CHAPTER 18 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

THE CRISIS OF THE FRENCH MONARCHY

 1780- French Royal gov’t unable to command sufficient taxes to finance itself
 Louis XIV summons the Estates General

A. THE MONARCHY SEEKS NEW TAXES

 Seven Years war:

 Leaves France in debt and defeated
 Aid to American Revolution
 Deepens financial difficulties for the French.
 Royal Gov’t is unable to tax the nobility
 Formation of Parlements
 Aristocratic Institutions
 1770- Louis XV appoints Rene Maupeou as chancellor
 Maupeou bans Parlements sends aristocrats into exile.
 Louis XVI fires Maupeou and reinstitutes Parlements
 The elites began to use language of liberty and reform for their cause.
 Monarch unable to rally popular support

B.NECKER’S REPORT

 Jacques Necker produces a public report

 Report states that much of the royal expenditures went royal favorites aristocrats as
pensions

C. CALONNES’S REFORM PLAN AND THE ASSEMBLY OF NOTALBLES

 Charles Alexandre de Calonne- Minister of Finance

o Internal trade: Remove internal Barriers to trade and to lower gov’t regulation.
o Taxes: introduce new land tax all classes must pay; Gov’t would not have to seek
taxes that needed approval
o Sought to establish local assemblies made up of landowners to approve land taxes;
voting would depend on the amount of land owned not social status.
 Assembly of Notables: refuse Calonne’s reforms call for the estates general

D. DEADLOCK AND THE CALLING OF THE ESTATES GENERAL

 Parlement of Paris and clergy refused the subsidy; the Aristocrats wanted to restore their
privileges
  1788- The Estates General is summoned

THE REVOLUTION OF 1789

THE ESTATES GENERAL BECOMES THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY

 First Estate:Clergy; Second Estate: Nobility; Third Estate; the rest of the kingdom
 Third Estate would not permit the monarchy and the aristocracy to decide the future of the
nation.
o DEBATE OVER ORGANIZATION AND VOTING
 Assembly of notables demanded each estate have an equal amount to reps
 Each estate has one vote

 DOUBLING THE THIRD

o Royal council decided that the third estate would benefit monarchy
o DEC1788:council declared third estate would have 2x reps as clergy and
aristocracy

 THE CAHIERS DE DOLEANCES

o List of Grievances
 Criticized gov’t waste, indirect taxes, church taxes, and corruption
 Called for an equality of rights equitable taxes unified weights free
press better commerce
 Originated from the Nobility
o THE THIRD ESTATE CREATED THE NATIONAL ASSMEBLY
 June 17, 1789 local official’s professionals declared themselves the
Third Estate.
o THE TENNIS COURT OATH
 Members were shut out of meeting
 Members of the National Assembly gather in tennis court and take
an oath to write up a constitution for France

THE FALL OF THE BASTILLE

 July 14 1789, crowds of Parisians marched onto the Bastille and storm the fortress
 The Revolutionary Cockade/ tricolor first appears

THE GREAT FEAR AND THE NIGHT OF AUGUST 4

 Urban disturbances swept across France

 Great Fear: burning of Chateaux destruction of legal records/docs.
 Peasants wanted to take possession of food supplies and land they considered
theirs.
  Aug. 4, 1789 Aristocrats attempted to halt the disorder by giving up some of their
privileges

THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN

 August 1789 National Constituent Assembly decided to publish a statement of

broad political principles
 August 27 1789: the Assembly issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man and
Citizen
o All men are born and remain free and equal in rights
o Natural rights: liberty security and resistance to oppression
o Gov’t existed to protect these rights
o Taxation was to be apportioned equally
o Freedom of religion
o These rights where not for women

THE PARISIAN WOMEN’S MARCH ON VERSAILLES

 October 5, Parisian women marched to Versailles demanding more bread.

 Louis XVI is forced to return to Paris OCT. 6 1789
 Decline in price of bread

THE RECONSTRUCTION OF FRANCE

POLITICAL REORGANIZATION

 Constitution of 1791: Constitutional Monarchy

 Monarch was allowed a suspensive veto that could delay but not halt
 Assembly had the power to make war and peace.
o ACTIVE AND PASSIVE CITIZENS.
 Active: men paying annual taxes could vote
 Women could not vote nor hold office
o OLYMPE DE GOUGES’S DECLERATION OF THE RIGHTS OF WOMAN
 1791 Olympe de Gouges composed a declaration of the rights of
woman
 Demanded that women be regarded as citizens
 Women should be able to own property; equality of the sexes in
marriage
o DEPARTMENTS REPLACE PROVINCES
 Departments-districts- cantons- communes

ECONOMIC POLICY

 National Constituent Assembly continued policies of Louis XVI

  Suppressed guild; liberated grain trade
o WORKERS’ ORGANIZATIONS FORBIDDEN
 June 14 1791 the Assembly ended attempts by urban workers to protect
their wages
 Chapelier Law forbade workers’ associations
o CONFISCATION OF CHURCH LANDS
 Assembly decided to repay debts by selling Roman Catholic Church
property
 Results: further inflation religious schism and civil was
o THE ASSIGNATS
 Assignats : government bonds: December 1789
 Value was guaranteed by the revenue to be generated by the sale of
church property
 Bonds began to circulate as currency
 Assembly decided to issue a larger number; value of assignats fell and
inflation rose

THE CIVIL CONSTITUTION OF THE CLERGY

 The National Assembly turned the church into a branch of the secular state
 Reduced number of arch bishops
 Provided for election of pastors and bishops who became salaried employees of the
state.
 Embittered relationship between The French church and the state.
 The church turned hostile to the National assembly and the revolution

COUNTERREVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITY

 Emigres: exiled aristocrats.

o Flight to Varennes
 June 20 1791: Louis and immediate family left Paris in disguise.
 June 24 the monarch is spotted stopped and made to return to Paris
o DECLARATION OF PILLNITZ
 August 27, 1791 issued by Emperor Leopold II of Austria and King
Frederick William II of Prussia
 Promised to intervene in France to protect the royal family and preserve
the monarchy

THE END OF THE MONARCHY: A SECOND REVOLUTION

 National Assembly drew to close in December 1791

EMERGENCE OF THE JACOBINS

  Drew ideas from Enlightment: Rousseau’s equality
 Arose from the estates general
 The king is held in his palace not allowed to fulfill his political duties.

THE CONVNETION AND THE ROLE OF THE SANS- CULOTTES

 THE SEPTEMBER MASSACRES

o Early September
o Execution of thousands of prisoners mostly nobles
o Convention declared France a Republic
 Goals of the Sans-Culottes
o Shop keepers, artisans, wage earners
o Persistent food shortages
o Revolutionary inflation
o Sought to relief food shortages and the inflation
o Anti monarchy
o Republican suspicious of representatives.
 POLICIES OF THE JACOBINS
o Republicans who sought representative government.
o Unregulated economy
 EXECUTION OF LOUIS XVI
o January 21, 1793
o Condemned for conspiring against the revolution

EUROPE AT WAR WITH THE REVOLUTION

EDMUND BURKE ATTACKS THE REVOLUTION

o Condemned the Revolution for beheading monarch, blind rationalism.

SUPPRESSION OF REFORM IN BRITIAN

o William Pitt the younger turned against reform and popular movements
o Suspended Habeas Corpus
o Attempted to curb freedom of the press

THE SECOND AND THIRD PARTITIONS OF POLAND 1793-1795

o Result of fears by the eastern powers

o 1792-April conservative Polish leaders opposed reforms and invited Russia to
set up old order
o 1794 Polish officers mutiny against efforts to unite their forces with the Russian
Army
THE REIGN OF TERROR

WAR WITH EUROPE

o April 1793 the Jacobins began o direct the French nation to war against
Austria ,Great Britain Spain and other of the First Coalition
o The war brought new political changes in France
o Reign of Terror Begins

THE REPUBLIC DEFENDED

 The revolutionary government organized a collective executive form of powerful

committees
 Result immense military effort dedicated to protecting and promoting revolutionary
ideals.
o THE COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY
 Est. april 17933
 Carried out executive duties of the government.
o THE LEVEE EN MASSE
 To prepare for war
 A military requisition on the entire population a draft
 September 29 1793 established a ceiling on the prices in accord with the
sans-culotte demands

THE REPUBLIC OF VIRTUE AND ROBESPIERRE’S JUSTIFICATION OF TERROR

 Committee of public safety believed they had created a republic of virtue

 Based on Rousseau’s Social Contract
 Renaming streets, republican dress, no wigs
 Maximilien de Robespierre leader of Committee

DE-CHRISTIANIAZATION

 November 1793 Convention

 Officials start to close churches, forcing priests to marry, killing clergy etc.

Revolutionaries against themselves

 Robespierre began the start of the reign of terror

 Many republicans were executed

Fall of Robespierre

 July 28 Executed
THERMIDORIAN REACTION

 Destruction of Guillotine
 Law of 22 Prairial
 Political groups were dispersed
 White Terror: Former politicians were executed

SUMMARY

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION BEGAN AS A POWER FIGHT BETWEEN THE FRENCH MONARCHY AND THE
FRENCH ARISTOCRACY.THE ESTATES GENERAL IS SUMMONED. THE THIRD ESTATE DEMANDED
INFLUENCE IN GOV’T.UPRISINGS IN PARIS AND OTHER CITIES FORMED THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE
OF FRANCE. NOBLES SURRENDERED CERTAIN RIGHTS. CHURCH LAND WAS CONFISCATED AND SOLD TO
RELIEVE NATIONAL DEBT.ATTEMPTS TO DECHRISTAINIZE FRANCE.PEASANTS GAINED LAND.GUILDS AND
OTHER WORKER UNIONS WERE ABOLISHED. REIGN OF TERROR CLAIMED MANY OF THE
REVOLUTIONARY THEMSELVES.THERMIDORIAN REACTION.
CHAPTER 19: THE AGE OF NAPOLEAN AND THE TRIUMPH OF ROMANTICISM.

THE RISE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

 Emigres return to France

 18 Fructidor Coup d’etat

EARLY MILITARY VICTORIES

 1795: French arms and diplomacy defeat coalition

 France annexation of Belgium
 Oct. 1797: treaty of Campo Fornio
 Nov. 1797 Bonaparte returns to France
 Invasion of Egypt ends in failure

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE YEAR VIII

 Divided gov’t in three branches

 First Consul= Bonaparte

THE CONSULATE IN FRANCE (1799-1804)

 Ended Revolution in France

 Abolished hereditary privilege
 Peasants were satisfied

SUPPRESSINF FOREIGN ENEMIES AND DOMESTIC OPPOSITION

 Conscription accounted for internal stability

 Bonaparte restored peace and order at home
o Ruthlessly suppressed opposition; established centralized administration
o Employed secret police
o Attacked jacobins

CONCORDAT WITH THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH

 1801 Napoleon concluded a Concordat with Pope Pius VII

o Refractory clergy and those who accepted revolution had to resign
o State named bishops
o Oath of loyalty to state
o Declared France Catholic

NAPOLEONIC CODE
  Civic Code 1804
o Safe guarded all forms of property
o Birth privileges remained abolished
o Unions remained forbidden

ESTABLISHING A DYNASTY

 Bonaparte crowned himself Emperor

 Established another constitution

NAPOLEON’S EMPIRE (1804-1814)

 Wars put an end to Old Regime

CONQUERING AN EMPIRE

 1802 Peace of Amiens b/t France and Great Britain

o BRITISH NAVAL SUPREMACY
 Napoleon ignored British ultimatum= war
 Lord Nelson Destroyed the combined French and Spanish Fleets
o NAPOLEONIC VICTORIES IN CENTRAL EUROPE
 Dec. 2 1802 Napoleon defeated Austrian and Russian Forces as
Austerlitz
 July1806 organized Confederation of Rhine
 Nove.21 1807 Issued Berlin Decree Forbidding enemies from importing
British goods
o TREATY OF TILSIT
 July 7,1807 Prussia Russia became allies of France

THE CONTINENTAL SYSTEM

 Napoleon attempts to wage economic warfare against Britain

o Plan backfires;Napoleon refuses to form free trade zone

EUROPEAN RESPONSE TO THE EMPIRE

 France came first conquered areas grew resentful

GERMAN NATIONALISM AND PRUSSIAN REFORM

 German writers Kant and Gotthold Lessing

 Emphasized unique qualities of German Culture
 Prussian social reforms
 Serfs were free to leave
 Military reforms sought to better army
THE WARS OF LIBERATION

SPAIN

 National resistance to France

 Guerrilla warfare against Napoleon

AUSTRIA

 1809
 Napoleon wins and marries Marie Louise

THE INVASION OF RUSSIA

 Scorched earth policy

 Napoleon’s army is left with few supplies
 Napoleon is forced to retreat

EUROPEAN COALITION

 Russia Prussia and Austria joined forces against Napoleon in 1813

 Vast amounts of Brit money aided the coalition

THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA AND THE EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT

 Coalition is held together by fear of more conquest by Napoleon

TERRITORIAL ADJUSTMENTS

 Powers strengthened stated around French borders

 Tsar became ruler of Poland
 Prussia settled for part of Saxony

THE 100 DAYS AND THE QUADRUPLE ALLIANCE

 Napoleons return from Elba on March 1, 1815

o Promised liberal constitution and peaceful foreign policy
o Allies declared Napoleon an outlaw
o Field Marshal von Blucher defeated Napoleon at Waterloo

THE ROMANTIC MOVEMENT

 Reaction against the Enlightment

ROMANTIC QUESTIONING OF THE SUPREMACY OF REASON

  Sturm and Drang movement

ROUSSEAU AND EDUCATION

 Thought that adults should let childrens sentiment as well as their reason to flourish

KANT AND REASON

 Categorical imperative
o Inner command to act in every situation as one would have all other people
always act in the same situation

ROMANTIC LITERATURE

 Peaked in Germany and England

THE ENGLISH ROMANTIC WRITERS

 Coleridge
 Wordsworth
 Lord Byron

GERMAN ROMANTIC WRITERS

 Schlegel
o Wrote Lucinde attacked prejudices against women
 GOETHER
o Faust

ROMANTIC ART

THE CULT OF THE MIDDLE AGES AND NEO-GOTHICISM

 Salisbury cathedral from the meadows

 Idealized rural life
 Medieval buildings arose

NATURE AND THE SUBLIME

 Questioned how much control we have

 Contradictory forces

RELIGION IN THE ROMANTIC PERIOD

 Sought the foundations of religion in the inner emotions of human kind.

METHODISM
  John Wesley middle of 18th cen. Revolt against deism and rationalism
 Emphasized the role of enthusiastic emotional experience

NEW DIRECTIONS IN CONTINENTAL RELIGION

 Strong revival of Roman Catholic in France

 Revival of faith

ROMANTIC VIEWS OF NATIONALISM AND HISTORY

HERDER AND CULTURE

 RESENTED French dominance in Germany

 Urged the collection and preservation of Distinctive German songs and sayings

HEGEL AND HISTORY

 Thesis antithesis and synthesis

ISLAM THE MIDDLE EAST AND ROMANTICISM

 Tended to see Muslim world positively

 Gave Arabs and Muslims new role in history

SUMMARY

NATIONALISM PROVED TO BE STRONG MOTIVATING FORCE IN THE 19 TH CENTURY. WRITERS OF

ROMANTIC MOVEMENT EMPHASIZED INDIVIDUALITY.FRANCE UNDER NAPOLEON DEMONSTRATED
POWER OF NATIONHOOD. NAPOLEON’S CONQUESTS PROVED NEED FOR STRONGER EURPEAN
ORGANIZATIONS. CONGRESS OF VIENNA COULD NOT IGNORE THE YEARNINGS OF SMALLER NATIONS.
WORMS: DIET OF WORMS; MARTIN LUTHER VS. CATHOLIC CHURCH;LUTHER REFUSED TO RECANT; WAS
EXCOMMUNICATED

VERSAILLES: CENTRAL ELEMENT OF THE IMAGE OF MONARCHY WAS THE PALACE OF VERSAILLES

FLORENCE: CAPITOL OF THE RENNAISANCE

AMSTERDAM: STOCK EXCHANGES THAT REMAINED AN IMPORTANT FINACIAL FIXTURE FOR THE DUTCH

VIENNA:CONGRESS OF VIENNA SPLIT UP EUROPE BETWEEN PRUSSIA RUSSIA AND THER NATIONS;
FORMED TO SPLIT UP NAPOLEON’S CONQUESTS

UTRECHT: 1713 TREATY OF UTRECHT SETTLED THE WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION

AIX LA CHAPELLE:1668 TREATY OF AIX LA CHAPELLE ENDED THE WAR OF DEVOLUTION B/T FRANCE AND
SPAIN

WATERLOO: FINAL BATTLE FOR NAPOLEON

IMPORTANT PEOPLE

GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS

LEONARDO DA VINCI: PAINTER; ADVISED ITALIAN PRINCES AND THE FRENCH KING FRANCIS I ON
MILITARY ENGINEERING; ADVOCATED SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTS

MAGELLAN: CREW SAILED AROUND THE WORLD IN 1521

MARTIN LUTHER:95 THESIS; PROTESTANT RELIGION;SALVATION BY FAITH ALONE;BIBLE

BISHOP BOUSSEUT: ADVOCATE TO THE THEORY OF POLITICAL ABSOLUTISM; MADE ARGUMENT THEAT
GOVERNMENT WAS DIVINE AND THAT KINGS RECEIVED POWER FROM GOD

JAMES I: KING OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND

ROUSSEAU: SOCIAL CONTRACT; DESCRIBES RELATIOSHIP BETWEEN MAN AND SOCIETY

COPERNICUS: FOUNDER OF MODERN ASTRONOMY; UTHOR OF ON THE REVOLUTION OF HEAVENLY

SPHERES

VOLTAIRE: FRENCH WRITER AND PUBLIC ACTIVIST;DEFINED THE ENLIGHTMENT

THOMAS MALTHUS: ESSAY ON POPULATION 1798; IMPLIED THATPOPULATION ALWAYS HAS TENDENCY
TO PUSH ABOVE THE FOOD SUPPLY; ATTEMPT TO ALLIVIATE LOWER CLASSES WOULD BY POINTLESS