1.

AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE

INTRODUCTION

Aggregate crushing value (ACV) is the resistance measure of aggregate used in pavement
design against gradually applied compressive load. Thus the measure of this value is to see the
available aggregates on site reach the required standard that is being used in the pavement
construction. ACV is determined by measuring the material passing a specified sieve (common
2.36mm sieve) after crushing under load of 400KN.
The test is applicable to standard fraction aggregate passing a 14mm sieve and retained on
a 10mm sieve. But this method is not suitable for soft aggregate, with ACV>30%

OBJECTIVE

Objective of the experiment was to determine the relative measure of resistance of aggregate
against gradually applied load due to traffic movement (i.e. ACV)

APPARATUS USED
 A steel plunger with open ended with plunger and base plate.
 Rubber mallet
 Drying oven
 Balance with minimum 3kg capacity readable to 1g.
 Tamping rod
 Compression Testing machine
 Cylindrical Metal measure
 A sample divider, example, riffle box
 Testing sieves of 2.36mm, 14mm and 10mm
 Metal tray of known mass
 Brush with stiff bristles

PROCEDURES
 The sample was reduced to produce test portion of sufficient mass to produce test
specimen of 14mm to 10mm size fraction.
 The cylinder metal measure was placed on the base plate.
 The sample was filled in the cylinder in three layers each receiving 25 strokes of the
tamping rod evenly distributed on the layer surface. The tamping rod was dropped from
a 50mm height.
 The surface of the aggregates was leveled, and then the sample was placed on a
compression testing machine.
 The apparatus with specimen and plunger was placed in position between the plates of
compression testing machine. A force was applied at uniform rate (40KN per min) so
that required force of 400KN was reached in 10min  30 sec
 The force was released and the crushed material was removed holding the cylinder over
a clean metal tray of known mass, hammering on the outside with the rubber mallet
until the particles were sufficiently loose.
 The tray and the sample were weighed and the mass was recorded.
 The sample was then sieved on 2.36mm sieve until no further significant amount passes.
 The weight of material retained on 2.36mm sieve and passing 2.36mm sieve were
measured and recorded.

Aggregate Crushing Value = Weight passing 2.36mm sieve × 100%

Weight of dry sample

DISCUSSION OF RESULT
 Aggregate crushing value is more appropriate 19%.which means the aggregates have
high ability to withstand high strength. If the percentage fines exceed 30%, the result
may be anomalous as the broken Pieces of aggregate will tend to fill the voids and
prevent further crushing.

CONCLUSION
 This method is not suitable for testing soft aggregate thus aggregate used in
construction should be strong enough to resist crushing under traffic wheel load.
 2. AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE

Aggregate impact value (AIV) gives a relatives measure of the strength of aggregate to
sudden shock or impact. The test can be performed in either a dry condition or in a soaked
condition and its applicable to a standard fraction aggregates passing a 14mm sieve and
retained on 10 mm sieve

OBJECTIVE

To measure the relative resistance of aggregates used in road construction to a sudden

shock or impact.

MATERIALS & EQUIPMENTS USED

 Aggregate Impact Testing Machine

 Test sieves
 Cylindrical metal measure
 Tamping rod
 A sample divider
 Rubber mallet
 Metal tray of known mass
 Electronic Beam Balance
 Drying oven
 Coarse aggregate
 Brush with stiff bristles

PROCEDURES

 The sample was sieved on the 14mm and 10mm sieves after being dried to remove the
oversize and undersize.
 The sample was divided into groups (test specimens) and over dried at 105±5C.
 The test specimen was then filled into a cylindrical metal measure in layers; each
receives 25 blows evenly distributed. The tamping rod fall freely from about 50mm
above the surface of the aggregates.
 The aggregates were removed by rolling the tamping rod across the container.
 The mass was measured and recorded.
 The impact machine was placed on floor. The cup was fixed in position and the test
specimen was placed in it and compacted by 25 blows of tamping rod.
  The hammer was released to fall freely onto the aggregates.
 The crushed aggregates was then removed by holding the cup over a clean tray and
hammering on the outside with the rubber mallet until the particles were sufficiently
loose.
 The tray and aggregates were weighed and data was recorded.
 The specimen in the tray was then sieved on the 2.36mm sieve until no significant
amount passes.
 The material passing and retained on the 2.36mm sieve were weighed and recorded.

The aggregate impact value (AIV) is AIV = =

For soaked condition, number of blows adopted is that which yields between 5% and 20%
fines, and we define m, thus
m = (m2/ m1)* 100; and AIV = (15m)/n
where m = %ge of materials finer than 2.36 mm sieve
n = number of hammer blows that produced m% fines
RESULTS
Test 1 Test2
337.4 337.2
Weight of dry sample A
Weight retained on 2.36mm sieve C 261.8 259.6
Weight passing 2.36mm sieve B 75.6 77.6
Difference A-(B+C) 0 0
Aggregate Impact Value % 22.4 23
AVERAGE AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE % 22.7

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

 AIV test is very important laboratory test of aggregates before to be used in

construction of the pavement since it’s the one which measures the strength of
aggregates against sudden shock or impact.
 I recommend to perform this test as much as possible under supervision of an
engineer since the wrong value of AIV can lead to poor performance of the
pavement.
 3.TEN PERCENT FINES VALUE (TFV)

INTRODUCTION
The ten percent fine value is the measure of resistance of the aggregates to the crushing

OBJECTIVE
To determine the resistance of aggregates to crushing under a gradually applied load. The
Ten Percent Fines test is applicable on both weak and strong aggregates.
The 10% Fines Value (TFV) is determined by measuring the load required to crush a
prepared aggregates sample to give 10% material passing a specified sieve after crushing.
The test can be performed in both dry and soaked condition.

EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS USED.

 2.36mm, 10mm and 14mm test sieves
 Tamping rod
 A steel cylinder
 Compression testing machine
 Cylindrical Metal measure
 Electronic beam balance
 Rubber mallet
 Metal tray of known mass
 Drying oven
 A sample divider
 Aggregates

TESTING PROCEDURE

 The material used for both tests is aggregate passing a 14 mm sieve and retained on a
10 mm sieve. It shall be clean and dry (washed if necessary) but it must not be dried for
longer than 4 hours nor at a temperature higher than 1100C otherwise certain
aggregates may be damaged.
  The required volume is obtained by filling the steel cylinder in three layers, each
tamped 25 times with the rod and the top struck level. This volume is then weighed to
the nearest 0.1g (mass A).
 The material from the steel cylinder is placed in the test cylinder in three layers, each
tamped 25 times with the rod. The depth of the sample will then be about 100 mm. The
plunger is lowered onto the sample and rotated gently to seat it and level it.
 The cylinder, plunger and sample are placed in the compression testing machine. Force
is applied at a uniform rate so that the total penetration in 10 minutes is about: 15 mm
for uncrushed gravel; 20 mm for normal crushed aggregates; 24 mm for honeycombed
aggregates (e.g., volcanic rocks)
 The sample is then sieved over a 2.36 mm sieve. As this is a fairly fine sieve, it is
preferable to pass the whole sample over a larger sieve (say 4.75 mm) first. The
material passing 2.36 mm is then weighed (mass C) and expressed as a percentage of
the original mass [y=100% X´C/A] and the mass of retained material were measured
(mass B).
 If the percentage fines lies between 7.5% and 12.5%, the following calculation for Ten
Percent Fines Value (TFV) is made:
TFV = Force to produce 10% fines =14F/(y + 4) KN
Where
F = maximum force used (kN) y = percentage fines from the test (%)
The result should be reported to the nearest whole number.
 If the percentage fines lies outside the range 7.5 to 12.5, the test must be repeated,
applying the force given by the formula over a period of 10 minutes. Two tests are
required and the ten percent fines values (TFV) are averaged to obtain the final result,
reported to the nearest 10 kN (for forces greater than 100KN

TEST RESULTS

TEST RESULTS ON SSD AGGREGATE Test 1 Test 2

Total weight of oven dry sample (g) A 2900.5 2912.1
Weight of material retained on 2.36mm (g) B 2544.3 2546.0
Weight of material passing through 2.36mm (g) C 356.2 366.1
Difference A-(B+C) 0 0
Ultimate load (F) 180 180
Percentage fines (C/A) 12.3 12.6
Mean percentage of fines Mean percentage of fines (Y) 12.45
Load required to produce 10% Fines=14F/(Y+4) kN 153.2

TEST RESULTS ON OVEN DRY AGGREGATE Test 1 Test 2

Total weight of oven dry sample (g) A 2943.3 2942.1
Weight of material retained on 2.36mm (g) B 2647.4 2646.0
Weight of material passing through 2.36mm (g) C 295.9 296.1
Difference A-(B+C) 0 0
Ultimate load (F) 170 170
Percentage fines (C/A) 10.05 10.06
Mean percentage of fines Mean percentage of fines (Y) 10.06
Load required to produce 10% Fines=14F/(Y+4) KN 169.3
[y=100% X´C/A], TFV = Force to produce 10% fines =14F/(y + 4)

CONCLUSION
 The results of percentage Fines obtained in this practical is12.45% for SSD condition
and 10.06% for dry condition. The acceptable range for Ten Percent Fines value is
within 7.5% - 12.5% (source: Central Materials Laboratory). Hence the materials meet
the required specification.