THE SELF IN

QUESTION
LESSON 1 DISCOVERING
THE SELF: WHO AM I?
 A. HUMAN BEING'S UNDERSTANDING
OF HIMSELF/HERSELF

HUMAN BEING – is the source of many questions about the

existence of the world and everything that exists in it.
-he/she is capable of discovering all the answers of all his/her
own questions
-when confronted with the question, "Who am I," which directly
unveils his/her existence, he/she is pushed to the limit of
silence.
Dr. Jose Rizal believes that because human beings is endowed
with reason, he/she wonders and questions everything including
his/her existence.
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 A. HUMAN BEING'S UNDERSTANDING
OF HIMSELF/HERSELF
The question does not only deal with a general concept
or information about himself/herself.
The question deals with his/her specific historicity, a
question that encompasses his/her self-being. The
source of questions is now in question.
The question that he/she considers obvious and
ordinary becomes the center of his/her mental and
physical activity.
What is seen and considered as obvious and ordinary
question is certainly, can be very difficult to answer.
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 KARL JASPERS
-Man is always more than what
he knows about himself.
He is not what he is simply once
and for all, but is a process; he is
not merely an extant life, but is,
within that life, endowed with
possibilities through the
freedom he possesses to make of
himself what he will by the
activities on which he decides. 11/24/2020 7
JOSE RIZAL
Jose Rizal claimed that
disharmony among persons occur
when one does not recognize the
light of reason of the other
person.

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IMMANUEL KANT
KANT
He claimed that human
person has the responsibility
of respecting other people
in the same way he/she
respects himself/herself.

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A. HUMAN BEING'S UNDERSTANDING
OF HIMSELF/HERSELF
Though for Rizal and Kant human being is
endowed with reason, and that he/she is
autonomous with self-regulating will, he/she
has the difficulty to deal with the simple
question, WHO AM I? with certainty.
And Jaspers asserts that human being 'is more
than what he/she knows about
himself/herself."
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 A. HUMAN
BEING'S UNDERSTANDING OF
HIMSELF/HERSELF
To answer the question "Who am I?" Is no longer
an important question to deal with. Possible
answers may seem obvious. The following are
example questions "Why do I have to live, if I die
soon? Why do I have to follow a boss who does not
even know his/her responsibilities? Why do I have
to fear losing things which I do not have yet? Or
what is true love? Or how do I know my perception
is real?Human beings seems to have simple and
acceptable answers. For this reason, it seems that
it is no longer necessary to deal with and answer
questions.
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A. HUMAN BEING'S UNDERSTANDING
OF HIMSELF/HERSELF

It seems that such ordinary and obvious questions do

not need critical and logical analysis. Life goes on; the
way human being directs it without dealing with such
questions. However, as human being stops from
various activities and things he/she has been doing,
and seriously deal with the question "WHO AM
I?' he/she would discover that such question is very
difficult for his/her to estblish a unified and
conventional answers.

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A. HUMAN BEING'S UNDERSTANDING OF HIMSELF/HERSELF

Human being cannot just put his/her

answers in a schema or formula, for his/her
being goes beyond schemas and formulas.
Karl jaspers believe that the being of a
human person is lost in a context of total
determination.
Thus, what seems to be obvious and
ordinary question 'WHO AM I?" leads
him/her into the depth of his/her being. This
task summons him/her to leave the
ordinariness of the given time and context in
his/her existence.

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B. HUMAN BEINGS'S ENCOUNTER WITH EXISTENTIAL LIMIT SITUATIONS

In existence, human being is always in concrete

situations, and he/she is always confronted with various
situations.
According to Karl Jaspers, these situations are
BOUNDARY SITUATIONS which are inescapable and
inevitable BREAKS of the ordinary patterns of human
existence.
-death - tragedy - communication
-sufferings - sickness - struggles
-conflicts - failures - guilt

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B. HUMAN BEINGS'S ENCOUNTER
WITH EXISTENTIAL LIMIT SITUATIONS

These boundary situations break the

conventional pattern or ordinariness of
life. They cause pauses and give
opportunity to look into the question,
"WHO AM I?" Seriously and even
question the usual answers or discourse
about the question.

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 For Jaspers, these situations lead human
being to a deeper consciousness and
experienceof his/her limitations and
finitude. Human relfection is no longer in
the peripheral level of existence but a
greater horizon of human realities.

B. HUMAN BEINGS'S ENCOUNTER WITH EXISTENTIAL LIMIT SITUATIONS

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B. HUMAN BEINGS'S These boundary situations lead human being into a
ENCOUNTER WITH deeper reflection on his/her own self-being. He/she
EXISTENTIAL LIMIT begins to question about himself/herself:
SITUATIONS * Why am I experiencing guilt, death or pain?
* Why am I suffering this kind of illness or suffering?
*What is the meaning of all of these?
* I don't want this thing to happen but why is this
happening to me?
*how do I deal with these things?
These questions are fundamental bases for
succeesing the questions of "WHO AM I?"

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 B. HUMAN BEINGS'S
ENCOUNTER WITH EXISTENTIAL
LIMIT SITUATIONS

M oreover, the one who is formulating questions is now the main

content of the question. Human being is not the only one
questionning, but at the same time, he/she is now the question.

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 B. HUMAN BEINGS'S
ENCOUNTER WITH EXISTENTIAL
LIMIT SITUATIONS

Every answer of his/her question about himself/herself becomes a basis of new

questions about his/her being.
He?she becomes aware that his/her answers to his/her own questions do not
suffice his/her longing to know more about himself/herself.
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 B. HUMAN BEINGS'S
ENCOUNTER WITH
EXISTENTIAL LIMIT
SITUATIONS

Thus, in this context of limit situations, human

beings begin to formulate critical and perrenial
questions and search for deeper and existential
answers of his/her fundamental questions
concerning his/her self-being.
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 LESSON 2
VARIOUS WAYS IN DEALING WITH THE
QUESTION "WHO AM I?" IN THE COURSE OF
HISTORY
I am something real and really
existing , but what am I? .. a
thing which thinks. - RENE
DESCARTES
VARIOUS WAYS IN DEALING WITH
THE QUESTION "WHO AM I?" IN THE
COURSE OF HISTORY

A. DUALITY OF BODY AND SOUL

The duality of body and soul is the
view held by those who believe that
our body is separate and distinct
from our soul. The soul, though
conceived in many ways, is that
aspect of our being that is not
material. Our body shows our
corporeality but we are more than
our body because we have a soul or
a spirit.
 The soul or spirit is philosophically discussed as
MIND since mental capacities and abilities are
attributed to it.

VARIOUS WAYS IN
DEALING
WITH THE QUESTION
Bear in mind that the soul is better understood as
"WHO AM I?" IN the mind.
THE COURSE
OF HISTORY

For dualists, the mind (mental) is not to be

mistaken for the brain (physical) since the mental is
a unique phenomenon that cannot be reduced to
the non-mental or physical.
 A. DUALITY OF
BODY AND SOUL
Plato is one of those who argued for the
dualism of body and soul. The human soul,
he theorized, exists prior to the body and
even after the body is long gone.
This doctrine is connected to his theory of
Forms where the material realm (the world
we know) is separated from the eternal
realm of forms or essences ( the world of
ideas).
The physical world is made up of mere
appearances or copies of what is real. Such
things are destructible and illusory, hence
unreliable.
 Knowledge is to be found in the realm of ideas or
essences which are eternal and true. The soul that
humans possess preexisted in the world of forms and
ideas.

This is why the soul is immortal and learning is mere

remembering or recollecting what the soul once knew
A. DUALITY OF when it was in the realm of forms or ideas.

BODY AND SOUL

Have you experienced the feeling of familiarity as you
learn something?

When correctly solving a mathematical problem, have

you felt like the activity is so natural that it cannot be
the first time you have done it? Some students thought
so and this made Plato's theory attractive to many
students of Philosophy
 A. DUALITY OF
BODY AND SOUL
Rene Descartes also recognized dualism and
expressed this in his MEDITATIONS.
In employing the method of doubt at the start of his
meditations, he arrived at the conclusion (second
meditation) that he exists because doubt requires a
doubter.
That he doubts is proof that he is existing.
He that exists is clearly a thing that thinks.
He acknowledges that he is a body that is bounded by
some figure and can be located in some place and
occupy space.
A.
DUALITY However, unlike other
bodies, he has the
power to move himself,
to feel and to think.
Such capacities and
power is not present to
all bodies and so must
be attributed to his
spirit or soul.

OF BODY
AND He that thinks is a thing
By 'thinking being',
Descartes claims is that
which doubts, which
understands, which

SOUL
conceives, which
that thinks – a mind or affirms, which denies,
a reasoning being . which wills, which
rejects, which imagines
also, and which
perceives.
A. DUALITY OF BODY AND SOUL

When we ask the question, "Who am I?"

* We are involved in thinking about ourselves.
* We reflect or introspect.
* In doing so, we are looking within or deep
inside ourselves (at our soul or mind).
Being a teenager is a difficult time because
that is when one intensely feels that he/she is
not the person other people think them to be.
Our selves is not just who we are on the outside
but is much more about who we are inside.

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The mind/soul is simply difficult to reduce to something
physical.
The mental capacities and abilties we have seemed too
powerful to attribute to a brain.
But distinguishing the mind from the brain leads to many
difficult questions which remain unresolved to this day.
The distinction of the bodily , for one, raises the question of
how interaction takes place between the brain and the mind.
To this time, philosophers are still grappling over the
problem of the place of mental phenomena in nature.

A. DUALITY OF BODY AND SOUL

 A. DUALITY OF BODY AND SOUL
BOTTOMLINE:
Despite numerous problems, perhaps one useful insight to
be drawn out from dualism if body and mind is, that the
qualities fo our body are separate and distinct from the
qualities of our soul, so that what happens to our body in
life and in death does not translate to the exact same
occurrence to our soul.
People who are not born physically complete do
not necessarily have broken souls, so to speak.
Whatever tragedy happens to you in life, your soul and your
body will have their responses and you can count on either
of the two to help you endure and survive.
What a gift it is to be HUMAN!
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 In contrast to dualism, monism is
much simpler and avoids many
unresolved questions.

B. UNITY
OF BODY To say that the body and soul
together make one entity does not
require much proof as opposed to

AND offering a dualist view.

SOUL WHAT IS MONISM? What si the

difference of it from dualism?
MONISM VS DUALISM
B. UNITY OF
BODY AND SOUL
In contrast with dualism,
monism is much simpler and
avoids many unresolved
questions.
To say that the body and soul
together make one entity does
not require much proof as
opposed to offering a dualist
view.
 ST. THOMAS
AQUINAS
- Among those who did not subscribe to
dualism.
- claimed that the body and soul are not
two entities that interact with each other
but are ONE BEING MADE UP OF MATTER
AND FORM.
Although the body is the Matter and the
soul is the Form, a being cannot remain
a being if matter and form are not
united.
 B. UNITY OF
BODY AND SOUL
A being is one even though it consists
of many parts.
It ceases to exist in death because the
matter and form that make up that
being is no longer complete.
This kind of thinking is like saying that
the whole is the sum total of its parts.
Remove a part and it is no longer a
whole.
Christians believe that human is created body and soul by
God.
Human is an embodied soul. We have a body but we are more
than our body.
Through the body we express what is within ourselves.
In the same way, our soul is so much a part of our humanity
that we need to nourish and care for our soul just as we do our
body.
Christians speak of the salvation of souls and at the same
time look forward to Judgment Day when souls will be united
again with their bodies.

B. UNITY OF BODY AND SOUL

C. HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS AND
EXISTENCE

QUESTION:

Why is the mind-body problem

could not be entirely abandoned
in philosophy?
C. HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS AND
EXISTENCE

ANSWER:
It is because human naturally engage in
thought as they interact with the world.
Nonetheless, the complexities of thought
could not be explained by nature.
PHILOSOPHY OF MIND- a special branch of
philosophy that deals with this puzzle.
JOHN LOCKE
Was the first to point out that all
thoughts are conscious.
-our consciousness is the criterion for
personal identity.
As a thinking being, the self we refer
to consists of those thoughts and
sensations of which we are conscious
of (that is, something we are aware
of)
C. HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS AND EXIST
ENCE
The "I" or the self is consciousness and this
is found even in Descartes when
he observed that the self is a thinking
thing.
Immanuel Kant is also interpreted by
philosophers of mind as providing the basis
for a rationalist approach.
The self is a rational agent who can know
their own thoughts and attitudes, and be
responsible for them.
C. HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS AND EXISTENCE

The first-person being or the "I" is so

obvious and yet extremely difficult to
explain. This intrigued
phenomenologists and existentialists,
too.
 REalizing that we are contingent beings make us
think deeply and more emotionally about our
existence.
Contemplating about our existence can
sometimes bring terror and despair among other
things.
We are born and we will die. The wolrd will go on
without us.
Confronted with such, our consciousness of our
place in the world can trigger complex and deep
emotions of anxiety and distress.

C. HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS AND EXISTENCE

C. HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS AND EXISTENCE

Thus, it is clear that our mind presents

phenomena that are distinct from those
experienced by our body.
We can visualize pain and experience
despair for isntance, without a physcial
cause.
WE have reasons to believe that who we
are cannot simply be reduced to our
corporeality and yet we do not fully know
or even understand the workings of our
mind/soul.
D. HUMAN FACULTY OF REASON
One does not have to be a philosopher to relate with or understand these
things.
Humans have a mental faculty or capacity that enables them to think, to
reason , to understand and, to compare, to analyze, to associate ideas
and so on.
Philosophers are in agreement that human beings have this human
faculty of REASON.
But as to what reason can do and what it really is, there are differing
views.
The scope and power of reason reamin problematic because entire
philsophies have been created and built depending on how reason is
defined or characterized by different philosophers.
 D. HUMAN FACULTY OF REASON
The rationalists and the empiricists both agree
that there is a human faculty called REASON.
However, the rationalists discover truths by sitting
and thinking while the empiricists discover truth
using their senses by observing the world.
The rationalists seek knowledge by grasping
necessary truths and necessary connections –
truths that do not depend on man.
The empiricists also seek for truths outside of
man by looking at sense data.
D. There are also
REason is contrasted
by some from faith;

HUMAN skeptics in between.

while otehrs would
claim that reason
includes the heart.

FACULTY
There are also some

OF Some narrow the

who reveal that we
are less rational than
we think, since we

REASON
scope of reason, are beings who are
others widen it. much more
influenced by things
other than
reationality.
D. HUMAN FACULTY
OF REASON
The important point, however, is that
human being possesses a faculty that
enables him/her to survive and endure
life.
He/She is unlike other subjects or other
beings (plants and animals) in this
wolrd because of his/her faculty of
reason.
His/Her reason is a function of his/her
mind or his/her soul.
The more that human being uses
his/her reason to reflect and to
deliberate things; the more his/her life
becomes fruitful, satisfying and
meaningful.
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING AND
STAY SAFE! :)
Mr. Ruel L. Aquino

Social Science Teacher

LPU-Batangas
HUMAN BEING: A LIMITED
BEING
 • Introduction
• Historical overview
• Categories
• Other approaches
Contents • Society
• Professional
• Non-professional
• Role of women
 LESSON 3:
REFLECTION ON MY
BODY
THE RELATION OF I AND THE BODY
APPRECIATE!
“We see man’s body in its
• LET’S START THE LESSON
comparable expression. It
WITH SOME WORDS FROM belongs to man himself,
KARL JASPERS. 
has its own unique
specifity, its nobility and
beauty.”
The Relation of “I”
and the body
Let us prove how “I” connects to the body.
 • CONNECTION OF ”I” TO
THE BODY

• It somehow presents the

following categories:

• Man is limited because he

is connected to his body
(thinker, actor and feeler)
• Feeling and thinking are
the bases of man’s
FORMULATE! consciousness (Man,
however, exists as a
thinking substance)
• This capacity makes the ‘I’
able to formulate
knowledge about realities
(tangible and intangible)
 “THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
ENCOUNTERS UNFOLDS
THROUGH ”MY BODY”.

APPRECIATE! It is the body alone that

proves the existence of the
LET’S LINK THE CONNECTION OF I “I”.
AND THE BODY WITH A CLAIM FROM
GABRIEL MARCEL.
”My Body” What you
see
through
my body is
who and
• The main basis of reflection what I am
and consciousness. Everytime
the “I” asserts something, it
proves its existence.
• The statement of certainty of
something is always rooted
on the very foundation of
reflection: My body (proven
by the senses)
• Principal basis of reflection?
The manifestation of the
connection of the existence
of the world and the Body.
 2 LEVELS OF EXPERIENCE IN REFLECTING ON
“MY BODY”
1st Level (object of position) 2nd Level (subject of unity)
• “My body” is when I consider it as a “mystery”

• THE BODY IS SEEN AS A SEPARATE ENTITY • I don’t treat it as separate from me

FROM THE SELF
• The body is seen as an object. • I do not separate myself from my body

• In this case, the body is manipulated. It can • “My Body” is part of the “I”

be a means to a certain end.
• Since it is outside myself, I don’t care about
my possibilities and uniqueness.
• “My body is just a mere object apart and
• My body is intertwined wit =h my subjectivity ()what and who I am
• My body and I are united in the act of expressing
• Through my body, I am different from all the existent bodies.

outside myself (Marcel on primary reflection)

• My body becomes the manifestation of my uniqueness and possibilities.
• Therefore, my body is objectified.
• Therefore, my body is subjectified.
KNOW THE
PHILOSOPHER!
• A French agnostic who converted to
Christianity
• His book, “Mystery of Being” aims to
recover the mystery of man against the
exploitation of materialistic views of Locke
on man, society, state and governance
 I AM CERTAIN THAT MY
BODY IS MINE.

“I am my
BODY” I AM UNIQUE AMONG
OTHERS.
I HAVE MY BODY
THIS PROVES THE ONENESS OF MY BODY AND I (This expresses a true and real union of the body and
I. Thus, the body is not apart from me.
This implies possession. I own my body. So, this is not just something, but a responsibility that makes
it more valuable than all what I possess. I can leave other stuff, but I cannot leave my body.
1 st Level 2nd Level
Since I can control it, it doesn’t mean that I can do a manipulation over my body.

Eventhough I and my body are different entities, it manifests my self being.

If I manipulate my body as a mere object, I also manipulate myself. I possess my body and no one can
claim it
My Body and I are one, So I am my body.
I AM MY BODY
The body and I creates a union that means an existential existence to
the body and to the owner of the body as per Marcel. The body
cannot be apart of the owner , so it exists vice versa (coexists).

What a man does is also what the body does (i.e., play sports, sing and
dance). 2nd Level

All things that apart from me are different from my body though they
all are my possessions. For instance, if I decide not to use my things, I
can do it, but if I sleep, my body will exactly do the same thing.

Thus, my body is not a mere instrument for I am my body.

I & my body

• The capacity for my body to exist, think and

act is coming from I.
• This is my subjectivity: the original source of
my body’s powers and capacities
• My body is the in-fleshing of my I
• My body reveals the truth, my thought and
my self-being, for my body amd I are one.
TRANCENDENCE
AND MY BODY
A REVELATION OF AN ENCOUNTER
WITH OTHER SUBJECTIVITY OR “I” IS
REVEALED BY THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN MY BODY AND I
I CAN STILL CONCEAL MYSELF
THROUGH THE ACTIONS AND
EXPRESSION OF MY BODY. MY BODY
IS NOT COMPLETELY IMMERSED IN
MYSELF.
THROUGH THE ENCOUNTER, MY
BODY WILL EXISTENTIALLY RELATE
WITH THIS SUBJECT.
THUS, IN MY RELATIONSHIP WITH THE
TRANSCENDENCE, I CAN ONLY RELATE
WITH THIS BEING THROUGH MY BODY. I
EVERYTIME MY BODY RELATES ONLY ENCOUNTER TRANSCENDENCE
WITH OTHERS, I AM RELATING
WITH OTHER SUBJECTIVITIES. BECAUSE MY BODY ENCOUNTERS IT.
MYSELF AND THE
WORLD
My existence is existential. I appear to the world and
relate with it through my body. With its senses I am
capable of affecting 2nd Level
the world

The world, in the other hand, feels my presence through

my body and it will come to know all my values, beliefs,
freedom and perspective. Thus, the world becomes my
world. It is present to me and I am present in the world.
To avoid affecting the world, I should avoid concealing it
through my body by thinking not only myself but also the
world..
 LESSON 4: FINITUDE AND
HISTORICITY OF HUMAN BEING
What is the meaning of finitude and
historicity?
• Finitude- is the state of having limits or bounds or end
Synonyms: limitedness, finiteness, limitation
• Historicity - is the actuality of persons or events, meaning the quality
of being part of the history as opposed to being a historical myth,
legend or fiction. Historicity focuses on the true value of knowledge
claims about the past.
• The quality of being authentic
• Synonym: authenticity, reliability, accuracy, truth
• The human being always attempts to overcome
finitude. The more he/she does it, all the more the
finiteness will be triggered.
• A human being’s historicity (historical actuality, events
and meaning) is a manifestation of his/ her finitude.
• A human being’s acceptance of finitude shall lead
him/her to authenticity.
 • As man relates to the world, time and
space definitely limits human beings
because it is always a part of historicity
• A human being is constituted by
his/her past, present and his/her
Human being presence will always be part of his
historicity.
in Time • The past was once his present. The
present was once his future.
• The past, present, and future is
definitely the areas where presence is
expressed.
 TEMPORALITY

a very important dimension of a

human person’s being in the world.
Human being  referring to the fact that a human
person’s existence in the world has
in Time - dimension of having past, present and
TEMPORALITY future.
 it is fundamentally different from
ordinary clock time.
 Facticity

a human person’s past.

 refers to everything about the existence of
Human being a human person that can no longer be
changed.
in Time -  this includes all the givens that a human
FACTICITY person finds himself/herself as already
having the moment he/she becomes
conscious of his/her own existence.
 Existentiality

a human person’s future.

Human being  refers to all the possibilities that a human
person has and can choose to have.
in Time -  this includes all the projects that a human
Existentiality person can set for himself/herself to
accomplish in the future.
 Falleness
refers to the present of the human person
 is the state of human person is in when
he/she lives in an inauthenthic existence
Human being  inauthenthic existence – referring to the
in Time - kind of existence in which human person is
not the one making decisions for
Falleness himself/herself.
 it is thus only a general description of the
state of existence that human persons live in
the present.
 • These three expressions of presence
unveil the temporality of human being.
• Each is unique and is linked to the
Human being other. Thus, man’s presence is now
present and is definitely unrepeatable.
in Time • For instance, my decision in the past is
linked with my situation today and in
the future. It becomes the basis of my
present choices.
 • My past situations and realities
determine my present and my future.
Human being • The past is the basis of the present, the
present bears the past and unveils the
in Time glimpse of the future.
• Thus, one does not exist without the
other.
HISTORICITY OF HUMAN BEING
• A human being as a historical being, is the matrix of the
realities of the dimensions of time (past, present and
future)
• He experiences all the boundaries situations (suffering,
guilt, death and communication) through his body in
the past, present and future.
• Man is a creative, responsible and conscious being. He
can make past realities present both in the present and
the future by the experience of remembering.
• Thus, he is the vessel of encounters among the kinds,
levels and dimensions of realities in human existence.
• A human being establishes relationships that help him
mold his character and world views.
• For Marcel, human being develops his unique being
through establishing his relationship with others who
possesses both possibilities and limitations.
• The historicity of a human being is also established
through the shared meanings, beliefs and world view
with other people who live in a specific time and space.
• For Jaspers, the community is also a context where the
past , present and the future events and possibilities are
unified and harmonized
• Human being’s historicity reveals that his way of life are
influenced and determined by the society where he
recognizes greater possibilities and actualize them
• Thus, even in normal, doubtful or tragic experiences,
man becomes conscious of his historicity as embodied-
spirit being.
Role of Human • To live according to the worldly
necessities and to transcend despite
Being possibilities and limitations.