Revision Date: March 2019

Laboratory Manual
DC and AC Machines

( EE-2206 )

The Department of Electrical Engineering

The University of Lahore
Revised & Updated by: Sohaib Shahid
 Revision History

Revised
Experiment No. Revision Summary Revised By
Date
Ø Modified questions & format M. Sohaib March,
Experiment No. 1 – 16
as per OBE requirements Shahid 2019

Ø Modified experiment structure

as per OBE requirements M. Sohaib September,
Experiment No. 1 – 16
Ø Experiment arrangement Shahid 2018
updated

Experiment No.5 Ø Figures Updated

M. Umer March,
Experiment No.6 Ø Circuit Diagram Updated
Arshad 2018
Experiment No.7

Experiment No.6
Ø Figures Updated
Experiment No.7
Ø Circuit Diagram Updated
Experiment No.10 M. Umer
Ø Questions Updated May, 2017
Experiment No.11 Arshad
Ø Experiments’ arrangement
Experiment No.13
Updated

i
 C E R T IF I C AT E OF A P P RO V A L
It is certified that the lab manual titled “DC and AC Machines”, in scope and in quality,
covers the objectives and topics defined in the course outline.

Remarks by Mentor: _________________________________

Mr. Naveed Ashraf

Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
The University of Lahore

Remarks by HOD: ___________________________________

Lt. Col. (R) Salamat Ullah

Associate Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
The University of Lahore

ii
 Table of Contents

Sr. Page Taxon

EXPERIMENT TITLE CLO PLO
No # omy

1 To Calculate the Power consumed in an Inductive Load by using One

Voltmeter and Ammeter method 1 CLO 4 PLO 4 P4

2 To Study the Essential Parts of a DC Machine and their Function 4 CLO 4 PLO 4 P4

3 To Control the Speed of Shunt DC Motor 8 CLO 4 PLO 4 P4

4 To Control the Speed of Series DC Motor 13 CLO 4 PLO 4 P4

Determine the Magnetic Characteristics of a Separately-Excited DC
5 Generator 18 CLO 4 PLO 4 P4

6 To Study the Load Characteristics of a Separately-Excited D.C. Generator

22 CLO 4 PLO 4 P4

7 To Study the Load Characteristics of a DC Series Generator 27 CLO 4 PLO 4 P4

8 To find the Voltage Regulation of a Single-Phase Transformer 32 CLO 4 PLO 4 P4

9 To make Three Phase connections using Three Single-Phase Transformers 36 CLO 4 PLO 4 P4

10 Open Circuit Test to determine the values of Excitation Branch of a

Transformer 42 CLO 4 PLO 4 P4

11 Short Circuit Test to determine the values of Series Branch of a

Transformer 46 CLO 4 PLO 4 P4

12 Determination of the Open-Circuit Magnetization Characteristics of an

Alternator 50 CLO 4 PLO 4 P4

13 Determination of the Short-Circuit Characteristics of an Alternator 54 CLO 4 PLO 4 P4

14 The Rotating Magnetic Field

57 CLO 4 PLO 4 P4

15 Open-Ended Lab # 1: Simulation of AC Power in AC Circuits 59 CLO 4 PLO 4 P4

16 Open-Ended Lab # 2: Simulation of DC Shunt Motor

61 CLO 4 PLO 4 P4

iii
 MAPPING OF LAB TO CLOs & PLOs

CLO 4: Ability to execute an experimental setup to

demonstrate certain behavior(s) of electrical
machines while making appropriate adjustments in PLO 4: Investigation
the setup to produce desired results and fixing any
problems during execution.

iv
Lab-01: To Calculate the Power consumed in an Inductive Load by using One
Voltmeter and Ammeter method

Equipment:
i. Voltmeter
ii. Ammeter
iii. Lamp board
iv. Connecting wires
v. Wattmeter
vi. Inductor

Pre-Lab Preparation:
Read the following topics of your textbook: (Article: 1.9, Page 47, Stephen J. Chapman)
i. Complex Power,
ii. Power Triangle

Theory:
Inductive Load is formed by connecting choke in series with the lamp-board. This is very simple
method for the measurement of power in an AC circuit. The wattmeter in the circuit is only for
verification of results.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig 1: Circuit Diagram for Power Measurement

1
Procedure:
1. Make the connections according to the circuit diagram as shown in Fig 1.
2. Get the connections checked by the instructor.
3. With maximum resistance in the circuit i.e. all the lamp in the off-position, switch ON the
main AC supply.
4. Then switch ON a bulb and take readings of VS, VR, VL, ‘I’ and ‘W’ in the observation
table.
5. Switch ON the second bulb and again record the reading of voltages, current and power.
6. Calculate the values of cos θ and active power ‘P’.
7. Compare this power with the wattmeter readings ‘W’ and calculate percentage error.

Results:
Table 1: Reference Table for measurements
%Err =
Sr.
Vs VR VL cos θ = I W P=VI×cos θ ( )
No ×100

Questions:
i. Assess what are the sign conventions for Reactive Power (when power being supplied to
the load)?
ii. Analyze the ranges of ammeter and voltmeter used in the experiment?

Learning outcomes:
Students will be able to efficiently assemble the power measurement circuit and assess the range
of error between measured power through calculations and that of Wattmeter after completing this
laboratory session.

2
Graph:
Draw the graph between ‘W’ and ‘P’ as noted from above observations.

3
Lab-02: To Study the Essential Parts of a DC Machine and their Functions

Equipment:
i. D.C. Machine
ii. Pliers
iii. Screw Driver

Pre-Lab Preparation:
i. View the Internal Structure of a DC Machine on the Internet
ii. View the animations of a DC Machine operation on the internet

Theory:
It consists of following main parts …
i. Yoke
ii. Pole Cores & Pole Shoes
iii. Field Coils / Windings
iv. Armature Core
v. Armature Winding
vi. Commutator
vii. Carbon Brushes
viii. Bearings
ix. Interpoles
x. Feet and Terminal Box

Yoke:
A field yoke or frame is to give mechanical support to pole cores.
It is made of cast iron or cast steel laminations as shown in the
figure 1.

Figure 1: Yoke

4
Pole Core & Pole Shoes:
The field magnet consists of pole cores and pole shoes as shown in figure 3. The pole shoes serve
two purposes.
i. They spread out the flux in the air-gap.
ii. They support the exciting coils.

In the past, the pole core itself was a sold piece of iron, but the pole shoe was laminated. In the
modern design, the complete pole cores and pole shoes are built of thin laminations of annealed
steel which are riveted together under hydraulic pressure. The laminated pole may be secured to
the yoke by means of screw bolted through the yoke and into the pole body.

Field Coils/Windings:
These are placed around a pole cores as shown in figure 3. The coils of each pole are connected in
series to form the field current. These soils consist of copper wire. When the current pass through
these coils, they electro-magnetize poles which produced the necessary flux and that is cut by the
revolving armature conductors.

Armature Core:
The core is made of sheet steel laminations and keyed to the shaft. The outer surface is slotted to
secure the armature coils. The laminations are perforated for air ducts which permit axial flow of
air through the armature for cooling purposes. The purpose of using thin laminations is to reduce
the loss due to eddy current.

Armature Winding:
The armature windings are usually formed wound. These are first wound in the form of flat
rectangular coils and are then pulled into their proper shape in a coil puller. Various conductors of
coils are insulated from each other. The conductors are placed in the armature slots and are closed
by a tough insulating material. The coils ends are connected to the Commutator segments.

5
 Figure 2: Coils connected to Commutator Segments

Commutator:
It is made of copper segments that are assembled into a cylinder as shown in figure 2. The function
of a Commutator is to facilitate the collection of current from the armature conductors. The
Commutator segments are insulated from each other by thin layer of mica. Each Commutator
segments is connected to the armature conductors by means of a copper lug. Its main function is
converting into A.C. into D.C.

Carbon Brushes:
These are made of carbon and are in the shape of a rectangular block as shown in figure 2. Their
function is to collect current from Commutator. They make contact with the Commutator segments
and convey current to the external circuit. The brushes are housed in a holder. A flexible copper
pigtail mounted at the top of the brush conveys current from the brushes to the holder. If the current
is too great to be collected by one brush, several brushes are used and mounted on a brush spindle.

Bearings:
For light duties, ball bearings are used, tough for heavy duties, roller bearings are frequently used.
These are packed in hard oil for quieter operation and for reduced bearing wear, sleeve bearings
are used which are lubricated.

Feet and Terminal Box:

They are welded to the frame or yoke.

6
Interpoles:
The best method of overcoming commutation difficulties is by using interpoles. These are small
auxiliary poles placed between the main poles, as shown in figure 2, and having their windings
arranged in series with the armature winding. Their polarity is the same as the next main pole in
the direction of rotation in case of generator and same as previous pole in case of motor.

Others:
Front end plate, rear end plate, shaft and pulley are other essential parts of the generator.

Figure 3: DC Machine construction

Questions:
i. Argue what are the different types of winding in a DC machine?
ii. Discuss what are the major problems encountered in a DC machine?
iii. Argue which parts of DC machine undergo wear and tear over time?
iv. Assess what are the main functions of brush in DC machine?

Learning outcomes:
Students will be able to investigate the constructional features of a DC machine and assess
all the essential parts that make up a DC machine after completing this laboratory session.

7
Lab-03: To Control the Speed of a Shunt DC Motor

Equipment:
1. Voltmeter
2. Ammeter
3. Tachometer (if needed)
4. Shunt DC motor
5. Variable resistance

Pre-Lab Preparation:
Read the following topics of your textbook (Stephen J. Chapman)
Chapter 8, Article: 8.4

Theory:
Speed control of shunt DC motors:
Two common methods for speed control of Shunt DC motor:
1). Adjusting the field resistance 'RF'
2). Adjusting the voltage applied to the armature circuit
Less common method:
3). Inserting a resistor in series with the armature circuit

Changing the field resistance (RF):

If the field resistance increases, then the field current decreases (IF ↓= VT/RF↑) and as the field
current decreases the flux decreases as well. A decrease in flux causes an instantaneous decrease in

the internal generated voltage E A↓=Kj↓w which causes a large increase in the machine’s armature
current since
IA ↑= (VT - EA↓)/RA 1
The induced torque in a motor is given by τind = KjIA, the flux in this machine decreases while
the current IA increases which way does the induced torque change. So, the increase in current

τ τ
predominates over the decrease in flux. So ind > Load and the motor speeds up.

8
Torque Vs. Armature Current (Ta-Ia):
In case of DC shunt motors, we can assume the field flux, j, to be constant. Though at heavy loads,

j decreases in a small amount due to increased armature reaction. But as we are neglecting the
change in the flux j, we can say that torque is proportional to armature current. Hence the Ta-Ia
characteristic for a dc shunt motor will be a straight line through origin. Since, heavy starting load
needs heavy starting current, shunt motor should never be started on a heavy load.

Speed vs Armature Current (N-Ia ):

As flux j is assumed constant, we can say N µ Eb. But, back EMF is also almost constant, the

speed remains constant. But practically, j as well as Eb decreases with increase in load. But the Eb

decreases slightly more than j, and hence the speed decreases slightly. Generally, the speed
decreases by 5 to 15% of full load speed only. And hence, a shunt motor can be assumed as a
constant speed motor. The characteristics of DC shunt motor are shown in figure 1.

Figure 1: Characterstics of DC Shunt Motor

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 2: Circuit Diagram for speed control of Shunt DC motor

9
Procedure:
1. Connect the motor, meters and load as shown in figure 2.
2. Verify the connection.
3. Run the motor at rated RPM.
4. Note the terminal voltage and keep it constant.
5. Increase the value of variable resistor, RADJ.
6. Note down the value of field current (IF), load current (IL) the new speed.
7. Increases the adjustable resistor in steps and note down the motor speed for each step.
8. For second observation table: set a specific value of variable resistor RADJ and keep it
constant.
9. Increase terminal voltage in steps
10. Note down the value of field current (IF), load current (IL) the new speed.

Results:

VT = ________ V RF = ________ Ω RA = ___________Ω

Table 1: Reference Table for measurements
Sr.
RADJ (Ω) IF (A) IL (A) Speed (S1)
No.
1
2
3
4
5

RADJ = __________________ Ω
Table 2: Reference Table for measurements
Sr No VT (V) Speed (S2)
IF (A) IL (A)
1
2
3
4
5

10
 VT = ________ V RF = ________ Ω RA = ___________Ω
Table No.3: Reference Table for measurements

Sr. RADJ, Armature

IF (A) IL (A) Speed (S3)
No. (Ω)
1
2
3
4
5

1) Speed of shunt motor increase with increase in resistance.

2) Speed of DC shunt motor increase with increase in terminal voltage.

Questions:
1. Assess how does armature reaction affect the shape of torque-speed curve of a DC shunt
motor?
2. Discuss what are the applications of a DC shunt motor?

Learning outcomes:
Students will be able to efficiently assemble the setup to measure different performance
parameters of a DC Shunt motor and investigate their correlation after completing this
laboratory session.

11
Graph:
i. Draw the graph between ‘RADJ’ and ‘Speed (S1)’
ii. Draw the graph between ‘VT’ and ‘Speed (S2)’
iii. Draw the graph between ‘RADJ’ and ‘Speed (S3)’

12
Lab-04: To Control the Speed of Series DC Motor

Equipment:
1. Voltmeter
2. Ammeter
3. Tachometer (if needed)
4. D.C Series motor
5. Variable Resistance

Pre-Lab Preparation:
Read the following topics of your textbook (Stephen J. Chapman)
Chapter 8, Article: 8.6

Theory:
Speed Control Methods for a Series DC Motor:
i. By changing the terminal voltage of the DC series motor.
ii. By changing the value of adjustment resistance.

Torque Vs. Armature Current (Ta-Ia):

This characteristic is also known as electrical characteristic. We know that torque is directly
proportional to the product of armature current and flux, Ta ∝ ΦIa. In DC series motors, field
winding is connected in series with armature. Thus, before magnetic saturation of the field, flux Φ
is directly proportional to Ia. Therefore, before magnetic saturation Ta ∝ Ia2. At light loads, Ia as
well as Φ is small and hence the torque increases as the square of the armature current. Therefore,
the Ta-Ia curve is parabola for smaller values of Ia. After magnetic saturation of the field winding,

flux Φ is independent of armature current Ia. Therefore, the torque varies proportional to Ia only, T
∝ Ia. Therefore, after magnetic saturation, Ta-Ia curve becomes straight line. The shaft torque Tsh is
less than armature torque Ta due to stray losses. In DC series motors, (prior to magnetic saturation)
torque increases as the square of armature current, these motors are used where high starting torque
is required.

13
Speed Vs. Armature Current (N-Ia):
We know the relation
N ∝ Eb/Φ (1)
For small load current (and hence for small armature current) change in back emf, Eb, is small and
it may be neglected. Thus, for small currents speed is inversely proportional to Φ. As we know,
flux is directly proportional to Ia, speed is also inversely proportional to Ia. When armature current
is very small the speed becomes dangerously high. That is why a series motor should never be
started without some mechanical load. But, at heavy loads, armature current, Ia, is large. And hence

speed is low which results in decreased back emf, Eb. Due to decreased Eb, more armature current
is allowed.
Speed Vs. Torque (N-Ta):
This characteristic is also called as mechanical characteristic. From the above two characteristics
of DC series motor, it can be found that when speed is high, torque is low and vice versa as shown
in fig 1.

Figure 1: Characteristics curves for DC Series Motor

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 2: Circuit Diagram for speed control of Series DC Motor

14
Procedure:
1. Connect the motor, meters and load as shown in figure 2.
2. Check the connection.
3. Run the motor at rated RPM.
4. Note the terminal voltage, VT, and keep it constant.
5. Increase the adjustable resistor (Radj)
6. Note down the line current (IL) and the new motor speed.
7. Increases the adjustable resistor (Radj) in steps.
8. Note down the line current (IL) and the new motor speed for each new step.
9. For second table, keep the adjustable resistor (Radj) constant.
10. Increase terminal voltage (VT) in steps
11. Note down the line current (IL) and the new motor speed for each new step.

Results:
RA = _________ Ω RF = _________ Ω VT = __________ V
Table 1. Reference Table for Measurements

S/N RADJ (Ω) IL (A) Speed (S1)

1
2
3
4
5

RADJ =___________ Ω
Table 2. Reference Table for Measurements

S/N VT (V) IL (A) Speed (S2)

1
2
3
4
5

15
Questions:
1. Argue why a DC series motor is also called a “universal motor”?
2. Discuss what are the applications of a DC series motor?

Learning outcomes:
Students will be able to efficiently assemble the setup to measure different performance
parameters of a DC series motor and investigate their correlation after completing this
laboratory session.

16
Graph:
i. Draw graph between ‘R ADJ’ and ‘Speed S1’
ii. Draw graph between ‘VT’ and ‘Speed S2’

17
Lab-05: Determine the Magnetic Characteristics of a Separately-Excited
D.C. Generator
Equipment:
1. Ammeter
2. Voltmeter
3. Variable Resistance
4. Motor as Prime Mover

Pre-Lab Preparation:
Read the following topics of your textbook (Stephen J. Chapman)
Ø Chapter 8, Article: 8.13
Theory:
This curve is drawn between field current (IF) and the no load voltage (EA). For a given
excitation current or field current, the EMF generated at no load E0 varies in proportionally with
the rotational speed of the armature. Here in the diagram the magnetic characteristic curve for
various speeds are drawn. Due to residual magnetism, the curves start from a point A slightly up
from the origin O. The upper portions of the curves are bend due to saturation. The external load
resistance of the machine needs to be maintained greater than its critical value otherwise the
machine will not excite or will stop running if it is already in motion. AB, AC and AD are the slops
which give critical resistances at speeds N1, N2 and N3. Here, N1 > N2 > N3 as shown in Fig 1.

Figure 1: Magnetic open circuit characteristics

18
Circuit Diagram:

Figure 2: Circuit Diagram for deriving Magnetic Characteristics of Separately-Excited DC

Generator
Procedure:
1. Connect the equipment as shown in figure 2.
2. Run the prime mover by supplying it with rated voltage.
3. Keep the applied voltage to prime mover constant throughout the experiment.
4. Adjust the variable resistance at its maximum value and close the switch of the filed circuit.
5. Read the field current If and induced voltage EA.
6. Increase the field current in steps by decreasing the value of variable resistance and note its
value. Also note the voltmeter reading in the observation table.
7. After If reaches it maximum value, start decreasing the current in steps and again note the values

of field current If and voltage EA for each step.

8. Bring the current gradually to Zero value.
9. Tabulate the readings and draw the curve between the armature induced EMF EA and field

current If.

Results:
Motor Speed = nm = ___________

Ascending:
Table 1. Reference Table for Measurements
Field Current
IF (amps)
E.M.F.
EA (volts)

19
Descending:
Table 2. Reference Table for Measurements
Field Current
IF (amps)
E.M.F.
EA (volts)

Important Points:

1. The curve starts somewhat about the origin. The voltage at zero excitation is due the
residual magnetism of the field which is necessary for building up of the voltage of self-
exciting generators.
2. The voltage increases rapidly at first then changes a little in value at higher excitation
integrated the effect of saturation.
3. The curve is higher for decreasing value then for increasing values. This is due to “Effect
of Hysteresis or Magnetic Lagging”.
4. It should be noted that open circuit characteristics (O.C.C.) for higher speed would be
above this curve and for lower speed; it should be below this curve.

Precautions:
1. Maintain the speed of generator constant throughout.
2. Take the readings in increasing or decreasing order, otherwise the curve shape will be
damaged due to “Hysteresis Effect”.

Questions:
1. Argue with the performance of a Separately-Excited DC Generator under different
parameters?
2. Analyze why is there always some No-Load voltage in a Separately-Excited DC
Generator?
3. Discuss what is “Hysteresis Effect” or “Magnetic Lagging” in a DC Generator?
Learning outcomes:
Students will be able to efficiently assemble the setup to measure different performance
parameters of a separately excited DC generator and investigate their correlation after
completing this laboratory session.

20
Graph:
1. Draw the graph between “IF” and “EA”

21
Lab-06: To plot the Load Characteristics of Separately-Excited DC
Generator

Equipment:
i. Ammeter
ii. Voltmeter
iii. Variable resistance
iv. Lamp Board
v. Driving Motor

Pre-Lab Preparation:
Read the following topics of your textbook (Stephen J. Chapman)
Ø Chapter 8, Article: 8.13

Theory:
The curve AC is showing the external characteristic of the shunt wound DC generator in
figure 1. It is showing the variation of terminal voltage, VT, with the load current, (IL). Ohmic drop
due to armature resistance gives lesser terminal voltage the generated voltage. That is why the
curve lies below the internal characteristic curve. Terminal Voltage could be calculated from
equation 1.

V = E g - I a Ra = E g - ( I sh + I L ) Ra (1)
The terminal voltage can always be maintained constant by adjusting the of the load terminal.

Figure 1: Load characteristics curves for Separately-Excited DC Generator

22
When the load resistance of a shunt wound DC generator is decreased, then load current of the
generator increased as shown in above figure. But the load current can be increased to a certain
limit with (up to point C) the decrease of load resistance. Beyond this point, it shows a reversal in
the characteristic. Any decrease of the load resistance results in current reduction and
consequently, the external characteristic curve turns back as shown in the dotted line and ultimately
the terminal voltage becomes zero. Though there is some voltage due to residual magnetism.

We know terminal voltage can be calculated using equation # 1. Now, when IL increased,
then terminal voltage decreased. After a certain limit, due to heavy load current and increased
ohmic drop, the terminal voltage is reduced drastically. This large reduction of
terminal voltage across the load, results the drop in the load current although at that time load is
high or load resistance is low. That is why the load resistance of the machine must be maintained
properly. The point in which the machine gives maximum current output is called breakdown point
(point ‘C’ in the picture).

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 2: Circuit Diagram to determine the load characteristics curves for a

Separately-Excited DC Generator

23
Procedure:
1. Make the connections according to the circuit diagram as shown in Fig 2. and get the
connections checked by the instructor.
2. Run the prime mover at its normal speed with the help of a driving motor to supply the
mechanical power to the generator.
3. Energize the shunt field circuit and adjust the voltage to about 100V and keep it constant.
4. Now check the No-Load terminal voltage (VT).
5. Increase the load current in regular steps and note the corresponding values of the readings
of voltmeter and ammeters at different loads.
6. Take the readings of voltmeter and ammeters at different loads.
7. Calculate the armature current IA by adding the field current If and the load current IL.
8. Calculate the E.M.F. generated, EA, by using the characteristic equation of DC generator.

Results:
Ra= ____________ Ω RF =__________ Ω
VF = ___________ V Motor Speed: = __________ RPM
Table 1: Reference Table for measurements

Sr. No. VT (V) IF (A) IA = IL (A) E A = V T + IA R A

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Note: The terminal voltage and EMF, generated of the machine, decreases with increasing
load current and the armature current.
24
Questions:
1. Argue with your results on the voltage regulation characteristics of a separately-excited
DC generator?
2. Discuss what are the two ways to control the voltage of a separately-excited DC
generator?

Learning outcomes:
Students will be able to efficiently assemble the setup to measure different performance
parameters of a separately excited DC generator with load and investigate their correlation
after completing this laboratory session.

25
Graph:
1. Plot the curves on the graph paper between load current, IL, and terminal voltage, VT. This
is the ‘External Characteristics’
2. The curve between the induced voltage, EA, and the armature current ‘IA’ is the ‘Internal
Characteristics’.

26
Lab-07: To Study the Load Characteristics of a D.C. Series Generator

Equipment:
i. Voltmeter
ii. Ammeter
iii. Lamp Board
iv. D.C. Series Generator with driving Motor

Pre-Lab Preparation:
Read the following topics of your textbook (Stephen J. Chapman)
Chapter 8, Article: 8.14

Theory:
The external characteristic curve shows the variation of terminal voltage (V) with the load current
(IL) in Fig 1. Terminal voltage of this type of generator is obtained by subtracting the ohmic drop
due to armature resistance (RA) and series field resistance (Rsc) from the actually
generated voltage (EA). The terminal voltage can be determined as:
VT = EA – I× (RA + Rsc) 1
The external characteristic curve lies below the internal characteristic curve because the value of
terminal voltage is less than the generated voltage. Here in the figure OD curve is showing the
external characteristic of the series wound DC generator.

Figure 1: Characteristics curves of series wound Series DC Generator

27
It can be observed from the characteristics of series wound DC generator, that with the increase in
load (load is increased when load current increases) the terminal voltage of the machine increases.
But after reaching its maximum value it starts to decrease due to excessive demagnetizing effect of
armature reaction. This phenomenon is shown in the figure by the dotted line. Dotted portion of the
characteristic gives approximately constant current irrespective of the external load resistance.
This is because if load is increased, the field current is increased as field is series connected with
load.

Similarly, if load is increased, armature current is increased as the armature is also series connected
with load. But due to saturation, there will be no further significance raise of field strength hence
any further increase in induced voltage. But due to increased armature current, the effect of
armature reaction increases significantly which causes significant fall in load voltage.

If load voltage falls, the load current is also decreased proportionally since current is proportional
to voltage as per Ohm’s Law . So, increasing load, tends to increase the load current, but decreasing
load voltage, tends to decrease load current. Due these two simultaneous effects, there will be no
significant change in load current in dotted portion of external characteristics of series wound DC
generator. That is why series DC generator is called constant current DC generator.

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 2: Circuit Diagram to determine characteristics curves of Series DC Generator

28
Procedure:
1. Connect the generator, meters and load as shown in Figure 2.
2. Verify the connections.
3. Run the prime mover at normal speed and maintain it constant throughout the
experiment.
4. Note the terminal voltage at No-Load.
5. Close the main switch and reduce the load R until the machine excites.
6. Note down the terminal voltage (VT) and load current (IL)
7. Increase the load in steps and thereby the field excitation till it reaches its normal value.

Results:
RA = _______________ (Ω) RSE = ______________ (Ω)
Table 1. Reference Table for Measurements
Sr.
IL = IA (A) VT (V) E = VT + IL× (Ra + Rse) (V)
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Note:
Ø The voltage of series generator rises with the load.
Ø Armature Current is equal to the load current.
Ø The curve starts above the origin by an amount representing the voltage generated due to
residual magnetism.

29
Questions:
1. Argue in DC series generator, why terminal voltage is lesser than the generated
voltage?
2. Predict the terminal voltage at No-Load?

Learning outcomes:

Students will be able to efficiently assemble the setup to measure different performance
parameters of a DC series generator with load and investigate their correlation after completing this
laboratory session.

30
Graph:
Draw the graphs between
i. Load current (IL) and Terminal Voltage, VT, for the ‘External Characteristics’.
ii. Armature current (IA) and EMF generated (EA) for the ‘Internal Characteristics’.

31
Lab-8: To find the Voltage Regulation of a Single-Phase Transformer

Equipment:
i. Ammeter
ii. Voltmeter
iii. Lamp Board
iv. AC Supply
v. Connecting wires

Pre-Lab Preparation:
Read the following topics of your textbook (Stephen J. Chapman)
Chapter 2, Article: 2.7

Theory:
Most loads connected to the secondary of a transformer are designed to operate at essentially
constant voltage. However, as the current is drawn from the transformer, the load terminal voltage
changes because of voltage drop in the internal impedance of the transformer. The load terminal
voltage may go up or down depending on the nature of the load. The voltage regulation is defined
as the change in magnitude of the secondary voltage as the load current changes from the no-load
to the loaded condition. The voltage regulation depends on the power factor of the load.

The voltage regulation of a transformer is defined as the variation of the secondary voltage between
no load and full load expressed as a percentage of the no load voltage, the primary voltage being
assumed constant i.e.,

Voltage Regulation = (No Load Voltage – Full Load Voltage) × 100%

No Load Voltage

Typical values of voltage regulation of transformers at 0.9 P.F. (lagging) are 3% in small
transformers and 1 – 1½ % in 50KVA or larger units. The variation of the secondary voltage
between no load and full load is due to the resistance and reactance of windings

32
Circuit Diagram:

Figure 1: Circuit diagram to determine Voltage Regulation

Procedure:

1. Make the connections as shown in Figure 1.

2. Get the connections checked before energizing the circuit.
3. Switch ON the AC supply to the primary side of the transformer while keeping the
secondary side unloaded.
4. With the secondary circuit open i.e., no-load, note down the secondary induced voltage as
‘ES’ from the voltmeter and record in the observation table.
5. Switch ON one bulb and take reading of the same voltmeter as VS.
6. Continue switching on the bulbs one by one and read the voltmeter readings as VS and
record in the observation table. Also note down the ammeter reading.
7. Calculate the percentage voltage regulations from the readings taken using equation 1.

E S - VS
%V .R = ´ 100 (1)
ES
8. Plot a graph between percentage voltage regulation “ V.R.” and load current ‘IL’.

33
Results:
Secondary Voltage at No-Load = ES = ________________ V
Table 1: Reference Table for measurements

Sr #. Load Current, IL (A) Secondary Voltage, VS (V) V.R. = (ES – VS)/ VS ×100%

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Questions:
1. Analyze what causes change in terminal voltage of transformer when load changes?
2. Discuss what is the significance of voltage regulation in transformers?

Learning outcomes:
Students will be able to efficiently assemble the setup to measure different performance
parameters of a single phase transformer with load variation and investigate their
correlation after completing this laboratory session.

34
Graph:
1. Draw the graph between load current and secondary voltage

35
Lab-9: To make Three-Phase connections using Three Single-Phase
Transformers

Pre-Lab Preparation:
Read the following topics of your textbook (Stephen J. Chapman)
Chapter 2, Article: 2.10

Theory:
For reasons of efficiency and economy in the use of copper, the generation, transmission, and
distribution of electric power takes place on a three-phase basis rather than single-phase. Three-
phase transformers are required to step-up or step-down voltages in the various stages of power
transmission. A three-phase transformer can be built in one of two ways: by suitably connecting a
bank of three identical single-phase transformers or by constructing a three-phase transformer on a
common magnetic core.

Any type of three-phase connection can be carried out on both sides of the transformer bank, such
as Y-Y, Y-∆, ∆-Y and ∆-∆. Each transformer carries one third of the three-phase load under
balanced conditions. The major benefit of using a Y-connected winding in a transformer is that it
provides a neutral point. Mainly, ∆-connected windings are used to suppress third harmonic
currents in transformers; a major disadvantage of a ∆-winding in a transformer is that both ends of
individual windings are connected to the lines. Consequently, both terminals of the winding may
experience over voltages that occur in the system. Therefore, ∆-windings need more expensive
insulation as compared to Y-windings. To maintain the same flux density in the core, the MMF
requirements for Y- and ∆-connected transformers must be equal. This requires the volt-per-turn
ratio to be held constant. Therefore, a ∆-connected transformer requires 3 times as many turns for
each of its phases as are needed for a Y-connected transformer.

Following are the four types of Transformer connections:

i. Star-Star
ii. Star-Delta
iii. Delta-Delta
iv. Delta-Star

36
Star Connection:
This connection form by joining similar ends of winding either starting or finishing.

Delta Connection:
This connection is formed by joining dissimilar ends. This is also known as “Mesh”.

Equations:
§ Star: VL=√3 ×VP , IL= IP , P=√3 ×VL×IL× Cosθ , P= 3× VP×IP× Cosθ

§ Delta: VL=VP , IL=√3× IP , P=√3× VL×IL×Cosθ , P= 3× VP×IP×Cosθ

Phase Voltage:
The voltage between line and neutral wire is called Phase Voltage.
Line Voltage:
The voltage between two line wires is called Phase Voltage.

Star-Star Connection: (Y-Y)

This connection is economical for small high voltage transformer (small transformer but
high voltage). This connection works satisfactorily if and only if the load is balanced. If the load is
un-balanced, then neutral point makes all three-phase voltage unequal.

The Y-Y connection, as shown in figure 1, is

very rare because it creates serious disturbances
in communication circuits in their immediate
vicinity (e.g. telephone interference). The
exciting current and induced third harmonic
voltages mainly cause these problems when the
neutral connection of the primary winding to the
source neutral is lost.

Figure 1: Star-Star Connection

37
Results:
Table 1. Reference Table for Measurements

Phase Primary Voltage (VL-L) Secondary Voltage (VL-L)

Advantages:
i. Allow 3-Phase four wires system to be used.
ii. Its insulation can withstand 1/√3 of line voltage

Star-Delta Connection: (Y-∆)

The wye-delta arrangement shown in figure 2. of single-phase transformers is often found

at the receiving end of a transmission line. The reason is that it provides a large step-down voltage
ratio from primary line voltage to secondary line voltage.

Figure 2: Star-Delta Connection

38
Results:
Table 2. Reference Table for Measurements

Phase Primary Voltage (VL-L) Secondary Voltage (VL-L)

Advantages:
i. The primary side is star connected. Hence fewer numbers of turns are required. This makes
the connection economical for large high voltage step down power transformers.
ii. The neutral available on the primary can be earthed to avoid distortion.

Delta-Delta Connection: (∆-∆)

When connecting three single transformers for three-phase operation, care must be taken
in order to ensure that the secondary terminals provide a balanced system of voltages. The primary
coils may be arbitrarily connected. The objective is to arrange the secondary coil connections so
that the line voltages will be balanced and no circulating current takes place in the secondary coils.

Figure 3: Delta-Delta Connection

39
Results:
Table 3. Reference Table for Measurements

Phase Primary Voltage (VL-L) Secondary Voltage (VL-L)

Advantages:
Ø Due to delta connection, phase voltage is same as line voltage hence winding have more
number of turns. But phase current is (1/√3) times the line current. Hence the cross-section
of the windings is very less. This makes the connection economical for low voltages
transformers.
Ø Due to closed delta, third harmonic voltages are absent. The absence of star or neutral point
proves to be advantageous in some cases.

Delta-Star Connection: (∆-Y)

The delta-wye arrangement shown in Fig 4. of
transformers is commonly found at the transmitting end of
transmission lines as well as at the distribution end. At the
transmitting end, the delta-wye connection offers the
advantage of an increased step-up ratio beyond that
associated with the individual transformers. At the
distribution end the inclusion of a neutral wire allows a
choice of two voltages for the customer's use.

Figure 4: Delta-Star Connection

40
Results:
Table 4. Reference Table for Measurements

Phase Primary Voltage (VL-L) Secondary Voltage (VL-L)

Advantages:

i. Used at three-phase four-wire System: On secondary side, neutral is available, due to

which it can be used for 3-phase, 4-wire supply system.
ii. No distortion of secondary voltage: No voltage distortion due to third harmonic
components.

Questions:
1. Argue what connection is used for distribution transformers?
2. Discuss what are the problems of Star-Star connection in 3-phase transformers? Also
specify their solutions.
3. Assess if there are any advantage of using Delta-Delta connection in 3-Phase
transformers?

Learning outcomes:
Students will be able to efficiently assemble the setup to measure different
parameters of three phase transformers in various configurations and investigate their
correlation after completing this laboratory session.

41
Lab-10: Open Circuit Test to Determine the Values of the Excitation
Branch of a Transformer

Equipment:
1. Voltmeter
2. Ammeter
3. Wattmeter
4. Connecting wires
5. Transformer
6. AC supply

Pre-Lab Preparation:
Read the following topics of your textbook (Stephen J. Chapman)
Chapter 2, Article: 2.5

Theory:
The open-circuit test gives information regarding the losses in the core, the parameters RC, Xm, and
the turn’s ratio. Rated voltage is applied at the terminals of one winding while the other winding
terminals are open-circuited. Voltage, current and power is measured. The current that flows in the
primary winding during this test is called the excitation current. The excitation current component
of the primary current is needed to produce the resultant mutual flux.

This current has two components:

i. The magnetizing current
ii. The core loss current.

The primary and secondary winding resistances are R1, R2. X1 and X2 are the leakage reactances of

the resistive windings to account for the magnetic flux, which does not couple all turns. RC and Xm
are the parameters related to core losses and the magnetizing impedance. The equivalent circuit is
shown in Fig 1.

Formulas:
GC= 1/RC; BM=1/XM; YE = GC - jBM = 1/RC - j/XM (A)
Find the magnitude of excitation admittance using open circuit current and voltage

42
 YE=IOC/VOC
And the Power factor
PF = cos θ = POC/(VOC× IOC)
θ = cos-1(P OC/VOC× IOC)
The power factor is always lagging for a real transformer so the admittance becomes
YE = IOC/VOCÐ -θ = IOC/VOCÐ -cos-1(PF) (B)
By comparing the equation ‘A’ and ‘B’ we determine the values of ‘RC’ and ‘XM’

Figure 1: Approximate Equivalent circuit of a transformer

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 2: Circuit Diagram for Open-circuit test

Procedure:
1. Make the connection according to the figure 2 and get them checked by the instructor.
2. Leave the secondary winding open circuited.
3. Apply the rated secondary voltage to the secondary winding.
4. Note the values of Voltage, Current, Power and Power Factor and determine the values of
‘RC’ and ‘XM’
43
Results:
Table 1. Reference Table for Measurements
No. of turns on clamp meter = turns = ____________

VOC I IOC = P POC = P.F. θ = Cos-1 (P.F.)

YE RC XM

Questions:
1. Argue which side of the transformer is kept open in this test and why?
2. Assess what is exciting current in transformers and discuss its importance?
3. Argue why the copper losses are ignored in this experiment?

Learning outcomes:
Students will be able to efficiently assemble the setup to measure different
performance parameters of a single phase transformer under no-load condition and
investigate their correlation after completing this laboratory session.

44
Graph:
i. Draw the graph between “θ” and “XM”.
ii. Draw the graph between “θ” and “YE”.

45
Lab-11: Short-Circuit Test to Measure the values of Series Branch of a
Transformer

Equipment:
1. Voltmeter
2. Ammeter
3. Wattmeter
4. Transformer
5. AC Voltage supply

Pre-Lab Preparation:
Read the following topics of your textbook (Stephen J. Chapman)
Chapter 2, Article: 2.5

Theory:
The short-circuit test is used to determine the total winding resistance and leakage inductance losses
in the windings at full-load current. In this test, one pair of terminals is short-circuited while the
voltage of the other winding is raised until full load current flows in the short-circuited, and the
voltage, current, and power input are recorded. The voltage, required for the full-load current in the
short-circuit test, is determined by the low impedance of the windings and should be equal to 5%
of the rated voltage of the winding to which it is applied. The equivalent circuit is shown in Fig 1.
Formulas:
Power factor : PF= Cos θ =PSC/VSC× ISC;

Therefore, ZSE = (VSC/ISC) Ð θ,

So, by converting into rectangular form: ZSE= Req+ jXeq

Figure 1: Approximate Equivalent circuit of a transformer

46
Circuit Diagram:

Figure: 2 Circuit Diagram for Short-Circuit Test

Procedure:
1. Make the connection according to the diagram figure 2 and get them checked by the
instructor.
2. Set AC voltage to zero before turning ON the AC supply.
3. Gradually increase the voltage from zero until rated secondary current flows through the
Ammeter connected on the secondary side of transformer.
4. Note down the values of Voltage, Current, Power and Power Factor.
5. Determine the values of ‘Req’ and ‘Xeq’.

Results:
Table 1. Reference Table for Measurements
No. of turns on clamp meter = turns = ____________

VSC I ISC = P PSC = P.F. θ = Cos-1 (P.F.)

ZSE Req Xeq

47
Precautions:
1. Primary AC voltage must be increased gradually from ‘Zero’ to prevent damage to
secondary winding of transformer.
2. Observe reading carefully and check for zero error of all the meters.

Questions:
1. Argue which side of the transformer is shorted in this test and why?
2. Argue why core losses are ignored in this test?

Learning outcomes:
Students will be able to efficiently assemble the setup to measure different
performance parameters of a single phase transformer under secondary winding in short
circuit condition and investigate their correlation after completing this laboratory session.

48
Graph:

i. Draw the graph between ‘θ’ and ‘ZSE’.

ii. Draw the graph between ‘θ’ and ‘XSE’.

49
Lab-12: Determination of the Open Circuit Magnetization Characteristics
of an Alternator

Equipment:
i. Alternator
ii. Ammeter
iii. Voltmeter
iv. Variable Resistance
v. D.C. Supply Source
vi. Connecting wires

Pre-Lab Preparation:
Read the following topics of your textbook (Stephen J. Chapman)
Chapter 4, Article: 4.3

Theory:
The open circuit characteristics (OCC), shown in fig 1, describes the relationship between the field
current and the rated voltage across the open-circuited terminals of the armature windings.
Laboratory data for this characteristic are obtained by driving the machine as a generator at rated
synchronous speed. When the armature and field currents are equal to zero, the power furnished by
the prime mover constitutes the mechanical losses of the machine at no-load.

Figure 1: A Typical Open Circuit Characteristic

50
Circuit Diagram:

Figure 2: Circuit Diagram for the Open-Circuit Magnetization Characteristics

Procedure:

1. Connect the alternator as generator as shown in figure 2. and run the prime mover it at
normal speed.
2. Note the line voltage with zero excitation.
3. Connect the field to DC voltage source through an ammeter and excite it.
4. Increase the excitation in steps and note voltage and current every time.
5. Tabulate the readings and draw the open circuit characteristics or no load magnetization
curve.

Results:
Motor Speed: _____________
Table 1. Reference Table for Measurements
Voltage (EA)
Exciting current (IF)

Precautions:
Ø Note the readings carefully every time when the exciting current is increased until the
rated value to avoid the effect of saturation.

Questions:
1. Argue why some voltage is observed in the absence of excitation?

51
Learning outcomes:
Students will be able to efficiently assemble the setup to measure different
performance parameters of alternator under no load condition and investigate their
correlation after completing this laboratory session.

52
Graph:
Draw the graph between Induced Voltage (EA) and Exciting Current (IF)

53
Lab-13: Short-Circuit Characteristics of an Alternator

Equipment:
i. Alternator
ii. Ammeter
iii. Voltmeter
iv. Rheostat
v. D.C. Supply Source
vi. Connecting wires

Pre-Lab Preparation:
Read the following topics of your textbook (Stephen J. Chapman)
Chapter 4, Article: 4.7

Theory:
The short circuit characteristic curve will be a straight line. This means that the alternator current
is directly proportional to the exciting current. In case of an ideal condition curve between armature
current, voltage and exciting current is given below in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Curve between armature current, voltage and exciting current

54
Circuit Diagram:

Figure 2: Circuit diagram for determining characteristics of an alternator

Procedure:
1. Connect the AC generator as shown in Fig 2.
2. Short circuit the armature circuit by connecting an ammeter across it.
3. Run the alternator at normal speed using a driving motor running at constant speed.
4. Apply low voltage DC Supply to the field ‘F’ for excitation.
5. Note the exciting current as well as the armature current.
6. Increase the exciting current gradually in steps until full load current passes through
the ammeter.
7. Note down the readings of exciting current and the armature current at each step.

Results:
Motor Speed: ____________
Table 1. Reference Table for Measurements

Armature current (IA)

Excitation current (IF)

Questions:
1. Assess if we can measure the Inducted EMF of alternator in this experiment? If NOT, why?

55
Learning outcomes:
Students will be able to efficiently assemble the setup to measure different performance
parameters of alternator under loaded condition and investigate their correlation after
completing this laboratory session.

Graph:
1. Plot the graph between Exciting Current (IF) and Armature Current (IA) to get short circuit
characteristics of alternator.

56
Lab-14: The Rotating Magnetic Field

Equipment/Software:
1. MatLAB Software

Pre-Lab Preparation:
Read the following topics of your textbook (Stephen J. Chapman)
Chapter 3, Article: 3.2

Theory:
As we know that if two magnetic fields are present in a machine then a torque will be created which
will tend to line up the two magnetic fields. The fundamental principle of AC machine operation is
that if a three-phase set of currents, each of equal magnitude and differing in phase by 120O flows
in a three-phase winding, then it will produce a rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude. The
net magnetic flux density produced by three-phase currents can be write as Bnet(t) = Baa(t) + Bbb(t)
+Bcc(t).
BM× sinωt Ð 0o+ BM× sin(ωt-120o) Ð 120o+ BM× sin (ωt-240o) Ð 240o. Now broke down the each of
the three component magnetic field into the x and y components.
é 3 ù é 3 ù
Bret (t ) = [ BM sin w t ] xˆ - [ 0.5 BM sin(wt - 120) ] xˆ + ê BM sin(w t - 120) ú yˆ - [ 0.5 BM sin(w t - 240) ] xˆ - ê BM sin(wt - 240) ú yˆ
ë 2 û ë 2 û

Combing the x and y components and by using the angle-addition trigonometric identities

Bret (t ) = (1.5BM sin wt ) xˆ - (1.5BM cos wt ) yˆ

Procedure:

MATLAB Routine that model the behavior of a rotating magnetic field in the three-phase
stator:

Bmax=1;
F=60;
W=2*pi*f;
T=[0:1/(60000):(1/f)];
Baa = sin(w*t).*(cos(0)+j*sin(0));
Bbb = sin(w*t-(2*pi/3)).*(cos(2*pi/3)+j*sin(2*pi/3));
Bcc = sin(w*t+(2*pi/3)).*(cos(-2*pi/3)+j*sin(-2*pi/3));
Bnet=Baa+Bbb+Bcc;
circle = 1.5*(cos(w*t)+j*sin(w*t));
forI = 1:length(t);
plot(circle,'k');
hold on;
plot([0 real(Baa(i))],[0 imag(Baa(i))],'r','LineWidth',2);
57
plot([0 real(Bbb(i))],[0 imag(Bbb(i))],'y','LineWidth',2);
plot([0 real(Bcc(i))],[0 imag(Bcc(i))],'b','LineWidth',2);
plot([0 real(Bnet(i))],[0 imag(Bnet(i))],'m','LineWidth',2);
axis square;
axis([-2 2 -2 2]);
drawnow;
hold off;
end

Results:
2

1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Figure 1: behavior of a rotating magnetic field in the three-phase stator

Question / Task:
1. Plot the magnitude and direction of Net Magnetic Field from all three coils added together if
the phase “A” is swapped with phase “B”.

2. Plot the magnitude and direction of Net Magnetic Field from all three coils added together if
the phase “C” is swapped with phase “B”.

3. Plot the magnitude and direction of Net Magnetic Field from all three coils added together if
the phase “A” is swapped with phase “C”.

Learning outcomes:
Students will be able to efficiently write a code in MATLAB to measure different
performance parameters of rotating magnetic field and investigate their correlation after
completing this laboratory session.

58
Open-Ended Lab # 1: Lab-15: Simulation of AC Power in AC Circuits

Objective:
The purpose of this experiment is to familiarize students with the workings of MatLAB Simulink
and its toolboxes associated with simulation of electrical systems & machines.

Introduction & Theory:

In AC circuits, there can be a phase difference between AC voltage and current supplied to the load.
The type of load, connected in an electrical circuit, effect the AC voltage, current and power factor.
The measurement of these power system’s parameters are required for monitoring & analysis of
power systems.

Pre – Lab Preparation:

Students must have an understanding of Simulink, its libraries especially
i. Commonly used blocks
ii. Sim-Scape
iii. Sim-Power Systems

Equipment/Software:
1. Matlab Simulink Software

Open-Ended Lab Task:

Use the knowledge of power in AC circuits to develop a MatLAB Simulink Model to
simulate any electrical circuits for various types of loads in a power system to monitor various
parameters like AC Voltage and Current, power factor, Active, Reactive and Apparent powers both
in numerical and graphical forms. Use mathematical equations to display the numerical forms &
Simulink modules to display both numerical and graphical forms. Make sure that your handpicked
design can be implemented within the lab time. Also, make sure that you only use basic MatLAB
Simulink modules to complete the task. The textbook and reference books can be consulted to
clarify and ambiguity

59
Question / Task:
1. Change the voltage magnitude and note the variation in active, reactive, apparent power
supplied to the load by voltage source for EACH type of load.

2. Change the impedance of the load and note the variation in active, reactive, apparent
power supplied to the load by voltage source for EACH type of load. Also note ant
changes in power factor.

Learning outcomes:
Students will be able to efficiently build a power system network in MATLAB to
measure different performance parameters of the network and investigate their correlation
after completing this laboratory session.

60
Open-Ended Lab # 2: Lab-16: Simulation of DC Shunt Motor

Objective:
The purpose of this experiment is to familiarize students with implementation of electrical
machines in MatLAB Simulink using relevant toolboxes for better understanding and analysis of
electrical machines.

Introduction & Theory:

Speed Control by changing the Field Resistance (RF):
If the field resistance increases, then the field current decreases (IF ↓= VT/RF↑) and as the field
current decreases the flux decreases as well. A decrease in flux causes an instantaneous decrease in
the internal generated voltage Ea↓=KØ ↓IA which causes a large increase in the machine’s
armature current since
IA ↑= (VT - EA↓)/RA
The induced torque in a motor is given by τind =k×Ø×IA the flux in this machine decreases while
the current IA increases which way does the induced torque change. So, the increase in current

predominates over the decrease in flux. So τind > τLoad and the motor speeds up.

Torque Vs. Armature Current (Ta-Ia):

In case of DC shunt motors, we can assume the field flux Φ to be constant. Though at heavy loads,
Φ decreases in a small amount due to increased armature reaction. But as we are neglecting the
change in the flux Φ, we can say that torque is proportional to armature current. Hence the Ta-Ia
characteristic for a dc shunt motor will be a straight line through origin. Since, heavy starting load
needs heavy starting current, shunt motor should never be started on a heavy load.

Speed Vs. Armature Current (N-Ia):

As flux Φ is assumed constant, we can say N α Eb. But, back EMF is also almost constant, the
speed remains constant. But practically, Φ as well as Eb decreases with increase in load. But the Eb
decreases slightly more than Φ, and hence the speed decreases slightly. Generally, the speed
decreases by 5 to 15% of full load speed only. And hence, a shunt motor can be assumed as a
constant speed motor.

61
Pre – Lab Preparation:
Students must have an understanding of Simulink, its libraries especially
i. Commonly used blocks
ii. Sim-Scape
iii. Sim-Power Systems

Equipment/Software:
1. Matlab Simulink Software

Open-Ended Lab Task:

Use the knowledge of design of DC Shunt motor to develop a MatLAB Simulink Model to
simulate a Shunt DC Motor. The model should have the feature of modifying the electrical input
and mechanical loads. Various parameters related to electrical input and mechanical load should be
displayed in both numerical and graphical forms using appropriate Simulink blocks. Make sure that
your handpicked design can be implemented within the lab time. Also, make sure that you only use
basic MatLAB Simulink modules to complete the task. The textbook and reference books can be
consulted to clarify and ambiguity

Learning outcomes:
Students will be able to efficiently build the DC shunt motor model on MATLAB to
measure different performance parameters and investigate their correlation after
completing this laboratory session.

Question / Task:
1. Make appropriate changes for speed control of DC shunt motor using Field
Resistance Control Method and note down the effect of those changes on electrical
and mechanical parameters.

2. Make appropriate changes for speed control of DC shunt motor using Armature
Voltage Control Method and note down the effect of those changes on electrical
and mechanical parameters.

62
 GENERALIZED LAB RUBRICS

Component with Above Meeting Approaching Below Weight / Score

Used
Taxonomy Expectation (4) Expectation (3) Expectation (2) Expectation (1) 100 (1–4)
Is able to build a Is able to assemble a Is only able to Is not able to
given setup neatly given setup using copy a given assemble a given
and timely using correct hardware setup using setup using
correct hardware components after correct hardware correct hardware
Building
components and / minor revisions components components ☐
(Hardware) – P4
or can reorganize /
adapt to new /
special
requirements
Recording Is able to record Is able to record Is only able to Is unable to
Measurements accurate accurate record accurate record accurate
☐
(Hardware / measurements all measurements most measurements on measurements
Software) – C3 the time of the time some occasions
Is able to Is able to Is not able to Is unable to
formulate/develop evaluate/conclude evaluate/conclude comprehend
theories in correctly about correctly about investigation
addition to investigation investigation parameters
Investigation
evaluating/conclu parameters by parameters by
(Hardware / ☐
ding correctly assessing data assessing data
Software) – C5
about
investigation
parameters by
assessing data
Design / Is able to design / Is able to design / Is able to Is unable to
Development of develop the develop the solution partially design / partially design /
Solution solution of a given of a given problem develop the develop the ☐
(Hardware / problem and add solution of a solution of a
Software) – C6 features to it given problem given problem
Is adept in the use Is able to use the Is able to use the Is unable to use
of software tool software tool software tool but the software tool
Software Usage
and can access effectively by cannot access all ☐
(Software) – C3
advanced features accessing all the the required
required features features
Is able to Is able to complete a Is able to Is unable to
efficiently given task using partially partially
complete a given required complete a given complete a given
task using programming task task
Programming advanced language constructs
Language programming / methods /
☐
(Software) – C3– language commands
C6 constructs /
methods /
commands and/or
add features to the
original task

Additional Comments (if any):

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