PANDEY SIR

 Clear Concept Run BY :

 Numerical Expert Er. AYUSH KUMAR PANDEY
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UNIT – 1 ELECTROTATICS

Chapter : ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FEILD

ELECTRIC CHARGE:

Its a property of material by which it can attract or repel to another charge material.

When number of electrons are increased or decreased in any substance then material becomes charged.

TYPES OF ELECTRIC CHARGE

Thre are two types of electric charges

(i) Positive Electric Charge

(ii) Negative Electric Charge
(i) Positive Electric Charge : By the removal of electrons positive charge can be created in any
substance.
(ii) Negative Electric Charge : By the excess of electron negative charge can be created in any
substance.

METHODS OF PRODUCING ELECTRIC CHARGE : Methods to produce electric charge is given below.

(i) By friction
(ii) By heat
(iii) By Electrostatic Induction

POINTS TO REMEMBER:

(i) Electron consist – 1.6 × 1 o−19 c electric charge while Proton consist equal amount of
positive + 1.6 × 10−19 c Electric charge.
(ii) Like charges repel each other while unlike charges attract each other.
(iii) For the electrification of a body only electrons are responsible , not the protons ( Because it
is not easy to remove the proton from the nucleus.
PROPERTIES OF ELECTRIC CHARGE
Are given below :
(i) ADDITIVE PROPERTIES OF ELECTRIC CHARGE: Electric charge is a scaler properties
and it follows algebraic sum.
(ii) CONSERVATION OF ELECTRIC CHARGE : According to this principle the total
amount of charge in an isolated system remains constant.
OR
Charge can neither be created nor be destroyed but it can be transported from one
body to another.
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 Clear Concept Run BY :
 Numerical Expert Er. AYUSH KUMAR PANDEY
 Step by step teaching method (Master of Physics/Pandey Sir)

(iii) ELEMENTRY CHARGE OR FUNDAMENTAL CHARGE : it is the smallest unit of electric

charge that can be developed in any body.
Its value is equal to the amount of electric charge in an electron or proton.

ELEMENTRY CHARGE e = 1.6 ×10−19 c

(iv) ATMOIZATION OR QUANTIZATION OF ELECTRIC CHARGE : According to this
principle ,” electric charge can only be produced by integeral multiple of elementry
charge”.
Example: +e,+2e,+3e,.............................,+ne and –e,-2e,-3e,....................,-ne are
possible. While +2.5e,-2.5e,− ¿ ¿17.3 etc are impossibile.
+¿ ¿

Mathematically Q = − ¿ ¿ne +¿ ¿

Where n= number of electrons increased or decreased = 1,2,3,............n

e= elementary charge = 1.6 × 10−19 c
(v) COULOMB’S LAW OR LAW OF ELECTROSTATIC FORCE :
According to this principle , Electric force between any two point electric charges (q 1
and q2 ) placed at a distance r is given below

F 21
⃗ q1 q2 F 12
⃗ F 12| = |⃗
|⃗ F 21|= F
r

(a) This force F is directly proportional to the product of both electric charges (q 1.q2)
F ∝ q1.q2
(b) And inversely proportional to square of distance between them( r 2)
F ∝1/r2
On combining above two rules
q 1 .q 2
F∝
r2

q 1 .q 2
F=k
r2
1
Where k = proportionality Constant = 9×109 N.m2/c2 =
4 π ∈0

ᵋ 0 = permittivity of free space /air/vacuum = 8.85×10-12 C2/Nm2

1 q 1 .q 2
Hence F=
4 π ∈0
*
r2
N

PERMUTIVITY OF ANY MEDIUM : It is ability to permit electric force by any

medium. It is denoted by ∈ .
 PANDEY SIR
 Clear Concept Run BY :
 Numerical Expert Er. AYUSH KUMAR PANDEY
 Step by step teaching method (Master of Physics/Pandey Sir)

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF ANY MEDIUM : It shows how many times the

permittivity of medium is of the permittivity of free space /air.
The ratio between permitttivity of any medium∈ with the permittivity of free

space ᵋ 0 is called the dielectric constant K of that medium.

Dielectric constant K = ∈/ ᵋ0 since ᵋ 0 ≤∈ , so K ≥ 1

NOTE : Coulomb’s law in vector form is given below

1 q 1 .q 2 1 q 1 .q 2
F 12 =
⃗ * ⃗ 2 r^ 12 = * ⃗ 3 *⃗ r 12 r^ r 12
12 = ⃗
4 π ∈0 |r 12| 4 π ∈0 |r 12|
r 12|
/|⃗

1 q 1 .q 2 1 q 1 .q 2
and F 21 =
⃗ * ⃗ 2 r^ 12 = * ⃗ 3 *⃗ r 21 r^ r 21
21 = ⃗
4 π ∈0 |r 21| 4 π ∈0 |r 21|
r 21|
/|⃗

FORCES BETWEEN MULTIPLE CHARGES : SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE

If a system contains a number of charges , then the net force on any one charges is the VECTOR SUM of
all the forces exerted on it by all the other charges . The individual forces are unaffected due the
presence of other charges.

Mathematically
F =⃗
⃗ F 12 + ⃗
F 13 + ⃗
F 14 + .......................................................+ ⃗
F1n

ELECTRICIC FIELD : Such type of field around any charge or system of charge in which electric force is
acting on another charge is called ELECTRIC FIELD.

NOTE : where external charge does not have electric force is called INFINITY.

ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY : Electric force acting on unit charge placed at any point inside the electric
field is called ELECTRIC FIELD INTESITY at that point of electric field.

F be the force acting on unit positive test charge q 0 , then the electric field intensity ⃗
If ⃗ E at that
poin is given below

F
⃗ E
= ⃗ /q0
 PANDEY SIR
 Clear Concept Run BY :
 Numerical Expert Er. AYUSH KUMAR PANDEY
 Step by step teaching method (Master of Physics/Pandey Sir)

F . Its
Electric field intensity is a vector quantity and its direction will be the same as the direction of ⃗
unit is N/C and V/m.

INTENSITY OF ELECTRI FIELD DUE TO A POINT CHARGE :

q q0 F
⃗

O r P

Suppose an isolated point charge of +q is placed at a point O in a medium whose dielectric constant is K.
In the electric field produced by the charge +q there is a point P, distance r meter from O, at which
intensity of the electric field to be determined.

The electric force acting on q0 charge placed at point O ,according to coulomb’s law is given below

1 q q0
F =
⃗ * 2
4 π ∈0 K r

By the definition of electric field intensity

1
∗q q 0
F
⃗ 4 π ∈ 0K
E =
⃗ =
q0 r2
q0

1 q
E
⃗ = * 2 N/c
4 π ∈0 K r

For vacuum or Air K = 1

1 q
E
⃗ = * 2 N/c
4 π ∈0 r

1 q
Note : In vector form E
⃗ = * 2 r^ N/C
4 π ∈0 r

Note : If there are n point charges q1,q2,q3,............................qn then each of them will produce the
same intensity at any point P.
 PANDEY SIR
 Clear Concept Run BY :
 Numerical Expert Er. AYUSH KUMAR PANDEY
 Step by step teaching method (Master of Physics/Pandey Sir)

The intensity of the field vector ⃗ E at a point P due to all n charges will be equal to the vector sum of the
E1,⃗
intensities ⃗ E2,⃗E3 ,...............................⃗
En Produced by the separate charges at P.

E1 + ⃗
E=⃗
⃗ E2 +⃗
E3 +.............................+ ⃗
En

ELECTRIC LINES OF FORCE : An electric lines of force is that imaginary smooth curve drawn in an electric
field along which a free isolated unit positive charge moves .

 The tangent drawn at any point on the electric line of force gives the direction of the force
acting on a positive charge placed at that point .
 We can represent an electric field by lines of force
 Electric field lines of different charges are given below

PROPERTIES OF ELECTRIC FIELD LINES : Is given below

1. Electric lines of force start from a positive charge and end on negative charge.
2. The tangent drawn at any point on the line of force gives the direction of the force acting on
a positive charge at that point .
 PANDEY SIR
 Clear Concept Run BY :
 Numerical Expert Er. AYUSH KUMAR PANDEY
 Step by step teaching method (Master of Physics/Pandey Sir)

3. No two lines of force can intersect each other because if they do so then at the point of
intersection two tangents can be drawn which would mean two direction of the force at
that point which is impossible.
4. The electric lines of force do not pass through a conductor . this indicates that the electric
field inside a conductor is always zero.

ELECTRIC DIPOLE : An electric dipole is a system of formed by two equal and opposite point
charges placed at a short distance apart.

-q . 2l . +q

ELECTRIC DIPOLE MOMENT : The product of charge(q) and distance between the charge(r) is
called ELECTRIC DIPOLE MOMENT p .

ELECTRIC DIPOLE MOMENT ⃗p = q× 2⃗l C-m

It is a vector quantity and direction from the negative charge to the positive charge .

ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO AN ELECTRIC DIPOLE

(i) INTENSITY OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD AT A POINT ON THE AXIS OF A DIPOLE

According to fig. suppose, an electric dipole AB made up of two charges -q and +q
coulomb having a small distance 2l metre between them is situated in vacuum.
Let P be a point on the axis at a distance x metre from the mid point O of the dipole. We
have to determine the intensity of the electric field at point P.

Electric field intensity due to +q charge of electric dipole at point P is given below

1 q
E1
⃗ = * N/c Along the dipole axis
4 π ∈0 ( x – l)2
 PANDEY SIR
 Clear Concept Run BY :
 Numerical Expert Er. AYUSH KUMAR PANDEY
 Step by step teaching method (Master of Physics/Pandey Sir)

again Electric field intensity due to +q charge of electric dipole at point P is given below

1 q
E2
⃗ = * N/C opposite to the dipole axis
4 π ∈0 (x +l)2

The intensities E1 and E2 are along the same line in opposite directions. Therefore , the resultant
intensity E at the point P will be equal to their difference and in the direction of the dipole axis ( since E 1
> E2 ) . That is ,

1 q q 1 1
E = E 1 – E2 = 4 π ∈ *
0 ( x – l)
2 - 4 π1∈ * (x +l)
0
2
q
== 4π∈ [
0 (x – l)
2 - (x +l) ]
2

q (x +l)2−( x−l)2 q 4 xl 1
= [ ] = [ ]= [
4 π ∈0 (x +l)2 ( x−l)2 4 π ∈0 (x ¿ ¿ 2−l 2 )2 ¿ 4 π ∈0
q × 2l ×2 x
2 ]
(x ¿ ¿ 2−l 2 ) ¿

since Electric dipole moment p = q×2l

1 2 px
E = N/C Along the dipole axis
4 π ∈0 (x ¿ ¿ 2−l 2 )2 ¿

If x is very large compared to l then l 2 may be neglected in comparison to r2

1 2p
Then E = N/C Along the dipole axis
4 π ∈ 0 x3