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As Astucias Das Astucias Da Enunciacao
As Astucias Das Astucias Da Enunciacao
As Astucias Das Astucias Da Enunciacao
1590/2176-457322067
ABSTRACT
This article discusses issues related to enunciation, a dimension of fundamental
importance to the conception and study of language. More specifically, it focuses on the
way this issue is handled by the Brazilian linguist José Luiz Fiorin in his work As astúcias
da enunciação [The Astuteness of Enunciation]. The construction of enunciation in his
work will gain special attention because of its importance to Brazilian discourse studies,
in general, and to studies in French semiotics, in particular.
KEYWORDS: Enunciation; Astúcias da enunciação; Semiotics
RESUMO
Este artigo tem por objetivo discutir questões ligadas à enunciação, dimensão de
fundamental importância na concepção e estudo da linguagem, focalizando, de forma
especial, a maneira como, no Brasil, essa questão é tratada pelo linguista José Luiz
Fiorin em sua obra As astúcias da enunciação. Um dos aspectos a ser observado é,
precisamente, a construção enunciativa da obra, cuja importância pode ser percebida
nos estudos discursivos brasileiros em geral, mas sobretudo nas pesquisas relacionadas
à semiótica francesa.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Enunciação; Astúcias da enunciação; Semiótica
Universidade Federal da Paraíba – UFPB, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil; od.fulaneti@uol.com.br
One of the ways to discuss enunciation as a key aspect of language is taking the
work of José Luiz Fiorin − A astúcia da enunciação [The Astuteness of Enunciation] 1 −
as a guide for reflection. The first research question it has brought to mind, taking into
consideration how this enunciation is produced in daily discourses and at the same time
in a metalinguistic way, was: where is this astuteness in a very important work that deals
with such a dimension of language? Quickly and promptly a possible answer came to
mind: in the way the work is enunciated, that is, in its enunciation, in its enunciative
thread. To some extent, especially for scholars of enunciative phenomena, this answer
can seem obvious, although it is not. Later, however, the characteristic posture of this
semiotician led me to a second question: How can enunciation imply astuteness and where
is this astuteness in the work that is the object of this study? In other words, in what way
is As Astúcias astute? In this context another question arose: Why is Fiorin’s work astute?
The search for these answers, especially the response regarding the reason for this
astuteness in enunciation, is what guided the study presented here.
Regarding enunciation, it must be emphasized that the reader will also notice, in
this article, a very conventional enunciative strategy: there is a clear distinction between
the enunciator’s indirect speech of this text and Fiorin’s considerations concerning
enunciation in the work that is the object of this study, as well as this enunciator’s direct
speech about what Fiorin has said. Therefore, most of this article tries to present a glimpse
of the object of analysis, refraining from judgments, but making some comments on what
I consider to be constitutive of the astuteness of the enunciated object.
At the end of this enunciative play, which is typical of a scientific article, the
reader will decide whether the goal of this study was achieved and whether it was
productive, enunciatively “speaking.”
1
Fiorin (1996). This work is a result of the author’s study used in the process of his becoming a Full
Professor at the University of São Paulo. The book’s 303 pages contain Introduction, four Chapters, and a
Conclusion.
In the passage that introduces the enunciative issues which will be discussed
throughout the work that is the object of this study, the language, this mysterious and
intriguing object, is the first subject matter to boost the author’s reflection, who by
evoking myth and science claims that
The intention is to show that the myth, taken out of the place in which
it is, constitutes a man’s explanation for what is inexplicable, that is, it
is a summary of the knowledge of each culture regarding the relevant
questions human beings have always faced.
[...]
While science is not able to explain the origin of things and their
meanings, there will be always a place for mythical thought [our
translation] (FIORIN, 1996, pp.9-10).2
From there, several questions emerge, i.e., Where do languages come from? Why
are there so many? Such questions have been continuously made by men since the
beginning of the world as we know it and can be seen in narratives that generated different
hypotheses. For example, the Genesis flood narrative served as a basis for the hypothesis
of the monogenesis of languages; the Tower of Babel story explains the mystery of the
diversity of languages, attesting that many scientific issues have emerged from myths.
Not by chance both Generative Grammar and Philosophical Grammar, when trying to
find linguistic universals, started from the idea of a single protolanguage, which is so
common in mythical narratives.
Keeping the mythical, the biblical and the linguistic together, Fiorin points out
that the expulsion from the Paradise leads to the entrance to human condition, that is, the
placing of man in History. Within the scope of language, historical chronology
corresponds to language instabilities, discourse, and the transition from a language system
to discourse through enunciation. Such view is corroborated by Benveniste in his seminal
works on enunciation, which were indubitably the basis for Fiorin’s reflections. As
already observed in the introduction of this reflection, through Fiorin’s Astuteness of
2
Text in original: “O que se pretende é mostrar que o mito, extraído do meio em que ele é, constitui uma
explicação do homem para aquilo que é inexplicável, o que significa que é uma súmula do conhecimento
de cada cultura a respeito das grandes questões com que o ser humano sempre se debateu. [...] Enquanto a
ciência não puder explicar a origem das coisas e o seu sentido, haverá lugar para o pensamento mítico.”
3
Text in original: “Essa instabilidade, para seguir um princípio da teoria do caos, não é aleatória, mas
resultante de certos fenômenos. O estudo da instabilidade exige que se estabeleçam suas condições de
realização e as matrizes semânticas dos efeitos de sentido que, num processo de concretização crescente,
vão manifestar-se em cada texto.”
2 On Theoretical Principals
4
BENVENISTE, E. Problems in General Linguistics. Translated by Mary Elizabeth Meek. Miami:
University of Miami Press, 1974.
5
Text in original: “[...] a proposta saussuriana e uma certa Linguística estrutural, no que tange à relação
langue/parole, apresentam três limitações: a) não ter um modelo de atualização (de conversão da langue
em parole), [...]; b) não perceber que existem leis de organização do discurso, ao afirmar que a parole é o
reino da liberdade e da criação; c) excluir da Linguística os componentes da comunicação que não o
código.”
6
For reference, see footnote 4.
7
Cf. Grice (1979), Gordon & Lakoff (1971), and Orecchioni (1980).
8
GREIMAS, A. J; COURTÈS, J. Semiotics and Language: An Analytical Dictionary. Translated by Larry
Crist et all. Bloomington, In: Indiana University Press, 1982 [1979].
3 On Person
Benveniste is at the heart of Fiorin’s (1996) study, when he deals with person
under an enunciative perspective. Thus, he instructively discusses Benveniste’s notions
of person and nonperson, illustrating the theory by using literary and media texts.
Articulating grammar and discursive knowledge, Fiorin shows how the category of
person is defined in language by personal and possessive pronouns. Innovation in Fiorin’s
work results from the accomplishment of the aims of his research, that is, a full account
of the senses of the possessive pronouns in the Portuguese language, as can be seen in the
categories of multiplied person, subverted person, spread person, split person. For each
one of them, Fiorin calls forth linguists, discourse analysts and semioticians who give
support to his understanding while he continues providing examples.
On referring to the multiplied person, Fiorin starts from the concepts of
constitutive and shown heterogeneity, examining the heterogeneity of language and
presenting the variety of enunciative instances followed by numerous examples from
literary texts. At the end, he gives a detailed explanation on the meaning effects of the
use of quotation marks, meeting again with the work of Dominique Maingueneau.
With regard to the modified person, it is the functioning of direct, indirect and free
indirect speeches, as well as the exploration of a variety of possibilities of meaning
effects, which are produced by them, that paves the way to a comprehensive explanation
of the topic, which is mostly exemplified by Brazilian literary works. The subverted
person is characterized through a survey of the possibilities of the shiftings in of the
category of person followed by a presentation of its realizations in language, as well as
by an explanation of its meaning effects. To end his considerations on this category,
Fiorin shows the regularities of the operations of the actantial shiftings in, demonstrating
The level boundaries are movable. To go beyond them, mix them, make
the actant of a level the actant of another produces a meaning effect of
fiction, of meta-reality, of setting free from rigid mimetic conventions.
After all, fiction is pretense. It is the process by which man has the
creative power assigned by myth to divinity. By means of the word,
other realities as real as the one that gets this designation are created
(1996, p.124). 10
9
For reference, see footnote 8.
10
Text in original: “As fronteiras dos níveis são móveis. Ultrapassá-las, misturar os graus, fazer de um
actante de um nível actante do outro produzem um efeito de sentido de ficção, de meta-realidade, de
liberação das rígidas convenções miméticas. Afinal, ficção é fingimento, é o processo pelo qual o homem
tem o poder criador atribuído pelo mito à divindade. Com a palavra, cria outras realidades tão reais quanto
aquela que recebe essa denominação.”
By putting myth and science together once more, the reflections made by Fiorin
(1996) take into consideration the way time itself is conceived by Greek mythology, the
Bible and Philosophy to finally reach temporality in Linguistics with the presence of
Aristotle and Saint Augustine to illustrate its different conceptions. To Aristotle, time is
not a question of poetry, but of physics; it is a “physical, natural and cosmic
phenomenon.” To Saint Augustine, who in the book XI of his Confessions reflects at
length on time, the only time that can be measured is the present, which is divided into
three tenses: the present of past things (memory), the present of future things
(expectation), and the present of present things (attention). In other words, what is
measured is the impression that things leave in our spirit.
On accepting linguistic time, Fiorin states that temporalization in language is
imprinted in discursivization, because to him when man narrates he builds in discourse
the simulacrum of his actions in the world, displaying in discourse “[...] what is past, what
no longer exits, what does not yet exist; everything exists in language” (FIORIN, 1996,
p.140).11 In his study the distinct reflections on time and language end with the following
words:
The march of reflections on time sets off as myth and gives way to
philosophy, which establishes the basis for the comprehension of
physical time, and when it notices the subtleness and the complexity of
temporal human experience it leads to linguistic analysis. Time is a
language category because it is intrinsic to narration; however, each
language reveals it differently (FIORIN, 1996, pp.141-142). 12
Such considerations lead to the concept of delimited time, the moment in which
the operation of time in language is emphasized. Here Fiorin necessarily refers back to
Benveniste’s inaugural speech on this issue in order to shed light upon the differences
among chronic, physical, and linguistic times. Under this enunciative perspective of time,
it is clear that the temporal center of language is organized from speech, having the
11
Text in original: “[...] o que é passado, o que não é mais, o que ainda não é, tudo presentificado na
linguagem.”
12
Text in original: “A marcha da reflexão sobre o tempo começa como mito, dá lugar à filosofia, que
estabelece as bases da compreensão do tempo físico, e, ao perceber a sutileza e a complexidade da
experiência temporal humana, desemboca na análise linguística. O tempo é uma categoria da linguagem,
pois é intrínseco à narração, mas cada língua manifesta-o diferentemente.”
In discourse the times escape from the rigid conventions of the system;
they mix, overlap, pursue each other, serve as counterpoint to each
other, move away, get close, combine, occur in an imbricated game of
articulation and meaning effects. However, as in counterpoint, they
obey the rules of semantic coercions. The discourse creates the cosmos
and abhors the chaos (1996, p.229).13
In order to reiterate all the points made so far, Fiorin (1996) opens an ample space
to the concept of split time. The temporalities of micro and macro events of enunciation
and enunciate are faced with a polemical dialogue with Genette (1972) and the greimasian
theory. From his enunciative perspective, Fiorin (1996) proposes adjustments to the
theory of place of three temporal systems. He claims that there are only two linguistic
temporalizations: enunciation and utterance. With regard to Greimas, he intends to
transfer linguistic temporalization to the scope of what the semiotician called temporal
localization, leaving to Greimasian programmation only what is manifested by chronic
time or what concerns the successiveness and simultaneity of happenings. In addition, he
proposes the unfolding of shiftings out in shiftings out of enunciation and in shiftings out
of utterance, justifying this (re)formulation by observing the presence of verbs in the
enunciative system in narratives classified by Greimas as enuncive or, conversely,
enuncive verbs in narratives of enunciative systems. Both shiftings out, as shown in
Fiorin’s studies, do not have the same status, since the shiftings out of the utterance are
subordinated to the shiftings out of enunciation.
Fiorin continues dialoguing with different theories, particularly with different
classifications, having as interlocutors the same Genette and Greimas in relation to the
macro shiftings in, which rule “the global relationship between the time of enunciation
13
Text in original: “Os tempos, no discurso, fogem das rígidas convenções do sistema, mesclam-se,
superpõem-se, perseguem uns aos outros, servem de contraponto uns aos outros, afastam-se, aproximam-
se, combinam-se, sucedem-se num imbricado jogo de articulações e de efeitos de sentido. No entanto, como
no contraponto, obedecem a regras, a coerções semânticas. O discurso cria o cosmo e abomina o caos.”
5 On Space
14
Text in original: “a relação global entre tempo da enunciação e tempo do enunciado.”
15
Text in original: “O discurso, por meio de um complexo jogo entre as temporalidades da enunciação e
do enunciado, entre simultaneidades, anterioridades e posterioridades, cria um tempo que simula a
experiência temporal do homem. Se a narrativa é um simulacro da ação do homem no mundo, sua
temporalidade é simulação da experiência do tempo, que se constitui a partir do momento em que o eu toma
a palavra, em que o presente é o transcurso, o passado é memória e o futuro é espera.”
We have not reached far; what has authorized us was the “system” of
instabilities. We have followed tradition: what is authorized by the
system exists. However, we have to bear in mind that as discourse
belongs in History it can change the system (1996, p.303).16
Perhaps, Maria Helena de Moura Neves’s review can illustrate the reason why this
study on the theories of enunciation has focused on As astúcias da enunciação, as well as
how the theoretical and methodological frameworks have drawn a map of previous
studies:
We are facing a book that links beginning and end. If this were not the
case, how would it be possible to write the whole deictic system of the
Portuguese language on mere three hundred pages? From beginning to
end the book shows how the “imaginary body” (the space) and the
“fictitious movement” (the time) that are submitted to “subject”
(person) come to life in language. From beginning to end the book
promotes an interaction between system and discourse, instability and
16
Text in original: “Não fomos tão longe, o que nos autorizou foi o “sistema” de instabilidades. Seguimos
a tradição: o que é autorizado pelo sistema existe. No entanto, cabe ainda lembrar que o discurso, sendo da
ordem da História, pode mudar o sistema.”
REFERENCES
17
Text in original: “Estamos diante de um livro que ata pontas do começo ao fim. Se não, que é isso de
conseguir colocar em parcas trezentas páginas todo o sistema dêitico da língua? De ponta a ponta o livro
mostra como o “corpo imaginário” (o espaço) e o “movimento fictício” (o tempo) submetidos ao “sujeito”
(pessoa) adquirem realidade e vida na linguagem. De ponta a ponta interagem sistema e discurso,
instabilidade e estabilidade, ciência e arte, natureza e cultura, mito e história, afinal, barro e sopro.”
18
TN. Aurélia, Rubião and Fabiano are Brazilian literary characters from the novels Senhora by José de
Alencar, Quincas Borba by Machado de Assis and Vidas secas by Graciliano Ramos respectively.