CAT993K Steering System

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993K Wheel Loader Steering System
Media Number -KENR5821-01 Publication Date -01/01/2009 Date Updated -08/01/2009
i03451398
Piston Pump (Steering)

SMCS - 4306-QP ; 5070-ZH
Illustration 1 g01690733
Large variable displacement piston pump and pump control valve
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Small variable displacement piston pump and pump control valve
(1) Drive shaft
(2) Pump
(3) Swashplate
(4) Retaining plate
(5) Pistons (nine)
(6) Cylinder barrel
(7) Spring
(8) Upstroke piston
(9) Pump control valve
(10) Inlet from tank
(11) Passages for the pump discharge pressure
(12) Flow compensator spool
(13) Orifice of the return for the tank
(14) Signal pressure port
(15) Springs
(16) Flow compensator valve
(17) Destroke piston
(18) Spring
(19) Outlet for the pump discharge pressure
(20) Tank return passage
(21) Pressure cutoff spool
(22) Passage to large actuator piston
(23) Pressure compensator
(24) Spring
(25) Pressure compensator valve
Location of components
(2) Steering pumps
(9) Pump control valves
The steering pumps are axial piston pumps. The output of pumps (2) is controlled by pump control valve (9) .
The compensator valve senses pressure requirements for the system and flow requirements for the system. The
pumps provide the high pressure oil for the steering system. The pumps also provide a backup source for pilot
oil. The pump is mounted to the pump drive housing.
While the engine is running, drive shaft (1) turns. The drive shaft causes cylinder barrel (6) to also turn. Nine
pistons (5) are held against swashplate (3) by retaining plate (4) . The swashplate does not rotate.
At the maximum swashplate angle, some of pistons (5) are pulled out of cylinder barrel (6) . At the same time,
some of pistons (5) are pushed into the cylinder barrel. The rotation of the cylinder barrel causes the pistons to
move in and out.
As a piston moves out of the barrel, the piston draws oil into the pump. When the piston moves back into the
barrel, the piston will force oil out of the pump.
The angle of swashplate (3) determines the amount of oil that is displaced by the pump for each revolution of the
drive shaft.
When the swashplate approaches a certain angle, oil is drawn into the pump and oil is forced out of the pump.
When the swashplate angle is zero, the pistons do not move in and out. Therefore, no oil is drawn into the pump
or out of the pump. In this condition, the pump is at zero displacement.
Since the pump is not discharging any oil, the pump is producing neither flow nor pressure. The pump is in the
neutral condition when the system pressure suddenly drops to zero. This causes the swashplate to move to the
zero angle position.
Pump control valve (9) keeps the pump pressure at a level that is needed in order to fulfill the needs of the
steering system. The pump control valve also keeps the flow at a similar level. The pump has a control
mechanism that contains two control pistons. The two pistons work together in order to adjust the angle of the
pump's swashplate.
Upstroke piston (8) causes swashplate (3) to upstroke the pump. Spring (7) combines with the pump discharge
pressure in order to move the swashplate to the maximum angle. This increases pump output.
Destroke piston (17) causes the swashplate to destroke the pump. Flow compensator spool (12) and/or pressure
cutoff spool (21) changes the pump displacement by regulating the amount of pump discharge pressure that is
acting on the destroke piston.
When the oil from the pump acts on the piston and on the spring, piston (17) overcomes the force of smaller
upstroke piston (8) and the force of spring (7) . Destroke piston (17) can now move to the left. The swashplate
will rotate clockwise when the piston moves to the left. This destrokes the pump.
Pressure cutoff spool (21) prevents overloads of the large pump and of the system. When the pressure of the
large pump output exceeds 31000 kPa (4500 psi), pressure cutoff spool (21) will override flow compensator
spool (12) and the output of the lower pump so that the system pressure is maintained at 31,000 kPa (4500 psi).
This takes place while the pump is destroked to a minimum swashplate angle.
Pressure cutoff spool (21) prevents overloads of the small pump and of the system. When the pressure of the
small steering pump output exceeds 25000 kPa (3626 psi), pressure cutoff spool (21) will override flow
compensator spool (12) .
Pump outlet pressure is maintained at 2100 ± 105 kPa (305 ± 15 psi) above the signal oil pressure by flow
compensator spool (12) . The pump flow depends on the external orifice that is located on the steering control
valve. The flow rate from the pump to the steering cylinders produces a pressure difference at the orifice. The
pressure difference is between the pump pressure and the load pressure. Flow control maintains a constant
pressure difference at the orifice. Therefore constant flow is maintained.
For this pump, the differential pressure setting is 2100 ± 100 kPa (305 ± 15 psi). The preset reference pressure
difference corresponds to the required flow rate. If the differential pressure rises to the preset pressure
difference, the swashplate swivels back to a smaller angle. If the differential pressure drops, the swashplate
swivels to a bigger angle until balance is restored within the valve.
Upstroking
Operation of steering pump and pump control valve (upstroking)
(2) Pumps
(3) Swashplate
(7) Spring
(8) Upstroke piston
(15) Springs
(18) Spring
(21) Pressure compensator spool
(24) Spring
(26) Hydraulic tank for the steering and brake system
(27) Return oil line
(28) Drain line to tank
(29) Chamber of the destroke piston
(30) Passage to destroke piston
(31) Connecting passage between the pressure valves and the flow valves
(32) Signal for the oil line of the steering control valve
(33) Pump for supply oil line
(34) Spring chamber of the upstroke piston
(35) Passage to pump control valve
(36) Passage to flow compensator spool
(37) Case drain line
(38) Passage
(39) Passage to pressure cutoff spool
(40) Passage to pressure cutoff valve
(41) Passage to upstroke piston
(42) Line to steering control valve
(43) Adjustable external orifice in the steering control valve
(A) Pressure oil
(B) Signal oil
(C) Return oil
When signal oil pressure combines with the force of springs (15) , flow compensator spool (12) moves
downward. Then, the flow compensator spool blocks the flow of pump oil through passage (35) .
While the flow compensator spool is lowered, the oil in the chamber of destroke piston (29) can flow into
passage (30) . The oil flows past the cavity of spring (24) , past flow compensator spool (12) , and through line
(27) . The oil then flows back to hydraulic tank (26) .
Oil from the steering pump flows through line (41) and into chamber (34) . The oil in the chamber of destroke
piston (29) is now vented. The combined force of spring (7) and of the pump oil in chamber (34) causes piston
(8) to move swashplate (3) toward the maximum angle.
When the force of pressure that is acting on spool (12) becomes greater than the force of springs (15) and of the
force of signal oil in the chamber of spring (15) , the compensator spool moves upward.
When the spool moves all the way to the top, the pump oil in passage (35) can flow past the spool, through
passage (31) , and then to the chamber for destroke piston (29) .
Destroke piston (17) is larger than upstroke piston (8) . Because of this difference in size, the force of oil
pressure that is acting against the destroke piston exerts a greater amount of force than the combined forces that
are acting against the upstroke piston.
The oil pressure that is acting against the destroke piston overcomes the force of spring (18) , and the combined
force of the oil and of the spring in chamber (34) . This causes destroke piston (17) to move downward.
As destroke piston (17) moves downward, swashplate (3) moves toward the minimum angle. This causes
destroking of the pump. As the angle of the swashplate moves toward the minimum angle, the pump output flow
decreases.
When the pump pressure decreases, the signal pressure oil in line (32) combines with the force of springs (15) .
This moves flow compensator spool (12) downward. This allows pump oil pressure in the chamber of the
destroke piston to vent to the tank. This causes the pump to upstroke again.
The continuous rise of the flow compensator spool and fall of the flow compensator spool will maintain the
pump pressure in passage (36) . The pressure in passage (36) should equal 2100 ± 105 kPa (305 ± 15 psi). This
pressure is greater than the signal pressure in the chamber of springs (15) . The force of springs (15) is equal to
2100 ± 105 kPa (305 ± 15 psi). This difference is called the margin pressure.
Destroking
Operation of steering pump and pump control valve (destroking)
(2) Pumps
(3) Swashplate
(7) Spring
(8) Upstroke piston
(15) Springs
(18) Spring
(21) Pressure compensator spool
(24) Spring
(26) Hydraulic tank for the steering and brake systems
(28) Drain line to the tank
(31) Connecting passage between the pressure valves and the flow valves
(33) Pump for the supply oil line
(38) Passage
(43) Adjustable external orifice in the steering control valve
(A) Pressure oil
(B) Signal oil
(C) Return oil
Destroking occurs when the differential pressure across the orifice reaches the margin pressure setting. While the
steering control valve is in the NEUTRAL position, destroking occurs when the signal oil pressure through line
(32) decreases.
When the pump oil pressure in passage (36) is greater than the force of signal oil pressure and of springs (15) ,
flow compensator spool (12) will move upward and oil pressure in passage (35) flows past spool (12) . The oil
then flows through passages (30) and (31) . The oil then flows into the chamber of destroke piston (29) .
Destroke piston (17) is larger than upstroke piston (8) . Because of this difference in size, the oil pressure that is
acting against the destroke piston exerts a greater amount of force than the combined forces that are acting
against the upstroke piston.
The oil pressure that is acting against the destroke piston overcomes the force of spring (18) and the combined
force of the oil and of the spring in chamber (34) . This causes destroke piston (17) to move downward.
As destroke piston (17) moves downward, swashplate (3) moves toward the minimum angle. This causes the
pump to destroke. As the angle of the swashplate moves toward the minimum angle, the pump output flow
decreases.
High Pressure Stall
Operation of the steering pump and pump control valve (high pressure stall)
(2) Pump
(3) Swashplate
(7) Spring
(8) Upstroke piston
(15) Springs
(18) Spring
(21) Pressure cutoff spool
(24) Spring
(26) Hydraulic tank for the steering and brake systems
(28) Drain line to tank
(31) Connecting passage between the pressure and the flow valves
(33) Pump for the supply oil
(38) Passage
(A) Pressure oil
(B) Signal oil
(C) Return oil
When the hydraulic system stalls under a load in the steering circuit, the oil pressure increases. A stall occurs
when pump oil pressure reaches 31000 kPa (4500 psi).
As the pump oil pressure in passage (39) reaches 31000 kPa (4500 psi), the pressure overcomes the force of
spring (24) . This causes pressure cutoff spool (21) to move upward.
As the spool moves upward, the spool allows the pump oil to flow through passage (40) , past the spool, through
passage (30) , and into the chamber for the destroke piston (29) . The oil in chamber (29) overcomes the force of
spring (18) . This causes destroke piston (17) to move downward.
As the piston moves downward, the piston moves swashplate (3) . The swashplate moves toward the destroked
position to a point when the pump output flow is enough to compensate for system leakage and when the pump
output flow is enough to maintain the system pressure at 31000 kPa (4500 psi).
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If the steering system remains in a stall condition, the pump output is not enough to maintain the system pressure
and the pump output is not enough to compensate for system leakage. When the load that is causing the stall is
removed, the pressure decreases below 31000 kPa (4500 psi). The force of spring (24) moves pressure cutoff
spool (21) downward.
When the pressure cutoff spool moves downward, the pressure cutoff spool blocks the flow of oil to destroke
piston (17) . As the pump pressure decreases, the pressure cutoff spool moves downward. This causes the
pressure cutoff spool to open piston chamber (29) . The oil then flows to passage (31) and to flow compensator
spool (12) .
As system pressure reaches margin pressure or low pressure standby, and if there is no signal oil pressure, the
flow compensator spool moves to the METERING position. The swashplate will maintain a slight angle that
sufficiently compensates for system leakage. The swashplate will also maintain the lower pressure requirement.
Copyright 1993 - 2019 Caterpillar Inc. Wed Jun 19 2019 14:02:10 GMT-0500 (hora estándar de Colombia)
All Rights Reserved.
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19/6/2019 Advanced Full Text Search - KENR5821 - 993K Wheel Loader Steering System

Piston Pump (Steering)

(1) Drive shaft

(4) Retaining plate

(5) Pistons (nine)

(6) Cylinder barrel

(8) Upstroke piston

(9) Pump control valve

(10) Inlet from tank

(11) Passages for the pump discharge pressure

(12) Flow compensator spool

(13) Orifice of the return for the tank

(14) Signal pressure port

(16) Flow compensator valve

(17) Destroke piston

(19) Outlet for the pump discharge pressure

(20) Tank return passage

(21) Pressure cutoff spool

(22) Passage to large actuator piston

(23) Pressure compensator

(25) Pressure compensator valve

(2) Steering pumps

(9) Pump control valves

(8) Upstroke piston

(9) Pump control valve

(12) Flow compensator spool

(17) Destroke piston

(19) Outlet for the pump discharge pressure

(21) Pressure compensator spool

(26) Hydraulic tank for the steering and brake system

(28) Drain line to tank

(29) Chamber of the destroke piston

(30) Passage to destroke piston

(33) Pump for supply oil line

(34) Spring chamber of the upstroke piston

(35) Passage to pump control valve

(36) Passage to flow compensator spool

(37) Case drain line

(39) Passage to pressure cutoff spool

(40) Passage to pressure cutoff valve

(41) Passage to upstroke piston

(42) Line to steering control valve

(43) Adjustable external orifice in the steering control valve

(A) Pressure oil

(B) Signal oil

(C) Return oil

(8) Upstroke piston

(9) Pump control valve

(12) Flow compensator spool

(17) Destroke piston

(19) Outlet for the pump discharge pressure

(21) Pressure compensator spool

(26) Hydraulic tank for the steering and brake systems

(27) Return oil line

(28) Drain line to the tank

(29) Chamber of the destroke piston

(30) Passage to destroke piston

(33) Pump for the supply oil line

(34) Spring chamber of the upstroke piston

(35) Passage to pump control valve

(36) Passage to flow compensator spool

(37) Case drain line

(39) Passage to pressure cutoff spool

(40) Passage to pressure cutoff valve