÷

:÷¥÷k÷¥¥÷÷÷¥¥÷n
Assignment 1

sampled www.eth-dhl
peaks
'

Ecg -

signal
# Your function avg
HR
>
EBay]

labeisslaemnedhy >
RRI [BPM]
7
↳
u

ipeak ti Ed
,

RR6 [BPM]
µsfecg ,
£6 IES]
Sample
frequency

-
LOAD DATA INTO WORKSPACE

=
CREATE A function LWPUBI OUTPUTS)
-

FOR Loops

-
ARRAY REFERENCING
Biomedical Telemetry &
Telemedicine
Part 1: Feb 2
QQRemote Measure

Biotelemetry is the measure of biological parameters over a distance.

Physical transducer → Signal → Transmitter

#
-
•-

variable
(measurand ) conditioner
-

sending End
transmission
Deneudice ←
Signal
conditioner,
← Receiver ←

-
Receiving End
Transducer/Sensor: converts the physical variable to be telemetered into an
electrical quantity

Signal Conditioner 1: converts the electrical output of the transducer/sensor into

an electrical signal that is COMPATIBLE with the transmitter.

Transmitter: transmits the information signal coming from the SC1 using a suitable
carrier signal to the receiving end

Receive: receives the transmitted signal

SC2: processes the receiver output to make it compatible with the end device

End device: can perform many different functions:

- Analog indication
- Digital display
- Digital storage
- Data processing
- Closed-loop control
The Transmitter (a key component)

1. Modulation of the carrier signal by the information signal

2. Amplification is required for the purpose of transmission
3. Signal conversion is required for transmission
4. Multiplexing: more than one physical variable can be sent together,
simultaneously from the same location using frequency-division multiplexing
(FDM) or time-division multiplexing (TDM)

The Receiver (another key component)

1. Amplification
2. Demodulation
3. Reverse signal conditioning
4. De-multiplexing

iwtr E
Modulation is the processing of impressing the information to be transmitted on a
carrier.

Range: the distance over which the signal can be received. It depends on power
and frequency of the transmitter, relative locations of the transmitting and
receiving antennas and the sensitivity of the receiver.

Transmission Modes

Continuous Wave (CW) transmission: transmitter is turned on a off (binary),

helpful for remote control applications (think about Morse code)
° O @ I - - e - a
Amplitude Modulation: amplitude of the carrier is varied/adjusted according to the
information being transmitted.
" AM Radio
Amplitude
# Modulatingsignal

µMMM-
#
.IM#MfV
me
Carrier signal

Modulated signal
 Modulation Systems
February 8, 2021

Amplitude Modulation (AM): amplitude of the signal you want to send

becomes the “envelope” of the carrier signal.

Modulating signal

Carrier signal

AM Signal

Modulating Signal AM Signal

High amplitude à High amplitude
Low amplitude à Low amplitude
AM signal has constant frequency.

AM signals are adversely affected by sources of interference that additively

superimpose the carrier signals modulated by other procedures.
Frequency Modulation (FM) – vary the frequency of the carrier signal to
correspond to the modulating signal. Noise interferes much less with FM
compared to AM.

Usually, in biomedical telemetry, the signal is doubly modulated:

once with a lower-frequency “sub-carrier,” then with a very high
frequency carrier that is transmitted.

Sometimes the sub-modulator can be FM or a PWM (pulse width

modulation). But the final modulator is almost always FM.

FM: Information is transmitted by varying the instantaneous frequency to

match the modulate wave’s amplitude.
The rate of frequency variation is the “modulating frequency.”
The magnitude of frequency variation (from the center frequency) is called
“frequency deviation” – it’s proportional to the amplitude of the
modulating signal.

MODULATING SIGNAL
amplitude

time

CARRIER SIGNAL

Modulating signal. FM Signal

FM SIGNAL High amplitude à High frequency.
Low amplitude à Low frequency.
FM signal has constant amplitude
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) (aka pulse duration modulation, PDM) –
modulating the length (in time – DUTY CYCLE) of a pulse (binary) to
correspond to the amplitude of the modulating signal.

MODULATING SIGNAL x(t)

amplitude

time

CARRIER SIGNAL: SQUARE WAVE

X(t)<c(t) à 0
X(t)>=c(t) à 1
comparator
sawtooth wave: c(t) x(t) PWM(t)

c(t)

modulating signal PWM signal

high amplitude à high duty cycle
low amplitude à low duty cycle
Helpful MATLAB functions:

find()

TELEMETRY AND TELEMEDICINE, PART 3

Feb 9, 2021

Most biomedical situations for telemetry are related to the electrocardiogram.

Electrocardiogram: 2 main parts

1) Transmitter – ECG amplifier, a sub-carrier oscillator and a UHF (ultra high frequency) transmitter +
battery
2) Receiver – high frequency unit and a demodulator. The electrocardiograph is connect to record, and
then a cardioscope displays (+alarm)

antenna antenna

Transmitter RF Amplifier

Subcarrier modulator Demodulator

ECG amplifier Heart rate monitor Graphic recorder

Battery Cardioscope
 How do you get distortion-free signals to the receiver?

• The subject should be able to carry on with his normal activities while carrying the instrument
(minimal/no discomfort, forgetting that it’s there)
• Motion artifacts and muscle potential interference should be kept to a minimum
• The battery life should be long enough to complete the experiment
• While monitoring paced patients (pacemaker) for ECG, you must reduce pacemaker impulses
(80 mV pacemaker signal, 1-2 mV for ECG signal). Since pacemaker impulses are very short,
you can use “slew rate limiting” to reduce the amplitude

80 mV pacemaker impulse

1-2 mV

NOW ZOOM IN ON ONE PULSE:

80 mV Slew-rate limited signal: slower sampling
speeds limit impact of impulse

NOT slew-rate limited signal: fast

sampling sees greater effect of impulse
 Telemedicine

Telemedicine is the application of telecommunications and computer technology to deliver health care
from one location to another.

It involves the use of modern information technology to deliver timely health serves to those in need by
the electronic transmission of the necessary expertise and information among geographically
dispersed parties, including physicians and patients, to result in improved patient care and
management, resource distribution efficiency, and potentially cost-effectiveness.

Telemedicine applications:
• General physician appointments
• Tele-consultation
• Teleradiology
• Telecardiology

Telemedicine concepts:

1) Store and Forward – compile information about the patient (audio, video, images, clips, ECG, etc).
Then the information is stored in digital form. Then, sent to expert for review. The expert’s opinion
can be transmitted back without any immediate compulsion on the consultant’s time.

2) Real Time – real-time exchange of information: video conferencing, interviewing and examining
patients, transmitting images, etc.

What is the societal impact of having doctors on demand?

• Elevate efficiency (+)
• Physician overwork (-)
• Less wait time (+)
• Lower threshold for medical care à overwhelmed medical system à overworked physicians
à less effective physicians (-)