8

3 (a) Define specific heat capacity.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) A student carries out an experiment to determine the specific heat capacity of a liquid using
the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 3.1.

liquid out,
tube temperature 25.5 °C

liquid in, heating

temperature 19.5 °C coil

Fig. 3.1

Liquid enters the tube at a constant temperature of 19.5 °C and leaves the tube at
a temperature of 25.5 °C. The mass of liquid flowing through the tube per unit time is m.
Electrical power P is dissipated in the heating coil.

The student changes m and adjusts P until the final temperature of the liquid leaving the tube
is 25.5 °C.

The data shown in Fig. 3.2 are obtained.

m / g s–1 P/W
1.11 33.3
1.58 44.9

Fig. 3.2

(i) Suggest why the student obtains data for two values of m, rather than for one value.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

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(ii) Calculate the specific heat capacity of the liquid.

Show your working.

specific heat capacity = .......................................... J kg–1 K–1 [3]

(c) When the heating coil in (b) dissipates 33.3 W of power, the potential difference V across the
coil is given by the expression

V = 27.0 sin (395t ).

The potential difference is measured in volts and the time t is measured in seconds.

Determine the resistance of the coil.

resistance = ....................................................... Ω [3]

[Total: 9]

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(ii) the time t.

t = ....................................................... s [3]

[Total: 9]

3 (a) Explain what is meant by the statement that two bodies are in thermal equilibrium.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Suggest suitable types of thermometer, one in each case, to measure

(i) the temperature of the flame of a Bunsen burner,

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) the change in temperature of a small crystal when it is exposed to a pulse of ultrasound
energy.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Some water is heated so that its temperature changes from 26.5 °C to a final temperature of
38.0 °C.

State, to an appropriate number of decimal places,

(i) the change in temperature in kelvin,

change = ..................................................... K [1]

(ii) the final temperature in kelvin.

final temperature = ..................................................... K [1]

[Total: 5]

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Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

1 (a) State

(i) what may be deduced from the difference in the temperatures of two objects,

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) the basic principle by which temperature is measured.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) By reference to your answer in (a)(ii), explain why two thermometers may not give the same
temperature reading for an object.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) A block of aluminium of mass 670 g is heated at a constant rate of 95 W for 6.0 minutes.
The specific heat capacity of aluminium is 910 J kg−1 K− 1.
The initial temperature of the block is 24 °C.

(i) Assuming that no thermal energy is lost to the surroundings, show that the final
temperature of the block is 80 °C.

[3]

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(ii) In practice, there are energy losses to the surroundings.

The actual variation with time t of the temperature θ of the block is shown in Fig. 1.1.

100

80

θ / °C

60

40

20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t / minutes

Fig. 1.1

1. Use the information in (i) to draw, on Fig. 1.1, a line to represent the temperature of
the block, assuming no energy losses to the surroundings. [1]

2. Using Fig. 1.1, calculate the total energy loss to the surroundings during the heating
process.

energy loss = ...................................................... J [2]

[Total: 10]

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3 (a) During melting, a solid becomes liquid with little or no change in volume.

Use kinetic theory to explain why, during the melting process, thermal energy is required
although there is no change in temperature.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

(b) An aluminium can of mass 160 g contains a mass of 330 g of warm water at a temperature of
38 °C, as illustrated in Fig. 3.1.

ice

warm water

aluminium can

Fig. 3.1

A mass of 48 g of ice at –18 °C is taken from a freezer and put in to the water. The ice melts
and the final temperature of the can and its contents is 23 °C.

Data for the specific heat capacity c of aluminium, ice and water are given in Fig. 3.2.

c / J g–1 K–1

aluminium 0.910
ice 2.10
water 4.18

Fig. 3.2

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Assuming no exchange of thermal energy with the surroundings,

(i) show that the loss in thermal energy of the can and the warm water is 2.3 × 104 J,

[2]

(ii) use the information in (i) to calculate a value L for the specific latent heat of fusion of ice.

L = .................................................. J g–1 [2]

[Total: 7]

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