Nizam of Hyderabad

The Nizams were the 18th-through-20th-century rulers of Hyderabad.

Nizam of Hyderabad (Niẓām ul-Mulk, also known as Asaf Jah)
Nizam of Hyderabad
was the title of the monarch of the Hyderabad State (as of 2019
divided between the state of Telangana, Hyderabad-Karnataka region
of Karnataka and the Marathwada region of Maharashtra). Nizam,
shortened from Nizam-ul-Mulk, meaning Administrator of the Realm,
was the title inherited by Asaf Jah I. He was the viceroy of the Great
Mughal in the Deccan, the premier courtier in Mughal India in 1724, Coat of Arms of Hyderabad State
and the founding "Nizam of Hyderabad".
Incumbent
The Asaf Jahi dynasty was founded by Mir Qamar-ud-Din Siddiqi Mukarram Jah (pretender)
(Asaf Jah I), who served as a viceroy of the Deccan under the Mughal
Empire from 1713 to 1721. He intermittently governed the region Details
after Emperor Aurangzeb's death in 1707. In 1724 Mughal control Style His Exalted
weakened, and Asaf Jah became virtually independent of the Mughal Highness
Empire; Hyderabad would then become a tributary of the Maratha
Heir apparent Azmet Jah
Empire, losing a series of battles through the 18th century.[1][2][3]
First monarch Qamar-ud-din
When the British achieved paramountcy over India, they allowed the Khan
Nizams to continue to rule their princely states as client kings. The
Last monarch Osman Ali Khan
Nizams retained internal power over Hyderabad State until 17
September 1948, when Hyderabad was integrated into the new Indian Formation 31 July 1724
Union.[4] The Asaf Jah dynasty had only seven rulers; however there Abolition 17 September
was a period of 13 unstable years after the rule of the first Nizam 1948
when three of his sons (Nasir Jung, Muzafar Jung and Salabath Jung)
Residence Chowmahalla
ruled. They were never officially recognised as rulers. The seventh
and last Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan, fell from power when India Palace
annexed Hyderabad in 1948 which is known as operation polo or Pretender(s) Mukarram Jah
police action[5]

Contents
Hyderabad
History
Etymology
Descent Asafia flag of Hyderabad Deccan.
The script along the top reads Al
Reign
Azmatulillah meaning "All greatness
End of the dynasty is for God".
State wealth The bottom script reads Ya Uthman
Institutions which translates to "Oh Osman".
The writing in the middle reads
Infrastructure
"Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah"
Donation for compilation of Mahabharata
Donation to Hindu Temples
 Palaces
List of Nizams of Hyderabad (1724–1948)
Descendants of the last Nizam
Family tree
Places, things named after and established by the
Nizams
See also
References Mir Osman Ali Khan

Secondary sources
External links

Hyderabad
By the time of its annexation, Hyderabad was the largest and most prosperous one among all the princely
states. It covered 82,698 square miles (214,190 km2 ) of fairly homogeneous territory and had a population of
roughly 16.34 million people (as per the 1941 census), of which a majority (85%) was Hindu. Hyderabad
State had its own army, airline, telecommunication system, railway network, postal system, currency and radio
broadcasting service. [6][7][8] Hindus were also given highest of the government posts; like 2-time Prime
Minister of Hyderabad - Maharaja Sir Kishen Pershad, Maharaja Chandu Lal and Raja Sham Raj I. Raja
Sham Raj II, a member of H. E. H Nizam's Executive Council. The position of Kotwal was also given to a
Hindu, Raja Bahadur Venkatarama Reddy.[9]

History

Etymology

The name Nizam comes from Urdu ‫ ﻧﻈﺎم‬/nɪˈzɑːm/, which itself is derived from Arabic language niẓām
which means "order" or "arrangement".[10] Nizām-ul-mulk was a title first used in Urdu around 1600 to mean
Administrator of the Realm. The word is derived from the Arabic language, as in Abu Ali Hasan ibn Ali Tusi
(11 April 1018 – 14 October 1092), better known by his honorific title of Nizam al-Mulk (Arabic: ‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻠﮏ‬,
"Order of the Realm").

Descent

According to Sir Roper Lethbridge in The Golden Book of India (1893), the Nizams are lineally descended
from the First Caliph Abu Bakr, the successor of the Prophet Muhammed.[11] The family of Nizams in India is
descended from Abid Khan, a Turkoman from Samarkand, whose lineage is traced to Sufi Shihab-ud-Din
Suhrawardi (1154–91) of Central Asia. In the early 1650s, on his way to hajj, Abid Khan stopped in Deccan,
where the young prince Aurangzeb, then Governor of Deccan, cultivated him. Abid Khan returned to the
service of Aurangzeb to fight in the succession wars of 1657–58. After Aurangzeb's enthronement, Abid
Khan was richly rewarded and became Aurangzeb's favourite nobleman. His son Ghazi Uddin Khan received
in marriage, Safiya Khanum, the daughter of the former imperial prime minister Sa‘dullah Khan. Mir
Qamaruddin Khan, the founder of the line of Nizams, was born of the couple, thus descending from two
prominent families of the Mughal court.[12]
Ghazi Uddin Khan rose to become a General of the Emperor Aurangzeb and played a vital role in conquering
Bijapur and Golconda Sultanates of Southern India in 1686.[13] He also played a key role in thwarting the
rebellion by Prince Akbar and alleged rebellion by Prince Mu`azzam.[14]

After Aurangzeb's death and during the war of succession,

Qamaruddin and his father remained neutral thus escaping the risk of
being on the losing side; they remained marginal players in the
Mughal court during the reigns of Bahadur Shah I (1707–12) and
Jahandar Shah (1712–13). Their successor Farrukhsiyar (1713–19)
appointed Qamaruddin the governor of Deccan in 1713, awarding
him the title Nizam-ul-Mulk. However, the governorship was taken
away two years later and Qamaruddin withdrew to his estate in
Moradabad. Under the next emperor, Muhammad Shah (1719–48),
Qamaruddin accepted the governorship of Deccan for the second time
in 1721. The next year, following the death of his uncle Muhammad
Amin Khan who had been a power-broker in the Mughal Court,
Qamaruddin returned to the Delhi and was made the wazir (prime
minister). According to historian Faruqui, his tenure as prime minister
was undermined by his opponents and a rebellion in Deccan was
engineered against him. In 1724, the Nizam returned to Deccan to
Map of India in 1760. The southern
reclaim his base, in the process making a transition to a semi-
area in green was ruled by the
independent ruler.[15]
Nizam.

Reign

In 1724, Asif Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan to establish autonomy over the Deccan Suba, named the region
Hyderabad Deccan, and started what came to be known as the Asaf Jahi dynasty. Subsequent rulers retained
the title Nizam ul-Mulk and were referred to as Asif Jahi Nizams, or Nizams of Hyderabad.[16][17] Nizam I
never formally declared independence from the Mughals; he still flew the Mughal flag, and was never
crowned. In Friday prayers, the sermon would be conducted in the name of Aurangzeb, and this tradition
would continue until the end of Hyderabad State in 1948. The death of Asif Jah I in 1748 resulted in a period
of political unrest as his sons, backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces,
contended for the throne. The accession of Asif Jah II, who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended the instability.
In 1768 he signed the treaty of Machilipatnam, surrendering the coastal region to the East India Company in
return for a fixed annual rent.[18]

Following the decline of the Mughal power, the region of

Deccan saw the rise of the Maratha Empire. The titullar Nizams
themselves fought during the Mughal-Maratha Wars since the
1720s, which resulted in the Nizam paying a regular tax
(Chauth) to the Marathas. The major battles fought between the
Marathas and the Nizam include Palkhed, Bhopal,
Rakshasbhuvan, and Kharda, in all of which the Nizam
lost.[19][20] Following the conquest of Deccan by Bajirao I and
the imposition of chauth by him, the Nizam remained a tributary
of the Marathas for all intent and purposes.[21]

In 1805, after the British victory in the Second Anglo-Maratha Hyderabad State in 1909
War, the Nizam of Hyderabad came under the protection of the
British East India Company.
In 1903 the Berar region of the state was separated and merged into
the Central Provinces of British India, to form the Central Provinces
and Berar.

The last Nizam of Hyderabad state, Mir Osman Ali Khan crowned in
1911, had been the richest man in the world in his time.[22] The
Nizams developed the railway, introduced electricity, and developed
roads, airways, irrigation and reservoirs; in fact, all major public
buildings in Hyderabad City were built during his reign under the
British Raj. He pushed education, science, and establishment of The sixth Nizam riding an elephant in
Osmania University. a procession from Moula Ali, circa.
1890s.
In 1947, at the time of the partition of India, Britain offered the 565
princely states in the sub-continent the options of acceding to either
India or Pakistan, or remaining independent.

End of the dynasty

After the Independence of India in 1947, the Nizam of Hyderabad chose to

join neither India nor Pakistan. He later declared Hyderabad an independent
state as the third dominion, but the Government of India refused to accept this.
After attempts by India to persuade the Nizam to accede to India failed, and
due to large scale atrocities committed by Razakars (who wanted the Nizam
to accede Hyderabad to Pakistan) on the Hindu populace,[23] the Indian
government finally launched a military operation named Operation Polo.
When the Indian Army invaded Hyderabad on 13 September 1948 and
defeated his untrained forces. The Nizam capitulated on 17 September 1948;
that same afternoon he broadcast the news over the State radio network. The
Nizam was forced to accept accession to the new Republic of India. His
abdication on 17 September 1948 was the end of the dynasty's ambitions. Still General Syed Ahmed El
Edroos (at right) offers his
he became the Rajpramukh, post independence based on public vote.[24]
surrender of the Hyderabad
State Forces to Major
Mir Osman Ali Khan, the last Nizam, died on Friday 24 February 1967. All
General (later General and
the Nizams are buried in royal graves at the Makkah Masjid near Charminar
Army Chief) Jayanto Nath
in Hyderabad excepting the last, Mir Osman Ali Khan, who wished to be
Chaudhuri at Secunderabad.
buried beside his mother, in the graveyard of Judi Mosque facing King Kothi
Palace.[25][26]

State wealth
During the period of the Nizams' rule, Hyderabad became wealthy - thanks to the Golconda mines which were
the 'only sources of diamonds in the world market at that time (apart from South African mines) making the
7th Nizam the richest person in the world. Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII and his family including Salar Jung
I were taught by Nawab Sarwar Ul Mulk and Agha Mirza Baig Bahadur, who was his political advisor,[27]
and the senior-most salute state among the Indian princely states. It was spread over 223,000 km2
(86,000 sq mi) in the Deccan, ruled by the Asaf Jahi dynasty. The Nizams were conferred with the title of His
Exalted Highness, and "Faithful Ally of the British Government" by the imperial-colonial British government
for their collaborating role in the wars against Tipu Sultan of Mysore, the First War of Indian Independence of
1857–1858,[28] becoming the only Indian prince to be given both these titles.[29]
One example of the wealth of the Nizams are the Jewels of the
Nizams, an international tourist attraction once displayed in Salar Jung
Museum, but now locked in an Reserve Bank of India vault in
Delhi.[30] In 1948 Hyderabad state had an estimated population of 17
million (1.7 crore), and it generated an estimated annual revenue of
£90,029,000.[28]

The state had its own currency known as the Hyderabadi rupee, until
1951.[31] The pace at which the last Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan
amassed wealth made him one of the world's richest men in 1937, The Nizam's of Hyderabad throne in
Chowmahalla Palace
also known for his miserliness.[29] He was estimated to be worth ₹
660 crores (roughly US$2 billion by the then exchange rates).[32]
According to the Forbes All-Time Wealthiest List of 2008, Nizam Mir
Osman Ali Khan is the fifth richest man in recorded history per the figures, with an estimated worth of
US$210.8 billion adjusted by Forbes as per the growth of the US GDP since that period and the present
exchange rate of the US dollar against the Indian rupee.[31]

Institutions

The Nizams set up numerous institutions in the name of the dynasty including hospitals, schools, colleges, and
universities that imparted education in Urdu.[31] Inspired by the Indian Civil Service, the Nizams established
their own local Hyderabad Civil Service.

Infrastructure

The Nizams commissioned engineering projects such as large reservoirs like Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar.
Survey work on the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam was also initiated during this time, although the actual work was
actually completed under the aegis of the Government of India in 1969.[33][34]

They also gave Hyderabad its own Railway Network -the Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway[35] which
helped in setting up various industries.

Other landmarks include the Telangana High Court, City College, Public Gardens, (formerly Bagh-e-Aaam)
Jubilee Hall, Asafia Library, The Assembly building, Niloufer Hospital, the Osmania Arts College and the
Osmania Medical College.[36]

Donation for compilation of Mahabharata

In 1932, there was a need for money for the publication of Mahabharata in the Bhandarkar Oriental Research
Institute located in Pune. A formal request was made to the 7th Nizam - (Mir Osman Ali Khan) who granted
Rs. 1000 per year for a period of 11 years.[37]

He also gave Rs 50,000 for construction of the guest house which stands today as "Nizams guest
house"[38][39]

Donation to Hindu Temples

The Nizams donated Rs. 82,825 to the Yadagirigutta temple at Bhongir, Rs. 29,999 to Sita
Ramachandraswamy temple, Bhadrachalam[40]
The 7th Nizam also donated Rs. 8,000 to Tirupati Balaji Temple as yearly grants.[41]

A donation of Rs. 50,000 towards the re-construction of Sitarambagh temple located in the old city of
Hyderabad was also made.[42]

Palaces

The Asaf Jahis were prolific builders. Their palaces are listed below:

Chowmahalla Palace - Official residence of early Nizams

Purani Haveli
King Kothi Palace
Mahboob Mansion
Falaknuma Palace
Bella Vista
Hill Fort Palace
Chiran Palace
Saifabad Palace
Hyderabad House, New Delhi
Nizam Palace, Kolkata

List of Nizams of Hyderabad (1724–1948)

 Date of Nizam Nizam Date of
Image Titular Name Personal Name
birth From Until death

Nizam-ul-Mulk,
Asaf Jah I

ٓ Mir Qamar-ud- 20 August 31 July

1 June 1748
din Khan 1671 1724

Nasir Jung 26
Mir Ahmed Ali 1 June
February 16 December 1750
Khan 1748
1712

Muzaffar Jung Mir Hidayat

16
Muhi-ud-din
? December 13 February 1751
Sa'adullah
1750
Khan

Salabat Jung Mir Sa'id 24 13 16

8 July 1762
Muhammad November February September
(deposed)
Khan 1718 1751 1763

Nizam-ul-Mulk,
Asaf Jah II

ٓ Mir Nizam Ali 7 March 8 July

6 August 1803
Khan 1734 1762

Sikander Jah,
Asaf Jah III

ٓ،
11
Mir Akbar Ali 6 August
November 21 May 1829
Khan 1803
1768

Nasir-ud-Daula,
Asaf Jah IV
Mir Farqunda 25 April 21 May
16 May 1857
Ali Khan 1794 1829

ٓ،
 Afzal-ud-Daula, Mir Tahniyath 11 October 16 May 26 February 1869
Asaf Jah V Ali Khan 1827 1857

ٓ،

Asaf Jah VI 26
Mir Mahbub Ali 17 August
ٓ
February 29 August 1911
Khan 1866
1869

Asaf Jah VII 17

Mir Osman Ali 6 April 29 August September 24 February
ٓ Khan 1886 1911 1948 1967
(deposed)

Descendants of the last Nizam

The Nizam was reported to have fathered 34 children: 18 sons and 16 daughters.[43][44][45][46] The Asaf Jahi
dynasty followed the Order of Precedence of male primogeniture regardless of the mother's marital status or
rank.

His eldest son was Azam Jah (21 February 1907 – 9 October 1970),was the Prince of Berar.

Whereas, his second son Moazzam Jah, married Princess Niloufer, a princess of the Ottoman empire.[47]

Family tree
I. Asaf Jah I, Yamin us-Sultanat, Rukn us-Sultanat, Jumlat ul-Mulk, Madar ul-Maham,
Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Khan-i-Dauran, Nawab Mir Ghazi ud-din Siddiqi, Khan
Bahadur, Fath Jang, Sipah Salar, Nawab Subedar of the Deccan, 1st Nizam of Hyderabad (cr.
1720) (20 August 1671 – 1 June 1748). A senior governor and counsellor in the Imperial
government. Defeated the Imperial forces on 19 June 1720 at Hasanpur and formed an
independent state of his own. Confirmed in his possessions by Imperial firman and crowned on 31
July. Named Vice-Regent of the Mughal Empire by Emperor Muhammad Shah on 8 February
1722, secured the province of Berar on 11 October 1724 and formally made Hyderabad City his
new capital on 7 December 1724.
II. Humayun Jah, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Ahmad 'Ali Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, Nasir
Jang, Nawab Subedar of the Deccan, 2nd Nizam of Hyderabad (26 February 1712 – k. by the
Nawab of Kadapa 16 December 1750; r. 1 June 1748 – 16 December 1750).
Sahibzadi Khair un-nisa Begum. Married Nawab Talib Muhi ud-din Mutasawwil Khan Bahadur,
Muzaffar Jang:
 III. Nawab Hidayat Muhi ud-din Sa'adu'llah Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, Muzaffar Jang,
Nawab Subedar of the Deccan, 3rd Nizam of Hyderabad (k. by the Nawab of Kurnool 13
February 1751; r. 16 December 1750 – 13 February 1751).
IV. Amir ul-Mamalik, Asaf ud-Daula, Nawab Said Muhammad Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, Zaffar
Jang, Nawab Subadar of the Deccan, 4th Nizam of Hyderabad (November 1718 – 16
September 1763; r. 13 February 1751 – 8 July 1762). Deposed by his younger brother on 8 July
1762 and killed in prison the following year, aged 44.
V. Asaf Jah II, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Nizam 'Ali Siddiqi, Khan
Bahadur, Fath Jang, Sipah Salar, Nawab Subadar of the Deccan, 5th Nizam of Hyderabad
(7 March 1734 – 6 August 1803; r. 8 July 1762 – 6 August 1803)
VI. Asaf Jah III, Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir
Akbar 'Ali Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, Fulad Jang, 6th Nizam of Hyderabad (11 November
1768 – 21 May 1829; r. 6 August 1803 – 21 May 1829). The first of the dynasty to be officially
granted the title of Nizam.
VII. Rustam-i-Dauran, Aristu-i-Zaman, Asaf Jah IV, Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam
ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Farkhanda 'Ali Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur [Gufran
Manzil], Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Ayn waffadar Fidvi-i-Senliena, Iqtidar-i-Kishwarsitan
Muhammad Akbar Shah Padshah-i-Ghazi, 7th Nizam of Hyderabad (25 April 1794 –
16 May 1857; r. 21 May 1829 – 16 May 1857).
VIII. Asaf Jah V, Nizam ul-Mulk, Afzal ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Tahniyat 'Ali
Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, 8th Nizam of Hyderabad, GCSI (11 October 1827 – 26
February 1869; r. 16 May 1857 – 26 February 1869). The first of the dynasty to come
under British rule.
IX. Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, Asaf Jah VI, Muzaffar
ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Mahbub 'Ali Siddiqi,
Khan Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, 9th Nizam of Hyderabad GCB, GCSI (17
August 1866 – 31 August 1911; r. 26 February 1869 – 31 August 1911). Succeeded
his father on 26 February 1869, ruled under a regency until 5 February 1884, when
he was invested with full ruling powers by the Viceroy of India.
X. Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, Asaf Jah VII,
Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Osman 'Ali
Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Faithful Ally of the British
Government, 10th Nizam of Hyderabad and of Berar GCSI, GBE, Royal
Victorian Chain, MP (6 April 1886 – 24 January 1967; r. 31 August 1911 – 26
January 1950). Granted the style of His Exalted Highness (1 January 1918), the
title of Faithful Ally of the British Government (24 January 1918) and Nizam of
Hyderabad and of Berar (13 November 1936). The last of the ruling Nizams;
ruled absolutely from his accession until 19 September 1948, when the state was
formally annexed to the Union. Maintained semi-ruling and semi-autonomous
status from then until 23 November 1949, when he accepted the paramountcy of
the new Indian government and Constitution and acceded to the Union. Formally
lost his sovereignty, ending 230 years of Asaf Jahi rule, upon the formal
promulgation of the Constitution on 26 January 1950. Served as Rajpramukh of
the new Hyderabad State from 26 January 1950 until 31 October 1956, when the
post was abolished. Served as a titular monarch from 26 January 1950 until his
death.
Azam Jah, Prince of Berar GCIE, GBE (21 February 1907 – 9 October 1970).
Granted the title of His Highness the Prince of Berar (13 November 1936).
Passed over in the line of succession in 1967 in favour of his elder son.
XI. Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, Asaf Jah VIII,
Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir
Barakat 'Ali Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, 11th
Nizam of Hyderabad and Berar (b. 6 October 1933; 11th Nizam: 24
January 1967 – 28 December 1971; dynastic head and pretender since
then).
 Azmat Jah, Nawab Mir Muhammad Azmat 'Ali Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur
(b. 23 June 1960; appointed Prince of Berar and heir apparent: 2002)

The Nizams' daughters had been married traditionally to young men of the Paigah family. This family
belonged to the Sunni sect.

italics – Considered pretenders by most historians; refrained from exercising traditional authority during their
reigns.

Places, things named after and established by the Nizams

Places and things named after the Nizam include Nizamabad, a city and district in the state of Telangana;
Jamia Nizamia, a university; the Nizam College; the Nizam's Museum; the Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway;
the Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences; the Jewels of the Nizams; the Nizam Diamond; the Nizam Sagar,
HMAS Nizam, Nizamia observatory; the Nizam Club; the Nizam of Hyderabad necklace; the Nizam's
Contingent; the Nizam Gate; the Nizam Palace; Government Nizamia General Hospital; and H.E.H. the
Nizam's Charitable Trust.

See also
Asaf Jahi dynasty
History of Telangana
History of Hyderabad, India
Salar Jung family
Raja Shamraj Bahadur
Hyderabadi Muslims
Osman Ali Khan

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External links
Asaf Jahi Dynasty with Genealogical Tree and Photos (http://joyhyderabad.com/web/history-of-
hyderabad)
Detailed genealogy of the Nizams of Hyderabad (http://www.usbnews24.com/?p=14659)
Rare colour footage of accession ceremony of the 8th Nizam of Hyderabad in 1967 (YouTube)
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aBrnCbBZKqI)
The Secret History of Hyderabad State of the Nizam (South India; 1724 – 1948) (http://www.cab
altimes.com/2016/06/28/nizam/12/)

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