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Science12 q2 Mod10 UnifyingThemes v3
Science12 q2 Mod10 UnifyingThemes v3
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Senior
Senior High
High School
School
Lesson 1:
Unifying Themes in Biology
What I Need To Know........................................................................1
What’s New ........................................................................................3
What Is It.............................................................................................4
What’s More .......................................................................................4
What I Need To Know........................................................................5
What I Need To Know........................................................................6
What’s New ........................................................................................7
What Is It.............................................................................................9
What I Need To Know........................................................................9
What I Have Learned .........................................................................13
Lesson 2:
Reproduction in Animals
What I Need To Know........................................................................15
What I Have Learned..........................................................................20
What I Need To Know........................................................................21
What I Have Learned..........................................................................24
What I Need To Know........................................................................25
What’s New.........................................................................................25
What Is It.............................................................................................26
What’s More .......................................................................................27
What I Need To Know .......................................................................28
What’s In.............................................................................................28
What I Need To Know .......................................................................29
Summary..................................................................................................................32
Post-Test..................................................................................................................33
Answer Keys.............................................................................................................34
References...............................................................................................................35
What This Module is About
The study of life in general is vast and complex. Science as a general body of
knowledge has been doing its best to continually uncover secrets and themes to
make understanding life better and easier. From the ancient notion anything that
moves is alive, life has now properties that make it easier to identify living from the
nonliving. Aside from the properties, themes were developed. These themes help to
understand life and what binds it from those that exhibit it.
This module will introduce you to various topics under the unifying themes in
the study of life and reproduction (as a property of life) of representative animals.
This module will give you a glimpse of the ties that bind in the study of biology and
life in general. This will be facilitated through various scientific evidences that has
been gathered throughout the years. You will be able to understand just how
connected organisms are in the grand scheme of things. You will also understand
the miracle that is reproduction. That reproduction goes beyond just having a
heterosexual partner because nature provides for different mechanisms for an
organism to propagate.
The affective part of this module will let you reflect on the concept of unity
amidst diversity. That our uniqueness has been just an outward expression of the
things that we are similar to. This will allow you to appreciate other forms of life in
general. This module will also permit you to develop a deep sense of wonder, and
perhaps of gratitude for being alive. Both lessons contained in this module will let
you, if you allow it, develop the inkling how precious and miraculous life is.
You will be guided with symbols (icons) used as you go about in the
completion of this module. Lastly, this module contains varied activities that will not
only help you validate your learning of the lessons contained in this module but, it will
also help you as an impressionable senior high learner develop or make informed
choices in the preservation of life in general.
Provide enough time for the reading of the lessons with understanding.
Follow diligently the instructions provided for each of the activities and or
exercises.
Answer all tests, exercises, and activities contained in this module.
Pretest: Read the sentences or questions carefully. Choose the letter of the
correct answer.
4. This is a type of cell that lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
b. Copernicus
c. Charles Darwin
d. Gregor Mendel
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Unifying Themes in the Study
Lesson of Life
1
What I Need to Know
The study of life in general is very wide. And to help us understand this
vastness, are what we call themes. Themes are distinct characteristics, pattern, and
or quality. To help us understand better the study of life, we can look at themes
individually and as a collective. In this way, we can easily digest the commonalities
of those exhibiting life.
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crabs living in a coastal area.
8. Communities These are the variety of species inhabiting a specific
area. An example would be a coastal community. In this
community, we would expect to see a variety of animal
and plant species that thrives in coastal areas. Thus, a
community is a combination of different populations.
9. Ecosystems These refer to the biotic and abiotic factors in an area.
This includes not only the interaction between living
things but also the interaction between living and
nonliving.
10. Biosphere This consists of all the livable parts of the earth, by
livable, we are referring to all spaces which is inhabited
by life. This includes spaces in land, water, and air.
2
Source: https://www.simply.science/index.php/organization-of-life
3
What’s New
Activity 1: Designing an Experiment for Life
Procedure:
1. Propose a hypothesis
From common knowledge, you already have an idea as to what plants
need to grow healthy, like water and sunlight. Think of other factors or
substances that will affect plant growth (suggestions: type of soil, fertilizer
type, music or human voice). Choose a variable, then propose a
hypothesis about how the presence and absence of that factor affects the
growth or survival of a plant.
4. Draw conclusion
Did the presence of your experimental variable make a difference in
the growth of the experimental and control plants? Was the effect more
or less than you had proposed?
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What Is It
In this activity you are made to design an experiment that will allow you to
observe the growth of a plant in relation to several variables of your choosing. In this
activity you were expected to determine the themes of biology in relation to the
growing plant. You are expected to have observed the organization, interaction,
matter and energy, information, and evolution. Organization is when from a seed, the
mung bean sprouted and grew to another definite structure with differing functions.
Interaction is when during its growth, the mung bean internally maintained
homeostasis for optimal growth while interacting with external factors. Growth is a
complex and energy consuming process, therefore, the growth of the mung bean
had to be supplied with energy coming from the nutrients in the soil and water,
among others. Information and evolution in this activity are indirectly observed by
whatever the mung bean is presently. This pertains to its physical features,
functions, and molecular make-up.
What’s More
Complete the concept map below by adding the following terms: adaptation,
atom, cell, community, ecosystem, energy, development, growth, individual,
molecule, organ, organization, organ system, population, reproduction, response,
tissue.
organisms
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What I Need to Know
Recall in your grade 8, you learned about the two mechanisms in cell division,
mitosis and meiosis. Before each process happens and or is completed, the very first
thing that occurs is the replication of genetic materials. The replication or copying of
the DNA is to ensure that the daughter cells will receive the same complete set of
chromosomes with that of the parent cell. These DNA will then contain sections
called genes. This replication of the DNA prior to cell division will eventually be the
template for the trillions of cells that will make up an organism.
The structure of the DNA is responsible for its ability to store information. It is
a double helix of strands of building blocks called, nucleotides. The following
nucleotides are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine – aptly abbreviated as A,
T, C, and G, respectively. The different sequence of these four nucleotides accounts
for the encoding of information in the DNA. Think of it this way, the way we arrange
the alphabet to form words is, in a way, like how these nucleotides are sequenced
for encoding information as shown in figure 2.
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/dna
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The sequencing provides for a blueprint for most genes to make proteins. In
turn, these proteins accounts for different function in the body and in different
organism. Like for example, a single-celled gene may specifically create a protein
that will be able to breakdown a carbohydrate molecule, while a human gene may
specify a protein to act as an antibody to help fight off infections.
Evolution is said to be the scientific thought that would explain or make sense
of all the organisms now. Fossil records show that organisms have been evolving for
billions of years now, and that this accounts for the vast diversity and variation of
organisms in the past and present. Fossil records also show evidences of unity aside
from variation. There are animals presently that may seem different from one
another, let’s take for example the arm of a human being, wing of the bat, leg of a
dog, and flipper of a whale, they might have different uses but their underlying
anatomy are similar to one another. They considered homologous structures.
One notable evolutionary view emerged in the 1800s, when the father of
evolution, Charles Darwin, published the book, “The Origin of Species”. This book
contained Charles Darwin’s studies and observations, which expressed two main
points. One, that “contemporary species arose from a succession of ancestors that
differed from them”. This is what we call, descent with modification and accounts for
the dual nature of life’s unity and diversity. Second, that “natural selection is the
primary reason of descent with modification”.
Natural selection sprung from Darwin’s observations from his studies. It states
that species with inherited traits are more adaptive to the environment which means
they are more likely to survive and reproduce than those who are not. This is
because the environment constantly selects for the production of traits from the
random variant traits naturally occurring within a population.
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8
https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2018/07/23/evolution-is-aimless-how-do-we-explain-external-testicles/
What’s New
In this activity, you will determine the degree of relatedness among some species
based on their amino acid sequences of cytochrome-c.
Objectives:
1. Compare the amino acid sequences of cytochrome-c of some organisms.
2. Calculate the degree of relatedness among some species based on the amino acid
sequences of cytochrome-c in their proteins.
Materials:
Procedure:
1. Refer to the following table of amino acid sequences of cytochrome-c. compare the
amino acid sequences of the following pairs of organisms by encircling the portions
of the sequences where they differ. For each pair, count the total number of differing
amino acids.
Human GDVEKGKKIFIMMKCSQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRRTGQAPGYSYTAAN
KNKGIIWG
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Chimpanz GDVEKGKKIFIMMKCSQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRRTGQAPGYSYTAAN
ee KNKGIIWG
Rhesus GDVEKGKKIFIMMKCSQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRRTGQAPGYSYTAAN
Monkey KNKGITWG
Horse GDVEKGKKIFVQKCAQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGFTYTDANK
NKGITWK
Donkey GDVEKGKKIFVQKCAQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGFSYTDANK
NKGITWK
Chicken GDIEKGKKIFVQKCQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAEGFSYTDANKNK
GITWG
Turkey GDIEKGKKIFVQKCQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAEGFSYTDANKNK
GITWG
Rattlesnak GDVEKGKKIFTMKCSQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAVGYSYTAANK
e NKGITWG
Fruit fly GDVEKGKKLFVQRCAQCHTVEAGGKHKVGPNLHGLIGRKTGQAAGFAYTNANK
AKGITWQ
2. Calculate the percentage difference between the species of each pair by dividing the
number of differing amino acids by the total number of amino acids in the sequences
of the pair.
Analysis Questions:
1. Which pair of organisms are most closely related? the least related? How do your
results compare with the taxonomic classification of the organisms?
2. How will you interpret those pairs of organisms having the exact amino acid
sequence of cytochrome-c?
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3. What generalization or conclusion can be drawn from the activity?
Exploration:
Do you think that amino acid sequencing is a reliable basis for determining evolutionary
relationships among organism? Justify your answer.
What Is It
One of the recent evidences of evolution that reinforces the fossil records comes
from molecular biology. By using the technique called amino acid sequencing, researchers
have discovered that closely related organism have great similarity in their amino acid
sequences, indicating a common descendant, hence suggesting unity and diversity. In the
activity, you have determined the degree of relatedness among some species based on their
amino acid sequences of cytochrome-c.
A characteristic common to all forms of life is the need for energy. This is a
requirement for organisms to perform life processes. The various indicators of life
and processes like growing, reproducing, moving, and other intracellular processes
require that the organism spend energy.
The sun is the primary source of energy in the environment. All organisms rely
on the sun’s energy input to survive. It provides energy on earth in the form of light
and is received and utilized by the autotrophs or producers. These autotrophs or
producers are photosynthetic organisms. These organisms are able to harvest
sunlight to create their own food. The photosystems harvest light ang together with
raw materials like CO2, and water covert light energy into chemical energy. This
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process is called photosynthesis. The chemical energy in the form of food molecules
will then be passed by plants and other photosynthetic organisms to other organisms
that are not able to produce their own food. Note that that there is already energy
transfer happening in this process. The organisms receiving the energy from
producers are called consumers, as shown in figure 4 below.
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/environmental_studies/environmental_studies_energy_flow_in_ecosystem.htm
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https://www.tutorialspoint.com/environmental_studies/environmental_studies_energy_flow_in_ecosystem.htm
When we talk about the lower levels of hierarchy in biology, we are referring
to the interactions that make up the organism, this means, molecule level up to the
organ level. The interaction in the
lower levels of hierarchy is important
for operations of certain regulations.
Let us take for example the
regulation of waste materials in the
body, particularly carbon dioxide.
The body needs to keep the levels of
carbon dioxide in the lungs low so
that it can easily diffuse from the
blood to the lungs and excreted via
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exhaling. This process alone, allows for a lot of interaction in between organs, cells,
tissues, and molecules. This ability to self-regulate is made possible by a mechanism
we call, feedback.
https://byjus.com/biology/exchange-regulation-of-gases/
https://young7science16.weebly.com/interactions-and-ecosystems.html
The inside of your home is a dwelling place, not only for you and your family
but for a whole community of species. You can investigate their interactions if you…
Procedure:
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1. Make a list of organisms that can be found living in your dwelling place.
Some may be invited, such as pets or houseplants. Other may be
uninvited, such as rodents, insects, or molds.
2. Make a table and record information about the food relationships among
members in this community. A sample table is provided for you below.
Invited Uninvited
Analysis of Results:
1. What do the animals eat? Do they rely on the human food supply, or do
they have their own sources of food?
2. Are there predators and prey in this community?
3. Describe how the community members compete for resources.
Reproduction of
Lesson Representative Animals
2
What This Lesson is About
We are products of billions of years’ worth of evolution, and we know this much
thanks to reproduction. Through reproduction, nature has selected organisms that
have a gene pool that is capable of surviving and thriving. Animals have both
adapted and evolved to better fit their environments thanks to variation.
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While us, humans, have goals in life some animals were born to reproduce and
die immediately after. So now you ask, why is reproducing offspring so important to
animals? This is one of question that we will be answering into later, on this module.
In this lesson, we will understand key concepts about the complexities of
reproduction in animals and synthesize our learning at the end. Lastly, this lesson
will also allow you to appreciate the true importance of why a continuity of a species
is important.
Source:https://pixabay.com/
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At the end of this lesson, you should be able to demonstrate understanding of
the four main concepts under animal reproduction:
According to the UN, there are about 360,000 babies born every day in the
world. Reproduction is one of the key survivals of a species – it is a way to continue
life. A male and a female organism will mate and produce an offspring. These parent
organisms will then pass on genetic information to their offspring, and in time, their
offspring will pass their own genetic information as well.
From our previous lesson of mitosis and meiosis, we know that cellular
division plays an important role in reproduction. The relationship between these two
processes are vital to animal reproduction. Some organisms like cows, sheep, dogs
and will require two parent organisms (sexual reproduction) in order to reproduce an
offspring, while others do not (asexual reproduction).
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organism will not need a mate or partner for it to produce its own offspring. The
offspring of asexual organisms are an exact same copy of its parent organism.
Figure 2.1 A diagram of Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
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Figure 2. 4 Starfish undergoing fragmentation
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/phylum-cnidaria/
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4. Parthenogenesis – occurs when the embryo of an organism can grow
and develop without fertilization.
Ex. Some species of ants & Honeybees.
https://www.britannica.com/animal/hymenopteran/Natural-history
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What I Have Learned
A B
reproduction.
2. An organism that requires both
reproduce.
3. This organism breaks a part of
itself to reproduce.
reproduce piglets.
into an offspring.
6. This organism divides itself into
reproduce.
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What I Need to Know
Organisms are diverse, unique and have equally unique features that help
them survive in their environment. These features tailor to the animal’s environment,
size, habitat, and so many more factors. One unique feature is the way these
organisms undergo fertilization.
Mechanisms of Fertilization
There are two types of fertilization – internal and external. Internal fertilization occurs
when the fusion of gametes is inside the female body, while an external fertilization
is the opposite where fusion of gametes is outside the female body.
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2. Viviparity – most common in mammals,
the offspring develops within the female and is
nourished by the mother’s blood in the
placenta. Ex. Bears
Source: https://pixabay.com/
Figure 2.8 Brown Bear frolicking in the grass
Source: https://pixabay.com/
Figure 2.9 Great White Shark in the ocean
The table below will better summarize the key difference and similarities of the
two fertilization processes.
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body of the female, it offspring develops
will have more without protection in
chances of surviving the open
even in harsh environment.
environments
because it is
protected.
KEY FEATURES - Has three types: - Survives best in
1. Oviparity moist/aquatic
2. Viviparity environments.
3. Ovoviviparity
- Has a greater
- few offspring are number of offspring
produced. produced.
EXAMPLES - Elephants, goats, - Fish and Frogs
and cats
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In your own words, describe the type of fertilization given below and give and
example of an animal that has that type of fertilization.
Description Animal
Viviparity
Internal fertilization
External fertilization
Oviparity
Ovoviviparity
II. Essay
Why do you think there is a difference in the types of fertilization among animals?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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As mentioned in lesson 2, organisms have unique features that help them
survive in their environment. Animals are designed to survive their environment
through their form and function, and what better way to survive than to outsmart your
predators and continue your species through reproduction.
The male and female house bird will build a strong nest for its eggs to ensure
that it will hatch and survive. The female lion will teach its young cub to hunt and
protect it from predators when it is too young to defend itself.
In this lesson you will be able to identify and understand the factors that affect
the success of reproduction.
What’s New
Pick a species and draw it in its natural habitat in the box below.
Now that you have drawn them here are some follow up questions:
What is It
26
The success of animal reproduction does not only end when an egg is
fertilized. It ends when the offspring can fully grow and eventually reproduce as well.
As mentioned before, reproduction is key to survival. We will all eventually die and
we need to make sure that our species continue through reproduction. Listed below
are the factors that affect reproductive success.
Factor # 2: Environment
To ensure a healthy offspring, the animal’s environment must also be
nurturing to the young. Temperature greatly affects the development and the urges
of an animal to mate. With the continuing rise of temperatures around the globe,
some animals are starting to dwindle in number and die before they even reproduce.
When the water becomes too warm, the fishes will have a hard time getting oxygen
and can eventually die when exposed to warm waters for longer periods of time.
Glaciers and ice caps are melting in the arctic, causing polar bears suffer health
conditions due to malnutrition.
What’s More
27
Check your knowledge against the understanding that you have gained in the
lesson regarding reproductive success. Answer the following questions briefly and
concisely.
Essay
1. Why do you think natural selection favors animals with the greatest
reproductive success?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. What do you believe is the greatest threat to animals and why?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. Why is it important for animals to never go extinct?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
4. How can we better preserve and protect animals so that they may continue to
live on?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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The stages of development of a human baby are complex and truly
fascinating.
In this lesson our objective will be able to understand how a human embryo
develops.
Before an egg cell can be fertilized by a sperm cell, both gametes need to be
mature and become spermatozoa and oocyte. For it to be mature, it first has to
undergo stages of development.
Stages of Development
Spermatogenesis Oogenesis
1. Spermatogonia Oogonia
2. Spermatocyte Oocyte
3. Spermatid
4. Spermatozoa
What’s In
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The first stages of Fertilization
There are two ways in which the human female reproductive cycle can end –
menstruation or pregnancy. If in the case it ends in pregnancy there are distinct
stages before a baby is born. After copulation, when the sperm cell successfully
merges with the egg cell, fertilization or conception happens. After 24 hours of the
conception, the zygote or the fertilized egg undergoes a series of cell division also
called the cleavage.
After cleavage, the zygote will undergo a series of growth divided into three
trimesters, or in forty weeks, before the baby is born. The table below gives a clear
description on what happens all throughout the duration of the pregnancy.
What I Can Do
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Knowledge is power! Let us put your synthesizing skills to the test through this
animal profiling activity.
Now that we’re done with general profiling, let’s compare and contrast this
animal’s reproduction with humans using the venn diagram below.
Essay
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Let us see how well our knowledge truly understand these ideas through essay
writing.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. What is the difference between oviparity and ovoviviparity?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Summary:
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Study of life anywhere on earth will always reveal unifying themes. These
themes allow for better understanding the so-called mystery called life.
Organization theme shows that emergent properties result from the
interplay of the lower levels of hierarchy. Reductionism allows for the
compartmentalization of larger and more complex systems to be easily
studied. In information theme, it is all about life’s processes revolving
around the expression and transmission of genetic information. And that
this genetic information is encoded in the nucleotide sequences of the
DNA. Energy and Matter as a theme is important as life processes
requires energy. The sun being the fundamental source of energy enters
into the ecosystem as light and exits it as heat. Producers are responsible
for converting light energy into chemical energy which is then passed into
consumers. Interaction theme is important to life for regulation, thus
enabling organisms to survive. Internal interactions are done through
feedback regulation. This is a process where either an accumulation or
decrease of an end product allows for the speed up or decrease for its
production. Evolution theme is the change among organisms that has
allowed for unity and diversity of life here on earth. Charles Darwin who
authored natural selection, saw it as a means of evolutionary mechanism
for adaption of organisms to their environment.
To ensure species continuity, nature allows for both sexual and asexual
reproduction in the animal kingdom. Sexual reproduction requires the
union of female and male gametes to form a diploid zygote. Asexual
reproduction on the other hand can produce an offspring without the
union of gametes. Several mechanisms for asexual reproduction include
budding, fission, and fragmentation. There are also some variations
through reproduction can still occur. These are through hermaphroditism
and parthenogenesis, in which environmental and hormonal factors have
control in the reproductive cycles. Fertilization can either occur externally
when both materials are released outside the body, or internally when a
male fertilizes an egg in the female reproductive system. Unlike asexual
reproduction, sexual reproduction is a form of partnership between
organisms and at the same time, it promotes competition between
individuals and even between gametes.
Post Assessment:
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Multiple Choice. Read the sentences or questions carefully. Choose the letter of
the correct answer.
4. What do you call animals that are at the top of the food chain?
a. Apex predators
b. Prey
c. Ants
d. Lion
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True or False. Write the word true if the statement is correct and the word false
if it is not.
1. Both internal and external fertilization has the male gamete discharged unto
the female reproductive system. ________
2. Internal fertilization has more offspring produces compared to external
fertilization. ________
3. The 3rd stage of sperm development is called spermatozoa. ________
4. Humans are ovoviviparous. ________
5. Parthenogenesis is when an organism has both the male and female
gametes. ________
Answer Key:
1. b 1. b
2. d 2. b
3. a 3. b
4. a 4. a
5. a 5. b
6. a
Part II.
7. d
1. False
8. c
2. False
9. c
3. False
10. a
4. False
5. False
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References:
“Interactions and Ecosystems.” 5th grade science - Home. Accessed July 10, 2020.
https://young7science16.weebly.com/interactions-and-ecosystems.html.
“What Is DNA? - Genetics Home Reference - NIH.” U.S. National Library of Medicine.
National Institutes of Health. Accessed July 10, 2020.
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/dna.Accessed July 10,
2020.https://pixabay.com/
Admin. “Explore How Gas Exchange In The Lungs Takes Place In Vivid Detail.” BYJUS.
BYJU'S, October 23, 2019. https://byjus.com/biology/exchange-regulation-of-gases/.
Manosa , Susan D., and Frederick T. Talaue. “Science - C & E Bookshop.” Accessed July 10,
2020.https://www.cebookshop.com/index.php?
route=product/category&path=57_1017&page=13.
Strauss, Eric, and Marylin Lisowski. “Chapters 35, 36, and 37.” Essay. In Biology: the Web of
Life, 852–905. Reading, MA: Scott Foresman-Addison Wesley, 2000.
Urry, Lisa A., Martha R. Taylor, Michael Pollock, and Neil A. Campbell. “Chapter 1.” Essay. In
Study Guide for Campbell Biology, 1–27. New York: Pearson, 2017.
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