⃝

c 2012 Modern Science Publishers

Journal of Advanced Studies in Topology www.m-sciences.com
ISSN: 2090-388X Online
2090-8288 Print
Vol. 3, No. 1, 2012, 89–97

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Some Results Involving Functions with Negative Coefficients and Al-Oboudi

Operator
∗
N. Shilpa and S. Latha
Department of Mathematics, Yuvaraja’s College, University of Mysore, Mysore-570 005, India.
(Received: 24 June 2011, Accepted: 23 August 2011)

Al-Oboudi operator is used here to define a new class of analytic functions whose non-negative coefficients from the
second onwards are negative. We prove some interesting properties like coefficient inequalities, distortion bounds and
convolution properties for the above class. Also a result which unifies radii of close-to-convexity, starlikeness and
convexity is obtained.

Keywords: Univalent function; Convex function; Starlike function; Hadamard product; Al-Oboudi operator;
distortion bounds.

AMS Subject Classification: 30C45.

1. Introduction

Let A denote the class of analytic univalent functions f normalized by

∞
∑
f (z) = z + ak z k , (1)
k=2

which are analytic in the open unit disc U.

Let T be the subclass of analytic functions in U, consisting of functions whose non-zero coefficients
from the second onwards are negative, that is an analytic function f ∈ T if it has a Taylor expansion
of the form
∞
∑
f (z) = z − ak z k , ak ≥ 0. (2)
k=2

∑
For ∑f and g ∈ A, where f is of the form (1) and g(z) = z + ∞ k=2 bk z , bk ≥ 0, (f ∗ g)(z) =
k
∞
z + k=2 ak bk z k , is called the convolution or Hadamard product of f and g.
∑ ∑∞
For f and h ∈ T , where f is of the form (2) and h(z) = z − ∞ k=2 ck z , (f • h)(z) = z −
k k
k=2 ak ck z ,
is called the modified Hadamard product of f and h.

∗ Corresponding author
Email: shilpa2254@gmail.com
90 N. Shilpa and S. Latha

For a function f in T , the Al-Oboudi operator Dλm [1] is defined by,

∞
∑
Dλm f (z) =z− [1 + (k − 1)λ]m ak z k , (3)
k=2

where 0 ≤ λ ∈ R and m ∈ N0 . We have,

Dλ0 f (z) = f (z)

Dλ1 f (z) = (1 − λ)f (z) + λzf ′ (z) = Dλ f (z)

Dλm f (z) = D(Dλm−1 f (z)), λ > 0. (4)

For λ = 1, we get the Salagean operator [2].

Let P1 (A, B) [3] denote the class of analytic functions in U which are of the form

1 + Aω(z)
, −1 ≤ A < B ≤ 1,
1 + Bω(z)

where ω is analytic in U, ω(0) = 0 and |ω(z)| < 1.

Definition 1.1 Let 0 ≤ γ ≤ 1, λ ≥ 0 and m ∈ N0 , −1 ≤ A < B ≤ 1. A function f ∈ T is said to be in
the class Tλm (A, B, γ) if and only if
[ ]
(1 − γ)z(Dλm f (z))′ + γz(Dλm+1 f (z))′
∈ P1 (A, B), z ∈ U. (5)
(1 − γ)(Dλm f (z)) + γ(Dλm+1 f (z))

The class Tλm (A, B, γ) generalizes a number of classes, S∗1 (A, B), K1 (A, B), T (m, α), Tλm (α, γ),
studied in literature by Ganesan [3], Hur and Oh [4], Adrina Catas [5], respectively.
It is our goal in the following sections to prove coefficient inequalities, distortion bounds, radii of
close-to-convexity, starlikeness, convexity and convolution properties for the above class.

2. Main Results

Theorem 2.1 A function f defined by (2) is in the class Tλm (A, B, γ) if and only if

∞
∑
ck (m, λ)[k(1 + B) − (1 + A)][1 + γλ(k − 1)]ak ≤ B − A (6)
k=2

where

ck (m, λ) = [1 + λ(k − 1)]m . (7)

The result is sharp and the extremal functions are

(B − A)
fk (z) = z − zk , k ≥ 2. (8)
ck (m, λ)[k(1 + B) − (1 + A)][1 + γλ(k − 1)]
 Some Results Involving Functions with Negative Coefficients and Al-Oboudi Operator 91

Proof First let us assume that the inequality (6) holds and let |z| = 1.
 
 (1 − γ)z(Dm f (z))′ + γz(Dm+1 f (z))′ 
 
 λ λ
− 1≤
 (1 − γ)(Dλm f (z)) + γ(Dλm+1 f (z)) 

[ ∑∞ ]
[1 + λ(k − 1)]m [1 + γλ(k − 1)]kak − 1 B−A
1+ ∑∞
k=2
≤ .
1 − k=2 [1 + λ(k − 1)]m [1 + γλ(k − 1)]ak 1+B

Appealing, to the maximum modulus theorem, we get f (z) ∈ Tλm (A, B, γ). For the converse, we assume
that f (z) ∈ Tλm (A, B, γ). Then (5) gives
{ ∑ }
z− ∞ [1 + λ(k − 1)]m [1 + γλ(k − 1)]kak z k 1+A
ℜ ∑k=2 > .
z− ∞k=2 [1 + λ(k − 1)]m [1 + γλ(k − 1)]a z k
k 1 +B

Now we choose values of z on the real axis so that

(1 − γ)z(Dλm f (z))′ + γz(Dλm+1 f (z))′

,
(1 − γ)(Dλm f (z)) + γ(Dλm+1 f (z))

is real. Letting z → 1− through real values, we have,

{ ∑ }
1− ∞ [1 + λ(k − 1)]m [1 + γλ(k − 1)]kak 1+A
ℜ ∑k=2 ≥
1− ∞k=2 [1 + λ(k − 1)] m [1 + γλ(k − 1)]a
k 1 +B

or equivalently, we have

∞
∑
1− [1 + λ(k − 1)]m [1 + γλ(k − 1)]kak
k=2

[ ∞
]
1+A ∑
≥ 1− [1 + λ(k − 1)]m [1 + γλ(k − 1)]ak
1+B
k=2

hence we have (6). 

Theorem 2.2 Let the function f defined by (2) be in the class Tλm (A, B, γ) then

∞
∑ B−A
ak ≤ . (9)
c2 (m, λ)(1 + γλ)(2B − A + 1)
k=2

and
∞
∑ 2(B − A)
kak ≤ . (10)
c2 (m, λ)(1 + γλ)(2B − A + 1)
k=2

The equality in (9) and (10) is attained for the function f given by (8).
92 N. Shilpa and S. Latha

Proof From Theorem 2.1, and from (6) we have

∑
γλ)(2B − A + 1)c2 (m, λ) ∞
(1 + ∑ k=2 ak
≤ ∞ k=2 ck (m, λ)[k(1 + B) − (1 + A)][1 + γλ(k − 1)]ak
≤ (B − A),

which implies (9). Using (5), it is obvious that

∞
∑
(1 + γλ)c2 (m, λ) [k(1 + B) − (1 + A)]ak ≤ (B − A),
k=2

that is,

∞
∑ ∞
∑
(1 + γλ)c2 (m, λ) kak (1 + B) ≤ (B − A) + (1 + A)(1 + γλ)c2 (m, λ) ak .
k=2 k=2

Now, in view of the coefficient inequality (9) the above equation takes up the form

∞
∑
(1 + γλ)c2 (m, λ) kak (1 + B) ≤
k=2

B−A
(B − A) + (1 + A)(1 + γλ)c2 (m, λ) .
(1 + γλ)c2 (m, λ)(2B − A + 1)

Which completes the proof. 

Theorem 2.3 Let the function f defined by (2) be in the class Tλm (A, B, γ). Then we have

(B − A)
|Dλi f (z)| ≥ |z| − |z|2 . (11)
ck (m − i, λ)(2B − A + 1)(1 + γλ)

and

(B − A)
|Dλi f (z)| ≤ |z| + |z|2 , (12)
ck (m − i, λ)(2B − A + 1)(1 + γλ)

for z ∈ U, where 0 ≤ i ≤ m and ck (m − i, λ) is given by (7). The equalities in (11) and (12) are
attained for the function f given by

(B − A)
f2 (z) = z − z2. (13)
(1 + λ)m (2B − A + 1)(1 + γλ)

Proof We know that f ∈ Tλm (A, B, γ) if and only if Dλi f (z) ∈ Tλm−i (A, B, γ) where

∞
∑
Dλi f (z) =z− ck (i, λ)ak z k . (14)
k=2
 Some Results Involving Functions with Negative Coefficients and Al-Oboudi Operator 93

Now from Theorem 2.1, we have

∞
∑
ck (m − i, λ)(2B − A + 1)(1 + γλ) ck (i, λ)ak ≤
k=2

∞
∑
ck (m, λ)[k(1 + B) − (1 + A)][1 + γλ(k − 1)]ak ≤ B − A
k=2

that is,
∞
∑ (B − A)
ck (i, λ)ak ≤ . (15)
ck (m − i, λ)(2B − A + 1)(1 + γλ)
k=2

which implies the assertions of (11) and (12) of Theorem 2.3, and also we note that the equalities
(11) and (12) are attained for the function f defined by

(B − A)
Dλi f (z) = z − z2. (16)
ck (m − i, λ)(2B − A + 1)(1 + γλ)

Hence the proof. 

Corollary 2.1 Let the function f defined by (2) be in the class Tλm (A, B, γ). Then we have,

(B − A)
|f (z)| ≥ |z| − |z|2 . (17)
ck (m, λ)(2B − A + 1)(1 + γλ)

and

(B − A)
|f (z)| ≤ |z| + |z|2 . (18)
ck (m, λ)(2B − A + 1)(1 + γλ)

for z ∈ U. The equalities in (17) and (18) are attained for the function f2 given in (13).
Corollary 2.2 Let the function f defined by (2) be in the class Tλm (A, B, γ). Then we have,

2(B − A)
|f ′ (z)| ≥ 1 − |z|. (19)
ck (m, λ)(2B − A + 1)(1 + γλ)

and

2(B − A)
|f ′ (z)| ≤ 1 + |z|. (20)
ck (m, λ)(2B − A + 1)(1 + γλ)

for z ∈ U. The equalities in (19) and (20) are attained for the function f2 given in (13).
Corollary 2.3 Let the function f defined by (2) be in the class Tλm (A, B, γ). Then the unit disc is
mapped onto a domain that contains the disc

ck (m, λ)(2B − A + 1)(1 + γλ) − (B − A)

|ω| < . (21)
ck (m, λ)(2B − A + 1)(1 + γλ)

The result is sharp with the extremal function f2 given in (13).

94 N. Shilpa and S. Latha

Theorem 2.4 Let the function f ∈ Tλm (A, B, γ). Then

 
f • Φ 
 − 1 < 1 − δ, in |z| < r,
f • Ψ 
∑ ∑∞
with Φ(z) = z − ∞ k=2 λk z , and Ψ(z) = z −
k
k=2 µk z are analytic in U with the conditions
k

λk ≥ 0, µk ≥ 0, λk ≥ µk , for k ≥ 2 and f (z) • Ψ(z) ̸= 0. Where

[ ] 1
ck (m, λ)[k(1 + B) − (1 + A)][1 + γλ(k − 1)](1 − δ) k−1
r = inf , k ≥ 2. (22)
k (B − A)[(λk − µk ) + µk (1 − δ)]

Proof Consider,
   ∑ 
f • Φ  z − ∞ λ a z k 
   k k 
 f • Ψ − 1 =  z − ∑∞ µk ak z k − 1 ≤
k=2
k=2

 ∑ ∑∞  ∑∞
z − ∞ λ a z k−z+ µ a z k ak [λk − µk ]|z|k−1
 k=2 k k
∑ k=2 k k  ≤ k=2∑
<1−δ
 z− ∞  1− ∞ k=2 µk ak |z|
k k−1
k=2 µk ak z

∞
∑
ak [(λk − µk ) + (1 − δ)µk ]|z|k−1 ≤ 1 − δ (23)
k=2

where r is given by (22). From Theorem 2.1, (23) will be true if,

[(λk − µk ) + (1 − δ)µk ] k−1 ck (m, λ)[k(1 + B) − (1 + A)][1 + γλ(k − 1)]

|z| ≤
1−δ B−A

[ ] 1
ck (m, λ)[k(1 + B) − (1 + A)][1 + γλ(k − 1)](1 − δ) k−1
|z| =
(B − A)[(λk − µk ) + µk (1 − δ)]


z
As corollaries to the above theorem we get the following results. By choosing Φ(z) = (1−z)2 and
Ψ(z) = z, we have:
Corollary 2.4 Let the function f defined by (2) be in the class Tλm (A, B, γ). Then f is close-to-convex
of order δ(0 ≤ δ < 1), hence univalent, in the disc |z| < r1 , where
[ ] 1
(1 − δ)ck (m, λ)[k(1 + B) − (1 + A)][1 + γλ(k − 1)] k−1
r1 = inf , k ≥ 2. (24)
k (B − A)k

The result is sharp with the extremal function f given by (8).

z z
For Φ(z) = (1−z)2 and Ψ(z) = 1−z , we have:
Corollary 2.5 Let the function f defined by (2) be in the class Tλm (A, B, γ). Then f is starlike of order
δ(0 ≤ δ < 1), hence univalent, in the disc |z| < r2 , where
[ ] 1
(1 − δ)ck (m, λ)[k(1 + B) − (1 + A)][1 + γλ(k − 1)] k−1
r2 = inf , k ≥ 2. (25)
k (B − A)(k − δ)
 Some Results Involving Functions with Negative Coefficients and Al-Oboudi Operator 95

The result is sharp with the extremal function f given by (8).

z+z 2 z
If Φ(z) = (1−z)3 and Ψ(z) = (1−z)2 , then we have:

Corollary 2.6 Let the function f be defined by (2) be in the class Tλm (A, B, γ). Then f is convex of
order δ(0 ≤ δ < 1), hence univalent, in the disc |z| < r3 , where

[ ] 1
(1 − δ)ck (m, λ)[k(1 + B) − (1 + A)][1 + γλ(k − 1)] k−1
r3 ≤ inf , k ≥ 2. (26)
k k(B − A)(k − δ)

and ck (m, λ) is given by (7), k ≥ 2.

3. Convolution Properties
∑
Theorem 3.1 If f is of the
∑form (2) and g(z) = z − ∞k=2 bk z belongs to the class Tλ (A, B, γ), then
k m
∞
h(z) = (f • g)(z) = z − k=2 ak bk z will be an element of Tλ (A, B, γ) with −1 ≤ A1 < B1 ≤ 1,
k m

where B1 ≥ A1−α
1 +α
, A1 ≤ 1 − 2α, where

(B − A)2
α= , 0≤γ≤1
[2B − A + 1]2 (1 + λ)m (1 + γλ) − (B − A)2

and these bounds are sharp.

Proof From (6), we have

∞
∑
ck (m, λ)[k(1 + B) − (1 + A)][1 + γλ(k − 1)]ak ≤ B − A.
k=2

where ck (m, λ) = [1 + λ(k − 1)]m .

∞
∑ ck (m, λ)[k(1 + B) − (1 + A)][1 + γλ(k − 1)]ak
≤ 1. (27)
B−A
k=2

and
∞
∑ ck (m, λ)[k(1 + B) − (1 + A)][1 + γλ(k − 1)]bk
≤ 1. (28)
B−A
k=2

In view of Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, from (27) and (28), we obtain

∞
∑ √ [k(1 + B) − (1 + A)]
uck (m, λ)[1 + γλ(k − 1)] ak bk ≤ 1 where u= (29)
B−A
k=2

We need to find A1 and B1 such that h = f • g ∈ Tλm (A, B, γ), or equivalently,

∞
∑ [k(1 + B1 ) − (1 + A1 )]
u1 ck (m, λ)[1 + γλ(k − 1)]ak bk ≤ 1 where u1 = (30)
B1 − A1
k=2
96 N. Shilpa and S. Latha

The inequality (30) will be true if

√
u1 ck (m, λ)[1 + γλ(k − 1)]ak bk ≤ uck (m, λ)[1 + γλ(k − 1)] ak bk

or
√ u
ak bk ≤ . (31)
u1

But from (29), we get

√ 1
ak bk ≤ .
uck (m, λ)[1 + γλ(k − 1)]

Thus (31) will be true if

1 u
≤ ,
uck (m, λ)[1 + γλ(k − 1)] u1

or

u1 ≤ u2 ck (m, λ)[1 + γλ(k − 1)],

that is,

[k(1 + B1 ) − (1 + A1 )]
≤ u2 ck (m, λ)[1 + γλ(k − 1)]. (32)
(B1 − A1 )

Using −1 ≤ B < A ≤ 1, it is obvious that

u2 ck (m, λ)[1 + γλ(k − 1)] > 1,

for m ≥ 2 and hence (32) yields

(B1 − A1 ) k−1
≥ 2 = ϕ(k).
1 + B1 u ck (m, λ)[1 + γλ(k − 1)] − 1

Since ϕ(k) is a decreasing function of k, for k ≥ 2, ϕ(2) is the maximum value of ϕ(k) and therefore

B1 − A 1 (B − A)2
≥ = α. (33)
1 + B1 [2B − A + 1]2 (1 + λ)m (1 + γλ) − (B − A)2

Obviously, α < 1 and fixing A1 in (33), we get

A1 + α
B1 ≥ . (34)
1−α

Substituting B1 ≤ 1 in (34), we obtain A1 ≤ 1 − 2α. For verifying sharpness, we note that if k = 2,

then

c2 (m, λ) = (1 + λ)m
 REFERENCES 97

and hence by taking

(B − A)(1 + λ)m
f (z) = g(z) = z − z 2 ∈ Tλm (A, B, γ)
(2B − A + 1)(1 + γλ)

we get

(B − A)2 (1 + λ)m
h(z) = (f • g)(z) = z − z 2 ∈ Tλm (A, B, γ).
(2B − A + 1)2 (1 + γλ)2

B1 −A1
If we use this function h in (30), the inequality (33) transforms to equality, that is, 1+B1 = α. Now
if B1 = 1, then A1 = 1 − α, which shows in this case h ∈ Tλm (A, B, γ). 

References

[1] Al-Oboudi. On univalent functions defined by a generalized salagean operator. Int. J. Math. Sci., page 1429:1436, 2004.
[2] G. S. Salagean. Subclasses of univalent functions. Lecture Notes in Mathe. Springer-Verlag, page 362:372, 1983.
[3] M. S. Ganeshan. On certain classes of analytic functions. Indian J. Pure appl. Math., 13(1):47:57, 1982.
[4] M. D. Hur and G. H. Oh. On certain class of analytic functions with negative coefficients. Pusan Kyongnam Math. J., 5:69:80,
1989.
[5] Adrina Catas. The radius of univalence of a certain class of analytic functions defined by a generalized slgean operator. Fasc.
Matematica, Tom XVII(22):23:29, 2010.
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