Histology Lecture

Histology Microscopy and its definition

- study of microscopic anatomy of normal • Polarizing Microscopy
tissues and cells. - normal light passes through a polarizing
filter
Microtome • Scanning Electron Microscope
- used for sectioning parrafin-embedded - the surface of the specimen is first dried
tissues for light microscopy and dried spray-coated with a very thin
layer of heavy metal through which
electrons do not pass readily.
Chromatin
• Transmission Electron Microscopy
- the combination of DNA and its associated
proteins - very thin tissue sections can be observed
with details at magnifications up to about
120,000 times.
Mitosis
• Phase-contrast Microscopy
- a cell division that produces two diploid cells - uses a lens system that produces visible
images from transparent objects, canbe
Osmosis used with living and cultures cells.
- the diffusion of water across selectively • Fluorescence Microscopy
permeable membrane - tissue sections are usually irradiated with
ultraviolet (UV) light and the emission is in
the visible portion of the spectrum.
Cancer
- the common term for all malignant tumor
Tissue Processing
• Infiltration
Simple diffusion
- tissue is placed in the melted paraffin
- exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
between blood and body tissues • Fixation
- use of formalin to preserve all cells and
tissues.
Phagocytosis
• Embedding
- cell eating
- tissue is placed in a mold with the paraffin
and allowed to be harden
Parts of the microscope and its function
• Staining
• Mechanical Stage - use of stains before viewing the
- permit movements of the stage while microscope
holding the slide in the phase of focuse
• Dehydration
• Base - use of series increasing alcohol
- provides support for the microscope
• Arm The cell organelles and its functions
- supports and holds the magnifying and
• Nucleus
adjustment system
- contains genetic material of cell
• Stage
- flat platform where the slide is placed • Mitochondrion
- site of aerobic respiration and the major
• Substage site of ATP synthesis
- located directly under the stage and holds
• Lysosomes
the condenser and diaphragm
- contains enzymes that digest materials
taken into the cell

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• Golgi Apparatus
- modifies protein structure and packages
proteins in secretory vesicles
• Centrioles
- facilatate the movement of chromosomes
during cell divisions.
The 22 pairs of autosome, as well as the X
and Y chromosomes have the same size,
morphology, and location of the centromere.
- FALSE
Tissue membrane with its function
Synovial Membrane
- composed of only connective tissue and
lines the inside of joint cavities.
Cutaneous Membrane
- keratinized squamous epithelium and an
underlying layer of connective tissue
Serous Membrane
- composed of simple squamous epithelium
and underlying layer of loose connective
tissue
Mucous Membrane
- composed of various types of epithelium
and an underlying thick layer of loose
connective tissue
Tissue membrane with the location
Skin
- keratinized squamous epithelium and an
underlying layer of connective tissue
Knee
- composed of only connective tissue and
secretes synovial fluid
Pleural Cavity (cavity that contains a lung)
- composed of simple squamous epithelium
and underlying layer of loose connective
tissue
Respiratory Tract
- composed of various types of epithelium
and an underlying thick layer of loose
connective tissue
Histology Lecture
Connective Tissue
Hyaline
- provides a low friction surface
- holds open passages so we can breath
Elastic
- allows structures to stretch and return to
original shape
- forms the external ear
Fibrocartilage
- absorbs compressive forces in the spine
- found in the intervertebral discs
Epithelial Tissue
Simple squamous
- lining of blood vessels and alveoli of lungs
- one layer of flat, or scale-like celss that rest
on a basement membrane.
- type of epithelium that is best suited for
allowing diffusion of substances as would be
found lining the air sacs (alveoli) of the
lungs.
Simple cuboidal
- kidney tubules, secretory cells of glands
- one layer of cells that are as wide as they
are tall and rest on basement membrane.
Simple columnar
- absorption in the small and large intestines
- one layer of cells in which the cells are taller
than they are wide and almost all cells are
touch the basement membrane and extend
to the free surface.
Stratified squamous
- protection against abrasion, barrier against
infection
- many layers of cells with cube-shaped cells
near the basement membrane and flat cells
at the free surface
Stratified cuboidal
- sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicular cells
- many layers of cells where most cells are as
wide as they are tall
Stratified columnar
- mammary gland ducts, larynx, parts of the
male urethra
Pseudostratified columnar
- lining of the nasal cavity, pharynx, and
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trachea
- special type of simple epithelium that
appears to be stratified but is not
- epithelium of a single layer with both tall
columnar cells reaching the free surface
and shorter basal cells, called
pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
Transitional
- lining of the urinary bladder and ureters
Connective tissue and its function/location
• Areolar connective tissue
- basement membrane of epithelia sits
• Fibrocartilage
- intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis
• Elastic cartilage
- external ear, epiglottis and auditory tubes
• Adipose tissue
- energy storage
• Dense regular collagenous connective
tissue
- tendons and ligaments
• Dense irregular elastic connective tissue
- capable of strength with stretching and
recoil in several directions
• Dense irregular collagenous connective
tissue
- tensile strength capable of withstanding
stretch in all direction
• Blood
- transports oxygen, carbon dioxide and
other substances.
Tissue
- collection of similar cells and surrounding
substances
Epithelial tissue
- characterized by tightly packed cells
- an epithelial tissue is exposed to constratnt
abrasion and is often stretched during
normal activities. This type of tissue is most
likely to be stratified squamous with many
desmosomes to connect adjacent cells.
Histology Lecture
The various types of epithelium
- classified by the shape of cells and number
of cell layers
Secretions of endocrine glands are
released directly
- into the bloodstream
Holocrine
- type of gland accumulates its secretion in
the cytoplasm of the cells with the cell then
rupturing and becoming part of the section.
Marfan syndrome
- is a genetic disorder that results in abnormal
collagen production.
- most likely assciated with connective
tissue.
Basement membrane
- a thin layer of specialized extracellular
material beneath the deepest cells of an
epithelium, serving to bind the epithelium to
underlying tissue.
A student is completing her first anatomy
practical and is struggling with the last
histology slide. She cannot determine if the
slide is of an epithelial tissue or connective
tissue. Which of the following is an accurate
and helpful clue to determine the tissue type?
- If the tissue has an obvious free surface,
it is most likely epithelial tissue.
Fibroblasts
- The major cells of connective tissue proper,
are elongated, irregularly shaped cells with
oval nuclei that synthesize and secrete most
components of the ECM.
Adipocytes
- A very large cells specialized for storage of
triglycerides, they predominate in a
specialized form of connective tissue.
At the tissue level, age-related changes affect
cells and the extracellular materials they
produce.
- TRUE
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As an individual ages, collagen fibers become
more irregular in structure and decrease in
number.
- FALSE
With age, elastic fibers fragment, bind to
calcium ions, and become less elastic.
- TRUE
Many cell losses and functional declines of
aging can be slowed by physical and mental
exercise.
- TRUE
Exocrine glands are classified as compound if
they have a single unbranched duct.
- FALSE
Bone tissue is entirely inorganic (formed of
mineralized matrix).
- FALSE
Redness, limitation of movement from edema,
and tissue destruction all contribute to
disturbed function.
- TRUE
Integumentary is a primary tissue type in the
body?
- FALSE
Skeletal primary tissue type in the body?
- FALSE
Nervous tissue
- found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
- can counduct electrical signals called action
potentials
- primary tissue type in the body.
In skeletal muscle fibers the dark bands are A
bands and the light bands are I bands.
- TRUE
Histology Lecture
Satellite cells derived from embryonic neural
crest.
- TRUE
Endomysium is the external sheath of dense
connective tissue surrounds the entire muscle.
- FALSE
Defense and immune-related activities are the
function of astrocyte.
- FALSE
When a muscle contracts, it shortens because
the interaction of the actin and myosin
molecules causes the thin and thick filaments
to slide past each other, resulting in the
shortening of the sarcomeres.
- TRUE
Pia mater is the external layer in CNS.
- FALSE
Thick and thin filaments in smooth muscle
fibers do not form sarcomeres, and no
striations are present.
- TRUE
Muscle tissue
(Structures, location or function)
Smooth Muscle
- single small, closely packed fusiform cells
- hollow organs and blood vessels
- striations is absent
Cardiac Muscle
- pumps blood
- intercalated disc joining cell
- uninucleated striated branched cells
Skeletal Muscle
- moves the body
- single multinucleated cell
- voluntary movements
- tongue, diaphragm, eyes
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 Histology Lecture

Striated involuntary
- A tissue that has the ability to contract, is
not consciously controlled, and has a
banded appearance is

Glia cells
- Support cells of the brain and spinal cord
are called __________.

Ependymal cells
- to aid production and movement of CSF.

Schwann cells
- seen in the Peripheral nerves.

Perimysium
- A thin connective tissue layer that
immediately surrounds each bundles of
muscle fibers.

Cell body
- The neuronal region that contains the
nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm,
exclusive of the cell processes.

Astrocyte/s
- the most abudant neuroglia cell.

Sarcoplasm
- the cytoplasm of muscle cells is called

Parkinson's disease
- A slowly progressing disorder affecting
muscular activity leads to shaking, stiffness,
and difficulty with walking, balance.