SHALY SAND ANALYSIS

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SHALY SAND ANALYSIS
In real data from formation:
Sandstone reservoir always contain clays
The presence of clays in formation effects on the quality of
reservoir
The clays cause:
 Effective porosity decrease
 Permeability decrease
 Variable resistivity
 Not applied Archie Equation
 Recalculate Porosity and water saturation for sandstone contain
clays in formation

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SHALY SAND ANALYSIS

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SHALY SAND ANALYSIS Porosity Porosity

Shale
Matrix Matrix

Matrix Shale Porosity

Clean formation Structural shale

Laminar shale Dispersed shale
Porosity Porosity Porosity Porosity Shale

Shale
Shale
Matrix Matrix Matrix Matrix

Laminar shale Dispersed shale

Porosity Porosity Shale
ale

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SHALY SAND ANALYSIS
4 kinds of main clays
 Kaolinite
 Chlorite
 Smectite
 Illite

CEC = cation exchange capacity; clays with high CEC result in

higher conductivity (lower resistivity)

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SHALY SAND ANALYSIS
Determine Vshale in formation

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SHALY SAND ANALYSIS
Determine effective porosity
 ma   sh
 D  e  Vsh
 ma   f
t sh  t ma
s  e  Vsh
t f  t ma

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SHALY SAND ANALYSIS
Determine effective porosity from Chart

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SHALY SAND ANALYSIS
Example 1:
Calculate the total porosity and effective porosity in reservoir
GRmax = 118 API GRmin = 25 API GR = 65API
φNshale = 0.47 φDshale = 0.18
φN = 0.32 φD = 0.25
Vsh using Clavier equation

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SHALY SAND ANALYSIS
DeWitte 1950
Poupon 1954
Hossin 1960
Simandoux 1968
Fertl 1971
Poupon-Leveaux 1975 (Indonesia Equation)
Slumberger 1975
Dual water 1980

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SHALY SAND ANALYSIS

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SHALY SAND ANALYSIS
DeWitte 1950
Laminar Shale

 1 1 
y  Vsh   
 Rw Rsh 
0.5 Rw  4  V 2
1  
Sw   y  y 2   sh   
  Rw  Rsh Rt  
 
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SHALY SAND ANALYSIS
Poupon 1954
Laminar Shale

Conductivity
C = CshVsh + (1-Vsh)Csd

a  1 V  R 
S w  m   sh 
n w

  Rt Rsh  (1  Vsh ) 
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SHALY SAND ANALYSIS
Hossin 1960
Laminar Shale

 aRw  1 Vsh2 
S w   m   
   Rt Rsh 

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SHALY SAND ANALYSIS
Simandoux 1968
Laminar Shale

  Vsh  
2
CRw  Vsh 5 2
Sw  2     
  Rsh Rw Rt  Rsh  
 

C = 0.4 sandstone and C = 0.45 carbonate

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SHALY SAND ANALYSIS
Poupon-Leveaux 1971 (Indonesia Equation)
Laminar Shale

1  Vshd  m  0.5 n
   Sw
Rt  R sh aR w 
d  1 0.5Vsh

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SHALY SAND ANALYSIS
Fertl 1975
Laminar Shale

 2
1 Rw  aVsh  aVsh 
Sw      
  Rt  2  2 
 

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SHALY SAND ANALYSIS
Slumberger 1975
Laminar Shale

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SHALY SAND ANALYSIS
Dual water 1980
Dispered Shale

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SHALY SAND ANALYSIS
Dual water 1980
Dispered Shale
wb
Saturation water boundary S wb 
t
wf
Saturation free water S wf 
t
Saturation Hydrocarbon wf
S hc 
t
Total water saturation
S wt  S wb  S wf
S wt  S hc  1
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SHALY SAND ANALYSIS
Dual water 1980
Rewrite with conductivity

tm S wtn  
Ct  C wf 
S wb
Cwb  Cwf 
a  S wt 
Ct Fo
S wt  x  x  2

Cw
S wb (Cwf  Cwb )
x
2Cwf
a
Fo  m

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SHALY SAND ANALYSIS
Dual water 1980
Effective porosity and water saturation
S wt  S wb
S w  S wf 
1  S wb
e  wf  t ( S wt  S wb )
Total porosity

t  e  wb  t (1  S wb )  t S wb

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SHALY SAND ANALYSIS
Dual water 1980
Given: Swt = 45% and Swb = 10%
Find: Sw
Answer: Sw = 39.5%

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SHALY SAND
ANALYSIS

Given: Rxo = 12 ohm-m, Rt = 2

ohm-m, Rmf/Rw = 20, and
Sor = 20%.
Find: Sw

Given: Rxo/Rt = 2.8, Rmf/Rw = 25,

EPSP = –75 mV, ESSP = –120 mV,
and electrochemical SP
coefficient (Kc) = 80 (formation
temperature = 150ºF).
Find: Sw and corrected value for
Sor = 10%.

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PERMEABILITY
Log-derived permeability formulas are only valid for estimating
permeability in formations at irreducible water saturation
(Schlumberger, 1977) When a geologist evaluates a formation by
using log-derived permeability formulas, the permeability values,
if possible, should be compared with values of nearby producing
wells from the same formation. Productivity estimates can be
based on log-derived permeability if the formation evaluated is
compared with both good and poor production histories in these
nearby wells. By using comparisons of log-derived permeability
from several wells, a geologist is not using an absolute value for
log-derived permeability.

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PERMEABILITY
Four methods for calculating log-derived permeability are
discussed here. Before these formulas can be applied, a geologist
must first determine whether or not a formation is at irreducible
water saturation.
Wyllie and Rose (1950)
This method for determining permeability utilizes a chart or the
two forms of the following formula
2
  3

K   250  medium gravity oils
 S wirr 
2
  3

K   79  dry gas
 S wirr 
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PERMEABILITY
Wyllie and Rose (1950)

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PERMEABILITY
Wyllie and Rose (1950)

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PERMEABILITY
Wyllie and Rose (1950)
Given: Porosity (φ) = 0.25 (= 25 porosity units, p.u.) and irreducible
water saturation (Swirr) = 40% for an oil-bearing sandstone. The
chart is constructed with the assumption of a medium gravity oil.
Procedure:
1. Find porosity (φ = 25 p.u.) on the bottom horizontal scale, and
find irreducible water saturation (Swirr = 40%) on the left vertical
scale.
Note that irreducible water saturation is labeled Swi on this chart.
Follow the two values into the chart to the point where they
intersect.
2. The heavy curve on which this point falls represents permeability.
In this case, permeability, K = 130 md.
3. The light hyperbolic curves (C = Swirr φ) represent lines of equal
value for bulk volume water. In this example, the bulk volume water
equals 0.10 (BVW = 0.10)
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PERMEABILITY
Timur (1968) 2
  2.2

K   93 
 S wirr 
Coates and Dumanoir (1973)
2
 C  2W
K   4 
 W Rw / Rtirr  
K = permeability in millidarcys (md)
C = constant based on hydrocarbon density
W = constant
φ = porosity
Rtirr = deep resistivity from a zone at irreducible water saturation
(Swirr)
Rw = formation water resistivity at formation temperature
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PERMEABILITY
Coates and Dumanoir (1973) 2
 C  2W
K   4 
 W Rw / Rtirr  
The Coates and Dumanoir permeability formula is calculation of
values for two constants: C and W.

C  23  465 h  188 2
h
C = constant in Coates and Dumanoir permeability formula
ρh = hydrocarbon density in g/cm3
1
  logRw / Rtirr   2.2 2   2
W  3.75      
  2  
W = constant in Coates and Dumanoir permeability formula
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