4.

12 Unsteady State Problems

Example -4.23-
A cylindrical tank, 5 m in diameter, discharges through a horizontal mild steel pipe
100 m long and 225 mm diameter connected to the base of the tank. Find the time taken
for the water level in the tank to drop from 3 m to 0.3 m above the bottom. The viscosity
of water is 1.0 mNs/m2, e = 0.05 mm. [Neglect the energy losses by the valve]
Solution:
dz 1.
∆P ∆u 2 η Ws
+ ∆z + − + hF = 0
ρg 2α g g
u1 ≈ 0, z2 = 0 (datum line) z-dz z z1
D
at time = 0 ⇒z = z1
at time = t ⇒z = z 3.
d
.2
2
u
+ h at t = 0
2
⇒ z1 = 100 m
2α 2 g F
  L  u 2
hFs =  4 f   = 90.61 f u22
  d  2 g
z1
at time = 0 ⇒z1 = (0.051 + 90.61 f ) u22 ⇒ u 2 t =0 =
0.051 + 90.61 f
z
at time = t, ⇒z = (0.051 + 90.61 f ) u22 ⇒ u 2 t =t = -------------------- (1)
0.051 + 90.61 f
Let the level of liquid in the tank at time (t) is (z) and the liquid volume is V=Atank z
and the level of liquid in the tank at time (t+dt) is (z–dz) and the volume is (V–dV)
The volume of liquid discharge during (time =t) to (time = t+dt) is (dV)
= (π/4 D2) [z– (z-dz)] = (19.63 dz) m3
V − (V − dV ) dV dV 3
Q= =− ⇒ = –19.63 (dz/dt) m /s -----------------------(2)
t − ( t + dt ) dt dt
But Q = A u2 = (π/4 d2) u2 = (0.04 m2) u2 -----------------------(3)
Substitute eq.(1) into eq.(3) to give;
z
Q = 0.04 -----------------------(4)
0.051 + 90.61 f
The equalization between eq.(2) and eq.(4) gives;
T 0.3 1
dz z
⇒ ∫ dt = ∫ − 490.75 0.051 + 90.61 f z dz
−
Q = −19.63 = 0.04 2
dt 0.051 + 90.61 f 0 3
1 3
3 1
z2
∫z
−
⇒ T = 490.75 0.051 + 90.61 f 2
dz =490.75 0.051 + 90.61 f
0.3 1/ 2
0.3

⇒ T = 1169.4 0.051 + 90.61 f

P3 = Po + zρg, and P2 = Po
⇒ (P3 – P2) = (– ΔPFs) the pressure drop along the pipe due to friction
From applied the modified Bernoulli’s equation between 3 and 2 ⇒ (– ΔPFs) = zρg

32-Ch.4
 But ΦRe2 = (-ΔPfs/L)(ρd3/4μ2) = [(zρg)/(L)][ (ρd3/4μ2)] = 2.79x108z
at z = 3.0 m ⇒ ΦRe2 = 8.38x108
at z = 0.3 m ⇒ ΦRe2 = 8.38x107
e/d = 0.0002 ⇒ From Figure (3.8)
⇒at z = 3.0 m Re = 7.0 x105
Turbulent
⇒at z = 0.3 m Re = 2.2 x105
e/d = 0.0002 ⇒ From Figure (3.7)
⇒at z = 3.0 m Re = 7.0 x105 ⇒ f = 0.0038
It is clear f is a weak function of z
⇒at z = 0.3 m Re = 2.2 x105 ⇒ f = 0.004
taking a value of f = 0.004, and assume it constant
∴ T = 752 s
Example -4.24-
Two tanks, the bottoms of which are at the same level, are connected with one another
by a horizontal pipe 75 mm diameter and 300 m long. The pipe is bell-mouthed at each
end so that losses on entry and exit are negligible. One tank is 7 m diameter and contains
water to a depth of 7 m. The other tank is 5 m diameter and contains water to a depth of
3 m. If the tanks are connected to each other by means of the pipe, how long will it take
before the water level in the larger tank has fallen to 6 m? Take e =0.05 mm.
Solution: dh 1.
5m
x
.2
7m h
7m 3m
H
d

At any time (t) the depth in the larger tank is (h) and the depth in the smaller tank is (H)
∆P ∆u 2 η Ws
+ ∆z + − + hF = 0
ρg 2α g g
⇒ Δz = h – H = hFs ------------------------------------(1)
When the level in the large tank fall to (h), the level in the small tank will rise by a
height (x) by increasing to reach a height (H).
The volume of the liquid in large tank that discharged to small tank is;
= π/4 x 72 (7–h) = 38.48 (7–h) m3
and is equal to = π/4 x 52 (x) = 38.48 (7–h)
⇒ x = 13.72 – 1.96 h ---------------------------(2)
H = 3 + x = 3 + 13.72 – 1.96 h
⇒ H = 16.72 – 1.96 h ---------------------------(3)
Substitute eq.(3) into eq.(1), to give,
  L  u 2
h – (16.72 – 1.96 h) = hFs =  4 f  
  d  2 g

33-Ch.4