structure
Korean I don’t worry or worry not
Structure
Korean
Spelling 저는 걱정 안 해요 or 걱정하지 않아요
English
Present Continuous

Structure I am not worrying

Korean
Structure I am not worrying or am worrying not
Korean
Spelling 저는 걱정 안 하고 있어요 or 걱정하지 않고 있어요
걱정하고 있지 않아요
English
Structure I didn’t worry all night
Past Simple

Korean
Structure I all night didn’t worry or worried not
Korean
Spelling 저는 밤새도록 걱정 안 했어요 or 걱정하지 않았어요

걱정하고 걱쩡하고
45
 English My mother doesn’t worry about me
Present Simple

Structure
Korean My mother about me doesn’t worry worry not
or
Structure
Korean
Spelling 제 어머니는 저를 걱정 안 해요 or 걱정하지 않아요
저에 대해서
to worry basic form → 걱정하다
1. 어머니 [noun] = a mother.

■ grammar

1. as we told you, you don’t have to translate the preposition which is used to supplement an intransitive verb in
English because it can’t take an object directly without the preposition.
2. but, the reason why we translate the preposition ‘about’ to ‘에 대해서’ is because of the influence from
English.
3. 저를 : it sounds more like the speaker is talking about the object itself.
4. 저에 대해서 : it sounds more like the speaker is talking about the object and something related to the
object.

46
 English I am not a racist
Present Simple

Structure
Korean I a racist am not
Structure
Korean
Spelling 저는 인종차별주의자가 아니에요

1. 인종차별주의자 [noun] = a racist. be not basic form → 아니다

- 인종 : race [adjective]
- 차별 : discrimination
- 주의자 : -ist

English that woman is not a woman

Present Simple

Structure
Korean that woman a woman is not
Structure
Korean
Spelling 저 여자는 여자가 아니에요

1. 여자 [noun] = a woman.

47
 English I am not a racist
Present Simple

Structure
Korean I a racist am not
Structure
Korean
Spelling 저는 인종차별주의자가 아니에요

1. 인종차별주의자 [noun] = a racist. be not basic form → 아니다

- 인종 : race [adjective]
- 차별 : discrimination
- 주의자 : -ist

English that woman is not a woman

Present Simple

Structure
Korean that woman a woman is not
Structure
Korean
Spelling 저 여자는 여자가 아니에요

1. 여자 [noun] = a woman.

48
 English I am not a girl anymore
Present Simple

Structure
Korean I am not
anymore a girl
Structure
Korean
Spelling 저는 더 이상 소녀가 아니에요

1. 더 이상 [adv] = anymore. be not basic form → 아니다

2. 소녀 [noun] = a girl.
[adjective]

English I am not American

Present Simple

Structure
Korean I American am not
Structure
Korean
Spelling 저는 미국사람이 아니에요

1. 미국사람 [noun] = an American.

- 미국 = America. USA.
- 사람 = a person, human

49
 English that man doesn’t have courage
Present Simple

Structure
Korean that man courage doesn’t have
Structure
Korean
Spelling 그 남자는 용기가 없어요

not have basic form → 없다

1. 용기 [noun] = courage. [adjective]

English
this restaurant doesn’t have steaks on the menu
Present Simple

Structure
Korean this restaurant on the menu steaks doesn’t have
Structure
Korean
Spelling 이 레스토랑은 메뉴에 스테이크가 없어요

1. 레스토랑 [noun] = restaurant.

2. 메뉴 [noun] = menu.
3. 스테이크 [noun] = steak.

50
 English that man has no brain (is a no-brainer)
Present Simple

Structure
Korean that man brain no has
Structure
Korean
Spelling 그 남자는 뇌가 없어요

not have basic form → 없다

1. 뇌 [noun] = brain. [adjective]

English I don’t have time today

Present Simple

Structure
Korean I today time don’t have
Structure
Korean
Spelling 저는 오늘 시간이 없어요

1. 시간 [noun] = time.

51
 English I don’t have the key
Present Simple

Structure
Korean I the key don’t have
Structure
Korean
Spelling 저는 열쇠가 없어요

not have basic form → 없다

1. 열쇠 [noun] = a key. [adjective]

English the key is not on the kitchen table

Present Simple

Structure
Korean the key on the kitchen table is not
Structure
Korean
Spelling 열쇠가 식탁위에 없어요

1. 식탁 [noun] = a kitchen table.

2. 위에 [phrase] = on top, above

52
 English I hate or dislike cockroaches
Present Simple

Structure
Korean I cockroaches hate or dislike
Structure
Korean
Spelling 저는 바퀴벌레를 싫어해요
바퀴벌레가 싫어요
basic form → 싫어하다
1. 바퀴벌레 [noun] = a cockroach. dislike [verb]
hate basic form → 싫다
[adjective]
English I hate or dislike cigarette
Present Simple

Structure
Korean I cigarette hate or dislike
Structure
Korean
Spelling 저는 담배를 싫어해요
담배가 싫어요

1. 담배 [noun] = cigarette.

53
 English those people don’t know about us
Present Simple

Structure
Korean those people about us don’t know
Structure
Korean
Spelling 그 사람들은 우리에 대해서 몰라요

1. 사람들 [noun] = (plural)people. 사람 = a person. not know basic form → 모르다

[verb]
2. 우리 [pron] = we or us.

English I don’t know the way to the post office

Present Simple

Structure
Korean I to the post office the way don’t know
Structure
Korean
Spelling 저는 우체국으로 길을 몰라요

1. 우체국 [noun] = post office.

2. 길 [noun] = a path, a road, a way.

ok. it sounds a little bit strange, but native speakers would exactly understand what you are talking about.
we’ll eventually learn how to say more natrually. just rememember that ‘not know’ is a verb in Korean.

54
 English I don’t know about machines much
Present Simple

Structure
Korean I about machines much don’t know
Structure
Korean
Spelling 저는 기계에 대해(서) 많이 몰라요

1. 기계 [noun] = a machine not know basic form → 모르다

[verb]
2. 많이 [adv] = a lot, much.

English I don’t know that woman’s name and phone number

Present Simple

Structure
Korean I that woman’s name and phone number don’t know
Structure
Korean
Spelling 저는 그 여자의 이름과 전화번호를 몰라요

1. 여자 [noun] = a woman.
2. 이름 [noun] = name.
3. 전화번호 [noun] = phone number.

55