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1102 Lw06 E Shop Lighting Web
1102 Lw06 E Shop Lighting Web
wissen 06
Shop Lighting − Attractive and Efficient
licht.wissen 06 Shop Lighting – Attractive and Efficient
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Editorial
Lighting plays a key role in making shopping a sensory experience. It performs a
number of tasks, from facilitating orientation through accentuating displays to present-
ing merchandise in a suitable light. Given its capacity for dramatic effect, artificial
lighting is an exceptionally effective instrument for boosting sales performance – not
only for individual retail outlets but also for shopping malls and department store
salesrooms. Light creates atmosphere, directs attention to merchandise, supports
customer guidance systems and underlines brand image. Lighting that is harmoni-
ously integrated into the overall design of a store actively attracts shoppers into the
premises. Light also helps remove certain entry barriers, extends the shopper's length
of stay in a store and stimulates consumer activity.
However, lighting is also a major operating cost for a retailer, accounting for 25
percent of total energy costs in the food trade and no less than 62 percent in the
non-food trade. Hence the increased demand for (energy-)efficient lighting solutions
– because energy is going to be a scarce and costly commodity in the long term. So
there are two reasons to optimise energy input: to conserve available resources and
minimise climate-relevant impacts, on the one hand, and to lower energy costs for a
good business result, on the other.
Sustainability is developing into a core issue for our society. People are becoming
increasingly aware of their social and environmental responsibility. That awareness
is fostered not only by reports of natural and environmental catastrophes and rising
energy prices but also by an appreciation that the Earth's natural resources are finite.
The term "sustainability" comes originally from forestry, where it means managing
resources so that the forest can regenerate naturally and retain its essential char-
acteristics. Applied to business activity, it means the need for an enterprise to meet
environmental challenges while also taking account of economic and social aspects.
Because of the growing call for sustainable corporate management from society and
consumers, its implementation ensures long-term economic success.
But a coat of green paint is not enough. To meet customer expectations of credibility
and sustainable development, companies need to position themselves as prudent,
resource-saving actors. Energy-efficient operation is only one facet of the drive for
sustainability but it is an area where ecology and economy can be reconciled particu-
larly well. So it is not surprising that numerous energy-efficiency, pro-environment and
climate protection projects have already been launched across the wholesale and
retail trade – and that minimising energy consumption for lighting figures prominently
among them.
Ljiljana Rakita
EHI Retail Institute
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licht.wissen 06 Shop Lighting – Attractive and Efficient
Corporate lighting,
lighting for brand
merchandise
Page 08
Parking facility,
facade and
entrance lighting
Page 10
Showcase lighting
for shop windows
Page 12
Lighting for
fresh foods
Page 16
Supermarket
lighting
Page 18
Lighting Specials:
Basic lighting terminology Basics of lighting design Efficiency and cost economy
Page 14 Page 24 Page 34
Illuminance on installation Luminaire
Leuchte mitwith low-voltage halogen lamp
Niedervolt-Halogenlampe
16 46 38
Luminaire
Leuchte mitwith compact fluorescent lamp
Kompaktleuchtstofflampe
Average illuminance E
Maintained illuminance 12 73 15
System illuminance
Luminaire
Leuchte mitwith metal halide lamp
Halogen-Metalldampflampe
without maintenance
25 62 13
Luminaire
Leuchte mitwith LED technology
LED-Technik
53 42 5
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 50 100
Operating time in years
Anschaffung
Energie
4
Wartung
Furniture store
lighting
Page 28
Textile store
lighting
Page 30
Upmarket
specialist store
lighting
Page 36
Shopping mall
lighting
Page 40
Pharmacy
lighting
Page 44
Car dealership
lighting
Page 46
Luminaire
applications
Page 50
Series of booklets
Imprint
Page 54
Daylight and lighting control LED – The light source of the future Light sources
Page 42 Page 48 Page 52
epoxy lens
cathode
LED-chip
wire bond
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licht.wissen 06 Shop Lighting – Attractive and Efficient
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Setting the stage and energy efficiency
Lighting dramaturgy – lighting for dramatic composition – is a major tool for sales promotion and thus an
important factor to consider when selecting luminaires, light sources and lighting control facilities. Another,
equally important criterion is the energy efficiency of the system as a whole – it is a vital requirement for
economic efficiency and success.
The primary purpose of shop lighting as a universal remedy but switching from
design is always to enhance the sensory conventional luminaires and lamps alone
shopping experience. This applies as does not exhaust the potential for saving
much to a full-range department store as energy. Consideration needs to be given
to an upmarket boutique, an exclusive deli- to the system as a whole, comprised of
catessen store or a cool handy shop. One luminaire, light source, operating gear and
of the most important tools for address- lighting control facilities.
ing this task is lighting dramaturgy. Light
sources, with their diverse characteristics Experience counts
such as light colour and colour rendering,
contrast capacity and light distribution, To ensure an energy-efficient lighting
play a particularly important role in deter- solution, it is advisable to select luminaires
mining how the atmosphere of the room with a high light output ratio, lamps or
impacts on the customer – making a cool high-quality LEDs with a low power con-
impression in a high tech store, casting sumption rating and an intelligent lighting
garments or leather goods in a warmer management system that can not only cre-
light, striking a note of sophistication with ate great scenarios but also reduce energy
elegant white or energising the scene with consumption by dimming. However, ef-
dynamic colour effects. ficiency depends to a large extent on how
skilfully the components are integrated into
So to develop a seductive impact, a light- the system as a whole.
ing solution needs to be precisely tailored
to suit the ambience and the merchandise That interaction calls for intelligent design
for which the stage is set. At the same as well as the ideas and experience of
time, account needs to be taken of indi- lighting planners or designers. These are
vidual store and marketing concepts as crucial to ensuring both maximum light-
well as any sectoral lighting requirements. ing quality and energy efficiency. Retail
These criteria influence the choice of lu- lighting design is a dual challenge. It
minaires, light sources and lighting control entails not only creating a sales-promoting
facilities as well as their intended purpose, dramaturgy, i.e. deciding what kind of
which can range from swift orientation light is needed in which part of the store to
though highlighting to setting the scene. address the various tasks presented, but
also – and equally importantly – weighing
Energy efficiency advancing up the relevant parameters to define the
technical qualities of the lighting required
Just as important as this "emotional" side as well as analysing the life cycle costs –
of a lighting concept are the "rational" the total investment and operating costs –
aspects of its design, especially energy of the lighting installation.
[02 - 04] To develop a seductive impact,
efficient operation and low maintenance.
a lighting solution needs to be precisely
tailored to the ambience and the merchan-
This is because operating costs have a Only when all these tasks are accom-
dise for which the stage is set. fundamental impact on a shop's economic plished can the way be paved and the
performance. economic foundations laid for a successful
[05] Annual energy costs for electricity, retail operation.
gas, heating oil, etc. by sector; figures for Energy efficiency is the ratio of energy in-
2010, in euro/m².
put to ultimate benefit, i.e. the less energy
[06] Increasing the efficiency of lighting: is needed to deliver the same light, the
most widely implemented measures in greater the energy efficiency of the sys-
2010. tem. Energy-saving lamps are propagated
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licht.wissen 06 Shop Lighting – Attractive and Efficient
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licht.wissen 06 Shop Lighting – Attractive and Efficient
Since the triumphant march of the neon buildings look different in daylight, differ- light for visitor guidance is to ensure a
sign at the beginning of the 20th century, entiated lighting solutions can be devel- higher level of lighting at the entrance
illuminated advertising and lighting effects oped to craft a distinctive appearance at than in the adjoining parts of the build-
have been an integral part of the noctur- night. As a matter of principle, opaque ing. A carpet of light outside an entrance
nal face of the city. Apart from classical, facades need to be treated differently from extends a welcoming invitation to visitors.
eye-catching illuminated signs, facade transparent buildings. Apart from planar Additional diffuse lighting, e.g. provided by
and building lighting plays an increasingly illumination of solid facades, there is also wallwashers, lightens shadows on faces
important role here. Emblematic architec- the option of accentuating the contours of and thus creates an agreeable basis for
ture is used to direct consumer attention the building or of individual structural com- communication at the door. Glancing light
to stores and commercial offers on busy ponents. With glass architecture, however, can be used to set dramatic accents.
downtown streets or to draw visitors from the impression of a gleaming core can be Route and step lights make for safety on
afar across the anonymous space of a created by illuminating specific surfaces the approach.
business park. There are two options here. inside the building. During the day, the
Firstly, architecture can be illuminated interior of such buildings is hidden from
from inside through a transparent building view by reflections on the glass due to
shell – a solution popular for shop windows the high illuminance of daylight. At night,
and interiors close to facades. Secondly, however, transparent buildings gain depth
solid or opaque facades can be illuminated as a result of the visible dimensions of
in a range of ways by exterior luminaires – their interior space. With lighting control,
lending subtle emphasis to architectural programmed scenes can be automatically
details or making a dramatic statement with created to cast facades in the desired light
dynamic, colourful event lighting. in response to photoelectric sensors or
timers.
Highly differentiated
Calling card
Vertical surfaces in the urban environ-
ment play a major role in shaping squares, Entrances – which are the calling card of a [12] Windows bathed in coloured light
streets and buildings. For psychological building at night – also merit attention. As make the store an eye-catching sight at
and aesthetic reasons, facade lighting is well as highlighting architectural elements night.
an important element of urban night-time or guidance systems, lighting can be used
[14] The vibrancy of the interior lighting
lighting. Different types of facade require here as either a primary or secondary tool is carried outside by large floor-to-ceiling
tailored lighting concepts to emphasise for creating atmosphere and facilitating windows, lending the store a magnetic
the qualities of their architecture. Just as orientation. The simplest way to harness attraction.
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licht.wissen 06 Shop Lighting – Attractive and Efficient
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Showcase lighting for shop windows
A shop window establishes a link between a store and passers-by in the street. Its fascination is based to a
large extent on tailored lighting that can be quickly and easily adapted to meet the needs of frequent changes
of window dressing.
Eye-catching light accents, marked con- Simultaneous foreground and background also harnessed for the purpose. Coloured
trasts, calculated use of light and shade, lighting makes for different levels of per- light and projections as well as dynamic
deliberate choice of light colours – these ception and thus emphasises the depth lighting sequences open a wide range of
are characteristic features of high-quality of the shop window. For these lighting possibilities for generating attention and
shop lighting. They are also the criteria for tasks, power track systems have proven atmosphere.
shop window lighting, where the chal- a popular and flexible lighting tool. The
lenge lies in attracting the attention of spots can be quickly and easily mounted
passers-by not only at night but also dur- – usually without tools – at any point on
ing the day in bright sunlight. This calls the track and repositioned as required.
for different levels of illuminance. Shop They are normally swivel mounted to
window lighting design also needs to take permit different angle settings and can
account of the brightness of surrounding be fitted with filters for special lighting
areas, e.g. that of the next shop window, effects. These luminaires – which also
as well as reflections of passing traffic or make a design statement – thus provide
[15] Calculated use of light and shade
facing buildings that could be a source of an ideal basis for the precise illumina- brings a shop window to life.
visual interference. tion and showcasing of any new display.
Spots additionally demonstrate their [16] Brightly lit, the shop window stands
Effective and flexible strengths in "modelling" shop window out clearly from its surroundings.
dummies with light by accentuating the
[17, 19] Power track systems have
Brightness contrasts turn viewing light figures from above, from below and from
proven a flexible lighting tool for shop
into display light, making merchandise the side. Today, LED media walls are used windows because the spots can be quickly
stand out from its surroundings and to provide a background design for large and easily mounted at any point on the
directing the eyes of passers-by to it. shop windows but stage technology is track and repositioned as required.
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licht.wissen 06 Shop Lighting – Attractive and Efficient
Basic lighting variables ment candela per square metre (cd/m²) Glare
indicates the degree of luminous intensity
Luminous flux Φ is the total power or quan- over a defined area of that surface. The Glare reduces visual performance and
tity of visible light radiated in all directions luminance of an illuminated surface de- visual comfort and can thus impair visibil-
by a light source. Measured in lumen (lm), pends to a large extent on its reflectance. ity. Direct glare is caused by luminaires or
luminous flux takes account of the bright- by very bright daylight. Glare can also be
ness sensitivity of the human eye. Illuminance E indicates how much lumi- caused indirectly by light reflecting from
nous flux from a light source falls on a shiny surfaces. In luminaires, light sources
Luminous efficacy η indicates how much given surface. Expressed in lux (lx), this are shielded along lines of sight.
luminous flux a light source generates from variable is used for dimensioning interior
the electricity it consumes and is thus a lighting; standard values for different appli- Light colours
measure of light source efficiency. The unit cations are set out in DIN EN 12464 Parts
of measurement is lm/W. Any comparison 1 and 2 "Light and lighting – Lighting for The light colour of a light source deter-
of luminaires on the basis of lm/W also indoor and outdoor work places". mines the atmosphere in a room. The
needs to take account of ballast losses. defining variable is the colour temperature
Reflectance of the artificial light source, expressed
Luminous intensity I, measured in can- in kelvin (K). Low temperatures make for
dela (cd), is the amount of luminous flux Reflectance ρ – which depends on colour warm lighting, higher ones for a cooler am-
radiating in a particular direction and is and surface finish – indicates how much of bience. The most widely used light colours
defined as luminous flux per solid angle. It the luminous flux that strikes a surface is are warm white (below 3,300 K), neutral
is significantly influenced by optical control reflected. The brighter and/or smoother the white (3,300 to 5,300 K) and daylight white
elements such as reflectors. The radiant surface, the greater the reflectance and (over 5,300 K). Warm white light is pre-
characteristics of a luminaire are illustrated the brighter the surroundings as a result. dominantly used to emphasise reds and
by an intensity distribution curve (IDC). With white walls and ceilings, reflectance yellows. Blues and greens are accentuated
can be as high as 90 percent. at higher temperatures.
Luminance L is the brightness of a lumi-
nous or illuminated surface as perceived Colour rendering
by the human eye. The unit of measure-
The colour rendering index Ra indicates
how accurately colours are rendered by
artificial lighting. Under the light of a lamp
with a Ra rating of 100, all colours look
Illuminance on installation
perfectly natural. Colour rendering index
depends largely on the spectral composi-
tion of the artificial light, i.e. on the type
Average illuminance E
Maintained illuminance
0 1 2 3 4 5
Operating time in years Maintained illuminance is the average
© licht.de
illuminance that needs to be maintained
as a minimum at all times. During the
20 life of a lighting installation, illuminance
14
decreases due to ageing and soiling of – i.e. without verification by a neutral testing The degree of protection assigned to items
lamps, luminaires and room surfaces. To agency – to certify that their products meet of electrical equipment such as luminaires
compensate for that decrease, new light- the "essential requirements" of relevant indicates their suitability for use in different
ing installations need to be designed for a European directives and standards. environmental conditions (see table). The
higher illuminance value (value on installa- IP code (Ingress Protection) consists of
tion). The lighting designer takes account ENEC/VDE test mark two numerals: the first refers to protection
of the decrease in illuminance by applying against solid foreign bodies and particles,
a maintenance factor: The ENEC mark – EN for European Norms, the second indicates the degree of protec-
EC for Electrical Certification – is the tion against water and moisture. For exam-
maintained illuminance = European approval mark for luminaires. In ple: IP44 identifies a luminaire protected
maintenance factor x value on installation Germany, it is awarded in conjunction with against solid foreign bodies larger than
the VDE symbol. 1 mm and against splashwater. A capital "X"
Maintenance factor in place of one of the two numerals means
Where products display the VDE/ENEC the degree of protection is not specified.
The maintenance factor MF is defined as symbols, they can be assumed to conform
the ratio of maintained illuminance to the to the current state of the art and thus meet Classes of protection
value on installation and is the product the requirements of the German Equip-
of four factors: lamp lumen maintenance ment and Product Safety Act (GPSG). The Classes of protection indicate how lumi-
factor (LLMF), lamp survival factor (LSF), numeral following the ENEC mark is a key naires are protected against electrical shock
luminaire maintenance factor (LMF) and to the name and location of the certification (short circuit). In line with DIN EN 61140
room surface maintenance factor (RMF). institute. As well as inspecting products, (formerly DIN VDE 0140), electrical equip-
According to CIE 97:2005, a maintenance VDE engineers also monitor production. ment is divided into three classes of protec-
factor of 0.7 should be applied to lighting tion and identified by different symbols
installations in rooms subject to normal according to the environmental conditions
accumulation of dirt. However, the issue GS mark in which they are used and the measures
of maintenance factors is not relevant in a taken to protect them. In a retail context,
retail environment because the illuminance The GS mark shows that a product con- most of the luminaires used need to meet
values found in shops are generally much forms to the German Equipment and Prod- Class I requirements, i.e. be designed for
higher than those required by standards. uct Safety Act (GPSG) and the relevant EU connection to a line-side PE conductor.
Even so, lighting system maintenance also directive. Awarded by authorised certifica-
plays an important role here. tion agencies, it is based on product safety More information and links on standards,
testing and an assessment of whether test marks and safety are found at
Light output ratio operating instructions are clear and com- www.licht.de.
plete. The GS symbol may be used only in
Light output ratio is defined in DIN EN conjunction with the logo of the certifying
13032-2 "Measurement and presentation of body (e.g. VDE, TÜV). Control audits are
photometric data of lamps and luminaires – conducted to maintain certification. These
Part 2: Presentation of data for indoor and may involve monitoring production facilities
outdoor work places" as the ratio of the or checking product modifications against
radiant luminous flux of a luminaire to the the unit tested.
luminous flux of the fitted lamps. In the
case of direct/indirect luminaires, the com- Degrees of protection
ponents "Down Light Output Ratio" (DLOR)
and "Upper Light Output Ratio" (ULOR) are Code 1st code numeral: Protection 2nd code numeral:
numer- against foreign bodies and Protection against water
also specified, permitting identification of als contact
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licht.wissen 06 Shop Lighting – Attractive and Efficient
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Lighting for fresh foods
With food lighting, it is particularly important to emphasise the quality and freshness of the produce on display.
The right lighting, carefully designed to render intrinsic colours accurately, ensures that the items on show look
appetising. This is "honest" use of light, not "embellishment".
Product presentation in a food store is in a cool environment, longevity with low Because of the greater distance between
mainly about stressing the freshness of loss of luminous flux and the sheer range luminaire and product, the LED solutions
the products on sale. Their characteristic of LED lighting design options. What is available at present cannot yet replace the
colours can be excellently emphasised by more, switching frequency has no impact high-pressure sodium vapour lamps used
light, which is thus an important sales pro- on an LED's lifespan and luminous flux is to illuminate meat freezers. However, there
motion tool. Light sources with a high col- delivered instantly on activation – so LED is an alternative that is almost 50 percent
our rendering index and "appropriate" light solutions can also be used for emergency more energy-efficient: the metal halide
colours ensure that the colours of products lighting. lamp with ceramic burner, spectral colour
on display are rendered accurately and not correction filter and UV/IR protection.
distorted. At the same time, it is vital to take Thanks to these characteristics, LEDs are
account of the specific characteristics of increasingly winning a place in the food Promising route
the foods themselves, e.g. their sensitivity sector. Apart from being used in refriger-
to heat or to infrared (IR) and ultraviolet ated cabinets, e.g. for dairy products, LED solutions for fresh food counters not
(UV) rays. Light sources with a high blue packaged meats or cheese, they are only take account of the heat and light
content, for example, deliver more high- literally predestined for the task of casting sensitivity of the different products; they
energy radiation than those with more red fruit, vegetables and bakery products in also prevent processed meats from turn-
in their spectrum. Apart from the use of an appetising light. Here, particular light ing grey and cheese from sweating – so
filters, adjusting illuminance and exposure colours are showing their potential. The red they minimise product loss. What is more,
time can provide the safeguards needed tones of meat and sausages are empha- because LED luminaires generate less
for careful food management. sised but the white of the fat content still heat than conventional lamps, the energy
remains visible. Bread and bread rolls look required for closed-system cooling can be
Consumers expect "honest" lighting and great in oven-fresh gold light and fresh fish significantly reduced. This lowers operating
gladly return to shops where not only the on a bed of glittering ice becomes the star costs and makes a contribution to climate
quality and freshness of the food but also of the show in deep-freeze cold white. protection and sustainability. LED systems
the atmosphere is right. A lighting scheme thus offer all-round benefits, so the higher
that makes food look better than it is, Potential of LED light initial outlay is fairly quickly recouped.
however, produces only short-lived profits.
Because different product groups feature High-pressure sodium vapour lamps are
different ingredients, a differentiated ap- the light source of choice today for bakery
proach to lighting is always required. The as well as fresh and processed meat light-
most widely used light sources are metal ing. But the future belongs to LED modules
halide lamps, high-pressure sodium vapour specifically designed to cater for the differ-
lamps and LEDs, with fluorescent lamps ent foods.
used for additional lighting in counters and
display cabinets. Thanks to new salesroom lighting solutions
with tailored brightness distribution curves,
High requirements the illuminance in counters and on rear
wall shelves can be reduced by 15 to 20
But LED technology is making appreci- percent. In such cases, light is efficiently
able headway as a source of solutions directed onto vertical product space, leav-
for food store lighting. The advantages ing a need for only low-level lighting on
it offers – such as directional light in a horizontal surfaces. Higher contrasts give
virtually IR- and UV-free beam and light presented products a considerably more
colours specially created for the differ- attractive appearance, so the accentuated
ent product groups – are rapidly driving shelf lighting perfectly partners the efficient
semiconductor lighting forward in the fresh LED lighting in counters. The resulting
food sector. It particularly scores points high-contrast lighting solution can cut en-
for outstanding operational characteristics ergy consumption by around 40 percent.
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Supermarket lighting
Foodstuffs are not the only everyday products that need to be attractively presented in a supermarket. In
the drive for energy efficiency and sustainability, "energy-reduced" lighting concepts and LED solutions are
increasingly making a mark.
Supermarkets play a key role in meeting lo- to accentuating product presentation and of linear fluorescent luminaires combined
cal demand for food and beverages, most by the advent of LED systems for freezer with easily adjustable spots with metal
of them also carrying drugstore articles cabinet and product counter lighting. halide lamps.
and other everyday commodities. Factors The pre-wired systems with coordinated
of competition are not just range, product components – i.e. LED modules, mount- Shelf-oriented lighting also makes for more
quality and service but also a welcoming ing plates, lenses and converters – are economical lighting. Compared to a planar
atmosphere for shoppers. Special accents specially designed to cater to the needs of lighting solution, it requires considerably
are set here by fresh food sections display- food stores and supermarkets. fewer luminaires, so the connected load
ing fruit and vegetables as well as service is minimised. In so-called "green shops",
counters for cheese, fresh and processed Effective showcasing loads of less than 12 W/m² have actually
meats, fish and delicatessen products. But been achieved. The result is a substantial
self-service cold shelves stocked with milk, The "shop in shop" principle is increas- reduction in energy consumption and
dairy products and pre-packed fresh foods ingly being adopted for wine, drugstore, operating costs.
as well as freezer cabinets and islands fruit and vegetable, household, textile
should also be attractively presented. The and footwear sections as well as for Freshness as a distinguishing feature
aim, therefore, is to cast all these different freezer cabinets and islands, self-service
shop areas in an appetising light. processed meat cases and even service Fresh food sections play a particularly
counters. This calls for lighting that is important role in shaping a supermarket's
However, instead of raising lighting levels always specifically tailored to the relevant commercial success. Although the perish-
ever higher and making stores brighter store arrangement. able nature of the products they accom-
than their competitors, many supermarket modate presents a risk, the margin on
operators are currently doing the opposite. For accentuated product presentation, the them is an interesting one for the operator.
Sustainability programmes have been continuous rows of luminaires are posi- So what the operator wants is to empha-
launched at many stores, focusing on tioned parallel to shelves. Light is thus cast sise the colours of fruit and vegetables,
responsible product range management only where it is really needed: merchan- the appetising appearance of meat in
as well as economical use of energy and dise is brightly illuminated, aisles and cir- the counter display and the crispness of
resources. And with more energy efficient culation areas retreat into the background. bread on the shelves and thus "seduce"
lighting solutions, connected loads can Light distribution tailored to the geometry shoppers into making sales-boosting
actually be reduced by half. of shelves ensures attractive product pres- spontaneous purchases.
entation and makes it easy for shoppers to
The way to lower energy consumption is survey the range. This lighting task is ad-
paved by switching from general lighting dressed, for example, by continuous rows
Cosmetics
[24, 25] Shelf-oriented lighting for ac- Fresh and processed meats
Wines and spirits
centuated product presentation makes do Household
with less lux than a room-related luminaire
arrangement – which has a positive impact Textiles and footwear
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20
32
30 31
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Shelf, aisle and wall lighting
In any shop, lighting needs to address a number of tasks. Basically, it should create an agreeable and
interesting ambience and direct shoppers' eyes to the merchandise on sale. The dramaturgy for this is based
on different brightness levels and selective accentuation.
Shop lighting solutions need to perform a Because of the uniform spacing between crucially shaped by supplementary ac-
variety of tasks – from general lighting to luminaires, planar lighting makes for a cent lighting. Linear luminaires integrated
highlighting products and marking routes. neat, uncluttered ceiling but because part in shelving – a solution mostly found in
Ultimately, the factors that determine the of the light falls on the shelves from above drugstore and cosmetic sections – are a
layout of a store and the arrangement of and is not available for product presenta- very good choice for generating attention.
lighting fittings are cost and energy ef- tion, it requires a large number of lumi- However, they can present a high heat
ficiency. With planar lighting, luminaires naires and lots of lux. This results in high load. LED solutions are the answer here.
are distributed evenly throughout the room energy consumption.
and are not directly assigned to specific High luminous efficacy, colour constancy
sales area furnishings. This facilitates re- The energy efficient alternative consists and excellent colour rendering make
arrangement and re-zoning of the room but of continuous rows, swivel mounted metal halide lamps with ceramic burners
provides no accentuating light for mer- downlights or spots arranged parallel to a convincing tool for shop lighting. LEDs
chandise. Rotatable and swivel mounted shelves. The merchandise on show is now also bring a much better performance
luminaires trained on shelves or display brightly highlighted, aisles and circulation profile to the task, making them a suitable
fittings are used to direct shoppers' eyes. areas retreat into the background. This substitute for low-voltage halogen lamps
dramatic product presentation not only in particular. Because product displays
enables the customer to survey the range are often rearranged, continuous rows
swiftly; because there are only a small featuring a combination of linear fluores-
number of luminaires, it also makes for cent luminaires and easily adjustable metal
particularly economical lighting. Light falls halide spots show their potential here. The
only where it is needed. brilliant light accents they set alleviates
the monotony of the otherwise uniform
Special attention needs to be paid to the illumination.
ends of shelves. Where light sets the right
accents, gondola heads become valuable Spatial perception
37 orientation points and locations for special
promotions. Sense of space can be enhanced by light
flooding through walls. It facilitates orienta-
Gondola head lighting
Enhancing appeal tion and at the same time conveys a sense
of distance. However, it can also make a
Ends of shelves [37]: The ends of shelves are
Highlighting merchandise adds variety and shop interior seem dark. One option here
eminently suitable for presenting special offers.
generates more customer attention. The is to highlight logos, emotion images and
Known as gondola heads, they facilitate the location
best results are achieved with precisely focal points evenly with wallwashers or
of certain product groups and help shoppers' get
angled spots with beams tailored to the wide-angle spots. This solution also makes
their bearings. Furnished with accentuated lighting,
size of the illuminated objects. At the same for better orientation over large distances.
gondola heads also become eye-catchers, directing
time, care should be taken to select a light The type of lighting required depends on
attention to "highlights" and contributing to the
colour that suits the products on display. how aisle zones are used. e.g. whether
shopping experience. Spots or downlights with metal
High-tech equipment, for example, re- special promotions are staged there or not.
halide lamps are recommended for this task. A more
quires a cooler atmosphere, leather goods
economical solution is provided by linear luminaires
call for a warmer light. Thus emphasised,
with fluorescent lamps and special reflectors that
colours make an effective vehicle for con-
illuminate both the main aisle and the vertical
veying (brand) messages.
surfaces of the gondola heads.
23
licht.wissen 06 Shop Lighting – Attractive and Efficient
Developing a lighting concept for a shop will be. Technical aspects are an impor-
or brand environment is always a chal- tant consideration – but so are aesthetics,
lenge for the lighting or interior designer efficiency, ergonomics, corporate identity
because there are no standard recipes. and, last but not least, sales psychology.
This is due, for one thing, to the sheer
range of applications: lighting solutions Stagecraft for success
are required for discounters, boutiques,
Michelin star restaurants, exclusive hi fi Lighting solutions are a fundamental part
shops, shopping malls and department of an interior design concept and should
stores. In each case, what is needed is fit seamlessly into it. Apart from the
a distinctive (lighting) identity reflecting physical environment, two key aspects
the commercial focus of the retail environ- require attention: the target group and the
ment or the brand message presented. product and its history. This is because
For retail chains, in particular, individual the aim, in effect, is to set a stage – for a
store and marketing concepts need to be drama in which the (potential) customers
considered and combined with other ele- themselves are protagonists.
ments to make a new coherent statement.
The "script" contains scenes crafted by
Considering that our brain receives light – scenes of delight, rapture and se-
80 percent of all information about our duction. Light sends an invitation to come
environment from our eyes and that the closer, to enjoy a pleasurable experience,
percentage would be zero without light, it and it can direct our eyes. So lighting
is hard to overestimate the importance of performs a number of tasks – from route-
a thought-through lighting solution. But it marking and orientation to accentuation
is not just quantity that matters; quality of and presentation. And the lighting drama-
lighting plays an absolutely key role. The turgy is correspondingly complex.
earlier a lighting designer is involved in a
shop lighting project, the better the result
38
24
39
Focusing on human needs offer sufficient luminance for the eye and Functionality
at the same time create a bright, cheerful
It is becoming increasingly popular to atmosphere. Emotional aspects are one consideration
harness daylight for retail premises – not but functionality also plays an important
only because of daylight's stimulating Variety for more attention role in lighting design. Every salesroom is
impact and guarantee of excellent colour a workplace, so lighting needs to guaran-
rendering but also because incorporat- Unlike in other applications, such as tee focused, fatigue-free work and boost
ing it into an artificial lighting scheme office lighting, it is not advisable to work the motivation of employees. This means
helps minimise energy consumption, heat with a uniform lighting level in a sales- that the illuminance values stipulated in
load and air-conditioning costs. Natural room. On the contrary, what is required standards need to be observed – indeed
lighting is dynamic, i.e. it changes during here is dramatic and theatrical design. exceeded to achieve a sales-promoting
the course of the day. In a shopping mall effect – and both direct and reflected
with low daylight incidence, this circadi- Lighting effects with an element of glare must be avoided.
an rhythm and its invigorating effect can surprise help make shopping a sensory
be restored by artificial lighting. experience. The range of options is ex- Energy consumption minimisation is
tensive: light from below, glancing light, another increasingly important topic, one
Lighting concepts are as diverse as the monochrome light or light that changes with implications for the choice of light
architecture of the retail premises for colour, light trails, starry skies and the sources and lighting control systems for
which they are developed. Brightness use of gobos make for both variety and a shop lighting.
levels are zoned for different functions. product/brand-specific atmosphere. They
However, consideration needs to be giv- are found to extend the time a shopper
en to human perception. Light directed spends in a store and to encourage con-
exclusively onto the floor, for example, is sumer spending.
"wasted" – at least where floor coverings
are dark – because people predomi- But the atmosphere generated by gen-
nantly pay attention to vertical surfaces. eral (viewing) and accent (decorative)
Generally finished in light colours, these lighting is not the only vehicle for commu-
surfaces instantly convey a different nicating the corporate identity of a shop.
sense of brightness and space when Equally important are the luminaires
illuminated. This is because the human themselves. Used as a deliberate stylistic
eye does not perceive illuminance; it device, their design and materials also
registers only luminance, which is mainly impact on the ambience.
determined by the light reflected by
surfaces. There are many ways to cast merchan-
dise in the right light: in a discount store,
Brightening peripheral areas gives them the solution may lie in uniformly bright,
a certain "pull" and makes for swift ori- almost monotonous lighting. Dramatic [38, 39] The sheer range of retail opera-
entation in a room. Room surfaces with product lighting with differentiated bright- tions – from discount warehouses through
exclusive boutiques to department stores –
a high reflectance improve the overall ness levels, on the other hand, signals
means that developing lighting concepts
efficiency of the lighting installation. exclusivity. Warm white light colours for shops and brand environments is al-
convey a sense of intimacy, neutral white ways a challenge. There is no such thing
Indirect lighting systems, luminous ceil- light strikes a business-like note. as a standard solution.
ings or cove lighting – such as are often
found in boutiques or shopping malls –
25
licht.wissen 06 Shop Lighting – Attractive and Efficient
40
41 42
26
DIY centre lighting
The success of DIY and garden centres is due largely to their broad product range, which appeals not only to
private customers but also to tradesmen, property caretakers and house builders. Clarity is promoted by
lighting specifically designed to provide guidance.
The success of the DIY and garden luminaire mounting heights of 5–6 m Spots with a warmer light colour and
centre concept owes as much to breadth are needed to cater for pallet racks or good colour rendering characteristics are
of range and clear product presentation heavy load shelves filled by hand or fork suitable for this purpose.
as to competitive pricing and competent lift. A uniform background brightness is
advice. The result is a store that appeals provided by continuous rows of luminaires To meet the special requirements of the
not only to the private consumer but also with narrow-angle or double asymmetri- timber cutting station, luminaires need to
to tradesmen of all descriptions, prop- cal reflectors for highlighting products be specifically designed for damp interi-
erty caretakers and house builders. The on all shelves at the same time. Product ors and must also be dustproof.
diversity of the product range calls for lighting needs to ensure adequate vertical
shelves of different designs and heights, illuminance to generate attention. Addi- Plants have special needs
because small items such as screws tional lighting in the shelving system itself
and wall plugs cannot be displayed in enhances the appeal of the products on Plants thrive best in daylight, so garden
the same way as sanitary ware or doors. display. sections consist of an open, non-roofed
Lighting needs to cater for those dif- sales area as well as a kind of green-
ferentiated displays in order to generate The initial outlay for continuous rows of lu- house with a large glass roof. For energy-
a sales-promoting atmosphere. Access minaires is greater than that for the planar efficient general lighting, continuous rows
to the product displays is normally via a illumination achieved with high bay reflec- of dimmable linear luminaires with narrow-
central aisle up to 6 m wide, uniformly illu- tor lights. However, the shelf-oriented, angle reflectors – mounted at a height
minated by high bay reflector luminaires. accentuating concept cuts energy costs of more than 6 m – are therefore prefer-
Rounding off the visual experience are by as much as 30 percent. able to high-bay reflector luminaires. A
gondola heads, which can be accentu- daylight-dependent control system adds
ated by spots. Bathroom displays call for high-quality artificial lighting as required. Spots above
lighting that is both brilliant and flexible. plant tables show off blooms to their best
Extremely differentiated So do displays of small furniture items, advantage.
carpets and wallpapers. Such lighting can
Because product presentations frequently be adjusted to cater for changing pres-
change, the lighting solution for the sales- entation concepts and, at the same time,
room needs to be flexible. What is more, is visually distinct from the shelf lighting.
Checkouts/entrance Homewares
Central aisle
Bathrooms/sanitary ware
Cold house
Garden centre
[40, 41] Continuous rows are suitable Outdoor area
for most lighting tasks in DIY and garden
centres.
27
licht.wissen 06 Shop Lighting – Attractive and Efficient
The furnishings market is a crowded zones. Cove lighting and indirect lighting shiny surfaces can be deliberately used
place nowadays; furniture houses face bounced off ceilings offer more options as a stylistic device to accentuate certain
tough competition. At the heart of every for creating a bright, welcoming room items.
successful strategy is the need to moti- atmosphere.
vate customers, who are wooed by large Energy efficiency and economy
stores with anniversary offers, discount But luminaires are also among the exhib-
campaigns, etc., and by exclusive its in a furnishing store display. Per- In the case of large sales areas – which
furnishing houses with special quality of fectly embedded in the domestic scenes generally have to make do without day-
service. However, to lengthen the time presented, the pendant luminaire over light – the energy efficiency of the lighting
visitors stay in the store and increase the dining table, the reading light flank- solution is a particularly important consid-
their willingness to buy, it is even more ing the sofa and the table luminaire on eration. (Compact) fluorescent lamps and
important to provide a stimulating atmos- the sideboard help customers make their metal halide lamps are economical op-
phere. An inviting ambience that is both decisions. tions here. But cost effectiveness is also
energy-efficient and tailored to appeal to influenced by other factors: dark colours
the relevant target group is the primary Light colours attuned to the product pres- absorb light while light colours reflect it,
operational requirement for a furniture entation set off the colours of the items so a room with light-coloured surfaces
store today. Optimised luminaires and on display to good effect. Neutral white requires considerably less light than a
carefully selected lamps meet that re- or cooler light colours create a gleaming room with dark ones.
quirement. business-like atmosphere for timeless de-
signer furniture featuring glass, chrome Energy can also be saved by regulating
For large display areas, the number of and other high gloss or reflective materi- lighting, e.g. with a daylight-dependent
luminaires required means that the focus als. Warm light colours with a higher red control system in (usually glass-panelled)
is mainly on economy, i.e. luminaires are content, on the other hand, lend them- entrance areas or with presence detec-
generally simple models fitted with ener- selves to creating a homely atmosphere tors that enable lighting to be activated
gy-efficient light sources. Stores targeting for classical furniture with lots of wood only when it is required. An accentuated
customers for modern designer furniture, and for oriental carpets. Dynamic lighting light guidance system may be a more
however, require a more sophisticated with changing light colours offers two efficient solution than uniform, monoto-
and versatile lighting concept – one in advantages: it can arouse special interest nous-looking brightness. In lowering the
which the luminaires used underline the and it can realise a mood change, e.g. connected load, it also reduces the heat
emphasis on quality. for a new presentation. that needs to be dissipated by the air
conditioning system.
Generally speaking, the higher the quality For home textiles and carpets, which
of the furniture, the more customised and need to be rendered as naturally as
differentiated the lighting concept needs possible, colour rendering characteris-
to be. tics play a crucial role. UV and IR filters
ensure that materials such as leather,
Enhancing the experience with display light fabrics and veneers are not exposed to
harmful rays that could cause them to
The luminaires that provide the back- fade or crack. [44, 45] In areas with incident natural
light, energy can be saved by daylight-de-
ground brightness need to be supple-
pendent regulation and by using presence
mented by rotatable and swivel mounted Carefully orchestrated by appropriately detectors to activate lighting only when it is
spots for lighting accents. Positioned on angled spots, light and shade can be required.
power track or installed as recessed or harnessed to emphasise and draw atten-
surface-mounted models, they provide tion to surface structures. At the same [46] Rotatable and swivel-mounted
spots – mounted directly on the ceiling or
the high flexibility needed for chang- time, however, care must be taken to
attached to power track – not only furnish
ing collections and displays. With avoid dazzling the customer by ensur- accentuating light but also provide the high
wallwashers, attention can be directed ing that spots are not aligned with main flexibility needed for changes of collection
to product presentations in peripheral lines of sight. However, reflected glare on or decor.
28
44
45 46
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licht.wissen 06 Shop Lighting – Attractive and Efficient
Light can be used to structure interiors checkout areas, rest zones, stairs, lifts,
and create atmosphere. But it takes more changing cubicles and the large central
than light to lend a distinctive character sales area are structured with light. The
to a boutique – it takes a combination high-contrast, accentuated presentation
of shop concept, interior design and lighting in the shop windows, for exam-
lighting solutions. And there is no "right" ple, creates an atmosphere of suspense
or "wrong" way to go about it; the key to in combination with relaxing, uniform
success lies in image and impact. Chain salesroom lighting. Decoration points
and brand stores consciously exploit this always require intense directional light.
fact by developing "corporate lighting". This produces an interplay between low
Basically all the general shop lighting and high illuminance, between light and
rules, such as prioritisation, zoning, etc., shadow. The human eye perceives the
need to be observed to take account of switch between light and dark and is
the different applications. Shop windows, stimulated by it. Nothing is more fa-
entrance, decoration zones, vertical tiguing for our eyes than monotonous
and horizontal product presentations, uniform light.
48
47
30
Accentuated lighting appeals to our excellent colour rendering is especially Awareness of the impact of light colours
emotions and makes shopping an important to ensure easy recognition of enables a salesroom to be structured
experience. The higher the contrasts colours and textures. with light. With a lighting control system,
of an illuminated area, the more arrest- there is also the possibility of modify-
ing the space and merchandise. A key Light colours, in particular, are a simple ing colour temperatures to cater for a
factor here is the appeal of modelling – a dramaturgical tool for presenting gar- change of collection or seasonal theme.
vital device that makes light visible and ments to specific target groups. Warm Hence the growing investment in lighting
contrast possible. If background bright- light with colour temperatures – depend- control across the retail sector; it offers
ness is lowered – thus reducing energy ing on light source – between 2,500 K and the chance to programme light scenes
consumption – clear accents can be set 3,500 K have a spectrum with a higher or scenographic effects – even in time
even with very little light; in such an envi- red content, so all merchandise featuring sequence – for retrieval as required.
ronment, a spot with a 20 W metal halide shades of red is emphasised and a more Standardised protocols such as DALI or
lamp seems very intense. The presenta- "homely" atmosphere is produced. DMX make for simple management.
tion is further emphasised – and con-
sumer appetites aroused – by coloured, Cold light, on the other hand, has a more Designing with light
dynamic light. pronounced blue spectrum and has a
colour temperature of around 4,000 K Because collections change, lighting so-
Specifically selected as neutral white and between 5,400 K lutions for the fashion and textile industry
and 6,500 K as daylight white. Cool light need to be flexible and offer scope for
Selecting the right light distribution, makes colours look more neutral, espe- scenographic design.
beam angle and light colours and choos- cially blues and greens, and a room radi-
ing a luminaire design appropriate for ates a crisp, fresh dynamism.
the store underline the statement that a
salesroom makes. In the fashion sector,
49
50
31
licht.wissen 06 Shop Lighting – Attractive and Efficient
Power track systems with swivel-mounted Efficiency and economy Miniaturisation is also naturally a topic with
and rotatable spots are particularly suit- 20 W and 35 W metal halide lamps, which
able for this purpose. However, ceiling Energy efficiency and sustainability – i.e. make smaller spot and luminaire designs
integrated systems such as lighting chan- also cost-effectiveness – are increasingly possible. The combination of efficient
nels or coffers can be supplemented by important topics in fashion store light- reflectors, good light output ratios exceed-
(focusable) recessed or directional spots. ing. Illuminances are still very high in the ing 80 percent and adjustable lamp focus
fashion retailing sector today and could capability results in low-energy lighting
In an exclusive fashion boutique, as in be reduced by more accentuated product with outstanding modelling characteristics
any store, merchandise, presentation and lighting for greater energy efficiency. The for high-impact presentation.
lighting need to be carefully coordinated. target for product lighting is set at less
Wallwashers can be used to set the scene than 20 W/m² for large areas and under However, establishing economic viability
for product shelves or vertical displays. 35 W/m² for small areas. involves looking at more than just energy
Spots with different beam angles – de- costs; installation costs, maintenance
pending on the size of the display fittings The number of luminaires required de- costs and lamp replacement costs over
and presentation areas as well as room pends crucially on the lighting technology the entire life of an lighting installation also
height and distance from the merchan- used, especially on the light output ratio of need to be considered. Which is why it
dise – can be angled to provide perfect the luminaires. This depends, in turn, on matters whether luminaires are easy to
accentuating light. Accessories such as a number of factors such as light source, install, whether reflectors and lamps can
sculptural and Fresnel lenses or special reflector, heat dissipation, lampholder be replaced without tools and how long the
reflectors – e.g. which broaden the beam tolerance and ballast. Basically speaking, lamps' life is expected to be.
along an axis to create an elliptical pool of the better the quality of the components,
light – set specific formal accents on fig- the higher the luminaire efficiency and the Light as a key to success
ures, display islands, product tables, etc.. greater the amount of light made avail-
And they do so with only a few luminaires. able. Today, however, account needs to Interest in lighting has increased in recent
Light sources delivering a brilliant light be taken of not just the individual luminaire years. Light is no longer just a necessary
are eminently suitable for presenting shiny but the lighting solution as a whole – accessory; it has become a fully fledged
materials or accessories. The general rule because lighting control enables energy element of interior design. Accent and ef-
is: the better a luminaire is designed for to be saved e.g. by adjusting the light to fect lighting combine with general lighting
the task, the fewer luminaires are needed ambient brightness or programming it for to create a customised, holistic lighting
overall, so investment and operating costs different scenarios at different times. solution – which forms an excellent basis
are minimised. for choreographic dramaturgy for the per-
Provided in the right place and the right fect showcasing of the fascinating world of
Reflectors for effect light colour, in the required quantity and fashion.
with a light distribution curve appropriate
Reflectors are important components for for the task, lighting turns a sales area into
formal lighting design, i.e. for directing an exciting space. Good lighting con-
light onto walls, ceiling, floor or merchan- cepts also make optimal use of energy for
dise. The range includes symmetrical, lighting atmosphere. Professional lighting
asymmetrical and axially symmetrical design is the key.
reflectors (round) as well as reflector
trays (angular), narrow-angle and wide High-performance LED modules with up to
flood reflectors, focusable reflectors and 3,000 lm luminous flux and a lighting effect
interchangeable reflectors. Depending on comparable to a 35 W metal halide lamp
requirements, light can be focused to ac- are now showing their potential. Marked [51] Light is a tool for designing interiors
centuate a detail or spread wide to provide improvements are also being noted in and creating atmosphere – large, project-
uniform illumination. It can create rhyth- light colours and colour rendering. What is specific luminaires set additional accents.
mically visible pools of light on walls or more, because the infrared (IR) and ultra-
provide perfectly homogeneous illumina- violet (UV) content of LED light is minimal, [52] Wallwashers effectively set the stage
for product shelves or vertical displays.
tion for a particular area. Here, luminaires LED light sources are safe for illuminating
with interchangeable reflectors have the even the most sensitive merchandise on [53] Metal halide lamps have carved a
advantage that they can be easily adapted display and open up new dimensions in niche in retail lighting as a result of their bril-
to cater for changing scenarios at any product lighting with their wide range of liant light and excellent colour rendering.
time – even after installation. designs.
32
51
52 53
33
licht.wissen 06 Shop Lighting – Attractive and Efficient
In the case of a new lighting installation or summated under the heading "Total Cost
when an old installation is refurbished, only of Ownership" (TCO). To establish the most
the investment costs are normally consid- energy-efficient and economical lighting
ered – not the operating costs. This ap- solution, every investment decision should
proach is catastrophic because operating be based on this life cycle cost view.
costs are crucial to the overall economy At the same time, it should be remem-
of an installation over the full course of its bered that both energy consumption and
life. Given that the average economic life maintenance costs are influenced by user
of a lighting installation spans eight to ten behaviour.
years, energy costs add up to around
€ 240 - 300 per 50 W connected load – as- Complete refurbishment vs. retrofitting
suming an operating time of 4,000 hours a
year and an electricity price of 0.15 €/kWh. In view of the high cost of investing in a
Where the economic life of an installation new lighting installation, many decision-
is indeed this long, its operating costs makers wonder whether it might not be
are generally considerably more than the cheaper and therefore more sensible to
investment costs. exchange only the components that affect
energy efficiency, such as ballasts and re-
Where installations are over-dimensioned flectors, or even to replace only the lamps.
or components ineffective, there is every At first glance, this seems a tempting idea.
likelihood that considerable potential for However, a luminaire is a system, and
economies exists. That potential can be the components of that system are both
established by a precise analysis of costs. electrically and physically tuned to work
Energy costs and maintenance costs, in together.
particular, mount up. The latter include
the costs of replacing lamps, spare parts, What is more, when individual components
cleaning soiled reflectors, louvers and are exchanged, the luminaire loses its VDE
enclosures as well as disposal costs. All certification; responsibility for its reliability
the costs presented by a lighting installa- reverts to the operator. Where reflectors
tion – i.e. investment and installation costs are exchanged – except using kits offered
plus energy and maintenance costs – are by the manufacturer of the existing instal-
Percentage breakdown of life cycle costs Breakdown of energy costs in the food trade
Luminaire with low-voltage halogen lamp
4,0% 4,0%
[54] Percentage breakdown of life cycle
Luminaire with metal halide lamp
costs for luminaires with different lamps
assuming an operating life of eight years, a 23,0%
4,0% 4,0%
23,0%
4,0%
Luminaire with LED technology
burning time of 4000 h/a and an electricity
price of 0.15 €/kWh. 23,0%
23,0% 23,0%
4,0% 54,0% 54,0%
4,0%
[55-58] Breakdown of energy costs by
Acquisition Energy Maintenance © licht.de Lighting Air-conditioning Heating Refrigeration Other
consumer in the food, textile, DIY and
furniture trades. 54 23,0% 54,0%
55 54,0%
23,0% Source: EHI Retail Institute
54,0%
19,0% 19,0%
Breakdown of energy costs in the textile trade Breakdown of energy costs in the DIY trade Breakdown of energy costs in the furniture trade
54,0%
4,0% 54,0% 54,0%
4,0%
Lighting Air-conditioning Heating Other Lighting Heating Other Lighting Air-conditioning Heating Other
56 54,0%
23,0% Source: EHI Retail Institute 57
54,0% 54,0%
Source: EHI Retail Institute
58 54,0% 54,0%
23,0% Source: EHI Retail Institute
54,0%
19,0% 19,0% 19,0%
Beleuchtung Klimatisierung Heizung Sonstiges Beleuchtung Klimatisierung Heizung Sonstiges Beleuchtung Klimatisierung Heizung Sonstiges
35
19,0% 19,0% 19,0% 19,0% 19,0%
54,0% 54
licht.wissen 06 Shop Lighting – Attractive and Efficient
In the world of retail design, there is a to all the senses: unique and distinctive. And for a cooler atmosphere. Additional accent
strengthening trend towards individual- lighting is one of the most important and ef- lighting sets off the texture and suppleness
ism. That is to say, the focus is not on some fective tools for the job. of leather to good effect and seduces the
perceived trend in design but on the relevant shopping into touching the merchandise
brand message. The identifying aspects of Materials such as leather and selected fab- or enhances the "cold" aura of metal or the
the brand, including corporate identity, need rics have demanding lighting requirements. sparkle of jewels. Thus attuned to the prod-
to be brought to life in the shop and experi- Very good colour rendering and warm white ucts on display, lighting helps make shop-
enced by the customer. The overall impres- light colours with a colour temperature up ping a sensory experience.
sion made by architecture, furnishings, mer- to 3,000 K are a must for an environment
chandise and lighting significantly shapes designed to stimulate consumption. What But dramaturgical elements also make a
the shopping experience and thus the is more, sensitive product surfaces need varied contribution: products on shelves, for
buying mood of the shopper. Interior design to be protected from cracking and fad- example, can be attractively and vigorously
needs to be attuned to the range on display. ing due to infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) highlighted by gently changing colours.
Select jewellery, designer spectacles, high- rays, excessive illuminance and over-long
end audio equipment and fine leather goods exposure times. For hi tech items such as
all require a different ambience. The primary mobile phones, TV sets or hi fi equipment,
task is to create an atmosphere that appeals however, daylight white is more appropriate
36
60
62
37
licht.wissen 06 Shop Lighting – Attractive and Efficient
Display cabinets can also be used as eye- the stage can be set by marked contrasts Minimalist luminaires or fibre-optic or LED
catchers. Items inside them are protected in brightness. Three-phase power track with systems can be integrated in shelves and
from dust and unauthorised access and rotatable and swivel-mounted spots offers display cabinets. This avoids annoying
can be effectively presented as a "star of the the flexibility needed for regularly changing reflected glare and reflections.
show". Because of their minimal dimensions, window displays.
LED lighting systems show their potential For mirror lighting, a warm-white light
here. Discreet but effective in the showcase For the walls, which are the main surfaces on colour and very good colour rendering
context, they also score points for generating which merchandise is presented, care must ensures the most flattering conditions
very little heat in the direction of the beam. be taken to ensure sufficiently high vertical for customers trying on new spectacles.
illuminance. This task can be performed by Luminaires to the left and right of the mirror
Setting the stage for spectacles wallwashers, supplemented by narrow-angle make for a soft and glare-free atmosphere.
spots for highlighting individual exhibits. Directional light is definitely undesirable
Light is also an important design element here because of the hard-edged shadows
for an optician's shop. Apart from ensuring Presenting spectacle frames against a it produces.
agreeably bright, neutral-white background bright background has proven an effective
lighting, the lighting design task here is to practice. The fluorescent backlighting needs Sales-promoting ambience
divide the room into zones. This makes for to create a uniform, diffuse backdrop with
maximum clarity, atmosphere and security no sign of the lamps. The requirements are Thus shaped by light, an emotionally stim-
for the customer. a minimum distance of 20 cm from the dif- ulating atmosphere is created: shopping
fuser and less than 20 cm between lamps. becomes an experience. With the right
To ensure there is no inhibition threshold, White-finished side and back panels ensure lighting, exhibits gleam and sparkle, col-
the illuminance at the entrance should be a high diffuse reflection. This also needs to ours become rich and vibrant. Customers
geared to that in the shop window. This is be considered where walls are backlit by become players on a retail stage, enjoying
effectively a stage, showcasing items to at- LEDs, although the depth of the unit can a perfect part with a touch of luxury. And
tract (potential) customers into the shop, and be reduced. the retailer profits from increased sales.
63
38
[63] LED lighting systems show their
potential in display cabinet lighting.
65
15 66
39
licht.wissen 06 Shop Lighting – Attractive and Efficient
67 68
69 70
40
Shopping mall lighting
Lighting is the largest energy consumer in a shopping mall. Consumption is minimised by conscious use of
light – which calls for early planning and consultation between architects and lighting designers – and
high-quality components.
41
licht.wissen 06 Shop Lighting – Attractive and Efficient
Natural light, with its seasonal and diurnal ing as required in response to changes
fluctuations, has always had a stimulat- in ambient brightness. Intelligent lighting
ing effect on human beings. Light colour, control systems – based on the DALI pro-
spectral composition, direction of light tocol or incorporated into a KNX building
and quantity of light vary and influence management system – open up lots of op-
our circadian rhythm. What is more, day- portunities to design a lighting installation
light is the ultimate benchmark for colour for more energy-efficient operation or to
rendering. simplify maintenance. Emergency lighting
systems can also be integrated.
Both colour rendering and stimulation are
important criteria for sales area lighting. To make use of the full bandwidth of auto-
This is a widely appreciated fact and ex- mation options, it is essential to ensure an
plains the increased use of daylight in re- operating system designed for maximum
tail environments. Natural light is brought convenience and user-friendliness. Man-
into a car dealership or department store ual intervention naturally also needs to be
through large windows – which double as allowed to enable automatic settings to be
a visual link with the outside world – and altered, e.g. for extended opening hours
enters a shopping mall through glass or Sunday trading. And it goes without
roof panels. It is then supplemented by saying that light scenes need to be easy
artificial lighting to maintain an agreeable to modify and re-programme without an
brightness level after dark and to set ac- outside expert.
[71, 72] Daylight entering through the
glass facades makes the supermarket inte- cents.
rior bright and cheerful – daylight depend- Cost almost zero
ent regulation here ensures that artificial Light thus becomes both a sales and
lighting is added as required. marketing instrument, transporting mes- Where daylight enters through windows or
sages, moods and emotions, conveying skylights, measures also need to be taken
[73] In multi-storey shopping malls,
daylight entering through skylights creates security and facilitating orientation. But to protect merchandise from UV radia-
a positive atmosphere right down to the daylight utilisation requires intelligent tion, e.g. by limiting the sunlight exposure
lowest level. management to regulate artificial light- times of shop windows, or to avoid an
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excessive heat load for the building's air- almost natural and thus stimulating room interfaces and – where required – gate-
conditioning. The needs-based operation atmosphere to be created. Alternatively, ways such as DALI interfaces and DALI/
of shading or sunscreen systems can also accentuating coloured light can be pro- KNX gateways, all status information can
be integrated into the lighting manage- grammed for special attention-grabbing be retrieved from ballasts and visualised
ment scenes. effects. on the relevant user interface. The infor-
mation collected includes, amongst other
Because they harness zenith light, sky- But the focus does not need to be on light- things, burning time and lamp or LED
lights and glass roof areas basically direct ing moods for ambience; light scenes can failure, current dimming levels of individual
a great deal more natural light into a room also be designed to enhance energy effi- luminaires and details of any hardware
than windows. Depending on the position, ciency. Where outdoor brightness exceeds component failure. These operating data,
size and number of roof openings, the 10,000 lx, a "sun" scene could be relevant, which are available for each individual
incident daylight also creates a different programmed to dim or even deactivate luminaire or for luminaire groups, depend-
ambience. Daylighting can thus be used to luminaires in all areas benefiting from ing on the system, can be used for antici-
influence the atmosphere of an interior. incident daylight. Complementary scenes patory maintenance, lamp replacement
include "overcast sky", "twilight" – triggered and other operations. This considerably
With a daylight-dependent control system, by threshold values below 2,000 lx – and simplifies facility management.
as much incident daylight as possible "night", "all on" and "all off" as well as a
is harnessed and the artificial lighting timer controlled scene for "cleaning light". Each on their own, daylight utilisation
component minimised, i.e. luminaires are and lighting control offer a great deal of
dimmed for low-light operation or even The information required for intelligent added value. As a team, however, they are
deactivated. This not only lowers energy lighting control can be provided by a unbeatable – both in terms of the possibili-
consumption but also extends the life of weather station on the roof. The data trans- ties they offer for generating atmosphere
lamps. The initial outlay required for light- mitted include outdoor brightness, twilight, and for the energy and maintenance costs
ing installations with a lighting manage- time and date, type of sky with position of they save.
ment system is somewhat higher than for the sun, and precipitation. Calendar- and
static installations but the extra investment weather dependent light scenes are then
is quickly recouped through lower operat- automatically activated to suit the relevant
ing costs. conditions. Lighting in less frequented
areas such as stairwells can naturally also
Endless possibilities be controlled by presence detectors.
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licht.wissen 06 Shop Lighting – Attractive and Efficient
Pharmacy lighting
To stay successful in a changed environment, pharmacies are reinventing themselves. Contemporary sales
concepts call for different lighting solutions that present products in a promotional light.
The old-style pharmacy where most presents different lighting requirements. swivel-mounted downlights or by power
transactions involved exchanging pre- Just providing sufficient brightness for track spot systems. However, the future
scriptions for medication is now part of visual tasks is no longer enough; sales- here belongs to LEDs – e.g. for back-
history. Pharmacies today face a new room lighting is required – lighting that lighting individual shelves. Their minimal
mega-trend driven by wellness, anti-aging draws attention, directs the customer's eye dimensions open up new applications and
and active health promotion. A key role in and at the same time creates a feel-good their cool, IR/UV free light makes them
any contemporary concept for active sales atmosphere. particularly gentle on items on display.
promotion – i.e. classical retail strategy – is And above all, LEDs offer the modern
played by the behind-the-counter display. For the general lighting, variable design pharmacy a range of monochromatic or
Instead of headache tablets and cold luminous ceilings or large panel luminaires changing coloured light options that can
remedies that customers buy anyway, the are a suitable option. Their uniform light be tailored to the needs of the current
shelves at the pharmacist's back need distribution makes for a bright and cheerful sales campaign.
to present elaborate themed product salesroom and a comfortable room height.
arrangements. Common topics include "vi-
tamins" in spring, "skin" in summer, "colds" For a product presentation with emotional
in autumn or "dieting" after Christmas. This appeal, accentuating display fittings is
transformation of pharmacy business also key. Today, brilliant light accents are set by
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[74] The combination of indirect lighting,
multi-directional downlights and decorative
pendant luminaires creates a feel-good
atmosphere for clientele, while at the same
time showcasing products.
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licht.wissen 06 Shop Lighting – Attractive and Efficient
Generally high-ceilinged and with large and reflect the surroundings; the observer
glass facades, car dealerships are places gets the impression that the dealership is
where light and lighting design need to closed. That impression can be countered
meet high requirements. This is because by low-reflection glass, which makes for
different room uses are found here under a better result than massively raising the
the same roof. Display area, workplaces illuminance indoors.
and communication routes lie side by
[78] Because of their highly reflective side and each has its own specific needs. Open and inviting
paintwork, cars present a special challenge
Vehicles require special attention because
for the showroom lighting designer.
of their high-gloss paintwork. As a gen- At night, a sense of quality can also be con-
[79] Projector-reflector lighting systems eral rule, daylight entering through large veyed in a car showroom by setting only a
set the stage to good effect, emphasising glass facades is the best possible light few light accents. Using just a few groups
the colours and contours of the vehicles. here because it brings out the colours of of luminaires to highlight specific presenta-
the vehicles perfectly. On sunny days, tion islands makes a big visual impact while
[81] Generally high-ceilinged and with
large glass facades, car dealerships are however, the high illuminance and lumi- at the same time saving energy. Addition-
places where light and lighting design nance outdoors makes the showroom ally illuminating walls delimits the space.
need to meet high requirements. seem dark. The glass facades look black The brightness selected should be geared
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to conditions outdoors: on a busy street, the appearance with very uniform light distribu- paintwork. Moreover, not all LED solutions
lighting level needs to be higher than in a tion. Whether the backlighting is provided on the market today live up to their promise
sparsely illuminated landscaped setting. by fluorescent lamps or LED systems, lumi- in terms of colour rendering – and colour
nous ceilings can also be fitted with lighting appearance can make the difference be-
As a matter of principle, a salesroom controls to simulate the dynamism and tween a sale and no sale.
should have an open and inviting appear- changing colour temperatures of daylight –
ance. Because surroundings are reflected with a motivating impact on (potential) Dynamic colour effects attract attention
in vehicle paintwork, a tranquil ceiling is customers. Standardised protocols such as and can underline brand image. The pos-
preferred. Illuminating parts of the ceiling DALI or DMX make for simple management. sibilities seem endless: indoors and out,
with floods makes the room look higher and areas can highlighted, lines drawn, even
the reflected light contributes to the general Accents as icing on the cake structures stretched over parts of the build-
lighting. The light sources most widely used ing. Especially here, however, the design
are metal halide lamps, which combine the Spots with different beam angles – mounted maxim should be "Less is more!" LEDs are
advantages of high luminous flux and a long above presentation islands on suspended the solution of choice for this purpose and
life. They also have the very good colour three-phase power track – can be easily have overtaken nearly all conventional light
rendering properties needed to ensure that adjusted and angled to highlight vehicles sources.
the colours of car paintwork are not distort- on show. Metal halide lamps with low watt
ed. In future, such tasks will be performed ratings are sufficient for this task, which
by LED luminaires; their system efficiency significantly reduces energy consumption.
is steadily improving and they are virtually In the future, LED spots will also be an op-
maintenance-free. tion here, although certain lighting quality
issues will need to be overcome. Luminaires
As an alternative to floodlighting, automobile with lots of dots of LED light considerably
showrooms can be illuminated by luminous disrupt the overall visual picture; they can
ceilings, which combine a homogeneous also cause intense glare and reflections on
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licht.wissen 06 Shop Lighting – Attractive and Efficient
LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) produce range and efficiency can be influenced by daylight white. High-performance LEDs
light – but that is just bout all they have in careful selection of semiconductor materi- already reach 100 to120 lm/W – which
common with conventional lamps. Tradition- als – gallium arsenide and indium gallium is in the same range as the 100 lm/W ef-
al light sources are either thermal radiators nitride are the most widely used – as well ficacy achieved by fluorescent and metal
with a filament, such as incandescent and as by doping. Apart from the "standard" halide lamps. Under laboratory conditions,
halogen lamps, or they work on the princi- light colours red, green, yellow or blue, 150 lm/W has been achieved at 700 mA
ple of gas discharge. Low-pressure models there are now a whole range of applica- constant current. Incandescent lamps are
here include fluorescent lamps, compact tion-specific nuances, e.g. for food lighting poor performers by comparison, delivering
fluorescent lamps and energy-saving or corporate livery. only around 10 lm/W, while halogen lamps
lamps; among the high-pressure discharge do moderately better at roughly 20 lm/W,
lamps are mercury vapour, sodium vapour To simplify electrical contacts and protect albeit in warm white.
and metal halide lamps. LEDs, however, are the LED from environmental influences, the
electronic semiconductor elements. chip is encased in a transparent plastic Long life
housing. Integrated reflectors ensure that
How LEDs work light radiates upwards at angles up to LEDs have a very long service life. While
180°. The light is directed by lenses. a fluorescent lamp burns for around
18,000 hours and an incandescent lamp
epoxy lens
Efficiency and luminous efficacy fails after just 1,000 hours, LEDs have a
cathode rated life of about 50,000 hours. And in
Provided that the specified operating actual fact, they burn longer. The end of
parameters are observed, LEDs are an LED's life is defined as the point at
LED- extremely efficient light sources. The which luminous flux drops to 70 percent
chip first LED, produced in 1962, achieved a of the original rating – it still produces light
luminous efficacy of 0.1 lumen/watt (lm/W). beyond that. In practice, LED longevity
Today, ratings in the region of 70 l/W are makes for a virtually maintenance-free
standard for the most efficient light colour, system because there is no need for lamp
wire bond
48
replacement. However, LED luminaires surfaces, so they lend themselves well, for Quality features
still require cleaning. An LED luminaire in example, to illuminating or back-lighting
operation for 11 hours a day, 250 days a lettering or handrails. LEDs are in vogue. However, only quality
year, will last for around 18 years. products offer the promised lighting qual-
Planar LED modules are normally available ity, luminous efficacy and longevity – not
However, the length of an LED’s life as ready-to-use LED panels with diffuse to mention electrical reliability. Inferior sys-
hinges crucially on operating and ambient glass or plastic surfaces for use as light tems tend not to reveal their weaknesses
temperatures. The colder the location, the tiles or in complete luminous ceilings. With until they are in operation. The moderate
more efficiently LEDs work. Conversely, an appropriate control system, modules extra investment at the outset definitely
their performance is impaired by high can be connected together to realise pays off.
ambient temperatures; their luminous flux large-area displays.
diminishes and their life can be significant-
ly shortened. So effective heat dissipation LED chains are used for backlighting sur-
is a major issue in the development of faces, e.g. in light advertising.
high-performance LED systems.
Retrofit lamps: LEDs with base
LED modules
LEDs with a pin or screw base are a spe-
LED modules are a versatile light source cial module variant. Models are available
permitting totally new design solutions. in classical "light bulb" design with a E14
As encapsulated modules, they require or E27 screw base to replace conven-
no housing and can be directly recessed, tional incandescent lamps; others feature
for instance, in floor or ceiling ducts. As a variety of pin bases to replace halo-
individual modules, they are integrated in gen lamps. Simply inserted into existing
minimalist LED luminaires and, with an ap- luminaires and delivering warm white or
propriate base, serve as replacements for coloured light, retrofit LED lamps are an
many conventional lamps. energy-saving alternative for home or small
office use. However, they do not match the
Linear LED modules are useful for both luminous efficacy of a specially designed
wallwashing effects and for architectural LED luminaire. Even so, they are a good
[82] Comparison of the efficiency of differ-
lighting, where they give depth to facades choice: an 8 W warm white LED light bulb,
ent light sources.
and arches or can be placed end to end to for example, has a life of around 25,000
realise seamless lines of light. operating hours – which is almost 25 years [83] Growth potential of LED technology
at nearly three hours a day. for various applications.
Flexible LED modules are particularly good
at highlighting curves, corners and arcing
In five years
●●●●● ●●●●● ●●●●● ●●●●● ●●●● ●●●●● ●●●●● ●●●●●
or more
© licht.de
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licht.wissen 06 Shop Lighting – Attractive and Efficient
Luminaire applications
The range of luminaires and light sources for shop lighting is extremely diverse. To facilitate the search for the
optimal luminaire and lighting effect, all the most important luminaire types are listed below together with their
principal applications.
The term "luminaire" refers to the entire Lighting channel / recessed lighting systems
light fitting in which the lamp is mounted, offer a high degree of flexibility for adapting
operated and protected. The luminaire lighting to changing product presentations.
distributes and directs the lamp light and Combinations of elongated luminaires and
prevents it causing glare. Special attach- high-performance spots are possible. Op-
ments mounted on luminaires can alter light erating gear can be easily integrated.
colour and colour rendering characteristics
as required.
50
Recessed panel luminaires, light walls and Rotating/swivel-mounted surface luminaires Showcase luminaires: small dimensions
luminous ceilings produce diffuse to mod- are generally mounted on the ceiling; the make fibre-optic lighting systems and
erately directional light and are particularly luminaire housing is fully visible. LEDs particularly good for illuminating
suitable for indirect lighting. items in display cabinets.
Flush mounted and low key, recessed With fixed surface luminaires, the visible Standalone/table luminaires are generally
wall luminaires submit to the architecture. luminaire housing forms part of the interior used in shops for decorative lighting; they
They are often used for step lighting. and is thus an element of architectural create a homely atmosphere.
design.
Recessed floor luminaires radiate light up- Wall luminaires are suitable for decora- Projector-reflector lighting systems deliver
wards. They are available with narrow- or tive lighting and are often installed as part high illuminances. They are used to ensure
wide-angle, symmetrical or asymmetrical of the general lighting or as an additional optimal visual conditions in high enclosed
intensity distribution curves. source of accentuating light. spaces, especially shopping malls.
Cove luminaires are installed for indirect Pendant luminaires are suspended from The low lighting provided by emergency
lighting in the curving, often moulded the ceiling and are particularly popular in and safety luminaires is enough to facili-
plaster transition between walls and ceil- shops for counter or product presentation tate orientation and allow the building to
ing. The light sources used are fluorescent lighting. Reflector models also used for be vacated safely.
lamps or LEDs. general lighting.
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licht.wissen 06 Shop Lighting – Attractive and Efficient
12 14
13 15
3
8 15
5 6 7
11
9 10 16
84
ceramic technology
ceramic technology
ceramic technology
ceramic technology
Single capped with
Fluorescent lamp
elongated design
compact design
2-tube lamp
Tube shape
Tube shape
Ø 26 mm
Ø 16 mm
Lamp type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Linear Compact High-pressure
Metal halide lamps
fluorescent lamps fluorescent lamps sodium lamps
Power rating from 14 14 7 10 20 20 35 70 20 35 50
(W) to 58 80 80 42 150 35 70 150 70 100 100
Lichtstrom from 750 1,100 250 600 1,700 1,650 3,300 6,800 2,200* 1,300 2,400
(lm) to 4,600 7,000 6,500 3,200 15,000 3,000 7,300 14,500 55,000* 5,000 4,900
Luminous flux from 50 67 46 60 71 75-79 85 88 - 40 48
(lm/W) to 81 104 90 75 106 100 104 - 50 50
Light colour ww, nw, ww, nw, ww, nw, ww, nw, ww, nw ww ww, nw, ww, nw, ww, nw extra ww extra ww
dw dw dw dw
Colour rendering index Ra 80-98 80-93 80-90 80-90 80-95 85-90 93-96 88-95 82-90 80-83 80-83
(in some cases as range)
Base G13 G5 2G11 GX24q G12 PGJ5 GU8.5 RX7s GX8.5 PG12-1 GX12-1
2G7 G24q
52
17
Reflector shape
Reflector shape
LED module
LED module
LED module
Tube shape
Tube shape
Tube shape
53
licht.wissen 06 Shop Lighting – Attractive and Efficient
[Booklet 01] 60 pages on the [Booklet 03] 40 pages on street [Booklet 17] 60 pages on LEDs. [Booklet 19] 48 pages on the biologi-
basics and art of artificial lighting. lighting. Booklet 03 describes how Booklet 17 explains the technology cal impact of light on human beings.
Booklet 01 describes the physical "seeing and being seen" works and behind LEDs and LED modules and Booklet 19 reports on the status of
components of light and conveys explains how road accidents and presents practical examples show- current research and looks at practical
key information about lighting crime rates can be reduced. ing the scope of LED lighting today examples of dynamic lighting in use.
technology. and the energy it can save.
54
All about light! Imprint
Publisher
licht.de
Impartial information Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht
Lyoner Straße 9, 60528 Frankfurt am Main
licht.de provides information on the Tel. +49 (0)69 6302-353, Fax +49 (0)69 6302-400
advantages of good lighting and offers licht.de@zvei.org, www.licht.de
a great deal of material on every aspect
of artificial lighting and its correct usage. Editing
The information is impartial and based on LightAgentur, Bonn
current DIN standards and VDE stipula- Ursula Sandner, Heusenstamm
tions. EHI Retail Institute, Cologne
Design, realisation
licht.wissen LightAgentur, Bonn
55
licht.wissen 06 Shop Lighting – Attractive and Efficient
licht.wissen 06
Shop Lighting −
Attractive and Efficient
56