MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY 3. Geometric Mean :

AND DISPERSION (i) For ungrouped data
G.M. = (x1 x2 x3 .....xn)1/n
1. Arithmetic mean : F1 I n

G.M. = antilog G n ∑ log x J

(i) For ungrouped data (individual series) x = or
H K i =1
i

n
x1 + x2 +......+ xn Σ xi (ii) For grouped data
= i=1
n(no. of terms) n
n
∑f
1

(ii) For grouped data (continuous series)

e
G.M. = x1f1 x2f2 .... xnfn j N , where N =
i= 1
i

n
F f log x I
n

(a) Direct method x =

Σ fixi
i =1
, where xi , i = 1 .... n GG ∑ JJ i i

= antilog G
GH ∑ f JJK
n i =1
Σ fi n
i=1
i

ll
be n observations and fi be their corresponding i= 1

4a
frequencies

Σfidi 4. Harmonic Mean - Harmonic Mean is reciprocal of arith-

(b) short cut method : x = A + Σf ,

tlm
i
metic mean of reciprocals.

where A = assumed mean, di = xi – A = deviation n

(i) For ungrouped data H.M. =
for each term n
1
∑x
i=1 i

2. Properties of A.M.
(i) In a statistical data, the sum of the deviation of items n

from A.M. is always zero. ∑f i

Ff I
i= 1
(ii) If each of the n given observation be doubled, then (ii) For grouped data H.M. = n
their mean is doubled ∑ GH x JK
i =1
i

i
(iii) If x is the mean of x1, x2, ...... xn. The mean of ax1, ax2
.....axn is a x where a is any number different from
zero. 5. Relation between A.M., G.M and H.M.
(iv) Arithmetic mean is independent of origin i.e. it is x A.M. ≥ G.M. ≥ H.M.
effected by any change in origin. Equality holds only when all the observations in the series
are same.

, 608-A, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2405510 PAGE # 93 , 608-A, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2405510 PAGE # 94
E D U C A T I O N S E D U C A T I O N S
 MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK

6. Median : (ii) For series in descending order

(a) Individual series (ungrouped data) : If data is raw,
FG N − CIJ
arrange in ascending or descending order and n be
the no. of observations. Median = u -
H2 K × i
f
FG n + 1IJ th
where u = upper limit of median class.
If n is odd, Median = Value of
H 2 K observation

1 FG nIJ + value of
th 7. Mode :
If n is even, Median =
2
[Value of
H 2K (i) For individual series : In the case of individual series,
the value which is repeated maximum number of times

FG n + 1IJ ] observation.
th is the mode of the series.

H2 K (ii) For discrete frequency distribution series : In the case

of discrete frequency distribution, mode is the value of
the variate corresponding to the maximum frequency.
(b) Discrete series : First find cumulative frequencies of (iii) For continuous frequency distribution : first find the

ll
the variables arranged in ascending or descending model class i.e. the class which has maximum frequency.

4a
order and
For continuous series
FG n + 1IJ th
LM f − f OP
Median =
H 2 K observation, where n is cumulative

tlm
1 0

frequency.
Mode = l 1 +
N2f − f − f Q
1 0 2
× i

(c) Continuous distribution (grouped data) Where l 1 = Lower limit of the model class.
(i) For series in ascending order f1 = Frequency of the model class.

FG N − CIJ f0 = Frequency of the class preceding model

Median = l +
H2 K × i
class.
f2 = Frequency of the class succeeding model
f
class.
Where l = Lower limit of the median class. i = Size of the model class.
f = Frequency of the median class.
N = Sum of all frequencies.
8. Relation between Mean, Mode & Median :
i = The width of the median class
(i) In symmetrical distribution : Mean = Mode = Median
C = Cumulative frequency of the
class preceding to median class. (ii) In Moderately symmetrical distribution : Mode = 3 Me-
dian – 2 Mean

, 608-A, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2405510 PAGE # 95 , 608-A, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2405510 PAGE # 96
E D U C A T I O N S E D U C A T I O N S
 MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK MATHS FORMULA - POCKET BOOK

Measure of Dispersion : fi = Frequency of the corresponding xi

The degree to which numerical data tend to spread about N = Σ f = Total frequency
an average value is called variation or dispersion. (ii) Short cut method
Popular methods of measure of dispersion.
Σfd2 FG IJ
Σfd
2
Σd2 FG IJ
Σd
2

1. Mean deviation : The arithmetic average of deviations σ =

N
−
N H K or σ=
N
−
H K
N
from the mean, median or mode is known as mean deviation.
(a) Individual series (ungrouped data) Where d = x – A = Derivation from assumed mean A
f = Frequency of item (term)
Σ|x − S| N = Σf = Total frequency.
Mean deviation =
n
Where n = number of terms, S = deviation of variate Variance – Square of standard direction
from mean mode, median.
i.e. variance = (S.D.)2 = (σ)2
(b) Continuous series (grouped data).
Coefficient of variance = Coefficient of S.D. × 100
Σ f | x − s| Σf |x − s|
Mean deviation = = σ

ll
Σf N = × 100
x

4a
Note : Mean deviation is the least when measured from the
median.

2. Standard Deviation :
S.D. (σ) is the square root of the arithmetic mean of the
squares of the deviations of the terms from their A.M.
(a) For individual series (ungrouped data)
tlm
Σ(x − x)2
σ = where x = Arithmetic mean of
N
the series
N = Total frequency
(b) For continuous series (grouped data)

Σfi (xi − x)2

(i) Direct method σ =
N
Where x = Arithmetic mean of series
xi = Mid value of the class

, 608-A, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2405510 PAGE # 97 , 608-A, TALWANDI KOTA (RAJ.) Ph. 0744 - 6450883, 2405510 PAGE # 98
E D U C A T I O N S E D U C A T I O N S