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Relation between pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry using

example .
 chemistry is the base of the pharmacy By making changes in
the chemical structure pharmacist makes drug more potent and reduces side effects. With the
knowledge of organic chemistry pharmacist synthesize new drug or a

Pharmaceutical science is a major field. It involves different areas of science, which are used to bring
out pharmaceutical drug compounds. Computational chemistry involved with the design of new chemical
compounds as drugs. Pharmaceutical chemistry and Organic chemistry are involved in the preparation of
pharmaceutical drugs. Analytical chemistry involves the quality control and analysis of the pharmaceuticals.
Pharmaceutics address the problems in making drug formulations like capsules, tablets, injections etc. The area of
pharmacology deals with the study of the efficacy and toxicities of newly designed pharmaceutical compounds.

Organic chemistry plays an important role in the pharmaceutical industry whereby

knowledge of organic compounds is used to inform research and further the discovery, research
and development of new medicines.

Pharmaceutical chemistry and Medicinal chemistry are Sciences with a combination of chemistry, mainly synthetic
organic chemistry and pharmacology. These Sciences are involved with drug design, chemical synthesis and
development for pharmaceutical agents market or bio-active molecules. Pharmaceutical Chemistry includes
several branches like Biochemistry, Organic Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry.

Pharmaceutical Chemistry
At its core, pharmaceutical chemistry is the study and development of new drugs. It involves cures and
remedies for diseases, analytical techniques, pharmacology, metabolism, quality assurance, and drug
chemistry. Many pharmaceutical chemistry students will later work in a lab. Pharmaceutical
chemistry leads to careers in drug development, biotechnology, pharmaceutical companies, research
facilities, and more.

Pharmaceutical chemists are involved in the development and assessment of

therapeutic compounds. Pharmaceutical chemistry encompasses drug design,
drug synthesis , and the evaluation of drug efficacy (how effective it is in treating a
condition) and drug safety. Prior to the nineteenth century, schools of pharmacy trained
pharmacists and physicians how to prepare medicinal remedies from natural organic
products or inorganic materials. Herbal medications and folk remedies dating back to
ancient Egyptian, Greek, Roman, and Asian societies were administered without any
knowledge of their biological mechanism of action. It was not until the early 1800s that
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scientists began extracting chemicals from plants with purported therapeutic properties
to isolate the active components and identify them. By discovering and structurally
characterizing compounds with medicinal activity, chemists are able to design new
drugs with enhanced potency and decreased adverse side effects.
Drug discovery is the core of pharmaceutical chemistry. The drug discovery process
includes all the stages of drug development, from targeting a disease or medical
condition to toxicity studies in animals, or even, by some definitions, testing the drug on
human subjects. Typically, conditions that affect a larger percentage of the population
receive more attention and more research funding. Antiulcer drugs and
cholesterol- reducing agents are currently the therapeutic areas of greatest emphasis.
To develop a drug to target a specific disease, researchers try to understand the
biological mechanism responsible for that condition. If the biochemical pathways leading
up to the disease are understood, scientists attempt to design drugs that will block one
or several of the steps of the disease's progress. Alternatively, drugs that boost the
body's own defense mechanism may be appropriate.

Example of pharmaceutical chemistry

 pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fertilizers, petrochemicals, dyestuffs etc.

Medicinal Chemistry

. Medicinal chemistry provides pharmacy students with a thorough understanding of drug mechanisms
of action, structure-activity relationships (SAR), acid-base and physicochemical properties, and
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) profiles. 

History of medicinal chemistry.

The 19th century may be viewed as the birth period of modern medicinal chemistry with the introduction
of side chain theory of drug action in 1885 by Berlin immunologist Ehrlich. 8 Later in 1891, he coined the
term chemotherapy and defined it as “the chemical entities exhibiting selective toxicities against
particular infectious agent.”4 The modern drug receptor theory originated from this side chain theory,
which was supported during the same period (mid-1890s) by Cambridge physiologist Langley who
described it in his publications as “receptive substances.

Many of the developments after the 1860s arose from the synthesis of compounds
specifically for their medicinal action. Although the use of willow bark as a pain-killer
was known to the herbalists, the analgesic activity of its constituent salicin 1.1 and of
salicylic acid 1.2 were developed in the 1860s and 1870s. p-Hydroxyacetanilide 1.4
(paracetamol) and phenacetin 1.5 (1886) were also recognized as pain-killers.
Acetylation of salicylic acid to reduce its deleterious effect on the stomach led to the
introduction of aspirin 1.3 in 1899. However its mode of action was not established until
1971.
Role of Medicinal Chemistry
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Medicinal chemists play a crucial role in driving the drug discovery project by relying on their knowledge
and expertise in modern organic chemistry, biology of the disease, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological
screening, and pharmacokinetic characteristics, with the goal of maximizing efficacy while minimizing
side effects. Additionally, a firm understanding of ADMET issues related to medicines in the market for a
target disease, regulatory affairs for similar drugs, drugs in the pipeline, scientific literature, and
technological advances make the medicinal chemist a vital part of the drug discovery team. Readers are
directed to an extensive review of the historical perspective of the role of the medicinal chemist in drug
discovery by Lomberdino and Lowe III for more information. 19 In this article, we present a drug discovery
case story below to highlight the medicinal chemists’ role in the complex but exciting drug discovery
process.
Compounds used as medicines are most often organic compounds, which are often divided into the
broad classes of small organic molecules (e.g., atorvastatin, fluticasone, clopidogrel) and "biologics"
(infliximab, erythropoietin, insulin glargine), the latter of which are most often medicinal preparations
of proteins (natural
and recombinant antibodies, hormones etc.). Inorganic and organometallic compounds are also
useful as drugs (e.g., lithium and platinum-based agents such as lithium carbonate and cisplatin as
well as gallium).
In particular, medicinal chemistry in its most common practice—focusing on small organic molecules
—encompasses synthetic organic chemistry and aspects of natural products and computational
chemistry in close combination with chemical biology, enzymology and structural biology, together
aiming at the discovery and development of new therapeutic agents. Practically speaking, it involves
chemical aspects of identification, and then systematic, thorough synthetic alteration of new
chemical entities to make them suitable for therapeutic use. It includes synthetic and computational
aspects of the study of existing drugs and agents in development in relation to their bioactivities
(biological activities and properties), i.e., understanding their structure-activity relationships (SAR).
Pharmaceutical chemistry is focused on quality aspects of medicines and aims to assure fitness for
purpose of medicinal products.[3]

Example of Medicinal Chemistry.

 Medicinal chemists have researched the properties in thyme leaves used to reduce heart rate
and lower blood pressure.

2 Pharmaceutical Industry of Pakistan

Introduction.
The pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan is growing at a rapid pace, contributing
significantly to the national economy. In the last couple of years, the Pakistani economy
has been suffering due to bad economic conditions and also been under strain due to
the war against terrorism. The economy is also facing the problem of domestic inflation,
slow economic growth, as well as the devaluation of the Pakistani rupee against other
major currencies.
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Pakistani pharmaceutical and healthcare industries are very competitive and

challenging. There are nearly 600 pharmaceutical companies operating in Pakistan,
with major global leaders having a presence in the country. The industry presents a lot
of growth opportunities for drug makers, with the opportunities being driven by the rising
burden of chronic disease and launch of the Pakistani national health insurance
program.

The pharmaceutical industry is also an important contributor to the economy. Globally, the
pharmaceutical market was estimated at US$1,105 billion in 2016 (IFPMA, 2017). While North America
and Europe dominate the market in terms of sales, many developing countries have seen double-digit
growth in their pharmaceutical sector in recent years. Pakistan’s total industry size is estimated at US$3
billion. The Pakistani pharmaceutical sector contributes approximately 1% to Pakistan’s gross domestic
product (GDP) and employs 150,000 individuals directly and 300,000 indirectly (Ahmed and Batool,
2017). Although only 0.3% of the global market, IQVIA, 1 a company that collects global healthcare data,
has categorised Pakistan as a ‘pharmemerging’ country, projecting it to have significan growth potential.

Characteristics of Pharamecutical Chemistry

The pharmaceutical industry is seen as one of the most dynamic, volatile, and innovative parts of the global economic
environment. It also has a big impact on the society and is an indicator of the healthcare systems' condition. Some
changes have happened in the last decades, for example, shifting the production facilities to the developing
countries, new market entries, or the new law changed the previously established and stable layout of market forces.
The chapter aims at presenting the current situation of the global pharmaceutical industry including the main trends
influencing the changes in this sector. 

Benefits of Pharmaceutical industry

The pharmaceutical industry has been an easy target for critics over the
years. There is a perception that "Big Pharma" is strictly out for profit and
that pharmaceutical companies will stop at nothing to line the pockets of
their shareholders. The reality is this: Many of these drugs are saving
lives and helping people live happier, healthier lives.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the pharmaceutical

industry develops and produces products that help treat a variety of
diseases, saving millions of lives and helping people suffering from
diseases and illnesses to recover and lead more productive lives. The
pharmaceutical industry develops drugs that treat every type of condition
imaginable, such as influenza, sexually transmitted diseases,
cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hepatitis, Parkinson's disease and
cancer, to name a few. Many of these are devastating and life-altering
diseases, and these products help keep patients alive longer.
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Problems of pharmaceutical industry

The biggest challenge faced by the industry is the complete freezing of prices of pharmaceutical
products. The price mechanism set by the government since 2001 has not allowed the pharma
industry to increase prices of even those drugs whose costs have gone up by more than a 100
percent, whereas the price of inputs such as fuel, electricity, labour wages and raw materials have
increased drastically making the survival of the industry very difficult. There were 36 MNCs working
in Pakistan in the early 2000s in the sector, that number is now down to about 22. That is an eye-
opening number of exits. In recent times the situation has become worse as most of the raw
material is imported and any increase in dollar rates adversely affects the profitability of the local
manufacturers.

The other issue is delays in approval of new molecules, which can often take several years,
depriving patients of the benefits of the latest remedy. A cancer patient, for example does not
have the luxury of waiting 3 to 4 years for a drug to come into the Pakistan market. They need
that drug right away. Poor policy and an inefficient regulatory structure is denying life-saving
breakthrough technologies to patients in Pakistan. Secondly, it prolongs the price approval
process. The pricing delay also happens when a company wants an adjustment due to the
increase in cost of doing business. Thousands of price adjustment applications are still pending
with the DRAP. At this speed, the regulator would take years to approve or reject the requests.
Since there is no set criterion, price determination varies on a case to case basis.

Conclusion of pharmaceutical industry

Phamaceutical Industry must work closely with government and regulators.
Companies will also have to rebuild their reputation by adhering to the highest
ethical standars,demonstrate product tolerability and value for money to
regulator and to improve the quality of scientific information provide to medical
community.