Section: 2 Group 6 Date: 08/09/2020

Orifice Under Varying Head

Aim​: ​To determine the coefficient of discharge of an orifice under varying
head.

Apparatus​: ​water supply means, flow rate measuring tank, fluid container fitted
with orifice at bottom, etc.

Theory​: An orifice is an opening made in side or bottom of the fluid container

and having the closed perimeter. Through the orifice the fluid may be
discharged and it is used to measure the flow rate of fluid. If the head over the
orifice is not constant then flow becomes unsteady.
Procedure​:
1. Fill the water in the tank up to height H​1​.
2. Release the valve of orifice and let the water discharge out of the tank.
3. Collect the discharge water in the measuring tank.
4. Let the orifice tank be empty and note down the total emptying time (from
height H​1​).
5. Observe the emptying time of the portion of tank for fixed cross sectional
area and also of variable cross sectional area.

Observations​:

Width of the tank,​ B = 25 cm

Area of tank, ​A = B​2​ = 625 cm​2
Diameter of tank at orifice, ​d =​ ​1 cm
Area of orifice, ​a = d​2​ = 0.785 cm​2

Observation 1​:
Initial head, ​H​1​ = 55.5 cm
Final head, ​H2​​ = 26.5 cm
(a) Emptying time of fixed cross-sectional area = ​t​1​ = 104 seconds
(b)Emptying time of variable cross-sectional area = ​t​2​ = 52 seconds
Total emptying time = (a) + (b) = 104 + 52 = 156 seconds
Emptying time for full tank separately = ​t = 157 seconds

Observation 2​:
Initial head,​ H​1​ = 55.3 cm
Final head, ​H​2​ = 26.5 cm
(a) Emptying time of fixed cross-sectional area =​ t​1​ = 103 seconds
(b)Emptying time of variable cross-sectional area =​ t​2​ = 50 seconds
Total emptying time = (a) + (b) = 103 + 50 = 153 seconds
Emptying time for full tank separately = ​t = 152 seconds

Calculations​:
Results​:
​Observation 1 ​Observation 2

1. Cd​1​ = 0.6247 1. Cd​1​ = 0.79877

2. Cd​2​ = 0.590 2. Cd​2​ = 0.61461
3. Cd​3​ = 0.59351 3. Cd​3​ = 0.61045

Conclusion​:
Orifices have many applications in engineering practice besides the metering of
fluid flow in pipes and reservoirs. flow entering a culvert or storm drain inlet
may act as orifice flow; the bottom outlet of a dam is another example. The
coefficients of velocity and discharge are necessary to accurately predict flow
rates from orifices.

Precautions​:
1. Note the x and y coordinates carefully, along with the depth of water level
in the tank.
2. Avoid spillage of water.
3. Unit conversion must be followed correctly.
Submitted by​:

Vivek Bishnoi 2018A2PS0090P

Raunak Banthia 2018A2PS0091P
Shubham Aggarwal 2018A2PS0093P
Nihal Verma 2018A2PS0103P
Subhank Jain 2018A2PS0104P
Aryan Khurana 2018A2PS0116P