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BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (4TH YEAR)

ELECTRICAL PROTECTION 425 (ETP820S)

EXAMINATION 3 (PAPER)

TOTAL MARKS: 76

DURATION: 150 MINUTES (2.5 HOURS)

DATE: 9th MARCH 2013

EXAMINER: Mr. Kalaluka Kanyimba

MODERATOR: Dr. Peter Olabisi Oluseyi

STUDENT NAME: STUDENT NUMBER:

Instructions to candidates:

1. Read the questions very carefully.

2. Attempt all questions.
3. All writing must be in ink.
4. For calculations, approximate all your solutions to three significant figures after the decimal
point.
5. Use the given lined paper for your solutions and use only one side of the answer sheet.
6. This is a closed book examination, no notes or books are allowed in the examination room.
7. For questions requiring calculations, all working and all steps must be shown clearly, marks
will be lost for „skipped‟ steps.
8. All cell phones must be switched off during the examination, 10% will be deducted from the
total mark in penalty for disturbances caused by cell phones.
9. You may not leave the room after the examination has started.
10. All consultations with and copying from fellow students will lead to automatic disqualification
from the examination.
11. Attach all your answer scripts to this question paper.

Permissible material: Non-programmable Scientific Calculators only.

ETP820S EXAM 3 Page 1 35BEEP

QUESTION 1 [29]
(a) Rotor Earth-Fault Protection for a Synchronous Generator (11 marks)
“The field circuit of a generator, comprising the field winding of the generator and the
armature of the exciter, together with any associated field circuit breaker if it exists, is an
isolated d.c. circuit which is not normally earthed. If an earth-fault occurs, there will be no steady-
state fault current and the need for action will not be evident.
Danger arises if a second earth-fault occurs at a separate point in the field system, to cause the
high field current to be diverted, in part at least, from the intervening turns. Serious damage to
the conductors and possibly the rotor can occur very rapidly under these conditions. More
damage may be caused mechanically.
One of the methods available to detect the type of fault mentioned above is the a.c. injection
method. D.c. may also be used instead of an a.c.”
Problem:
You are required to develop a scheme for earth-fault detection/protection of the field winding
of a given synchronous generator using d.c. injection. The d.c. voltage is derived through a
bridge rectifier supplied from the station‟s auxiliary a.c. supply.
(i) Design a simple circuit to represent the above scheme (earth-fault detector/protection).
(ii) Include a test feature in your scheme for periodic tests of the operation of the scheme.
(iii) Assume a fault in any part of the field winding and analyse the flow of fault current and the
action of the scheme through a well-labelled diagram. You may include some comments to
accompany the diagram.
NB: The operation of the scheme must be very clear in the event of an earth-fault.
(b) Generator Earth-Fault Protection (18 marks)
The diagram shown in Figure Q1.1 below is of a synchronous generator that is connected,
through a step-down transformer, to a collection of loads lumped into one impedance. A basic
differential scheme is used for protection against both earth-faults and short-circuits.
The neutral of the generator is grounded through a resistor of 20 Ω. From the earth-resistance
tests that were carried out at the time of installation, it was found that the resistance of the fault
path through the earth/ground was 5 Ω.
A single line-to-ground fault has occurred at F1.
The generator ratings are as follows: 125 MVA, 15.5 kV, xd“= x2 = 0.2 p.u. x0 = 0.03 p.u.
(i) Determine whether or not the differential relay, R, will operate if the minimum pick-up current
of the relay is 0.4 A. (16 marks)
(ii) Comment on the solution obtained in (i) above. (2 marks)

Figure Q1.1.

ETP820S EXAM 3 Page 2 35BEEP

QUESTION 2 [20]
Two transformer feeders (H and J) are connected to an 11 kV single bus-bar from which two
feeders (G and K) are connected to various loads at their remote ends. The two transformers are
rated at 88 kV – Delta/11 kV -Star.
(a) Design a complete „single-zone frame-to-earth (Howard) protection‟ scheme for the bus-bar.
Draw a well-labelled single-line diagram of your design. (10 marks)
(b) Assume an earth-fault (3-phase-to-earth fault) on feeder K outside the switch-gear frame.
Analyse the fault current by simply drawing the division and flow of fault current in the various
branches in the system. (10 marks)
QUESTION 3 [27]
Figure Q3.1 shows a delta-star transformer to which unit protection is to be applied.
(a) Make the suitable choices of primary
and secondary CT winding arrangements
for phase compensation. Give a brief
explanation of your choice. (15 marks)
(b) Calculate suitable ICT ratios and the
resulting Ratio Compensation. Assume a
relay input rating of 1 A. (6 marks)
(c) Re-draw the one-line diagram in
schematic wiring form showing the actual
connections of the main transformers, the
CTs and the ICTs. (6 marks)

Figure Q3.1

ETP820S EXAM 3 Page 3 35BEEP