yo _—_serrewaen 170 a JOURNAL OF THE STRUCTURAL DIVISION Loap axp Resistance FACTOR DESIGN For STEEL" “Ths poper wil one a research projet hat had as item th deveopmet Au dean cries Torte baking rcs. These esters were 1 be PSSESenene Face Design LAF fomat rater tania he csomary ‘Aionie sts orm, andthe lad desta aor were to be eterined (Grease we of irerer pots pics Te lad and fesoance factor design een expressed by the following eer fo: 1 Oim © “Tee sie of the formu ses the restnce (caps ofthe secre hie te ht de characterizes the ang acting oe he ance eof dng ceo a of he es { peoraled fore: bending moment aul oe, o sea force ssoced ince oven ot erat, Ineacon uations, between ‘bending mayan be ae define or appopiste eat ORIET STS spec end af Sc Boeing te Pecan ncieeae paiecaeiekae oe “ - oan ap Sn, Sage and Lamy, Cay Ih ory, Rasch Asta Pp, Get foee es emg US tan Mo Tk Eloe a skagen sn, S Lou, Moead serrensen 18 su ahs oso racton Desi we dng ste fin dn cen expres B11 te om ob rt rece ate newt fom oes oss commons can eh ee ak yeccemean pcr ne fad ein nn melee a Oa ge a ena fe Gon Prac fe deen ies ws edi ras dene lies. Th ea Fad a 3 pn cna fr mn ts Mek, 2 to Ses ee tr a oe eg memento et eS teal ren Mm eed Sellen (1) tn eet of ymin a Beth since te det Te cirioicnceThesmmun pee a eine mci dene spechin Thet a iter ad cm aces nas e707 Spat Mor, Ci Fe oat ded lad and ve od elec are conser Festus insite of Sel Coonmeton wh the im of adopting them 28 ‘PSone desis proces for he AISC Speciation G3), cy of “then perme for sel ing ace ost ed non, YG Yom +1 lee tees itelated wih many la eos te conte and for ther r MBeesas(t.1a) Probably based LRED cea have been adopted in Cade Tees gant sme em edt tc, tr ne med enh nga ee rnin Osage af he ei | Saino ni pe te "fr atreel cnc sn nine Lad nd Rees Fins content antic becnmiced lf God uc GD) Exgeene puedo os fl amid not sn ie ron tin cn feo es A ea emer omnes pay, eon rane ae en re saps tf fe de tenn trae nny eps er ee cer aeah Sosy Ts te ba oti men roc wry are sa ray tt eng 2s sees sean cts or marr te eat a ed Shc ast Se st wn demo sce ee Stans ams | Siena roe See eect ota aeacaprcns Susu tect cpp me 0 incon elena cence | "grat ane mean Ne si see cae 8 ie iy rr acon snc: pact The pn bree Se Ono th 5 Sere ylaag oe ee ee ar nero ear aoa pu ap ein cia sna fn ie Se i ee cent od oon se ia enc nrc coer ener enon Mee wei ond effects A “firs-order™ probabilistic design procedure (25.20.31) os probabilistic design format used 10 dev the se Ae roe gesgasmaeg med | gut) som os ced er iy ind emit rats nee voce a consent Sr sy oat al ncn i the St eo are nt raion bore tem, Call ae Yrma ake 8 ie ee ‘eatery inde" Siri! sary oa fecion of the resance, Rothe suture and of ne yo re ee I eG et ee semen mig Shea tes oe MA Sgn seat RG, sede sey main sown sree on Seve itted y R= > 0: The bain o arp fs tel TSE ae pene Se forthe sgn ec fv err eet Oe lene csr othe ime igeepaie Bore pee eon ya Se Semmes mn Penal ders ee tae han (0, aad rm CHK = R29 <1 o eer wi nso ine Gad te a oot costed gualeat ersnton of scaly show in Fi 1) wre Se ne el Ts acing wht deed comment) SM Se pchaay ioc tm A rv SS ret LATO oe St eee cape Rr) nn A/S ce ely eae eshopsandryapona andanamber of papers were uli seeder spect of te wrk (1617.28.29, We se a cred byte American oe an See nate cst, P|) <2 i ad's Ses ped op an aviary tsk ore om UE sate CD ace sno dane een 7 fermen 1a dep epg te LAPD ceo S 4nd Qu af he mean values of be resistance andthe los tet, BD veal Va retin sapling cnciethf waton, En? an 86 rseeat sn exreed ars ft-orer potable design cena: the meen a sundad devo 2 in nich 1o(R/0)) a og, Sum tegen of he aso (R/O), then tom Ba 5 mi cae! ste rnc od fh deffo med be ubantagnoms ton est fey factor cold be sp int Intro ht resatance facto for dferest _ frst cemeas (-g. beams, columns, std fseees) cold te determined Blpeasenty of te long ucraticn, once tal of the met iden edone, ad ih the lod fects on leet ype tnd oa be evant Iaipendealy of ech ter ao the tye of sacral clement Ung the ea srpositon tothe ure roo etm proposes by Lind (0) the desea fron (8) may be writen as GSyt-s0 ra) R.= ep GbY.) On. rc “Here meri conan equ o 0.75. Te right hand side cn be fae feprted 1 slow an independent renin! tthe elec ote cere gps of loads, az sbown subreqee yin mat flows, an examiation ‘Merecuace snd the ond fle model taeda LRFD = vee _f. Ll). (28 ere 10. 1—Detnsion ot Saat Saey a estunce fen takes the foUowing poate a a.ure oy. Bivncn 2, = te nominal code sect resinasce, ned KM, F aod P foe randoe vale, The dimensces of Rae bint ate moments ax ces fst nd M, Fan Fae tes nadmensona The prods form fy. mur chon for lssaion eonne macy retonsip i el don ‘te of ta form, ibe asmmed tha he andar varie MF aod? rectal AG evn Senbich Vy, Vr ad VY ae the confine of varon of M, F, and P respective 1. Te guatiy Ua\R/ON Pm, thus heed We ate ithe potaby Satine o 8/0) sae ounp eld vey nine 4 wae of te potty of Bee ZITAT" ad pothy datos of 7g wnknwe nd oye 1 rc deaf and Que einen the iors peo Totes wed bee, Bea arene meee aby 8 accel ies th eating» conto al si fe expenson for the sft inde Bom 6.6 can te spied by wing stoner probly ther inte: oMA value of Pca be bined by sling nd jung tht the LRED creron pode FideSseaton moda) a8 he AISC spetcaton.Tnstad of lining ean tone preslete nape, comple pect eign a an ya ys ns et “isfy inden Bs sampue rom Bq. 7 fr the vee of the lt nada wach required by be AIS speicaticn, The vows compooena Gre 7 widow be Seema "Toe mona renatuace egal 0 (ra) awit be assumed hat the men pleic mode Z_ 1 equa 1 it nin (Ganchoob ae Ge Fe 1.0 im Eq M0) and farbermore, craton ‘SElovedby ting rom Bq 16. the AISG ae Te varity of te Ssice Dodie wsceote for by estimate ofthe cote! f vasnon a ibe," The vac of Pw te sumed Yo equal 0 representing tod conta of flernce (19). Te symbol (7) ees the ean ae SE sees of so From te anys of salle test eu on the ill ‘rm ithe he tice of arin of as i Rea 206) 5 on Bical “compas” beam subjected to wf momest. This tem i EG ‘accom or te PProfesiona) contibton io 11 Tet aa pees henbee (1) pve he flowing valves (Test Pedic). = 1.02 ad ¥> = O00 Shtstiaos ofthe etimaed vale f the mean quis ven previ ino Ba ad ang 2 fom Ey 6 fossa Raa 182 eaDe+ eLa(t-9)) 0) ‘The coein of vain ofthe reitnce, Yella be 0.19 (al 1 order to calonate the vbr of 0. a the components of Et SASS Sere ute. The felowig Ses were choven (10 ‘eusobieCrmes on eS of dat of jgemen: = 1.0, Ye = aso. "Fe mean Zand the sndasd devition oof the Metine maxima toad for efi cccapaney ferpesna im ts of pt) ae given by MCG ‘td Corel 3) Sides Dy = Dai and Ya = 0 nn Beene mn ae Tomo AE nd FD Omer tae ie! dm ar Dak ye spied dd nd iy od nary Me ete efor Strat aes 0, al 4 tan Bp ses nd tm tn ly nt f= 3. n+ soem als fone sly ines imped eign of sing spre bens Ten? of Ins ASC pectin Sinuar meta weve sand foe inne np an oft AIC Speco. alten Cv tees be geist lead wee er ah comet te Berl Tae rons oh artnet posed eorehre ,0) She cnciaen of elt cee os 30 AM AS oeM lesion of» formula oe sli fo th nono rsince of he sed for members and for somneirs respectively athe ai for evel SESRLGV Tal teucefcore Toe bh ae of Bor connectors sed act Tsay ene ar ened rong ha the ce ‘has Somer tem Tie chs Bane osm heme Sitcrete ch pene om i onde mse ha nic of he wean nd th coetient of writin of the resistance Cnt wane te iascship ofp | sed heave Ifomaton i chia propria he tril tod et eva the emen sie vetance cor 8s eaelted By atistotschoracesti varie eth lendetees armor xan Secs acer 9 aya vary over te range o is waa, on ne Renee Faces apse ae ‘The LARD criterion forthe combination of dead bad and ve land ca be R= el 0eoDat VEL @ “Te pncding forma derived rom Eq. 8 by wing the excess for X (ia ad by apn the near rpoxicinton trp (ab YR Zeapla Yat +ab VILE Pa) eoDe cosieabe pr ofthe efor in the LRFD research project was devoted Coe er nef, tem forthe velour sutures Cat oe eg Ps ural tea pecan” tension memes. compression in beams and ies docadiag the nse of lie meme, irra! bcking lel bocking best, for fled beams, plate, eum an pide conponte Bem), eam sod vations 74 Ia ered eonetas (0,1, 12,19, Feiwing ae sme represent freon of te rena (1) Wy aos Mews cpt pbar—Lin Sate: yee Rea Aas 4-088 2 i Sia acre Beedfs 6-00 ao, ch 4 = ata, FF = id im pl Cahn The fling pertain 0 clumss 0 a saeapV¥Ee PGE) ey in which « = 055 gives « good apposinaton between Ege 23 and § we ca oy mn ever minmiton proces, Terfoe the essay an sempcen rage oo en ereb ho 2) aon lt eBVVERTS =) acne VIEL a ‘or the mumecal ales ofthe mean aed coxfcint of arian and eo ee ERED eteon forthe plane ei of ily prot ‘Sec beuss bees p= 086 for A= 016 090" 025 for 016542 LO 0622 11 fhteaD24 LheiLad ) eee ee ia ehcp = ce = a Da = ds amd i em Ba, ne A AISCSpecticnn, Te ras fhe pic mol oe panna to MeV soe an Io ae pd in Fg 3 for vaso vcs of A and Dy cs rs te ea 2 Is ene equre Ow 1 seer patie mods ove ERED format Pufmnry nea tad dea loud trates cooled, «x ae ar reed fo sal ea loads and sal ib re mt ud Pe £1 te sents at, = sof Stn ylposed LAPD sa (1) conan allo he nominal etance formas Aesrance Faron ot Deer Scr mos “The clinton ofthe essence factor for «svcua clement mae she Foto epsoe serrensen ws {ono racron o¢5in ted the comeipondine factors, sage aening 1 the ll schengl Sere as trees ot 02 be ete a Ibe Hoo or x env lon eal an ocapancy change ceca eave wach oor infeqacay bat mks eavety hgh tet? ito Sonn Th ined nce ee at smal worn Peg ie + uum Fes hes proponed model to deine the stasis of ‘tee masinan snned nd tl of the extn ve bad Using wee iad modi pt Pe and th Hoe lad srvey dun of Michel snd ite (0 Mee tC 0) ve Seed ati ene ‘ind Lond. Tae random vaabes ae of interest inthe case of wind Sef ene, Meeorslopl tsa stale to deriv he dstebetions of the Si tus tb smelt wind tpt hotgowt oe Uriod Seth ine mia nn spn = aly hed eno Commune 4 dead ad. The combinton of ether ad fess ean be coseed y Ste type of racing For example, wind ea sfecs cold be ced The den ceerio y ding eet othe Gen and ved effec e, Re relent 1ecibe Yet Md any ich 7. th aed factor for win and W, = We meas wind lend Te tava factor 09, ‘cavionmeotal variations (W.~ the mean wind load intensity; and Vy = i ‘Suncom ot vation); snd C = a factor reflecting the uncer ee dent eapV7 nn ee races of ating he win oad intent ito ad eects ae [nel ee Te ndyg the lpi o load combastons, ti important. combioe th 2a a ca erento effect open to mcheve Sonata level of eb em | goucemma ma | neacemn (yin od conti he td eee Parmer | hp out fecirs for tr specie combiaon have teen deed the prvou Eye 5 ie Schite Desga sion wind Jat ratined wih ive load eats « attest] —-Mewemmn | Sao s rae roti ‘of heee two random fwctions exit ferent characteristics rapid for wind art eter {hu rduunly sow fore lus Asanlay th two effects te uncnened itis paced to athe hfe asinam wed Jud eect to he sustained ive ied effec, Tus te flowing are von of he Empat oad combination {oe sodied (1) Ded lod Ifetine masimum ve lod) dad loa Saticedtve oad Bleue matinum wind ln: 0) deed fond Bin ‘Scuimen ive fod + daly marinom winded (0 tine asinom wd {ond dea lod ad () ad oad + Metie simu sow For srceoy requfements rch a dit sed aceleton, the anual smasimen wind loud may hove so be cocbned wih he ive ad snd ead erent yp of lon are nce nthe above tf oud combination ‘An examnatono then ads flow ‘ve LoudStatnial formation on ve lads i obtained usual i load tare tar ge tre ad he pra tugs reed ‘tae superpotion otro pute hated Uv had, Which Yeas 6 gin years. The mea td he cticet of vari of the wid ond (Gay cS anneal mason, o itine asian) re obaaed llig Vac ccc te ic ncn iw of Seow LodMtcrsopeal data vain the form of anu maxima ‘pound sow troghou he Untied Sten (35) ae wed to dette the sass SE ilu mete ond td Tae is fh et oe ‘rece te roof sad fund snow and ter foc such ar abape of the ‘in wn pe dee eaerated revue cane sing Eq: theme proposed LFRD a She t Usesbet etal oecotta eta "MMB ie cere an aso Beatie oe So aa Bee eee pein hen ee ee Ceca st ond See ba ten Pein Dey forma. tlt lds ‘Sr feoracaly cect tnd tha coud be soped no LRFD format sve Se formed (6). Te the present LRFO project. te Sts of the Seances of diferent rect scmess of fous, and combaon have {Soe derved. Tse maybe ened ao apt to ay one of the aforementioned Se fas cone pi AFD ei denned Coen sce elements ne Seveoped sch a ante to avous dominates {Stesgarserforay coment tnd ohave conc betwen fren ssa EfSter tendon he acura evn, For example the extreme it ‘Soe rege of eamecotum, he denn eserisshould much nih those fereune efor eumes A sina sean sus ead to beams, ne (ders, ody ide, Sera Lin Stn RFD i x vb Et en wh rocedeouined nhs paper (®) Sach servcetisy enters wee deveoped Tort waer serve loa apo hghaengh be ons, for defection tdacry da, tnd the metas of ann these poets Nave bon iso. ‘ein he proposed LRED cri) Detle he drvtons a ata fr hese adr ad otra ve ane es aaeeets alti) td they ae bated he cpa LTD cite), Ferthernere th Comment cs Sar tec orcad a epg te “The cemral objective of hn seerch was 10 develop dein tei ha sa tbainct for diesen nrvctral eet, and for ert lode and oe SeRtnason: which av sed om the nformaion avalible om mata ‘ee Sand lode td which ne robs est concep Inthe ling SSI fhe tonmpoae ae eamined sed extensions and modo ae sewed "Tata of Sty Inde—The LRED foreltion gives er is prefenie to tone used erent dsgn rate, bcnse the uncer in des ea ined expy hedge sera ru 6 ‘Sinners inthe hg i nf noes. Tah project theresa ee ites were erated fr sparen act of eoeicents of vac cee eee Jedeedt represent chet enigprace. Amar ava ‘SSES'ERED ermuton presented here th the spescaton wer ae SES LASS salut af the content of varition ad the safety ides 16 FSIS pursue condone sd location weer sarin, Depending Stains othe mechanical properties of he materias oval rE sty of wermancup, ee be map select the meas and cote ‘Staton eer tn tone wand hs pees “iter cana infin the Sesign ceria ty ar nd otf tn is proen wardemonsed that ~ 3.0 corse Sppeowimey the flabiy of present dened simple beams and S2Ech ahem Pore comderaons may Head oa chge. ay B > 3 1 ite et tat f= 3.0 gies # smal eb than what he iam Glue’ Forte preset however, i tecommended that B bern for he outine den sets Sie vl of the safety index may be varied 10 aco forthe tng rosure Tere we some scart wich tre of on oF ‘fata tenets may rr the ol lose of he sate ("weakest Sten are in cms to dnt or conus srs para” (74 Se ay Opava eb for ferent pes of utes TESA capes tal cont option proses 2). 1 cou Goensoone oat and Resisace Factor Design ete fr sel Daliings ae desrbed Haas paer They ave toed on tft orerprbsbis approsch ted ot (sitesi ening recive, Te ein erin A> telIateDa tHe bn tne Met) en anich & = the setce Inte Yas Yan Yas andy ae he tn on ctr! tat, dead ond, Tine lsd, ed Mind a” epee Ry = {Seve vette: and'D_, La and W te he mean Gea, od ‘Sad nd eect Tc coms 47 for anus structural leew tod Beton od contigs hve bere evsied mh prec Thivssdeonsted mths projec that paca ut content rules car tercbped in intoner roi sme; sulin da are geerly fea Tene ey we mse een em fpcwe il ea tee ewe oie sch al ropes the lnd nd reece Tacs peened here may nt vee al spore aesOe a iis fn St Seng Since" Connie Ira Ce Ecrag, i Gdbeke Tred Reine MX. "nein of Sl for Use a LR: er ge Sct Ban NaN ae ah © Meola se Brmang Nhs Do, AGE Wal Ro, al Pe Siar Pjs 1 Lend Facer Deg of Se! Bain se Sel a Nave Tak Fre ate M. Vis (Caio) PeaereTA. Comal 2 Way 3. A. Gigs, WC. Hane, Gs San, cw. Pekin, ent. Winer. Th comin ore tipper ad thr genome we WAY seer Hear, tte rlwing indians alo conte reat deal thou Oe wrt hear J eaves JW. Baldwin, PB, Cooper, J. W. Fisher x eracn sot kB. Wises pe Rs en en tr tt 2 EE see 8. ore i ee ts teen Best Stes tera tee 2 cen cn apie eet otenmeenm Sepeh morte tals mnt Bee oye ect Bees Sac tren pean oe Seer Se 2 commana msm mon . SG Reh Scere eS (Gone on Unive, Pasta, Pa Ap BFE 9 See cea a vey un 3 ee ec meemr se SET dea de tn ace OHO a at ere ce hts saline ane alt Se eR I a eg yt > SES ea iy eo a a is ce eos « REBIEGL S655 Rana ne nr tien Fi PaO Sd Nance obs, Uae > nomena corpuencies oma o BEser yy atoeis i ic eee meer, Rte Pa ess pecs va ome Slebon Sem eee Sree chanis ad 5, Sn reese ae ea ve SESE ieee gemeenroreseeal* Roi toe coe Seem ee oe eee oe, ee + Gaga Citra fr Ste! Pate Oe ‘Waterioe, Canada, 1973. reba cies: SERS rant ct te a 2 Sens yeaa ie ei cee pr pace arse ser Sees Sr Sena eiie tree Seer Seem eee sae oa eee Bina Monty eke Re, Wal SR a, ws Se bes ee ag eine Spee tty Lown Mos My