EECE 340 Signals and Systems Mar.

1, 2018
American University of Beirut, Spring 2017–2018 Handout #5

Problem Set 2 – Solutions

Problem 2.1
Consider a DT system with the following system function:
Y 2 − 10D + 12D2
= .
X 1 − D − (1/4)D2 + (1/4)D3

(b) The difference equation of the system is

y[n] − y[n − 1] − (1/4)y[n − 2] + (1/4)y[n + 3] = 2x[n] − 10x[n − 1] + 12x[n − 2].

(a) A block diagram of the system may be drawn as presented in class. A direct form
of type I or type II may be readily obtained by using the appropriate values of the
coefficients {al }’s and {bl }’s
(c) To obtain a cascade of 0-th and 1-st order systems, we decompose the system
function into polynomials of either degree 0 or 1. This may be done by polynomial
factorization of both the numerator and denominator:
Y 2(1 − 2D)(1 − 3D)
= ,
X (1 − D)(1 − 1/2D)(1 + 1/2D)
where now one can see that X is passed by a multiplier (equal to 2) then through
two 0-th order systems: (1 − 2D) and (1 − 3D) followed serially by the first order
systems: 1/(1 − D), 1/(1 − 1/2D) and 1/(1 + 1/2D).
The block diagrams for these systems were presented in class.
(d) To obtain a parallel decomposition, we perform a partial fraction expansion:
Y A B C
= + + ,
X (1 − D) (1 − 1/2D) (1 + 1/2D)
where
2(1 − 2)(1 − 3) 16 35
A= = , B = −15, C= .
(1 − 1/2)(1 + 1/2) 3 3

Problem 2.2
We expand the system function as a Taylor series expansion (in D) and simply “read”
the impulse response:
(−k)(−k − 1) 2 2
(1 − αD)−k = 1 + kαD + α D + ···
2
(k)(k + 1) 2 2 (k)(k + 1) · · · (k + n − 1) n n
= 1 + kαD + α D + ··· + α D + ···
2 n!

1
Therefore, the impulse response is
 
(n + k − 1)! n n+k−1
h[n] = α u[n] = αn u[n].
n!(k − 1)! n

Problem 2.3

(a) Using the definition,

∞ ∞  n
X X 1
X(z) = x[n]z −n
= z −n
n=−∞ n=2
3
1 1
= z −2
9 1 − 13 z −1

whenever |z| > (1/3). Also the signal is causal and therefore “∞” is also in the
ROC.
P
(b) Y (z) = ∞n=−∞ y[n]z
−n
= −z + z −1 + 2z −2 , which exists whenever z is neither “0”
nor “∞”.

Problem 2.4

(a)
∞
X ∞
X
y[n] = u[k]u[n − k] = u[n − k]
k=−∞ k=0
 Pn
k=0 1 = (n + 1) n≥0
=
0 o.w.
= (n + 1)u[n].

(b)
∞  n−k ∞  n−k
X 1 X 1
y[n] = u[k] u[n − k] = u[n − k]
k=−∞
2 k=0
2
( P
1 n−k
n
l
= nl=0 21 = 1−(1/2)

P n+1

k=0 n≥0
= 2 1−(1/2)
0 o.w.
"  n+1 #
1
=2 1− u[n].
2

2
 (c)
∞  k  n−k ∞  k  n−k
X 1 1 X 1 1
y[n] = u[k] u[n − k] = u[n − k]
k=−∞
3 2 k=0
3 2
1 k 1 n−k 1 n 2 k
 Pn


Pn

= n≥0
= k=0 3 2 2 k=0 3
0 o.w.
 n "  n+1 #
1 2
=3 1− u[n].
2 3

(d)
∞  k  n−k ∞  k  n−k
X 1 1 X 1 1
y[n] = u[k] u[n − k] = u[n − k]
k=−∞
2 2 k=0
2 2
1 n 1 n
 Pn


k=0 2
= (n + 1) 2
n≥0
=
0 o.w.
 n
1
= (n + 1) u[n].
2

Problem 2.5

1 1
(a) X(z) = = z −1
z−1 1 − z −1
X(z) is a rational function that has a single pole at “1”. Since the ROC is a unique
ring, we have two possible choices for the ROC:

i) {|z| > 1} ∪ {∞}, and x[n] is a delayed –by one– unit step, i.e.,

x[n] = u[n − 1].

ii) {|z| < 1}, and x[n] is a delayed –by one– “−u[−n − 1]”, i.e.,

x[n] = −u[−n].

(b) Y (z) = z 2 + 3 + z −1 + z −3 , which has a pole of degree 3 at “0”, and a pole of degree
2 at “∞”. We have only one possible region of convergence with is C \ {0}.


 1 n = −2
 3 n=0


y[n] = 1 n=1
1 n=3




0 otherwise.


3
 1
(c) V (z) = has two poles at
z2 + z + 1
√ √
1 3 1 3
p1 = − − j = e−j2π/3 p2 = − + j = ej2π/3
2 2 2 2

 
1 z −2 −2 1 − p2 /p1 1 − p1 /p2
V (z) = = =z +
(z − p1 )(z − p2 ) (1 − p1 z −1 )(1 − p2 z −1 ) 1 − p1 z −1 1 − p2 z −1

Both poles have the same magnitude and lie on the UC.
i) {|z| > 1} ∪ {∞}, and v[n] is a delayed –by two– of an easily determined signal:

1 − e−j4π/3 ej2πn/3 + 1 − ej4π/3 e−j2πn/3 u[n],



and therefore,
    
2π 2π
v[n] = 2 cos (n − 2) − 2 cos (n − 1) u[n − 2].
3 3

ii) {|z| < 1}, and v[n] is the delayed –by two– signal

− 1 − e−j4π/3 ej2πn/3 + 1 − ej4π/3 e−j2πn/3 u[−n − 1],



and therefore,
    
2π 2π
v[n] = 2 cos (n − 1) − 2 cos (n − 2) u[−n + 1].
3 3

Problem 2.6

(a) The signal x[n] is causal and hence the ROC will be easily specified: it is from
largest pole (in magnitude) outwards.
ej3n + e−3jn 5  j3n 
x[n] = 5 cos(3n)u[n] = 5 u[n] = e u[n] + e−3jn u[n] .
2 2

Therefore,
 
5 1 1
X(z) = + , ROC : |z| > 1.
2 1 − ej3 z −1 1 − e−j3 z −1

(b) since y[n] = 5 cos(3n) , the Z-transform does not exist. Indeed, this can be seen
from 2 perspective
P
(i) By definition, Y (z) = ∞n=−∞ 5 cos(3n)z
−n
if both limits exist.
Looking at n → ∞, we note that we need |z| > 1. When n → −∞, we need
|z| < 1.

4
 (ii) Alternatively,
5  j3n
e u[n] + ej3n u[−n − 1] + e−j3n u[n] + e−j3n u[−n − 1] .

y[n] =
2

If we observe each term ”alone” we see that the requirements on |z| don’t
intersect.

Problem 2.7
Since  n
1
x[n] = u[n],
2
then
1
X(z) = , ROC = {|z| > (1/2)} ∪ {∞}.
1 − (1/2)z −1

That of x[n + 3] is hence

3 z3
z X(z) = , ROC = {|z| > (1/2)} ∪ {∞}.
1 − (1/2)z −1

Also  n
1
y[n] = u[n],
3
and
1
Y (z) = , ROC = {|z| > (1/3)} ∪ {∞}.
1 − (1/3)z −1

That of y[n + 1] is hence

z
zY (z) = , ROC = {|z| > (1/3)} ∪ {∞},
1 − (1/3)z −1

and that of y[−n + 1] is

z −1 z −2
z −1 Y (z −1 ) = = −1 , ROC = {|z| < 3}.
1 − (1/3)z z − (1/3)

In conclusion,

z3 z −2 −3z
Z(z) = = ,
1 − (1/2)z z − (1/3)
−1 −1 (1 − (1/2)z −1 )(1 − 3z −1

with a region of convergence that is the intersection, namely {(1/2) < |z| < 3}.