CHE 311

INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCE

COURSE COTENT
i. Chemical equation and stoichiometry
(i) Limiting reactant
(ii) Excess
(iii) Conversion
(iv) Yield
ii. Material balance
(i) Concept of material balance
(ii) General material balance equation
(iii) Material balance involving no chemical reaction
(iv) Material balance involving chemical reaction
iii. Energy Balance
(i) Heat energy
(ii) Kinetic energy
(iii) Potential energy
(iv) Internal energy
(v) Enthalpy
(vi) Analysis of energy
(vii) Balance equation
(viii) Calculation of specific enthalpy
(ix) Heat of formation reaction and combustion
iv. Unsteady state calculation
(i) Recycle stream
(ii) Purge
(iii) Bypass
 CHEMICAL REACTION AND STOCHIOMETRY
A+B→C+D
A chemical equation provides both qualitative and quantitative information essential for the
calculation of the combining moles of material balance involve in chemical process.
EXAMPLE:
The combustion of Heptane in air
C7H16 + HO2 → 7CO2 + 8H2O

NB:
Before using any equation please ensure the equation is balanced, here moles may be
express in Ibmole, gmole, kgmole, depending on the unit for mass.

STOCHIOMETRY EQUATION
The combination of elements and compounds is known as stoichiometry. The ratio
obtained from the numerical co-efficient in then chemical equation is known as
stoichiometry ratio.
This ratio permits one to calculate the moles of one substance as relatively to another in
a chemical equation.

METHOD OF SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING CHEMICAL EQUATION

If the basis selected is to be mass (kg/lb) rather than moles the following method should
be applied in solving problems involving the use of chemical equation
Step 1: use the molecular weight to calculate the numbers of moles of a substance
equivalent to the basis
Step 2: change the number of moles into the corresponding number of moles of the desired
product or reactant by multiplying by proper stoichiometry ratio as determined from the
balanced chemical equation
Step 3: change the moles of product of reactant to the mass.
E.g: 10kg of Heptane react completely with the stoichiometry quantity of oxygen gas. How
many kilogram of carbon(iv) oxide will be formed as product?
Solution
Basis: 10kg C7H16
C7H16 + HO2 → 7CO2 + 3H2O
Step 1: mole = mass = 10kg mole
Mw 100kg = 0.1mole
Recall, C7H16 = (12×7) + (1×16) = 100 =Mw = 100kg
Step 2: stoichiometry ratio
C7H16 CO2
1 : 7
1 mole 7 moles
0.1 mole x moles
X= (0.1 ×7) mole = 0.7 mole of CO2
1 mole
But Mw of CO2 = (12 × 1)+(16 × 2)= 12+32+= 44kg of CO2
Step 3 mole= mass = 0.7= mass
Mw 44
Mass= 0.7 × 44= 30.8 kg
Mass of CO2 formed as product= 30.8kg.
METHOD 2
10kg C7H16 1kg mole C7H16 7kg mole CO2 44kg
100kg C7H16 1kg mole C7H16 1kg mole CO2

= 10 × 1 × 7 × 44 kg CO2
100 × 1 × 1

All that chemical equation indicates is the stoichiometry amount required for a reaction take
place and not how fast a reaction occur nor if a reaction occurs at all.

i. Write out the equation of the stoichiometric combustion reaction of butane with
oxygen gas
ii. If the mass f butane consume in (i) above is 20g. What mass of O2 gas will be required
for complete combustion of butane.
iii. What are the mass of the gases in the product?

SOLUTION
Recall;
CxHy + (x + y∕4) O2 → xCO2 + y∕2H2O

C4H10 + (4 + 10∕4) O2 → 4CO2 + 10∕2H2O

i. C4H10 + 13∕2O2 → 4CO2 + 5H2O

ii. Basis 20g C4H2O

20g C4H10 19 mole C4H10 13∕2 mole O2 32g O2

58g C4H10 19 mole C4H10 19 mole O2

= 20 × 1 × 6.5 × 32 g CO2 = 4160 = 71.72g

58 × 1 × 1 58
The mass of O2 required for complete combustion of butane is 71.72g.
iii. The masses of the gasses in the product are CO2
20g C4H10 19 mole C4H10 49 mole O2 44g CO2
58g C4H10 19 mole C4H10 19 mole CO2

= 20 × 1 × 4 × 44 g CO2 = 3520 g CO2 = 60.69g CO2

58 × 1 × 1 58
The mass of CO2 in the product is 60.69g CO2
For H2O:

20g C4H10 19 mole C4H10 59 mole H2O 18g H2O

58g C4H10 19 mole C4H10 19 mole H2O

= 20 × 1 × 5 × 18 g H2O = 1800 g H2O = 31.03g H2O

58 × 1 × 1 58
The mass of H2O the product is 31.03g H2O.

In industrial reaction to make a desire reaction take place excess reactant are nearly
always used this is to ensure that the reaction goes to completion to minimize side reaction and
products. This give rise to
(1) Limiting reactant
(2) Excess reactant
(3) Selectivity
(4) Yield
LIMITING REACTANT
This is the reactant present in the smallest stoichiometry amount in other words, if two
or more reactants are mixed and if the reaction were to proceed according to chemical reaction
to completion, the reactant that will first disappear is termed the limiting reactant.
Example:
1. Consider the equation for the combustion of heptane
C7H6 + H02 → 7CO2 + 3H20
If 19mole of heptane and 129mole of oxygen gas are mixed which of the reacting
species is the limiting reactant.
Solution
19mole react with 129mole → amount present
C7H16 O2
Stoichiometry ratio
1 11 → amount required
Excess O2 = (12 – 11) gmole =1gmole
A is the limiting reactant because oxygen gas will still be left by 19mole making it excess
reactant.
 2. If more than two reactants are present in a chemical reaction such that 1.1mole of A
react with 3.2moles of B and 2.4moles of C in the equation below
A + 3B +2C → products
Which of the reactant is the limiting reactant?
SOLUTION
A + 3B + 2C → products
1.1 mole 3.2mole 2.4mole → amount present
1 : 3 : 2 → amount required
Hence:
1.1 of A 3 × 1.1 of B 2 × 1.1 of C
1.1 A 3.3 B 2.2 C
Amount present → amount required
(1.1 – 1.1) A (3.2 – 3.3) B (2.4 – 2.2) C
0 -1 0.2
Therefore, B is the limiting reactant
C is the excess reactant
EXCESS REACTANT
This is the reactant present in excess of the limiting reactant and it is given by:
% Excess reactant = moles in excess
Moles required to react × 100
with the limiting reactant
Moles in excess = Total available moles of reactant – moles required to react with limiting
reactant
→ 2.4 – 2.2 = 0.2 (from the solution to question)
% excess = 0.2 × 100 = 9.09%
2.2
Also:
Mole in excess = (129 – 119) mole = 19mol
% excess = 1 9mol × 100 = 9.09%
11
It is very common to use excess air in industrial process that is above the required theoretical
quantity in combustion reaction to ensure complete burning of the combustible material.
CONSERVATION
This is the fraction of the feed converted into product.
% conversion = moles (or mass) of feed that reacts × 100
moles (or mass) of feed intro/fed

Fractional conversion = moles (or mass) of feed that react

moles (or mass) of feed introduce/fed
EXAMPLE:
1) If 14.4kg CO2 are formed in the reaction of heptane with oxygen gas. Calculate the %
conversion of heptane assuming 10kg was introduced into the reactor
Solution
The equation is
C7H16 + HO2 → 7CO2 + 8H2O
Given Data:
14.4kg CO2 produced
10kg C7H16 produced

Recall % conversion = mass of C7H16 reacted × 100

mass of C7H16 introduced
mass of C7H16 that reacted

14.4kgCOS 1kgmole CO2 1kgmole C7H16 100kg C7H16

44g CO2 1kgmole CO2 1kgmole C7H16

= 14.4 × 1 × 1 × 100 kg C7H16 = 1440 Kg C7H16 = 4.675 approximately 4.68 C7H16

44 × 1 × 1 308
The mass of C7H16 that reacted is 4.68kg C7H16
Therefore:
% conversion = mass of C7H16 × 100
mass of C7H16 introduce

= 4.68 × 100 = 4.68 × 10

10
% conversion = 46.8%
Conversion is related to the degree of completion of the reaction which is usually in percentage
or fraction of the limiting reactant changed to product.
SELECTIVITY
This is the ratio of the moles of a particular product (usually the desired product)
produced to the moles of another product (usually the undesired or by product), produce in a
set of reactions.
Selectivity = moles of desired product formed
moles of undesired product/by product formed
Example:
Methanol can be converted into ethylene and propylene by a series of reaction shown below
2CH3OH → C2H4 + 2H2O
3CH3OH → C3H6 + 3H2O
1) What is the selectivity of ethylene relative to propylene given that 80% conversion of
methanol? If the mole fraction of ethylene form is 0.19 and the mole fraction of
propylene from 0.08.