NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 7 (1968) 334-344. NORTH-HOLLAND PUBLISHING COMP.

, AMSTERDAM

ULTIMATE STRENGTH ANALYSIS

OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PRESSURE VESSELS
Y. R. R A S H I D
Gulf General A t o m i c Incorporated, San Diego, California, USA

Received 19 March 1968

A method of analysis of p r e s t r e s s e d concrete p r e s s u r e v e s s e l s subjected to p r e s s u r e overload is p r e -

sented. The method is based on the finite element variational procedure.
A c r a c k i n g c r i t e r i o n for concrete is d i s c u s s e d in detail. The steel e l e m e n t s a r e a s s u m e d to be e l a s t i c /
perfectly plastic. Von-Mises yield c r i t e r i o n and P r a n d t l - R e u s s flow equations define the behavior of the
l i n e r in the range of plastic deformations.
The constitutive and equilibrium equations of the t h r e e types of e l e m e n t s utilized in the s t r u c t u r e ,
namely, concrete, uniaxial steel and liner elements, a r e derived. These equations a r e valid throughout
the entire range of deformations. The case considered is one which involves two-dimensional (axisym-
m e t r i c and plane) states of s t r e s s only. A s t e p - b y - s t e p solution procedure, by which the p r e s s u r e is ap-
plied incrementally, is adopted. The utility of the method is d e m o n s t r a t e d by an example: and a limited
e x p e r i m e n t a l c o r r e l a t i o n is given.

1. I N T R O D U C T I O N Concrete cracking criterion, liner plasticity

It i s w e l l k n o w n t h a t c o n c r e t e c r a c k s a t a t e n -
s i l e s t r e s s l e v e l of a b o u t t e n p e r c e n t of i t s u l t i -
mate compressive strength. This troublesome
property, which has so conveniently been circum-
vented through reinforcement and prestressing,
p l a y s a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e in t h e u l t i m a t e s t r e n g t h
a n a l y s i s of p r e s t r e s s e d c o n c r e t e r e a c t o r v e s s e l s
(PCRVs). The analysis presented here will show
t h a t ' f a i l u r e ' c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e s s e s , if t h e y d e -
velop at all in a PCRV under pressure overload,
a r e of l i m i t e d e x t e n t a n d c a n b e i g n o r e d . C o n s e -
quently, limit analysis methods based on the com-
pressive block concept, which have served us so
w e l l in t h e u l t i m a t e s t r e n g t h a n a l y s i s of b e a m -
t y p e s t r u c t u r e s , a r e of q u e s t i o n a b l e v a l i d i t y w h e n
a p p l i e d to P C R V s .
In c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e u l t i m a t e s t r e n g t h a n a -
l y s i s of P C R V s , o n e r e q u i r e s f u l l k n o w l e d g e of
the material failure characteristics under multi-
a x i a l s t r e s s s t a t e s . Of p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t i n t h i s
a n a l y s i s i s t h a t p a r t of t h e f a i l u r e s u r f a c e on
which each point has at least one positive coordi-
n a t e . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e a r t of m a t e r i a l c h a r a c -
t e r i z a t i o n of c o n c r e t e a t f a i l u r e , e s p e c i a l l y in
t h a t r e g i o n of t h e f a i l u r e s u r f a c e , i s n o t s u f f i -
ciently developed. However, based on existing
d a t a , a r e a s o n a b l e a p p r o x i m a t i o n of t h e f a i l u r e
surface under isothermal conditions can be made
for present purposes.
and yield criterion will be discussed in detail.
T h e p l a s t i c i t y of t h e u n i a x i a l s t e e l m e m b e r s ,
namely, bonded reinforcement and prestressing
cables, is elementary and will not be given
special consideration.
The stress-strain relations for the concrete
a n d l i n e r , v a l i d t h r o u g h o u t t h e e n t i r e r a n g e of
deformations, are derived. These equations are
t h e n u s e d to d e r i v e t h e e q u i l i b r i u m e q u a t i o n s of
the individual elements through the mechanism
of t h e v i r t u a l w o r k p r i n c i p l e . An i n c r e m e n t a l s o -
l u t i o n t e c h n i q u e in w h i c h t h e p r e s s u r e i s i n -
creased linearly within each step is adopted. The
equilibrium equations are solved in each incre-
m e n t by t h e o v e r - r e l a x a t i o n i t e r a t i v e m e t h o d
( s e e r e f . [1]). E x a m p l e a n a l y s e s a n d c o r r e l a t i o n
with experiment are presented.
2. C O N C R E T E C R A C K I N G C R I T E R I O N
In d i s c u s s i n g c o n c r e t e c r a c k i n g w h e n a m u l t i -
axial stress state exists, one is actually referring
to t h a t p a r t of t h e s t r e s s f a i l u r e s u r f a c e o n w h i c h
each point has at least one positive coordinate
( s e e fig. 1). T h e t a n g e n t a t a n y p o i n t o n t h e s u r -
f a c e d e t e r m i n e s t h e s u r f a c e of t h e c r a c k f o r t h e
s t r e s s s t a t e d e f i n e d by t h e c o o r d i n a t e s of t h a t
point.
E x i s t e n c e of t h e f a i l u r e s u r f a c e s h o w n in fig. 1
 ANALYSIS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PRESSURE VESSELS
cr t
Fig. 1. Failure surface of concrete.
i m p l i e s i s o t r o p i c b e h a v i o r f o r all s t r e s s s t a t e s
within the r e g i o n e n c l o s e d by the f a i l u r e s u r f a c e .
Unlike p e r f e c t l y pla,~tic y ie ld s u r f a c e s , which
c h a r a c t e r i z e a cl as s of d u c ti le m a t e r i a l s (the
l i n e r for e x a m p l e ) , this f a i l u r e s u r f a c e is not
r e p r o d u c i b l e upon r e l o a d i n g following unloading
f r o m a f a i l u r e s t r e s s state. In o th e r w o r d s , once
a f a i l u r e s t r e s s s t at e is r e a c h e d along a v i r g i n
path the f a i l u r e s u r f a c e i m m e d i a t e l y c o l l a p s e s to
a low er s u r f a c e of the type shown in fig. 2. Col-
l a pse of the t e n s i o n - c o m p r e s s i o n r e g i o n s con-
tinues until the f a i l u r e s u r f a c e is bounded by the
z e r o p r i n c i p a l stres~s planes.
The f a i l u r e s u r f a c e of c o n c r e t e is, in g e n e r a l ,
t i m e and t e m p e r a t u r e dependent. H o w e v e r , for
o-F
% /j
J
f
J
Fig. 2. Collapsed failure surface of concrete,
335
lack of e x p e r i m e n t a l data, it is not p o s s i b l e to
take t h ese two v a r i a b l e s , n a m e l y t i m e and t e m -
p e r a t u r e , into account at this time. In fact, s u f -
f i ci en t data to define a s h o r t - t i m e c r a c k i n g c r i -
t e r i o n hardly exist.
In view of the t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l n a t u r e of the
a n a l y s i s p r e s e n t e d h e r e a f a i l u r e s u r f a c e of the
g e n e r a l shape shown in fig. 1 cannot be a c c o m -
modated. This is due to the fact that the f a i l u r e
s u r f a c e tangent and consequently the c r a c k s u r -
face, a r e of g e n e r a l t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l o r i e n t a -
tion. In a x i s y m m e t r i c a n a l y s i s , h o w e v e r , c r a c k s
can e x i s t only in t w o - d i r e c t i o n s : in a plane p a r a l -
lel to and containing the axis of s y m m e t r y , and in
closed conical s u r f a c e s . The a x i s y m m e t r i c s t r e s s
f a i l u r e s u r f a c e , t h e r e f o r e , takes on the shape
shown in fig. 3. In this f i g u r e , cr3 is in the hoop
d i r e c t i o n and ~1 and cr2 a r e . i n t h e r z plane. In
the a n a l y s i s that follows the d y n a m i c s of the
c r a c k is ignored. F u r t h e r m o r e , the m a t e r i a l is
a s s u m e d to r e m a i n e l a s t i c for any s t r e s s st at e
below the c r a c k i n g strength.
3. STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS FOR CRACKED
E LEMENT
C o n s i d e r an e l e m e n t , shown in fig. 4, c r a c k e d
in the r z plane at an angle a with the h o r i z o n t a l
axis. For open, i.e. s t r e s s f r e e , c r a c k , the r z
a x e s m u s t be p r i n c i p a l ax es. B e f o r e we d i s c u s s
the s t r e s s st at e of the c r a c k e d e l e m e n t we con-
s i d e r the r e l a t i o n s h i p s between the p r i n c i p a l
s t r e s s e s and s t r a i n s and the c o o r d i n a t e s t r e s s e s
and s t r a i n s . Specifically we w r i t e
f \~ • ~
fJ
j j 7/
Fig. 3. Failure surface of concrete for axisymmetric
stresses.
336 Y.R. RASHID

C o n s e r v a t i o n of energy gives

cT~ = ~T~ = (TRT~R E : ETH~. (6)

where RT is the t r a n s p o s e of R, etc. F r o m (6),

H = R T/~R . (7)

The m a t r i c e s of e l a s t i c coefficients, namely H

and H, a r e not r e s t r i c t e d to the i s o t r o p i c case
but, for the p u r p o s e of this a n a l y s i s , involve the
orthotropic constants. The axes of orthotropy
a r e r , z and 8.
At this point we propose to t r e a t the influence
of a crack on a continuous e l e m e n t as a m e c h a -
n i s m that changes the e l e m e n t ' s behavior from
i s o t r o p i c to orthotropic. In this new state the
e l e m e n t will have no stiffness in a d i r e c t i o n n o r -
mal to the c r a c k surface. This simply m e a n s
that the m a t e r i a l constants in the s t r e s s - s t r a i n
~r r e l a t i o n s , which a r e in t h e m s e l v e s stiffness co-
efficients, a r e identically zero in the d i r e c t i o n
of the n o r m a l to the crack.
Fig. 4. Cracked element. On this b a s i s , the s t r e s s - s t r a i n r e l a t i o n s for
a cracked e l e m e n t can be conveniently defined.

11131c°s2osin2 ° sn21 t
q2 = sin2a cos2a 0 -sin2 azz , (la)
Consider the piecewise continuous function g(t)
shown in fig. 5. T h i s function has a value of unity
in the i n t e r v a l s
0 1 0 ~aO0~ to~ t < ti, i=1,2,3
/ |

and zero otherwise. E x p r e s s i n g g(t) in t e r m s of

and the unit step function h(t), we obtain

lell coi2a sin2a 0 ½sin2a ezz

e2
e3
=

isi 2a cos2a
0
0
1
~½sin2a
0 -r°°tlerzl
, (Ib)

t
where a l , e l etc. a r e p r i n c i p a l quantities. W r i t - tO
ing eqs. (la) and (lb) s y m b o l i c a l l y *,
e(t)
ff = P a , (2)
and
~-= R e . (3) I t
to tl
The e l a s t i c s t r e s s - s t r a i n r e l a t i o n s in the two co-
ordinate s y s t e m s a r e
cr = He (4)
g(t) T.
and
= He ; (5)
I t
to tl
Unless needed for clarity, the use of brackets to iden-
tify matrices will be dispensed with. Fig. 5. Element cracking history.
 ANALYSIS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PRESSURE VESSELS 337

The t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s P and R of eqs. (3) and (4)

g(t) = h(t) - eCt), ca)
r e s p e c t i v e l y a r e defined at c u r r e n t time. Let the
where s t r a i n and s t r e s s i n c r e m e n t s be known for a l l
i n t e r v a l s of t i m e 0 < T --< I. If the e l e m e n t c r a c k s
e(t) = h ( t - ti) , i = 1,2, 3 , (9)
at ti, this cracking state i n f l u e n c e s future events
and in two ways: f i r s t , through the e l e m e n t stiffness
and secondly, by modifying the s t r e s s e s which
l lfort>0 llfort>ti existed just p r i o r to c r a c k i n g to r e f l e c t the p r e s -
It(t) = ; h ( t - li) = (10)
ence of the crack. The newly d e r i v e d s t r e s s -
0fort< 0 0fort<t i .
s t r a i n r e l a t i o n s will account for both p r o b l e m s .
The s y m b o l i c function g(t) is then used to d e s c r i b e This is done by modifying the m a t r i x of m a t e -
the h i s t o r y of the crack, n a m e l y , f o r g ( t ) = 1 the r i a l coefficients, H, for all e l e m e n t s of t i m e
e l e m e n t is continuous and when g(t) = 0 the e l e - 0 < T<t
m e n t is cracked. It is a s s u m e d , since the p r e s -
g ( t , T) = [R(t)]T[H(T~][R(t)] . (17)
s u r e i n c r e a s e s monotonically, that the cracks
r e m a i n open. The p r i n c i p a l orthotropic coefficients Substituting eq. (12) in eq. (17), we obtain
hij' a s p i e c e - w i s e continuous functions of t i m e ,
H(t, T) = [H(O)]h(t) - N(i, T) = H o - N(t, T) , (18)
a r e given by
(1 - v ) E o where H o is the m a t r i x of coefficients of the con-
hii(t) = (1 + u - ~ Z 2u) [h(t) - ei(t)ei(t) ] , i = 1,2,3 ; tinuous s t r e s s s t r a i n r e l a t i o n s , and
(11) N(t, T) = [R(t)]T[E(T)I[H(O)][E(';)][R(t)] . (19)

PE O i,j = 1,2,3 Substituting (18) in (16) gives

hij (t) = (1 + v)(1 - 2v) [h(t) - ei(t)ej(t) ] , t
iCj .
a(t) =HoE(t ) - f N ( t , z ) de(~') dT"
dT
(20)
o
Where el(t), e2(t) alld e3(t) a r e independent time
functions of the g e n e r a l form (9), E o and r a r e The e l e m e n t s of N(t, r) contain j u m p s at l l , t 2 and
Young's modulus and p o i s s o n ' s ratio, r e s p e c t i v e - t3, the t i m e s at which c r a c k s in the t h r e e p r i n c i -
ly. Eq. (11) can be w r i t t e n in m a t r i x form a s pal d i r e c t i o n s initiated. I n t e g r a t i n g eq. (20) by
follows parts,
t
[H(t)] = [ff-/(0)]h(t) - [E(t)][H(O)][E(t)] , (12)
a(t) = [Yo - N ( t , t ) ] E ( t ) + f ~-%-[N(t,l")]c(~-)dT.
o (21)
where

[if(0)] - (1 + v)(1 -- 2v)

v
]
1-v
(13)
The d e r i v a t i v e of N(t, T) involves d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n
of the Heaviside step function h(t - t i ) , i = 1, 2, 3.
This d e r i v a t i v e v a n i s h e s at all points except at
t l , t 2 and t 3 where we have d e l t a - f u n c t i o n c o n t r i -
butions whose m a g n i t u d e s a r e equal to the v a l u e s
and of the j u m p s in N(t, T). Explicitly,

tel(t, o Ool ON(t,T) _ ~

OT
3
N(t, ti) 5 ( t - ti) (22)
E(t) = [ 00 e2(t)0 e3(t) . (14) i=1
where 5(t - ti) is the D i r a c d e l t a - f u n c t i o n defined
The i n c r e m e n t a l s t r e s s - s t r a i n r e l a t i o n s a r e given as follows
by
~ at t = ti
cl~ = t/(t) dE .
Dividing this equation by dt and i n t e g r a t i n g s u b j e c t
(15)
5(t-ti) = t 0 at t Ct.
Z
to quiescent i n i t i a l conditions y i e l d s such that (23)

O
t
~(t) = f ~ ) - w -
dg(~-)
dr. (16) •-00
f ( t ) 5 ( t - t i) dt = f ( t i )
338 Y.R. RASHID
Substituting eq. (22) into eq. (21) and making u s e
of (23)
3
~(t) = [Ho - N(t, t)]e(t) + ~ N(ti, ti)e(t i) . (24)
i=1
This equation constitutes the s t r e s s - s t r a i n r e l a -
tions for an e l e m e n t with a crack h i s t o r y given
by eq. ca).
4. LINER ELEMENT
The steel l i n e r is t r e a t e d as a m e m b r a n e shell,
idealized as an a s s e m b l y of t r u n c a t e d conical
m e m b r a n e e l e m e n t s . The e l a s t i c s t r e s s - s t r a i n
and d i s p l a c e m e n t r e l a t i o n s a r e shown in a table
in ref. [2].
The l i n e r m a t e r i a l is a s s u m e d to be e l a s t i c /
perfectly plastic. For such m a t e r i a l s the uniaxial
s t r e s s - s t r a i n curve is of the f o r m shown in fig. 6.
4.1. Yield criterion and flow rule
Using the V o n - M i s e s yield c r i t e r i o n , we w r i t e
(a 2 -Crl)2+ ~lCr2 = cr2 , (25)
where a l and ~2 a r e the m e r i d i o n a l and hoop
s t r e s s e s r e s p e c t i v e l y ; they a r e also the p r i n c i p a l
s t r e s s e s in the l i n e r e l e m e n t cr is a constant.
• O
Differentiating (25) with r e s p e c t to time gives
dcr1 2~ 2 - (r1 dcr2
- (26)
dt 2Crl - (~2 dt
Before c o n s i d e r i n g the flow r u l e of the m a t e r i a l ,
the state of i n t e r a c t i o n of the l i n e r with the r e s t
of the s t r u c t u r e is f i r s t examined.
The l i n e r is attached to the concrete that s u r -
rounds it and d e f o r m s with it. The a s s u m p t i o n of
m e m b r a n e action p r o h i b i t s the e x i s t e n c e of free
d e f o r m a t i o n of the l i n e r independently of the con-
crete. T h e r e f o r e , when the l i n e r e l e m e n t u n d e r -
goes p l a s t i c d e f o r m a t i o n s the m a t e r i a l flows in a
c o n s t r a i n e d m a n n e r . We c h a r a c t e r i z e , then, the
p l a s t i c i t y of the l i n e r to be that of c o n s t r a i n e d
ideal plasticity. This is to be d i s t i n g u i s h e d from
the case of u n r e s t r i c t e d p l a s t i c i t y in which the
m a t e r i a l flows freely. The d i f f e r e n c e between the
two c a s e s may be v i s u a l i z e d a s follows: If a point
on the yield s u r f a c e r e m a i n s fixed (i.e. s t r e s s e s
do not change) for all subsequent d e f o r m a t i o n s
then the flow is u n r e s t r i c t e d • On the other hand,
if the point moves continuously on the s u r f a c e of
yielding (i.e. s t r e s s e s change in a r e s t r i c t e d
m a n n e r ) , then the flow is c o n s t r a i n e d . We deal
/
f
w
Fig. 6. Elastic/perfectly plastic stress-strain curve.
here with the l a t t e r case. This p r o b l e m was con-
s i d e r e d by P r a n d t l and R e u s s and we use the
P r a n d t l - R e u s s flow equations to d e s c r i b e the b e -
havior of the m a t e r i a l in the ideally p l a s t i c r e -
gime. Define the e l a s t i c s t r a i n v e c t o r e e =(E~, e2),
e
the p l a s t i c s t r a i n vector eP = ¢eP1' eP~
2"' and the to-
tal s t r a i n s • = (e 1, e2),
e =ee+e p. (27)
Consider an i n f i n i t e s i m a l change in e, then from
(27) we have
de de e de p
dt - dt + ~ " (28)
But from the e l a s t i c s t r e s s - s t r a i n r e l a t i o n s ,
{de e = 1 -u
and from the P r a n d t l - R e u s s flow equations,
l'~tPl I 1 -½] I ~ 1 .
= ~ (30)
-½ 1
In eq. (30) the p l a s t i c volume change is a s s u m e d
to be zero; ~b is a constant of p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y .
In the above equations, the unknowns a r e
d e l / d t , d • 2 / d t , d(rl/dt , d(~2/dt and q~. They a r e
not, however, independent quantities. Eq. (26)
p r o v i d e s one c o n s t r a i n t r e l a t i o n on d a l / d t and
d(~2 ~dr, and eq. (30) p r o v i d e s a n o t h e r c o n s t r a i n t
on d e l P / d t , de2P/dt and ~. T h e r e f o r e , we only
have three independent unknowns out of the five
u n d e t e r m i n e d quantities. We can t e m p o r a r i l y
choose d e l / d t and dcr2/dt and ~b as the i n d e p e n -
dent unknowns; the other two quantities, n a m e l y
de2/dt and d a l / d t , a r e d e t e r m i n e d from the con-
 ANALYSIS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PRESSURE VESSELS 339

s t r a i n t equations. We f i r s t e l i m i n a t e ¢ from (30) where C, Z and U a r e defined by eqs. (29), (33)

and obtain and (34). Solving for dw/dt from eq. (38), we ob-
tain
dEp 2(~2-~ 1 de p
dt - 2 a 1 - a 2 dt (31) dw [CU+ _.-1 de
d--t = ZJ -~. (39)

Substituting eq. (37) into eq. (39) yields

4.2. Stress-strain relations
Define a vector w = (Wl,W2) such that dg -1 dE
d--/- = iV] [CU+ Z] d--i-" (40)

dw 1 , . de p ,
This equation is valid only within the p l a s t i c
r a n g e of the deformation. For what follows, it
(32)
is m o r e convenient to r e w r i t e eq. (41) in a form
-- !d 2 1 that is valid throughout the range of d e f o r m a t i o n
of the m a t e r i a l . Consider an e l e m e n t which under-
dl dt
goes p l a s t i c d e f o r m a t i o n at time t 1.
Relating all other unknown quantities to w, we This d e f o r m a t i o n history can be d e s c r i b e d , in
have much the same way as concrete c r a c k i n g was,
through the use of the time function g(t) defined
dE~ by eq. (8). We define the m a t r i x function N(t) as

dE~
i (33)
iN(t)] : e(t)(Ho - [V][CV+ z]-l) ,
where Ho = C -1. Explicitly, N(t) is
(41)

d(~2 I
dt e(t)E o
~t) :

and (~2+2u~+ 1)(1 - u2)

(42)
de p ×I (1+x.)2 (l+X.)(x+.)],
, (34) (1 + ~,)(~ + ,) (~ + ,)2 ]
da 2 d~ 2 where E o is Young's modulus. Note that N(t) is
s i n g u l a r for all v a l u e s of ~, which is an expected
r e s u l t . Substituting eq. (41) into eq. (40) gives
where
2~2 - ~1 dff d• d•
d-/ = Hod--/ - N(t) ~-~ . (43)
~ - - - (35)
2 a l - ~2
I n t e g r a t i n g eq. (43) subject to quiescent i n i t i a l
The second of equations (33) is a consequence of conditions, we obtain
the flow r u l e (31), and the f i r s t of equations (34) t de(T)
is a consequence of the yield r e l a t i o n (26)• Eqs. ~(t) = Hoe(t) - f N(v) - ~ - - d T . (44)
(33) and (34) state that if d e l P / d t and d a 2 / d t a r e O
known, dE2P/dt and d(~l/dt c-an be d e t e r m i n e d Integrating eq. (44) by p a r t s ,
r e s p e c t i v e l y . W r i t i n g (33) and (34) s y m b o l i c a l l y , t
d Ep dw
-d-T = Z d--/- ' (36)
or(t) = [Ho - N(t)] • (t) + f dN(~) E(~) d r
-hT--
(45)
O

In the above equation, it is a s s u m e d that the t r a n -

d~ dw
- U (37) sition from the e l a s t i c to the p l a s t i c r e g i m e oc-
dt dt
c u r s smoothly. In other words, N(t) is continuous
Combining eqs. (28), (29), (36) and (37) gives and has piecewise continuous derivative• Eq. (45)
is the s t r e s s - s t r a i n r e l a t i o n in plane s t r e s s for
de = [CU + L~ dw an e l a s t i c / p e r f e c t l y p l a s t i c Von Mises m a t e r i a l
d--t- ~- , (38)
subjected to s u s t a i n e d p l a s t i c flow h i s t o r y defined
by eq. (8).
340 Y. R. RASHID

REDUCED MODULUS-~
48in. Ere d = ~--E
122cm

REINFORCING STEEL
E= I 2 9 x l 0 6 psi . , ~ |4.877=lOSpsi
I 20.39 x 105 kg/cm 2 1
I
w=O.15
NER

60in.
152cm

STEADY STATE PRESTRESSING STEEL

TEMPERATURE E" I 25 x 104psi
DISTRI BUTION
17.58 x 105 k(l/crn z

--~63-C'--
~ 6 0
~ 5 7
4 8 ,n.
122 cm

41

85

eO"F

Fig. 7. A x i s y m m e t r i c idealization of model 2.

 ANALYSIS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PRESSURE VESSELS
5. UNIAXIAL E L E M E N T
The bonded r e i n f o r c e m e n t and p r e s t r e s s i n g
cables a r e r e p r e s e n t e d by u n i a x i a l ( t e n s i o n - c o m -
p r e s s i o n ) e l e m e n t s . The d e r i v a t i o n of the s t r e s s -
s t r a i n equations for this type of e l e m e n t is a
t r i v i a l p r o b l e m and can be w r i t t e n down directly.
Consistent with eq. (45), the s t r e s s - s t r a i n r e l a -
tion for this type of e l e m e n t is
a(t) = [Ho -N(t)] E(t) + N ( t l ) E ( t l ) . (46)
In this case H o and N(t) a r e single quantities. H o
r e d u c e s to E o and N(t) r e d u c e s to e ( t ) E . N(tl) is
the value of N(t) at the time of yielding'~1. e(tl)
is the s t r a i n in the e l e m e n t at yield.
6. FINITE ELEMENT FORMULATION
The finite elemenl: method, applied to P C R V
analysis, was given i.n refs. [I] and [2]. There-
fore, that development will not be duplicated here.
The changes from the elastic and viscoelastic for-
mulation'presented in those references lie in the
constitutive equations which give rise to modified
equilibrium equations. The solution techniques re-
main essentially the same. The new equilibrium
equations a r e , for a concrete element
{F(t) } = [KH- KN(t , t)]{v(t)}
(475
3 m e n t a l data is a v a i l a b l e for i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e s
- E [KN(t i, till{v(ti)}, ti< t for i = 1 , 2 , 3 ;
i=1
for the liner element,
{F(t)} = [KH- KN(t)]{ y(t) }
t this a n a l y s i s the o r d i n a t e s of the c o n c r e t e ' s f a i l -
d u r e s u r f a c e (see fig. 35 e x p r e s s e d as a function
+ f ~ [KN(~)] "~ (~5 d~, (48)
o of the p r i n c i p a l s t r a i n s , at the t h r e e p r i n c i p a l
and for the uniaxial element,
IF(t)} = [KH - KN(t)] {v(t)} + [KN(tl)]{v(tl) } . (49)
The s u b s c r i p t s H a n d N indicate that the q u a n t i -
ties in question a r e based on Ho and N r e s p e c t i v e -
ly.
The e l e m e n t ' s e q u i l i b r i u m equations a r e a s -
s e m b l e d in the m a n n e r indicated in ref. [2], with
the additional t e r m s being i n c o r p o r a t e d a p p r o p r i -
ately. The a n a l y s i s p r e s e n t e d h e r e , leading to the
d e t e r m i n a t i o n of s t r e s s e s and s t r a i n s at specified
341
d i s c r e t e t i m e i n t e r v a l s , involves the following
steps:
1. The d i s p l a c e m e n t s a r e computed at i n i t i a l
time. This solution is the i n i t i a l e l a s t i c r e s p o n s e
of the s t r u c t u r e .
2. F r o m the d i s p l a c e m e n t s , the s t r a i n s a r e
computed through the s t r a i n - d i s p l a c e m e n t equa-
tions (see refs. [1] and [2]).
3. F r o m the s t r a i n s , the s t r e s s e s a r e c o m -
puted u s i n g eqs. (24), (45) and (46).
4. The state of s t r e s s and s t r a i n is then exa-
mined a g a i n s t the c r a c k i n g or yield c r i t e r i a p r e -
sented e a r l i e r . If cracking or yield is indicated
the a p p r o p r i a t e t e r m s in the s t r e s s - s t r a i n r e l a -
tion a r e considered.
5. New stiffness and load m a t r i c e s for the
cracked and yielding e l e m e n t s a r e r e c o m p u t e d
and i n s e r t e d in the new e q u i l i b r i u m equations.
They a r e then solved for new d i s p l a c e m e n t s .
6. Steps 2 through 5 a r e r e p e a t e d as many
t i m e s a s n e c e s s a r y until no f u r t h e r c r a c k i n g or
y i e l d i n g develop.
7. EXAMPLE ANALYSIS
A s m a l l p r e s t r e s s e d concrete p r e s s u r e v e s s e l
(Gulf G e n e r a l Atomic Model 2) shown in fig. 7 was
a n a l y s e d for u l t i m a t e i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e . The r e -
sults a r e given in figs. 8-19. The s t r u c t u r e has
not been tested to f a i l u r e , t h e r e f o r e , no f a i l u r e
data is a v a i l a b l e at this time. However, e x p e r i -
up to 1500 psi. Some of this data is c o m p a r e d
with a n a l y s i s in figs. 16-19.
F a i l u r e of the s t r u c t u r e is defined here to be
the point after which a s m a l l i n c r e a s e in p r e s s u r e
will cause unbounded d e f o r m a t i o n s . At that point
the s t r u c t u r e ' s stiffness m a t r i x b e c o m e s s i n g u -
lar and no solution is possible. For p u r p o s e s of
axes a r e : (160, 0, 05 and (-1600, 0, 0); (0, 160, 0)
and (0, -1600, 0); (0, 0, 160) and (0, 0, -~o). The
u n i a x i a l yield s t r e s s e s for the l i n e r , bonded r e -
i n f o r c e m e n t and p r e s t r e s s i n g cables r e s p e c t i v e l y
a r e 50 000 psi, 75 000 psi and 200000 psi.
Figs. 8 and 9 show the d i s t r i b u t i o n of the c i r -
c u m f e r e n t i a l s t r a i n s that exceeded 160 ~ i n . / i n .
at 1700 psi and 2000 psi, r e s p e c t i v e l y . The f o r -
m e r is the p r e s s u r e level at l i n e r yielding, the
l a t t e r , by definition of f a i l u r e , is the f a i l u r e
p r e s s u r e of the s t r u c t u r e . The r e g i o n s where
the s t r a i n s exceed 160 ~ i n . / i n . a r e cracked in a
d i r e c t i o n p e r p e n d i c u l a r to the c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l d i -
rection.
342 Y . R . RASHID

]_ 160

'TL0.0258
. . . . . In.
.............

I
I
INTERNAL PRESSURE I
17oo.P
oS~ ~ 2000.PSI0 l ~ 1

uo.o, . . . . ~ s..pe =! _o~ ', \ I

L- 1800 '~
0.0898 In. -~ ~- 0.148 In.-~ ~-

Fig. 8. Model 2 A n a l y s i s . C i r c u m f e r e n t i a l s t r a i n s Fig. 9. Model 2 a n a l y s i s . C i r c u m f e r e n t i a l s t r a i n s

[ p i n . / i n . l and boundary d e f o r m a t i o n s . [/lin./in.] and boundary d e f o r m a t i o n s .

160
i0000 160

8300
60000 8

400

4000
INTERNALPRESSURE
2000.0 PSI 1700.0 PSI

4oo
80O
3000
200

1200 2000 400 2000

Fig. 10. Model 2 a n a l y s i s . M a x i m u m p r i n c i p a l s t r a i n s Fig. 11. Model 2 a n a l y s i s . M a x i m u m p r i n c i p a l s t r a i n s

[~in./in.]. [/2im/in.].
 ANALYSIS OF P R E S T R E S S E D C O N C R E T E P R E S S U R E V E S S E L S 343

\ \ I, I

I /"i'f/f4\ xI
# 1/11
lip
,/ i / I I ~ i
/
'I.I'
~/ ## /#'x_d.xlj/
,
,'li ll l J
•, :-...,j
I ,~'tJ
INTERNAL PRESSURE

1700 PSI INTERNAL PRESSURE

2000 PSI

-._~..~_- . 7. . . - -

.-~ . . . .

Fig. 12. Model 2 analysis. Crack distribution in the rz Fig. 13. Model 2 analysis. Crack distribution in the rz
plane. plane.
Io IO lo ! T e io l0 Io l0 $ T • Io

• • Io
• so so is

Fi~;. 14. Model 2 analy,,]is. Minimum principal s t r e s s e s , Fig. 15. Model 2 a n a l y s i s . Minimum p r i n c i p a l s t r e s s e s ,
psi. psi.
 344 Y.R. RASHID

1500
1500 L~
o

iooo
]ooo

EXPER,MENT ch 500
~ 500 co
THEORY

I I i I I I
o_ 0 I I I I I I
0 0.02 0.0h 0.06
200 400 600 800 lO00 1200
RADIAL DEFLECTION OF INTERIOR
CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRAIN CAVITY AT MIDPLANE (IN.)
AT MIDPLANE ( F IN./IN.)

Fig. 16. Model 2 analysis. C i r c u m f e r e n t i a l strain. Fig. 18. Model 2 analysis. Axial deflection.

1500 - _ 1500~ o ,o o u
v Iooo
1000 0 EXPERIMENT
u~
~a
500 -- THEORY
o
I.u
500 ~ -- THEORY O( L I I I
0 4000 8000 12,000 16,000 20, OOO
.,,CF
0 a I I I i i I I
CIRCUMFERENTIAL TENDON LOAD CHANGE AT
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 MIDPLANE (LBS)
AXIAL DEFLECTION OF INTERIOR CAVITY ( I N . )
Fig. 17. Model 2 analysis. Radial deflection. Fig. 19. Model 2 analysis. P r e s t r e s s i n g load.

The maximum principal strains that exceeded
160 p i n . / i n , a r e s h o w n i n f i g s . 10 a n d 11 f o r t h e
pressure levels indicated. The corresponding
c r a c k d i r e c t i o n s a r e s h o w n i n f i g s . 12 a n d 13.
F i g s . 14 a n d 15 s h o w t h e m i n i m u m ( c o m p r e s -
sive) stresses which developed in the structure at
1700 p s i a n d 2000 p s i i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e s . It i s
i n t e r e s t i n g to n o t e t h a t t h e r e g i o n s of h i g h c o m -
p r e s s i o n , w h e r e l o c a l c o m p r e s s i v e f a i l u r e of
c o n c r e t e m a y d e v e l o p a r e of l i m i t e d e x t e n t , a n d
h a v e l i t t l e i n f l u e n c e on t h e a n a l y s i s r e s u l t s .
Furthermore, t h e r e i s no e v i d e n c e of a w e l l d e -
f i n e d f a i l u r e m e c h a n i s m of t h e t y p e u s e d in l i m i t
analysis methods.
T h e s i g n i f i c a n c e of t h e a n a l y s i s p r e s e n t e d h e r e
l i e s n o t i n t h e c a p a b i l i t y of t h e m e t h o d to p r e d i c t
the maximum pressure the structure is capable
of c a r r y i n g b u t , m o r e i m p o r t a n t l y , i n i t s a b i l i t y
to p r e d i c t t h e a c t u a l d e f o r m a t i o n , c r a c k i n g a n d
s t e e l y i e l d i n g h i s t o r i e s of t h e s t r u c t u r e a s w e l l a s
t h e s t r a i n a n d s t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n s a s f u n c t i o n s of
internal pressure. As can be seen from the ana-
lysis results, the structure developed severe de-
formations and cracking at much lower pressure
(1700 p s i ) t h a n t h e u l t i m a t e . T h e m a g n i t u d e s of
t h e s e d e f o r m a t i o n s a r e s u f f i c i e n t to m a k e t h e
" f a i l u r e " p r e s s u r e of no r e a l i m p o r t a n c e . It
would seem, therefore, that a more important
consideration than the failure pressure is the
structure's complete response under continuous
pressure overload.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
T h i s w o r k i s s u p p o r t e d in p a r t by t h e U n i t e d
States Atomic Energy Commission, Contract
AT(04-3)-167, S/C 2848, Project Agreement
No. 17.
T h e a u t h o r w i s h e s to t h a n k D r . F e r n a n d o De
A r r i a g a who, w h i l e a t Gulf G e n e r a l A t o m i c , c o n -
t r i b u t e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y to p a r t of t h i s w o r k , e s p e c -
i a l l y t h e s e c t i o n on l i n e r y i e l d i n g . T h e v a l u a b l e
s u g g e s t i o n s of D r . R i c h a r d N. W h i t e of C o r n e l l
U n i v e r s i t y a n d D a r r e l l C. C o r n e l l of Gulf G e n e r a l
Atomic also are gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES
[1] Y. R. Rashid, Analysis of a x i s y m m e t r i c composite
s t r u c t u r e s by the finite element method, Nucl. Eng.
Desig]] 3 (1966) 163.
[2] Y. R. Rashid and W. Rockenhauser, P r e s s u r e v e s s e l
a n a l y s i s by finite element techniques, Intern. Conf.
on P r e s t r e s s e d concrete p r e s s u r e v e s s e l s , Inst. of
Civil Engineers, London, England, 13-20 March
1967.