DIALYSIS a. Put about 0.

5 grams of the following substances into six separate test tubes:

 Dialysis is a common laboratory technique widely used for
removing contaminants from solution
 Dialysis technique is commonly used to remove small unwanted
molecules such as salts, reducing agents, preservatives, etc.
 Dialysis works by selective and passive diffusion through a
semipermeable membrane.  of water.
 Dialysis can also be used for buffer exchange.
 The buffer used for dialysis is called dialysate
Principle of Dialysis
 Dialysis works by the principle of diffusion.
 Diffusion is the migration of molecules randomly from areas of
higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is
reached. 
 In Dialysis, the migration of molecules occurs through a
semipermeable membrane, which allow only small molecules to
pass through restricting the movement of large molecules like
proteins. 
Experiment Discussion:
 Water is important to all living systems. It serves as natural solvent
for mineral ions and other substances. It is also the dispersion
medium for colloidal cells like protoplasm. It serves as the medium
for most biochemical reactions, and is the most abundant
component of the cells. Except for bone tissues and enamel, water
constitutes about 70 percent of the human body.  of chloride ions in dialyzate.
 The objective of this experiment is to determine the properties of
water that make it a suitable medium for sustaining life in
biological system.
NaCl, sugar, gelatin, CuSO 4 , lard, and ethanol. Add 1 ml of water to each
test tube and shake vigorously to dissolve the substances. For substances that
did not dissolve, add another 1 ml of water and shake again. For the solids that
still did not dissolve, add another 1 ml water and shake.
b. On a six separate test tube, Repeat the solubility test using CCl 4 , instead
c. Describe solubility in both solvents s soluble, slightly soluble, and
insoluble. Record observations in the table.
II. Water: A Good Medium for Biochemical Reactions
a. Mix 0.1 gram of dry, powdered citric acid, and sodium bicarbonate
(NaHCO3) in a dry test tube. Observe if a chemical reaction occurs.
b. Add about 10 ml of water to the mixture and note what happens.
III. Properties of Water Solutions
Dialysis
a. Obtain a dialysis bag about 20 to 25 cm long and soak in clean water for
about 10 minutes.
b. Fill with 30 ml of 1% starch-NaCl mixture, tie the bag and rinse thoroughly
with water. Put the bag in a beaker containing deionized water.
c. Adjust the setup such that the levels of fluids inside and outside the bag are
the same.
d. After 1 hour, test 1 ml of dialyzate (water in the beaker) with a few drops of
0.1M AgNO3. Formation of a white precipitate of AgCl confirms the presence
Osmosis and Diffusion

 Osmosis is defined as the movement of water from higher

water concentration to lower water concentration through a
semi-permeable membrane. 
 Interesting to know about osmosis is that the movement of
water is affected by the the amount of substance dissolved to
it. 
 Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher
concentration to lower concentration. The overall effect is to
equalize concentration throughout the medium.

Examples of Osmosis and Diffusion

Examples of Osmosis: Examples of osmosis include red blood cells swelling

up when exposed to fresh water and plant root hairs taking up water. To see an
easy demonstration of osmosis, soak gummy candies in water. The gel of the
candies acts as a semipermeable membrane.
Examples of Diffusion: Examples of diffusion include perfume filling a
whole room and the movement of small molecules across a cell membrane.
One of the simplest demonstrations of diffusion is adding a drop of food
coloring to water. Although other transport processes do occur, diffusion is
the key player.
 
The materials needed for this experiment are the following: Key Point:
 1% NaCl in Starch Solution Diffusion and osmosis are both passive transport processes that act to equalize
10% Sucrose Solution the concentration of a solution.
250 ml Beaker (2)  
CCl4 Experiment Discussion:
Cellophane Procedure
Citric Acid powder 1. Stop the narrow end of a thistle tube with a finger and fill it with
CuSO4 sugar cane juice or a 10% sucrose solution until the solution
Deionized Water reaches up to the base of the tube.
Dialysis Bag 2. Cover the mouth of the thistle tube with a cellophane membrane
Ethanol and keep it in place with a rubber band.
Gelatin 3. Suspend the thistle tube in a beaker of water, making sure that the
Lard levels of liquids inside and outside of the tube are equal.
0.1M AgNO 3 4. Observe the difference in solution levels after minutes.
NaCl
NaHCO3 powder
String or Rubber Band
Sugar
Test Tube Rack
Test Tubes (6)
Thistle Tube
 
PROCEDURES:
I. Water: A Universal Solvent