Question: The 14 points were Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s greatest achievements in the

years 1929 to 1947. Do you agree? Explain your answer? [14]

Answer: The Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah was one of the greatest leaders of the
modern age. He not only led his people to independence but founded a separate homeland,
where they could mould their lives in accordance with the traditions of Islam and cultivate
their culture and civilization.

Jinnah presented his 14 points in relation to the Nehru report of 1928 which was
completely against Muslims of the sub-continent. In 1940 he for militate the famous Lahore
Resolution for a separate homeland Pakistan. In 1944 Jinnah had talks with Gandhi but no
fruitful results came out.

In 1928 the Muslim politics took altogether a different turn when Muhammad Ali Jinnah
refused to accept the Nehru Report in an all parties' Conference. Jinnah rejected the Nehru
Report as he considered non-acceptance of his proposal by the Conference an insult to the
entire Muslim community of the country. A positive aspect of Nehru Report was that it
resulted in the unity of divided Muslim groups. In a meeting of the council of All India
Muslim League on March 28, 1929, members of both the Shafi League and Jinnah League
participated. Quaid-i-Azam termed the Nehru Report as a Hindu document, but considered
simply rejecting the report as insufficient. He decided to give an alternative Muslim agenda.
It was in this meeting that Quaid-i-Azam presented his famous Fourteen Points. So in his 14
points Jinnah stated that the safe guard and protection for the rights and interests of the
Muslims must be given, the demand of federal form of Government, provincial autonomy,
protection of minorities, separate electorates, religious freedom to all and one-third seats
for all Muslims and it further demanded that Sind must be separated from Bombay and full
provincial status must be given to N.W.F.P and Baluchistan. These 14 points set out the
demands of the Muslims for any future negotiation with either Congress or the British.
These 14 points became inspiration for the Muslims of the sub-continent because it
convinced that the Hindus and the Muslims were two separate nations.

The attitude of the Hindus made it clear that the Hindus and the Muslims were two
separate nations. On March 23rd, 1940 at the annual session of Muslim League at Lahore,
the famous resolution, commonly known as the Pakistan Resolution was passed. It was
presented by Maulvi Fazlul Haq. Quaid-e-Azam said in the ever eloquent words

We are a nation with our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature,
art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of values and proportion, legal laws
and moral code, customs and calendar, history and tradition, aptitudes and ambitions; in
short, we have our own distinctive outlook on life and of life. By all canons of international
law, we are a nation.
In September 1944 Gandhi held talks with Jinnah to discuss about the future of India, but
no fruitful results came out of it because Gandhi did not accept Muslims as a separate
nation. Though the Gandhi-Jinnah negotiations failed to achieve the avowed goal of the
Hindu-Muslim unity, they brought to Jinnah and the Muslim League two important political
gains. Firstly, the leadership of the Congress had now offered to discuss the question of
Pakistan seriously before that, the Congress and Mahatma had kept the door to that subject
uncompromisingly shut. Secondly, the Congress could no longer justifiably claim that it
stood for all the communities in India including the Muslims. Louis Feisher wrote

The wall between Jinnah and Gandhi was the Two Nation Theory. By the close of 1946, the
communal riots had flared up to murderous heights, engulfing almost the entire
subcontinent. The two people it seemed were engaged in a fight to the finish. The time for a
peaceful transfer of power was fast running out. Realizing the gravity of the situation, His
Majesty's Government sent down to India a new Viceroy - Lord Mountbatten. His
protracted negotiations with the various political leaders resulted in 3 June (1947) Plan by
which the British decided to partition the subcontinent, and hand over power to two
successor States on 15 August, 1947. The plan was duly accepted by the three Indian
parties to the dispute the Congress, the League and the Alkali Dal (representing the Sikhs).
In July, 1947 the British parliament passed the Indian Independence act which was
enforced promptly. The Muslims of the Sub Continent finally succeeded in carrying out an
independent Islamic State for Muslims and Quaid e Azam achieved for what he was
destined for.

Jinnah’s 14 points and Lahore Resolution 1940 were great achievements and these two
events eventually lead to the establishment of Pakistan which was 'the greatest'
achievement of Jinnah.

Question: During the Second World War negotiations aimed at independent achieved
little? Explain your answer. [14]

Answer: The World War II broke out in 1939.The British government involved India in the
War without the consent of the Indian people. In protest against this the Congress
Ministries resigned 1939.The British government showed no sign of coming to an
understanding with the Indian leaders. But in 1940 when the War situation worsened for
the British it came up with some proposals. This was the August Offer of 1940. Other
negotiations that took place were On March 22, 1942, Britain sent Sir Stafford Cripps with
constitutional proposals. The Gandhi-Jinnah talks began in Bombay on September 19, 1944,
and lasted till the 24th of the month. In May 1945, Lord Wavell, the Viceroy of India,
formulated a plan of action that was made public in June 1945. The plan is known as Wavell
Plan.
The events of the Second World War created great difficulties for the British, who were
losing their hold in North Africa and Southeast Asia. The danger that the Japanese would
soon reach India and overrun it with ease was increasing day by day. To ensure the
security of the subcontinent, the British Government sought the cooperation of its people
through an offer made by Indian Viceroy Lord Linlithgow on 8 August 1940. The so-called
"August Offer" promised to include the representatives of the political parties and
communities on an executive council. Linlithgow also set up a War Advisory Council which
included representatives of the various Indian states and communities. After the war, a
special constitution-making body was to be set up to prepare a new constitution, and
special consideration would be given to the minorities (although the British Government
clarified that they would not transfer power to any party "whose authority was directly
denied by a large and powerful element in India's national life").In the beginning, the
Muslim League accepted the offer, as they were happy with the assurance that no future
constitution would be framed without their approval. However, they made it clear that the
partition of India was the only solution to future constitutional problems. Later, both the
Muslim League and Congress rejected the offer.

Cripps Mission was deputed by British parliament in early 1942 to contain the political
crisis obtained in India. The mission was headed by Sir Stafford Cripps, a Cabinet Minister.
Therefore on 11 March, he announced about sending Cripps Mission to India. The Mission
reached India on 23 March, talked to different Indian leaders for nearly twenty days and
then offered its proposals. It offered Dominion status to India after the war and even the
right to secede. It provided for a constitution committee after the war and the provinces to
be free to frame their own constitution. All the parties rejected it. The Mission failed
because of the attitude of the conservative party. The government did not desire to share
power with the Indians during the war. Cripps was also not completely free to negotiate
with the Indians. Cripps blamed Gandhi and the congress leaders for the failure of his
mission.

The Gandhi-Jinnah talks began in Bombay on September 19, 1944, and lasted till the 24th
of the month. Gandhi argued with Jinnah in the talks that all Indians are one nation
therefore demand of separate homeland was baseless. Congress and league should
cooperate and achieve independent first, then a referendum maybe held in Muslim
majority provinces to find out if they wish to be separated. Punjab and Bengal will have to
be divided because there are non-Muslims majority districts. Mr. Jinnah did not agree and
pressed upon an independent and sovereign Muslim state. Therefore no fruitful result
came out because Gandhi did not accepted Muslims as a separate nation. On the other hand
Jinnah wanted all six provinces which were Bengal, Kashmir, Baluchistan, N.W.F.P, Sind and
Punjab to be included in Pakistan. Though the Gandhi-Jinnah negotiations failed to achieve
the avowed goal of the Hindu-Muslim unity, they brought to Jinnah and the Muslim League
two important political gains. Firstly, the leadership of the Congress had now offered to
discuss the question of Pakistan seriously before that, the Congress and Mahatma had kept
the door to that subject uncompromisingly shut. Secondly, the Congress could no longer
justifiably claim that it stood for all the communities in India including the Muslims.

In May 1945 Lord Wavell the Viceroy of India went to London and discussed his ideas
about the future of India, with the British administration which formulated a plan of action
that was made public in June 1945. The plan suggested the reconstitution of the Viceroy’s
executive council in which the Viceroy was to select persons nominated by the political
parties. Different communities were also to get their due share in the council and parity
was reserved for casts Hindu and Muslims. This plan of Lord Wavell’s can only be executed
if the leadership of leading political parties agreed with the suggestion of the government
so to discuss these proposals Lord Wavell called a conference in Simla on June 25th 1945.
The leadership of both Congress and Muslim League attended the conference. However
differences arouse between the leadership of the two parties on the issue of representation
of the Muslims community. The Muslim League claimed that it was the only Muslim
representative party in India and the entire Muslims representative in the Viceroy’s
executive council should be the nominees of the Party. On the other hand Congress tried to
prove that their party represented all the parties living in India and thus should be allowed
to nominate Muslim representatives as well. Congress also opposed the ideas of parity
between the cast- Hindus and the Muslims. This attempt of Lord Wavell was failed because
Jinnah not only wanted parity between the Muslims and the Hindus (which was conceded)
but also insisted on the Muslim League nominating all Muslims councilors (which was not
conceded).

Second World War ended in August 1945; this all negotiations aimed at independence
during the Second World War the negotiations revealed two things firstly will have to leave
India sooner or later, secondly the Muslims would not agree to anything less than
independent states for themselves.

Question: Was the introduction of Jinnah’s 14 points in 1929 the most important
factor in the development of Pakistan movement from 1928 to 1935? Give reasons
for your answer. [14]

Answer: The introduction of Jinnah’s 14 points were to recommend the reforms that would
defend the rights of the Muslims of the sub-continent and that is why they played the most
important part in the Pakistan movement between 1928 and 1935. Hindus were narrow
minded who did not believe in the philosophy of equality. They considered themselves
superior and used to call Muslims as ‘Maleech’ (impure). There was no concept of eating
and drinking together. Furthermore the Muslims are not allowed to touch the Hindu items
of food. Muslims in their daily lives from the field of trade and industries to education and
government offices had some degraded jobs. Congress wanted to rule India, so the 14
points of Jinnah were the only way out for the Muslims to demand a separate homeland
because the Muslims were different from Hindus in every aspect of life.

The Nehru report of 1928 was produced was produced in the response to demand for the
future constitutional reforms and the committee. It was supported by Jinnah because of the
failure of the Simon commission. It was opted for the dominion status for India bearing in
mind that it was what the majority of the parties of India would prefer. Fundamental rights
were guaranteed. It could resolve the communal problems but the Nehru report went
against Muslims with a minimal Muslim representation. In Nehru report the future of the
sub-continent by looking to the dominion status said no need for separate electorates. On
the other hand Muslims were demanding for separate electorates. This totally alienated to
the Muslims and marked the end of any future cooperation between the Muslim League
and the Hindu National Congress. However Jinnah made one last attempt to preserve the
relationship of Muslims and the Hindu.

The 14 points of 1929 in which Jinnah proposed 3 amendments to the Nehru report which
were one-third of the seats for the Muslims, separate electorates, provincial autonomy for
N.W.F.P, Baluchistan and Sind (separation of Sind from Bombay). These 3 amendments of
Jinnah were met with refusal with Congress. This was the very moment when Jinnah
remarked, ‘It is parting of ways’. The 14 points of Jinnah set out of any future negotiation
with either Congress or the British government. The demands were also to form the
separate homeland for the Muslims. Jinnah was also convinced after the Nehru report that
the Hindu and the Muslims were two separate nations which were further elaborated and
developed by Allama Muhammad Iqbal in 1930 in his Allahabad Address.

As the conflicts between the Muslims and Congress were observed by the Simon
Commission, so through their report presented in England and the crown announced the
Round Table Conferences? The first RTC of 1930 proposed the federal system in India
which was approved. Sind was to be given a separate identity and a status of provincial
government. However the Congress boycotted from the first Round Table Conference and
there was a deadlock on the federal system and Gandhi launched a civil disobedience
movement. In the second RTC of 1931 the Congress, the agreement with minorities on their
demands but Congress refused the rights of separate electorates for the Muslims and the
minorities and Gandhi stood on the point that he is the sole representative of India, so
nothing was achieved in the second Round Table Conference. So the third RTC in 1932 was
held, neither the Congress nor the Muslim League was present. And the gap proved too
great between the two sides (League and the Congress). When nothing was achieved on the
constitutional framework between Congress and the League, the British crown introduced
new reforms in India known as The Indian Act of 1935. In this reform or Indian Act of 1935
the federal system of Government was introduced which was disappointing to the Muslim
League which had expected more concessions from the British.

The period of Congress rule form 1937 to 1339 and the associated atrocities of Congress
insured that the Muslim League had become now the focal point of the Muslims. So it can be
concluded that the 14 points of Jinnah were the most important factor in the development
of Pakistan Movement along with Allahabad Address between 1928 and 1935.

Question: Do you agree that the celebration of the Day of Deliverance in 1939 was
justified? Give reasons for your answer? [7]

Answer: In the 2nd World War Sept 1939 the British declared war on behave of India
without consulting the Indians. The Congress high command in protests against the
decision taken by the British ordered all the officers to resign from their offices.

In December 1939 when the Congress resigned from their rule of 1939, Quaid-e-Azam
declared it as a Day of Deliverance and it dually justified. Congress rule from 1937-1939
had been hated by the Muslims due to the atrocities committed against the Muslims like
during the Congress rule, Muslims were not allowed to follow their religious duties, the
Hindus consistently intruded the call to prayer and killed many Muslims on slaughtering
cows. Some other schemes started against Muslims by the Congress ministry that directly
aimed at exterminating the Muslim religion.

These schemes were Bande Matram, a song in which degrading remarks for Muslims were
sung and was adopted as the national anthem which had to be sung each day at the
beginning of the day. Those who denied were abused and tortured. The introduction of
Wardha Scheme In which Hindu was enforced as the official language and organized
attacks were made on Muslim worshipers in Mosques, students in all the educational
institutes have to bow before Gandhi’s portrait before staring their days preceding and the
worst was Vidiya Mandir Scheme in which all students had to go to the Hindu Temples to
learn Hindi and Hinduism classes. This was too a very great offense on Muslim culture and
an insult to Islam.

So the Muslims saw these reforms as an attempt to convert them to Hinduism. On the other
hand the unity between the Hindu and Muslims become irreconcilable and the chance of
future unity between Congress and League for united India was doomed.

So it can be concluded that it is obvious that the Day of Deliverance which was announced
by Jinnah in 1939 was justified as Muslims are freed from atrocities of Congress rule 1937-
1939.

Question: How important was Muhammad Ali Jinnah to the Pakistan Movement?
Explain your answer. [14]
Answer: The Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah was one of the greatest leaders of the
modern age. He not only led his people to independence but founded a separate homeland,
where they could mould their lives in accordance with the traditions of Islam and cultivate
their culture and civilization.

Jinnah presented his 14 points in relation to the Nehru report of 1928 which was
completely against Muslims of the sub-continent. In 1940 he for militate the famous Lahore
Resolution for a separate homeland Pakistan. In 1944 Jinnah had talks with Gandhi but no
fruitful results came out.

In 1928 the Muslim politics took altogether a different turn when Muhammad Ali Jinnah
refused to accept the Nehru Report in an all parties' Conference. Jinnah rejected the Nehru
Report as he considered non-acceptance of his proposal by the Conference an insult to the
entire Muslim community of the country. A positive aspect of Nehru Report was that it
resulted in the unity of divided Muslim groups. In a meeting of the council of All India
Muslim League on March 28, 1929, members of both the Shafi League and Jinnah League
participated. Quaid-i-Azam termed the Nehru Report as a Hindu document, but considered
simply rejecting the report as insufficient. He decided to give an alternative Muslim agenda.
It was in this meeting that Quaid-i-Azam presented his famous Fourteen Points. So in his 14
points Jinnah stated that the safe guard and protection for the rights and interests of the
Muslims must be given, the demand of federal form of Government, provincial autonomy,
protection of minorities, separate electorates, religious freedom to all and one-third seats
for all Muslims and it further demanded that Sind must be separated from Bombay and full
provincial status must be given to N.W.F.P and Baluchistan. These 14 points set out the
demands of the Muslims for any future negotiation with either Congress or the British.
These 14 points became inspiration for the Muslims of the sub-continent because it
convinced that the Hindus and the Muslims were two separate nations.

The attitude of the Hindus made it clear that the Hindus and the Muslims were two
separate nations. On March 23rd, 1940 at the annual session of Muslim League at Lahore,
the famous resolution, commonly known as the Pakistan Resolution was passed. It was
presented by Maulvi Fazlul Haq. Quaid-e-Azam said in the ever eloquent words

We are a nation with our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature,
art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of values and proportion, legal laws
and moral code, customs and calendar, history and tradition, aptitudes and ambitions; in
short, we have our own distinctive outlook on life and of life. By all canons of international
law, we are a nation.

In September 1944 Gandhi held talks with Jinnah to discuss about the future of India, but
no fruitful results came out of it because Gandhi did not accept Muslims as a separate
nation. Though the Gandhi-Jinnah negotiations failed to achieve the avowed goal of the
Hindu-Muslim unity, they brought to Jinnah and the Muslim League two important political
gains. Firstly, the leadership of the Congress had now offered to discuss the question of
Pakistan seriously before that, the Congress and Mahatma had kept the door to that subject
uncompromisingly shut. Secondly, the Congress could no longer justifiably claim that it
stood for all the communities in India including the Muslims. Louis Feisher wrote

The wall between Jinnah and Gandhi was the Two Nation Theory. By the close of 1946, the
communal riots had flared up to murderous heights, engulfing almost the entire
subcontinent. The two people it seemed were engaged in a fight to the finish. The time for a
peaceful transfer of power was fast running out. Realizing the gravity of the situation, His
Majesty's Government sent down to India a new Viceroy - Lord Mountbatten. His
protracted negotiations with the various political leaders resulted in 3 June (1947) Plan by
which the British decided to partition the subcontinent, and hand over power to two
successor States on 15 August, 1947. The plan was duly accepted by the three Indian
parties to the dispute the Congress, the League and the Alkali Dal (representing the Sikhs).
In July, 1947 the British parliament passed the Indian Independence act which was
enforced promptly. The Muslims of the Sub Continent finally succeeded in carrying out an
independent Islamic State for Muslims and Quaid e Azam achieved for what he was
destined for.

Jinnah’s 14 points and Lahore Resolution 1940 were great achievements and these two
events eventually lead to the establishment of Pakistan which was 'the greatest'
achievement of Jinnah.

Q: ‘The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was the only beacon of hope for Hindu-Muslims unity
between 1914 and 1930.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]

Answer: Luck now Pact was a beacon of hope for both Congress and Muslim League
because it was the first time they both worked together towards a common objective as
Quaid e-Azam joined the Muslim League in 1913 after that he started working for Hindu-
Muslim unity, understanding and for better cooperation, the Luck now Pact of 1916 was
truly the only beacon of hope for Hindu and Muslim unity between 1919 and 1930.

The Luck now Pact was the only agreement on the plan of constitutional reforms which
was agreed both by Congress and Muslim League in 1916. The British reforms of 1919 also
called Montage-Chelmsford reforms were also established by the British government for
legislative council in provinces with the diarchy system which was not accepted by both the
Congress and the Muslim League, in 1928 Nehru report was drawn up for dominion status
and joint electorates which was not accepted by the Muslim League because the Nehru
Report denied acceptance of separate electorates.
In 1913 a new group of Muslim leaders entered the folds of Muslim League. The Muslim
League changed its major objectives and joined hands with congress. As a result of hard
work of Muhammad Ali Jinnah both Muslim League and Congress met for the annual
session of Bombay in December 1915. The leaders of both parties decided that they should
cooperate with each other to bring the British government to accept their demands
therefore in 1916 Muslim League and Congress held session at Lucknow and draw a Pact
known as Luck now Pact in which they reached to an agreement and it was gauntly forward
for Muslim hope. Obviously there had to be compromise on both sides. The most important
concession came when Congress agreed with the Muslim League that there should be
separate electorate for each group. The All India legislature that they called for it was
agreed that Muslim would have 1/3rd of the seats and weight age to the minorities of the
provinces were also agreed upon. Jinnah hoped that this agreement would lead to a united
Indian nation. Both Congress and Muslim league hoped that the British would their joint
call for self-government.

The British simply could not ignore the growing demand for self-government. Even during
the war agitation continued. The unity of Muslim League and Congress could not be
dismissed. They had to respond to the Luck now Pact, so in 1918 Edwin Montage secretary
of state for India and lord Chelmsford Viceroy of India, put forward plans which became the
Government of India act 1919 also known as Montage-Chelmsford reforms, in which
greater association of Indian in all branches of government were given. Greater provincial
power was given along with the responsible government for the induction of Indians in the
commission ranks; through these reforms they also introduced the diarchal system in
which there was to be a division of power between the governors. The executive and
provincial legislatures and the final decision were with the governor general. These
reforms disappointed Muslim League and Congress party as they had hoped for more
substantial confession. Through these reforms the most infamous Rowlett Act was also
passed.

In 1928 a committee was established by All Parties conference to try to define some
principals which might govern the Indian future constitution as both League and the
Congress rejected the Montage –Chelmsford reforms. The relation between the League and
the Congress remain cordial since self-rule was still their aim and could only be achieved
through mutual cooperation. However in 1928 the committee was able to produce a report
known as Nehru Report in which Jawaharlal Nehru recommended that no separate
electorate would be given to Muslims, no one 1/3rd seats for the Muslims in the central
legislation, a no reservation for the seats in Punjab and Bengal.

Quaid e-Azam tried his best to amend the Nehru report by introducing four important
changes which were 1/3rd elected representatives of the central parliament to be Muslims
in the provinces of Punjab and Bengal and seats should be reserved for the Muslims on
population basis, Sind and N.W.F.P must be granted full autonomy. The committee rejected
the suggestions and it was a calamity for Jinnah and Nehru report ended the hope of Hindu
Muslim unity and this totally alienated the Muslims and marked the end of any future
cooperation between League and the Congress. In response to Nehru report Jinnah
introduced his 14 points as a one final attempt to preserve the relationship and he added
the three amendments to the report which were in Jinnah’s 14 points but these proposals
were met with refusal. This is the very moment when Jinnah said it is ‘It is parting of the
ways’.

In my opinion, Luck now Pact of 1916 was only seen as the beacon for hope for both Hindus
and Muslims unity between the years 1914 to 1930.

Question: The Morley Minto reforms were most important of the attempts by the
Muslims, Hindus or the British government in seeking a solution to the problems in
the subcontinent between 1906 and 1920. Do you agree? Give reason for your
answer. [14]

Question: The Morley Minto reforms were more important than any other political
development between 1909 and 1919. Do you agree or disagree? Give reason for
your answer. [14]

Just change the simplistic statement of 2nd question

Answer: In 1906, Lord Morley was the Secretary of state for Indian affairs, announced in
the British parliament that this government wanted to introduce new reforms for India, in
which the locals were to be given more power in Legislative affairs. The act of 1909 is
commonly known as the Morley-Minto reforms in which: The number of members of
Legislative council at the center was increased from 16 to 60. The number of the members
of the provincial legislatives was also increased. It was fixed 50 in the provinces of Bengal,
Madras and Bombay and for the rest of provinces it was 30.Rights of separate electorate
were given to Muslims. At the center, official members were to be form the majority but in
provinces non-official members would be in majority.

The Morley Minto reforms became law in 1909 as the Indian councils act. The importance
of the councils which were enlarged was to ensure that Indian Legislatures were given a
chance to express their opinions. The British also accepted the right of Muslims to have a
separate electorate while Congress criticized it because they wanted self-rule and they also
did not accepted the right of Muslim separate electorate. These reforms seem important
but not that much. However there were other attempts to solve the problems in the
subcontinent during these years.
In 1913 a new group of Muslim leaders entered the folds of Muslim League. The Muslim
League changed its major objectives and joined hands with congress. As a result of hard
work of Muhammad Ali Jinnah both Muslim League and Congress met for the annual
session of Bombay in December 1915. The leaders of both parties decided that they should
cooperate with each other to bring the British government to accept their demands
therefore in 1916 Muslim League and Congress held session at Luck now and draw a Pact
known as Luck now Pact in which they reached to an agreement and it was gauntly forward
for Muslim hope. Obviously there had to be compromise on both sides. The most important
concession came when Congress agreed with the Muslim League that there should be
separate electorate for each group. The All India legislature that they called for it was
agreed that Muslim would have 1/3rd of the seats and weightage to the minorities of the
provinces were also agreed upon. Jinnah hoped that this agreement would lead to a united
Indian nation. Both Congress and Muslim league hoped that the British would accept their
joint call for self-government.

The British simply could not ignore the growing demand for self-government. Even during
the war agitation continued. The unity of Muslim League and Congress could not be
dismissed. They had to respond to the Luck now Pact, so in 1918 Edwin Montage secretary
of state for India and lord Chelmsford Viceroy of India, put forward plans which became the
Government of India act 1919 also known as Montage-Chelmsford reforms in which
greater association of Indian in all branches of government were given. Greater provincial
power was given along with the responsible government for the induction of Indians in the
commission ranks; through these reforms they also introduced the diarchal system in
which there was to be a division of power between the governors. The executive and
provincial legislatures and the final decision were with the governor general. These
reforms disappointed Muslim League and Congress party as they had hoped for more
substantial confession. Through these reforms the most infamous Rowlett Act was also
passed which increased the resentment of the political parties by including the right of
arrest without warrant, and detention without bail.

In my opinion, Luck now Pact of 1916 was only seen as the beacon for hope for both Hindus
and Muslims unity between the years 1914 to 1920, whereas the British reforms in this
period 1906 to 1920 were just another try to rule the subcontinent and were never been
implemented.