LAB: MATERIALS ENGINEERING

COURSE INSTRUCTOR: ENGR S.M. MUSAB BIN NASEEM

CLASS: 4B

DATE: MARCH 16, 2020

TOPIC: TO STUDY TENSILE TESTING OF ALUMINUM SPECIMENS

ON UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE (UTM)

Prepared by: ENGR S.M. MUSAB BIN NASEEM

3/26/2020
 UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE

The device WP 310 HYDRAULIC

UNIVERSAL MATERIAL TESTER (50
KN) has been set up to carry out tensile
test which is connected to a computer to
obtain graphical results so that further
calculations could be made possible.

3/26/2020 Prepared by: ENGR S.M. MUSAB BIN NASEEM

 Schematic representation of the apparatus used to conduct
tensile stress–strain

The specimen is
elongated by the
moving crosshead;
while load cell and
extensometer measure
the magnitude of the
applied load and the
elongation respectively

3/26/2020 Prepared by: ENGR S.M. MUSAB BIN NASEEM

A standard tensile specimen with circular cross section
This “dog bone” specimen configuration was chosen so that, during testing, deformation is
confined to the narrow center region (which has a uniform cross section along its length), and
also to reduce the likelihood of fracture at the ends of the specimen. The standard diameter is
approximately 12.8 mm (0.5 in.), whereas the reduced section length should be at least four times
this diameter; 60 mm (2.25 in.) is common. Gauge length is used in ductility computations. The
standard value is 50 mm (2.0 in.). The specimen is mounted by its ends into the holding grips of the
testing apparatus. The tensile testing machine is designed to elongate the specimen at a constant
rate and to continuously and simultaneously measure the instantaneous applied load (with a load
cell) and the resulting elongations (using an extensometer). A stress–strain test typically takes
several minutes to perform and is destructive; that is, the test specimen is permanently deformed
and usually fractured.

3/26/2020 Prepared by: ENGR S.M. MUSAB BIN NASEEM

 THEORY
1. TENSILE TEST
The most common mechanical stress–strain tests is performed in tension. the tension test can be used to determine
several mechanical properties of materials that are important in design. Specimen is deformed, usually to fracture, with
a gradually increasing tensile load that is applied uniaxially along the long axis of a specimen.

2. ENGINEERING STRESS
The engineering stress is defined as the ratio of applied load (force) and the original cross sectional area.
𝐹
σ=
𝐴

In SI System, σ is the engineering stress in Pascals (Pa), if load is in Newtons (N) and area is in square meters (𝑚2 ).
Engineering stress is also measured in mega Pascals, MPa (where 1 MPa = 106 Pa) and in giga Pascals, GPa (where 1
GPa = 109 Pa).
In British engineering system, σ is the engineering stress in Pounds per square inch (psi), if load is in pounds (𝑙𝑏𝑓 ) and
area is in square inches (𝑖𝑛2 ).

Prepared by: ENGR S.M. MUSAB BIN NASEEM

3/26/2020
 THEORY (Cont.)
3. ENGINEERING STRAIN
The engineering strain is defined as the ratio of change in length (deformation or elongation) and the original
length of a specimen.
△𝑙
ϵ=
𝑙𝑜

Where ϵ is the engineering strain, △ 𝑙 (𝑙𝑖-𝑙𝑜) is the change in length / deformation (difference between
instantaneous length and original length) and 𝑙𝑜 is the original length.
Since engineering strain is the ratio of two similar quantities hence it has no unit (both units in numerator as well
as in denominator cancel each other due to same length dimensions).

4. HOOKE’S LAW
Hooke’s law describes a relationship between engineering stress and engineering strain under elastic
deformation either tension or compression.
Statement: “For most metals that are stressed in tension and at relatively low levels, stress and strain
are proportional to each other.”

3/26/2020 Prepared by: ENGR S.M. MUSAB BIN NASEEM

 THEORY (Cont.)
Mathematical form: σαϵ
=> σ = 𝐸ϵ
Where E is the proportionality constant called the modulus of elasticity or Young’s modulus having dimension
and unit same as of engineering stress.

Graphical form: When a graph is plotted between stress (along y-axis) and strain (along x-axis), a straight
line is obtained up to certain value of stress and strain called proportionality limit. The slope
of the straight line gives the Young’s modulus of the substance.

3/26/2020 Prepared by: ENGR S.M. MUSAB BIN NASEEM

 THEORY (Cont.)
5. STRESS-STRAIN GRAPH FOR DUCTILE MATERIAL

we can see that in the region between O and A, the curve

is linear. Hence, Hooke’s Law obeys in this region. In the
region from A to B, the stress and strain are not proportional.
However, if we remove the load, the body gets its original
dimensions back exhibiting elasticity. Beyond proportionality
limit the body is permanently deformed after having removed
the load, a state called plasticity.

Prepared by: ENGR S.M. MUSAB BIN NASEEM

3/26/2020
 THEORY (Cont.)
6. YIELD POINT
The point on stress-strain curve beyond which a ductile material becomes plastic (i.e. exhibits permanent
deformation) is called yield point and the corresponding stress is called yield stress (σ𝑌 ).

7. ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH

The Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) is the stress at the maximum on the engineering stress–strain curve. This
corresponds to the maximum stress that can be sustained by a structure in tension.

8. NECKING
Preceded by UTS, a small constriction or neck begins to form at some point, and all subsequent deformation is
confined at this neck. This phenomenon is called necking.

9. FRACTURE POINT
The point on stress-strain curve where rupture occurs and ductile material breaks apart is called fracture point.

3/26/2020 Prepared by: ENGR S.M. MUSAB BIN NASEEM

PARTS OF WP 310 HYDRAULIC UNIVERSAL MATERIAL
TESTER, 50 KN

1. hydraulic cylinder for

generating tensile and
compressive forces
2. operating area with the
accessory WP 310.05
3. force sensor
4. adjustable height lower
cross-member with lock
5. displays and controls
6. displacement sensor

Prepared by: ENGR S.M. MUSAB BIN NASEEM

3/26/2020