Summer 2020

EEE 3107 / EEE 301

Electrical Properties of
Materials

Dr. Sadid Muneer

Copyright: Dr. Sadid Muneer, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, UIU

 Elementary Quantum Physics

https://sparkonit.com/2019/05/01
2 /what-is-quantum-physics/
Copyright: Dr. Sadid Muneer, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, UIU
 Nature of light?
• Light can be considered as a wave. c = νλ
c → Velocity of light
• Proof 1: Young’s double slit experiment λ → Wavelength of light
ν → Frequency of light

Principles of Electronic Materials

and Devices (3E), by S. O. Kasap

3
Copyright: Dr. Sadid Muneer, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, UIU
Figure 3.2 Page 193
 Nature of light?
• Light can be considered as a wave. c = νλ
• Proof 2: Bragg’s diffraction d → separation of atomic plane

• Bragg’s diffraction law: θ → angle of incidence for light

λ → Wavelength of light
2d sinθ = nλ; n = 1, 2, 3, …

Principles of Electronic Materials

and Devices (3E), by S. O. Kasap

4
Copyright: Dr. Sadid Muneer, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, UIU
Figure 3.3 Page 193
 Nature of light?
• Light can be considered as a particle
(photon). E = hν and p = h/λ.

E → Energy of a photon, h → Planck’s constant

ν → Frequency of light, p → Momentum of the photon
λ → Wavelength of light

• Proof 1: Photo-electric effect

(Einstein, Nobel prize in 1921).
• Energy of photon is quantized.

Principles of Electronic Materials

and Devices (3E), by S. O. Kasap

5
Copyright: Dr. Sadid Muneer, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, UIU
Figure 3.7 Page 197
 Nature of light?
• Light can be considered as a particle
(photon). E = hν and p = h/λ.

E → Energy of a photon, h → Planck’s constant

ν → Frequency of light, p → Momentum of the photon
λ → Wavelength of light

• Proof 2: Compton scattering.

• Conservation of momentum: light has
momentum.
ℎ
𝑝=
𝜆 Principles of Electronic Materials
and Devices (3E), by S. O. Kasap

6
Copyright: Dr. Sadid Muneer, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, UIU
Figure 3.9 Page 200
 Nature of light?

Light shows wave-particle duality

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Copyright: Dr. Sadid Muneer, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, UIU
 Nature of electron?
• Electrons is considered as a particle.
• Electron shows wave nature as well.
• Proof: Electrons create diffraction
pattern, follow Bragg’s diffraction law:
2d sinθ = nλ
• Hence, λ can be calculated.
• Momentum, p = mv, is known.
• These are related by De-Broglie’s law.
ℎ ℎ
𝜆= or, 𝑝=
𝑝 𝜆 Principles of Electronic Materials
and Devices (3E), by S. O. Kasap

8
Copyright: Dr. Sadid Muneer, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, UIU
Figure 3.13 Page 206
 Nature of electron?

Electron shows wave-particle duality

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Copyright: Dr. Sadid Muneer, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, UIU
 Case study

Case Wavelength Comment

Golf ball
Too small
m = 50 gm ~10-34 m
No wave nature
v = 20 ms-1
Proton
m = 1.67×10-27 kg ~0.2 nm Diffraction possible
v = 2200 ms-1
Electron
~0.1 nm Diffraction possible
Applied voltage = 100 V

Principles of Electronic Materials

and Devices (3E), by S. O. Kasap

10
Copyright: Dr. Sadid Muneer, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, UIU
Page 207
 Schrodinger Equation
𝑗𝐸𝑡
−
Ψ 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝜓 𝑥 𝑒 ℏ

• 𝜓 𝑥 → Space dependent wave function

→Represents wave property of electrons
• Ψ 𝑥, 𝑡 →Total wave function, including time dependence
• E → Energy of electron
h
• ℏ=
2𝜋
• Ψ 𝑥, 𝑡 2 → Probability of finding electron per unit volume
at x at a time t
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Copyright: Dr. Sadid Muneer, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, UIU
 Time Independent Schrodinger Equation

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Copyright: Dr. Sadid Muneer, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, UIU
 Properties of 𝜓(𝑥)

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Copyright: Dr. Sadid Muneer, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, UIU
 Example case: Free electron
Solve the Schrodinger equation for a free electron whose energy is E

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Copyright: Dr. Sadid Muneer, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, UIU
 Example case: Free electron
Solve the Schrodinger equation for a free electron whose energy is E

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Copyright: Dr. Sadid Muneer, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, UIU
 Example case: Free electron
Solve the Schrodinger equation for a free electron whose energy is E

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Copyright: Dr. Sadid Muneer, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, UIU
 Example case: Free electron
Solve the Schrodinger equation for a free electron whose energy is E

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Copyright: Dr. Sadid Muneer, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, UIU
 Thanks!

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Copyright: Dr. Sadid Muneer, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, UIU