Cyber securityI learnt from this course the application of technologies, processes and controls

to protect systems, networks, programs, devices and data from cyber attacks.to reduce the risk of
cyber attacks and protect against the unauthorised exploitation of systems, networks and
technologies.

To improve security and efficiency of electrical system for large generation to deliver electricity
consumes. IT technologies can make the smart grid. It means Existing power grid,
communication, intelligence and automatic. It can be affected by PMU’s, smart meters, Big
data,etc..

Wind energy This is also known as renewable energy. I learnt in this courses are describes
the process by which wind is used to generate electricity. Wind turbines convert the
kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power. A generator can convert
mechanical power into electricity. In worldwide capacity of wind is 432883 Mw.

Homes,farms<1KW village,hybrid10-500KW,distributed-500KW-5MW. In TN
7684.31MW

P= 0.5 x ρ x A x Cp x V3 x Ng x Nb

where, ρ = Air density in kg/m3, A = Rotor swept area (m2). Cp = Coefficient of performance V
= wind velocity (m/s) Ng = generator efficiency Nb = gear box bearing efficiency.
Application-Touch screen, Auto mobiles, Medical devices.

Interrupt-is an external and internal event that interrupt the microcontroller to inform a
device need to service
Counter-Logical circuit designed a way to count no. of particular event in terms of clock
signal. It is also known as sequential circuit… eg---calculator, watches, clock, processor.

Timer-is a kind of clock that is specified for measuring specific interval of time..phone, clock.
Crystal oscillator a electronic circuit used to generate an electrical signal of precise
Frequency by utilizing the vibrating crystal mechanism resonance made of piezoelectric
material.. Fs=1/2*pi*sqrt(Ls*Cs).
Diode- 2 terminal device and 2 active elements b/w signal of insert may flow.
Transistorsemiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signal.

Difference Between Analog And Digital Signal

Analog Signals Digital Signals

Continuous signals Discrete signals

Represented by sine waves Represented by square waves

Human voice, natural sound, analog electronic Computers, optical drives, and other electronic
devices are few examples devices

Continuous range of values Discontinuous values

Latches and flipflops

Asynchronous Counters Simple logic circuits are there for more number of states. These are
low-speed Counters. The Flip flops of these counters are not clocked simultaneously
Synchronous Counters-- These are high-speed Counters. In these counters, the flip-flops are
clocked simultaneously. Complex logic circuits are there when the number of states increases.
NAND—burgler alarm, buzzer AND- enable/inhibit the data transfer circuit used in TTl..
NOR-Mixer tank

Combinational and sequential circuits

MUX-Takes many input but only one output. It is also known as data selector.
DEMUX-single input to many output. It is also known as data distributer.
Encoderactive input signal into coded output signal
Decodersimilar to Mux without any data input. application data demultiplexing, digital
display, A-D Convertor
Shift registerstore binary information needed to be coded or decoded. The flip-flops in a
register must be wired so binary data can be inserted (shifted) into the register, and probably
shifted out as well.

Ring Counter: Ring Counter is defined as a circular shift register with only one flip-flop being
set at any time and other bits will get cleared.

Johnson Counter: Johnson counter is defined as k-bit switch ring counter with 2^K decoding
gates to provide outputs for 2^k timing signals

Moore Machine: This machine is a basic model of a state machine, a state machine whose
output depends on the state by using only entry actions is called a Moore model.

Mealy Machine: This machine is a basic model of a state machine, a state machine whose
output depends on both input and state is called a Mealy model.