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Functions of Sevral Variables
Functions of Sevral Variables
Functions of Sevral Variables
9. Functions of Several
Variables
Function of n Independent Variables
Function of n Independent Variables
Suppose D is a set of n‐tuples of real numbers (x1, x2, ..., xn) .
A real‐valued function f on D is a rule that assigns a unique
(single) real number
w = f(x1, x2, ..., xn)
to each element in D.
The set D is the function's domain. The set of w‐values is the
g
function range.
The symbol w is the dependent variable of f, and f is said to
be a function of the n independent variables x1 to x
be a function of the n independent variables x to xn. .
We also call the xj's the function's input variables and call w
the function'ss output variable.
the function output variable
Function of 2 Independent Variables.
Graph and Surface
Graph and Surface
Suppose D is a set of ordered pairs of real numbers (x, y) . A
real‐valued function f on D is a rule that assigns a unique
(single) real number
z = f(x, y)
to each element in D.
The set of all points (x, y, f(x, y)) in space, for f(x, y) in the
g p of f.
domain of f is called the graph
The graph of f is also called surface z = f(x, y).
Domain and Range
Exercise 210. Find the domain and the range of the function:
f(x y) = y – x
f(x, y) = y – x
Solution.
Domain: —2 – entire plane,
Range: —
Domain and Range
Exercise 211. Find the domain and the range of the function:
1
f x, y
yx
Solution.
Domain: x y (entire plane except the points on the line x = y)
Range: (,0) (0, ) = —\{0}.
Graph
1
Exercise 211. f x, y
yx
Domain and Range
Exercise 212. Find the domain and the range of the function:
f x, y y x
Solution.
Domain: y > x
Half‐plane of all points
Half‐plane of all points
above the line y = x,
including the points
g p
of that line
g
Range: [[0, ).
, )
Domain and Range
Exercise 212. Find the domain and the range of the function:
f x, y y x
Domain and Range
Exercise 213. Find the domain and the range of the function:
f x, y ln y x 2
Solution.
Domain: y > x2
Part of the plane of all
Part of the plane of all
points above the
y 2. The
parabola y = x
p
points of the parabola
are not included.
Range: (‐ ,+).
Domain and Range
Exercise 214. Find the domain and the range of the function:
f x, y sin x 2sin y
Solution.
Domain: —2 – entire plane,
Range: Since for any a, ‐1 < 1 follows z [‐
Since for any a 1 < sina < 1, follows z [ 3,3].
3 3]
Domain and Range
Exercise 214. Find the domain and the range of the function:
f x, y sin x 2sin y
Domain and Range
Exercise 215. Find the domain and the range of the function:
f x, y 9 x 2 y 2
Solution.
Domain: 9 – x2 – y2 > 0,
x2 + y
+ y2 < 9
Closed disk. Circle x2 + y2 = 9 centered in the origin
with radius 3 as boundary and all interior points
with radius 3 as boundary, and all interior points.
Range: [0,3].
Domain and Range
Exercise 215. Find the domain and the range of the function:
f x, y 9 x 2 y 2
Domain and Range
Exercise 216. Find the domain and the range of the function:
1
f x, y
4 x2 y 2
Solution.
Domain: 4x2 + y2 0,
4x2 + y
+ y2 > 0 if at least one of x or y is not 0
> 0 if at least one of x or y is not 0
So, domain is entire plane without the origin.
—2 \ {(0,0)}
Range: (0, ).
Domain and Range
Exercise 216. Find the domain and the range of the function:
1
f x, y 2
4x y2
Limit of a Function of Two Variables
Limit of a Function of Two Variables
We say that a function f(x, y) approaches the limit L as (x, y)
approaches (x0, y0), and write:
lim f x, y L
x , y x0 , y0
Find the limits:
x
Exercise 217. lim
x , y 0,4
0
y
Exercise 218. lim e x y 1
x , y 0,ln 2
2
x cos y 1
Exercise 219. x , ylim
1,0 x 1
2
2
cos y 1
Exercise 220. lim
y sin x
2
x , y ,00
2
Limits
Exercise 221. Find the limit:
x 2 2 xyy y 2
li
lim
x , y 1,1
x y
x y
S l i
Solution.
x 2 2 xy y 2
lim
x , y 1,1
x y
1 1 x y
x y
2
lim
x , y 1,1
x y
1 1 x y
lim
x , y 1,1
x y 0
x y
What is the graph of f?
The plane without the red line!!!
Limits
Exercise 222. Find the limit:
xyy y 2 x 2
lim
x , y 1,1
x 1
x 1
Solution.
Solution
xy y 2 x 2
lim
x , y 1,1
x 1
x 1
y x 1 2 x 1
lim
x , y 1,1
x 1
x 1
lim
x 1 y 2
x , y 1,1
x 1
x 1
lim
x , y 1,1
y 2 1 2 1
x 1
Wh t i th
What is the graph of f?
h f f?
The plane without the dotted line!!!
Limits
Exercise 223. Find the limit:
y4
lim
x , y 2, 4 x 2 y xy 4 x 2 4 x
y 4, x x
2
Solution.
Solution
y4
lim
x , y 2, 4 x 2 y xy 4 x 2 4 x
y 4, x x
2
y4
lim
x , y 2, 4 x xy y 4 x 4
y 4, x x
2
y4
lim
x , y 2, 4 x y x 1 4 x 1
y 4, x x
2
y4
lim
x , y 2, 4 x x 1 y 4
y 4, x x2
1 1 1
lim
x , y 2, 4 x x 1 2 2 1 2
y 4, x x
2
Limits
Exercise 224. Find the limit:
x y2 x 2 y
li
lim
x , y 0,0
x y
x y
Solution
Solution. x y2 x 2 y
li
lim
x , y 0,0 x y
x y
x y2 x 2 y x y
li
lim
x , y 0,0 x y x y
x y
x x x y y x y y 2 x 2 xyy 2 xyy 2 y
li
lim
x , y 0,0
x y
x y
x x y y x y 2 x y
li
lim
x , y 0,0
x y
x y
x y 2 x y
lim
x , y 0,0 x y
lim
x , y 0,0
x y 2 2
x y x y
Limits
Exercise 224.
x y2 x 2 y
lim 2
x , y 0,0 x y
x y
Limits
Exercise 225. Find the limit:
x y4
lim
x , y 2,2
x y4
x y 2
Solution
Solution. x y4
lim
x , y 2,2 x y 2
x y4
x y4 x y 2
lim
x , y 2,2 x y 2 x y 2
x y4
x y 4 x y 2
lim
x , y 2,2
x y4
x y4
lim
x , y 2,2
x y 2 22 24
x y4
Limits
Exercise 226. Find the limit:
x y 1
li
lim
x , y 4,3
x y 1
x y 1
Solution
Solution. x y 1
lim
x , y 4,3
x y 1
x y 1
x y 1 x y 1
lim
x , y 4,3
x y 1
x y 1 x y 1
x y 1
lim
x , y 4,3
x y 1 x y 1 x y 1
x y 1
lim
x , y 4,3
x y 1 x y 1 x y 1
1 1 1
lim
x , y 4,3 x y 1 4 3 1 4
x y 1
Continuity in the Plane
At what points (x, y) in the plane are the functions continuous?
Exercise 227. f(x,y) = sin(x+y)
Exercise 227 f(x y) sin(x+y)
Solution. At every point in —2.
Exercise 228. f(x,y) = ln(x2 + y2)
Solution. At every point in —2 except the origin (0,0).
x y
Exercise 229. f x, y
x y
Solution. At every point in —2 except the points of the line y =x.
x2 y 2
Exercise 230.
Exercise 230. f x, y 2
x 3x 2
Solution. x2 – 3x + 2 = (x – 1)(x – 2)
At every point in —2 except the points of the lines x = 1 and x = 2.
Continuity in the Plane
At what points (x, y) in the plane are the functions continuous?
Exercise 231
Exercise 231.
xy y 2 x 2
, x 1
g x, y x 1
y 2, x 1
Solution. At every point in —2.
xy y 2 x 2 x 1 y 2
y 2, if x 1
x 1 x 1
Continuity in the Plane
Exercise 232. Is the following function continuous at the point
a. (1,1) b. (1,2)?
xy y 2 x 2
, x 1
h x, y x 1
1, x 1
Solution. a. Yes
b. No, because the limit
lim h x, y
x , y 1,2
does not exist.
Two path Test for Nonexistence of a Limit
Two‐path Test for Nonexistence of a Limit
If a function f(x, y) has different limit along two different
paths as (x, y) approaches (x0,y0), then
lim f x, y
x , y x0 , y0
does not exist.
No Limit at a Point
Exercise 233. By considering different paths of approach, show that
( , y) ((0, 0).
the function has no limit as (x, y) , )
x y
f x, y
x y
Solution. Along the straight line y = kx, x 0, the function has the
constant value:
x y x kx x 1 k 1 k
f x, y y kx
x y y kx
x kx x 1 k 1 k
Therefore,
x y 1 k
lim
x , y 0,0 x y 1 k
along y kx
The limit varies with the path of approach. If (x,y) approaches (0,0)
h l h h h f h f( ) h ( )
along the line y = x, the limit is 0, and if (x,y) approaches (0,0) along
the line y = 2x the limit is –1/3
the line y = 2x, the limit is –1/3.
By the two‐path test, f has no limit as (x,y) approaches (0,0).
No Limit at a Point
Exercise 234. By considering different paths of approach, show that
( , y) ((0, 0).
the function has no limit as (x, y) , )
x2 y
f x, y
y
Solution. Along the parabola y = kx2: k, x 0, the function has the
constant value:
x2 y x 2 kx 2 x 1 k 1 k
2
f x, y y kx 2
2
2
y y kx 2
kx kx k
Therefore,
x2 y 1 k
lim
x , y 0,0 y k
along y kx 2
The limit varies with the path of approach. If (x,y) approaches (0,0)
h l h h h f h f( ) h ( )
along the curve y = x2, the limit is 2, and if (x,y) approaches (0,0)
along the curve y = 2x2, the limit is 3/2.
along the curve y = 2x the limit is 3/2
By the two‐path test, f has no limit as (x,y) approaches (0,0).
No Limit at a Point
Exercise 235. By considering different paths of approach, show that
( , y) ((0, 0).
the function has no limit as (x, y) , )
xy
f x, y
xy
Solution. Along the line y = kx: k, x 0, the function has the
constant value:
xy kx 2 kx 2 k
f x, y y kx 2
xy y kx
kx k x2 k
Therefore,
xy k
lim
x , y 0,0 xy k
along y kx
The limit varies with the path of approach. If (x,y) approaches (0,0)
h l h h h f h f( ) h ( )
along the line y = x, the limit is 1, and if (x,y) approaches (0,0) along
the line y = ‐x the limit is ‐1
the line y = ‐x, the limit is ‐1.
By the two‐path test, f has no limit as (x,y) approaches (0,0).
No Limit at a Point
Exercise 236. By considering different paths of approach, show that
the function has no limit as (x, y) (1, 2).
xy y 2 x 2
, x 1
f x, y x 1
1, x 1
Solution. Along the line y = x+1, x1 the function has value:
xy y 2 x 2 x x 1 x 1 2 x 2
f x, y f x, x 1
x 1 x 1
x2 x x 1 2 x 2 x2 2x 1
x 1
x 1 x 1
Th f
Therefore,
lim f x, y 0
x , y 1,2
along y x 1
Along the line x = 1, y2 the function has constant value –1.
lim f x, y 1
x , y 1,2
along x 1
By the two‐path test, f has no limit as (x,y) approaches (1,2).
Using the ‐ Definition
Exercise 237. Show that
lim
x , y 0,0
00
x 2
y2 0
Solution. Let >0 be given, but arbitrary.
Let 0
If 0 x2 y 2
x2 y 2
x2 y 2
f x, y
Now, from ‐ definition of limit, one can deduce
lim
x , y 0,0
00
x 2
y2 0
Using the ‐ Definition
Exercise 238. Show that
y
lim 0
x , y 0,0 x 2 1
Solution. Let >0 be given, but arbitrary.
Let 0
If 0 x2 y 2
x2 y 2
Let >0 be given, but arbitrary. We want to find a >0 such that
x y
0 whenever 0 x2 y 2
x 1
2
or x y
whenever 0 x2 y 2
x2 1
1
But for any x
But, for any x 1 , so
so
x 1
2
x y
x y x y x2 y 2 x2 y 2 x2 y 2 2 x2 y 2
x2 1
If we choose = /2 and let 0 x2 y 2 we get:
Using the ‐ Definition
Exercise 239. Show that there exist >0 such that for all (x,y)
0 x2 y2 f x, y f 0,0
, 0.01
x y
where f x, y
x2 1
x y
Solution. 0 2 x 2
y 2
2 2 whenever 0 x2 y 2
x2 1 2
We proved
We proved
x y
lim 0 f 0,0
x , y 0,0 x 2 1
0 x 2 y 2 0.005 f x, y f 0,0
, 0.01