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Introduction To Non-Destructive Testing
Introduction To Non-Destructive Testing
Introduction To Non-Destructive Testing
NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
Examination of materials and components in
such a way that allows material to be
examinated without changing or destroying
their usefulness
NDT Methods
• Penetrant Inspection
• Magnetic Particle Inspection
• Eddy Current Inspection
• Ultrasonic Inspection
• Radiographic Inspection
4. Dimensional Measurements
Limitations
Detects only surface defects.
Cannot be used at places with bright exposure or no
light.
Equipment cannot be exposed to hazardous places.
Penetrant Inspection
Liquid Penetrant Inspection
A.K.A. Dye Penetrant Inspection (DPI)
Penetrant Flaw Detection (PFD)
Penetrant testing (PT)
• FLOURESENT PENETRANT
•DUAL PENETRANT
APPLICATION OF
PENETRANT
3. HAZARDOUS
3. CHEAPER
4. MOST SENSITIVE
WATER 1.IT IS A WHITE POWDER AND THEN MIXED
SUSPENDIBLE WITH WATER IN SUFFACTANT ADDED
2.NOT OFTEN BE USED
3.THE POWDER WILL DRAWS THE PENETRANT
OUT OF DEFECT WHEN THE WATER
EVAPORATES
4.USE AS IN CONCENTRATED IN COLOUR
CONTRAST PENETRANT, THINNER FORM IN
FLOURESENT
WATER 1.SOLUTION OF SALTS IN FORMS OF FINE
SOLUBLE GRANULES WHICH DISSOLVED IN WATER
2.SUITABLY FOR FLUORESCENT PENETRANT
Advantages of DPI
• VERY SENSITIVE
• CAN BE USED ON NON-FERROUS
METALS, SOME PLASTICS AND
GLASS
• SMALL OBJECTS WITH COMPLEX
GEOMETRY CAN BE INSPECTED
• NO NEED POWER SUPPLY
• NOT REQUIRED GREAT SKILLED
• CAN BE APPLIED IN BATCHES
Disadvantages of DPI
• DEFECTS OPEN TO THE SURFACE ONLY CAN BE
DETECTED
• MESSY
N S N S
N S
Magnetic Flux Leakage
• A saturation of flux is introduced
• Flux forced into air by reductions in thickness
N S
Magnetic Flux Leakage
• A saturation of flux is introduced
• Flux forced into air by reductions in thickness
• Magnetic flux detected by sensors
Sensor
N S
Magnetic Flux Leakage
Affected by
• Climatic conditions
• Cleanliness
• Surface condition
Limitations
• Coverage
• Qualitative not Quantitative
• Top side / Bottom side differentiation
• PRECLEANING
• MAGNETISATION
• APPLYING THE DETECTING MEDIA
• INSPECTION
• DEMAGNETISATION
• POST-TEST CLEANING
PRE-CLEANING
FIELD INDICATOR
KETOS RING
CENTRIFUGAL
TUBES
CONTROL CHECK
CHECK LIST DURATION REQUIREMENT
1.25-3.5% NON-FLOURESENT
DAILY
INK SETTELEMENT 0.1-0.3 % FLOURESENT
Screen
Depth
Metal
Depth
Defect Orientation
Angle Probes
Range
Range
Depth = Range x Cos (Probe angle)
Defect Orientation
1 2 3
Advantages
• Sensitive to cracks at various
orientations
• Portability
• Safety
• Able to penetrate thick sections
• Measures depth and through wall extent
Disadvantages
• No permanent record (unless automated)
• Not easily applied to complex geometries
and rough surfaces.
• Unsuited to course grained materials
• Requires highly skilled and experienced
technicians
Radiographic Inspection
• Electromagnetic radiation is imposed
upon a test object
• Radiation is transmitted to varying
degrees dependant upon the density of
the material through which it is travelling
• Variations in transmission detected by
photographic film or fluorescent screens
• Applicable to metals,non-metals and
composites
Radiographic Inspection
Radiation Source
Lower Higher
density density
Specimen
Film
Industrial
radiography Electric
Microwaves Waves
Ultra Infra red
violet TV
10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 1cm 102 104 106 108
Wavelength
Shorter Wavelength = Increased Energy
Shortening Wavelength
X-Ray Production
TUNGSTEN
C TARGET
U
R
R -ve +ve
E
N
T
FOCUSING CUP X-RAY
X-RAY PRODUCTION
• CATHODE • ANODE
1. PROCESS THAT MAKE THE 1. INCLINED TUNGSTEN TARGET
ELECTRON BOILS OUT FROM EMBEDDED IN A LARGE LUMP
THE HOT WIRE IS CALLED OF COPPER
THERMIONIC EMISSION
2. USED AS A TARGET FOR THE
2. IT IS CONTROLLED BY THE ELECTRON TO HIT,AND THE
MILIAMP CONTROL THAT IMPACT WILL PRODUCE X-RAYS
SUPPLY CURRENT TO THE AND HEAT.
CATHODE
3. VOLTAGE THAT SUPPLY TO THE
3. INCREASED THE CURRENT, WILL ANODE IS CONTROLED BY THE
INCREASED THE INTENSITY OF kV CONTROL.
THE ELECTRON STREAM AND
HENCE THE RADIATION 4. THE HIGHER THE VOLTAGE
ACROSS THE TUBE,THE HIGHER
THE VELOCITY OF THE
ELECTRONS AND THE
GREATER THE PENETRATING
POWER
X-Ray Production
Amperage
Increase Decrease
Increase Decrease
Contrast Definition
- LINE OF DEMARCATION
- COMPARISON
BETWEEN AREAS OF
BETWEEN FILM
DENSITIES DIFFERENT DENSITIES
Factors Influencing Sensitivity
Sensitivity
Contrast Definition
Contrast Definition
Contrast Definition
Contrast Definition
T = EF X D 2
I
T = EXPOSURE TIME,SEC
D = SOURCE TO FILM DISTANCE,IN
I = INTENSITY OF THE SOURCE,CURIE
EF = EXPOSURE FACTOR, REFER TO THE EXPOSURE CHART
ISOTOPE CAMERA
OR PROJECTOR
OPERATION OF A
TYPICAL ISOTOPE
CAMERA
SAFE DISTANCE
GIVEN BY THE FORMULA BELOW:
Panoramic
Radiographic Techniques
• Single Wall Single Image(SWSI)
• Double Wall Single Image(DWSI)
Radiographic Techniques
• Single Wall Single Image(SWSI)
• Double Wall Single Image(DWSI)
• Double Wall Double Image(DWDI)
OFFSET
OFFSET
RADIOGRAPHIC FILM
THREE LAYERS
•PROTECTIVE LAYER • SILVER BROMIDE WILL
EXPOSED AND TURN THE
LAYER OF GELATIN PROTECTS THE
FILM INTO BLACK
EMULSION LAYER FROM
SCRACTHES •THE IMAGE IS LATENT
EXPOSED AND NO VISIBLE CHANGE
•EMULSION LAYER
IN FILM WOULD BE
SUSPENDED IN IT THE SILVER NOTICEABLE UNTER
BROMIDE.. DEVELOPMENT
•TRANSPARENT POLYSESTER
BASE OF RADIOGRAPHY
DEVELOPER STOP BATH
ALKALINE BASED . ACIDIC BASED
20°C
-SWEELS THE EMULSION ,THUS •REMOVES ALL UNEXPOSED SILVER
ALLOWING THE DEVELOPING AGENT TO GRAINS
INTERACT WITH EXPOSED GRAINS •HARDENS THE EMULSION GELATIN
-CHANGED THE EXPOSED SILVERS SALT TWICE CLEARING TIME
TO BLACK METALLIC SILVER
5 TO 8 MINUTES 20°C
-ACIDIC BASED
WARM,FILTERED, REDUCES SURFACES
TENSION. -STOPS THE DEVELOPING
CIRCULATING AIR
ELIMINATES MOST ACTION AND NEUTRALIZE THE
DRIES THE FILM
WATER AND SPOTS ALKALINE DEVELOPER
30 TO 45 MIN
0.5 TO 1 MIN 1TO 2 MINUTES 20°C
Aircraft Inspection
Bridge Inspection
Aircraft Inspection
Bridge Inspection
Aircraft Inspection
Bridge Inspection
Aircraft Inspection
Bridge Inspection
Aircraft Inspection
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Aircraft Inspection
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Aircraft Inspection
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Aircraft Inspection
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Aircraft Inspection
Bridge Inspection