DIESEL CYCLE

- A cycle begins with the intake stroke when the piston moves down and draws air into the
cylinder. The piston rises and compresses the air. During the compression stroke, the
temperature of the air rises to about 900℉ (480℃ ). When oil is injected into the cylinder, it
mixes with the hot air and burns explosively. Gases produced by this combustion action push
the piston down for the power stroke. During the exhaust stroke, the piston moves up again and
forces the burred gases out of the cylinder.

1–2: Isentropic compression

2–3: Constant-pressure addition of heat
3-4: Isentropic expansion
4-1: Constant-volume rejection of heat
QA = mCp(T3-T2)

QR = mCv(T1-T4) = -mCv(T4-T1)

W = QA – QR = mCp(T3-T2) - mCv(T4-T1)

W mC p ( T 3−T ) −m Cv (T 4 −T 1 ) V1
e= =
2
where rk = , thecompression ratio
QA m C p (T 3−T 2) V2
T 4−T 1 V3
e = 1− , equation(4) rc = , the cutoff ratio
k ( T 3−T 2 ) V2

−1
e=1 ¿
k−1
rk – Point 3 is called the cutoff point
DERIVATION OF THE FORMULA FOR e

Process 1 – 2
T2
=¿ ; T2 = T1rkk – 1 , equation (5)
T1

Process 2 – 3
T3 V 3
= =r ; T3 = T4rkk – 1rc , equation (6)
T2 V 2 c

Process 3 – 4
T 4 V 3 k−1 V 2 r c k−1 r k−1
c
=[ ] =[ ] = k−1
T3 V 4 V1 rk

k−1 r kc −1
T4 = T r
1 k c r [ k −1 ]
rk

T4 = T1rek , equation (7)

Substituting equations (5),(6), and (7) in equation (4).

T 1 r ke −T 1
e = 1− k−1 k−1
k ( T 1 r k r c −T 1 r k )

1
e = 1− k−1
¿
r k

The efficiency of the Diesel cycle differs from that of the Otto Cycle by the bracketed factor
r kc −1
. This factor is always greater than 1 because re is always greater than 1. Thus, for a
k (r c −1)
particular compression ration rk, the Otto cycle is more efficient, however, since the Diesel
engine compression air only, the compression ratio is higher than in an Otto engine. An actual
Diesel engine with a compression ratio of 15 is more efficient than an actual Otto engine with a
compression of 9.
Relation among rk, rc, and re (expansion ratio)
 V4 V1
re= =
V3 V3

V1 V3 V1
rk = =
[ ]
[ ]
V2 V2 V3

r k =r c r e

DUAL COMBUSTION ENGINE/MIXED CYCLE/DUAL CYCLE

- In modern compression ignition engines, the pressure is not constant during the
combustion process but varies in the manners illustrated in the figures below. The major
part of combustion can be considered to approach a constant-volume process, and the
late burning, a constant-pressure process.

1-2: Isentropic compression

2-3: constant-volume addition of heat
3-4: constant-pressure addition of heat
4-5: Isentropic expansion
5-1: constant-volume rejection of heat
Analysis of Dual Combustion Cycle
Q A =m c v ( T 3−T 2 ) +mc p (T 4 −T 3 )
Q R=m c v ( T 1−T 5 )=−mc v (T 5−T 1) W =Q A−Q R =mc v ( T 3−T 2) + mc p ( T 4−T 3 )−mc v (T 5−T 1)

W m c v ( T 3−T 2 ) +mc p ( T 4−T 3 )−mc v (T 5−T 1) T 5−T 1

e= = e=1− , equation(8)
QA m c v ( T 3−T 2 ) +m c p (T 4 −T 3) ( T 3−T 2 ) +k ( T 4−T 3 )
1 r P r kc −1
e=1− k−1 [ ]where :
r k r p −1+r p k ( r c −1 )
p3
r p= ,the pressureratio duringthe constant volume portion of combustion
p2
V1 V4
rk = ,the compression ratio r c = , thecutoff ratio The thermal efficiency of this cycle lies
V2 V3
between that of the idea Otto and the ideal Diesel.

Derivation of the formula for e

Process 1-2:

T 2 V 1 k−1
=[ ]
T1 V 2

T 2=T 1 r k−1
k , equation(9)

Process 2-3:
T3 p3
= =r
T2 p2 p

T 3=T 1 r k−1
k r p , equation(10)

Process 3-4:
T4 V 4
= =r
T3 V 3 c

T 4=T 1 r k−1
k r p r c , equation(11)

Process 4-5:
T5
=¿
T4

k−1 r k−1
c
T 5=T r 1 k r p r c [ k−1 ]
rk

T 5=T 1 r p r kc , equation(12) Substituting equations (9),(10),(11), and (12) in equation (8).

 T 1 r p r kc −T 1
e=1−
( T 1 r k−1
k r p −T 1 r k−1
k )+ k ( T 1 r k−1
k r p r c −T 1 r k−1
k r p)

1 r p r kc −1
e=1− k−1
[ ]
rk r p −1+r p k ( r c −1 )

OTTO CYCLE

Internal Combustion engine is a heat engine deriving its power from the energy
liberated by the explosion of a mixture of some hydrocarbon in gaseous or vaporized form, with
atmosphere air.
1-2: Isentropic compression
2-3: constant-volume addition of heat
3-4: Isentropic expansion
4-1: constant-volume rejection of heat
ANALYSIS OF OTTO CYCLE
Q A =m c v ( T 3−T 2 )

Q R=m c v ( T 1−T 4 ) =−m c v (T 4−T 1)

W =Q A−QR =mc v ( T 3−T 2) −m c v ( T 4 −T 1 )

 W m c v ( T 3−T 2 )−m c v (T 4−T 1)
e= =
QA mc v ( T 3−T 2 )

T 4 −T 1
e=1−
( T 3−T 2 )
1
e=1− k−1
r k

V1
where : r k = ,isentropic compression ratio
V2

Derivation of the formula for e

Process 1-2

T 2 V 1 k−1
=[ ]
T1 V 2

T 2=T 1 r k−1
k

Process 3-4

T 3 V 4 k−1 V 1 k−1
=[ ] =[ ]
T4 V 3 V2

T 3=T 4 r k−1
k

Work from the pV plane

( P2 V 2 ) −(P1 V 1) ( P4 V 4 ) −(P3 V 3 )
W=∑W= +
1−k 1−k
Where c=percent clearance
V 3=clearance volume

V D=displacement volume

Clearance volume, percent clearance

(V 1) ( C+1 )
rk= =¿ ¿ =¿ ¿ r k =
V2 C

Ideal standard of comparison

Cold – air standard, k=1.4
Hot – air standard, k<1.4
The thermal efficiency of the theoretical Otto cycle is

1.) Increased by increase in r k

2.) Increased by increase in k
3.) Independent of the heat added

The average family car has a compression ratio of about 9:1

The economical life of the average car is 8 years or 80,000 miles motoring
Standard Units

SI UNITS ENGLISH UNITS

Pressure Pascal (N/m2) Pound per feet squared, psi
(lb/ ft 2)
Heat rejected (Q r ) Joule(J) British thermal unit (BTU)
Heat added (Q A ) Joule(J) British thermal unit (BTU)
Work net Joule(J) British thermal unit (BTU)
Constant Pressure (C P ) Joule kilogram Kelvin BTU per pounds Rankine
(J/kg K) (BTU/lb R)
Constant Volume (C V ) Joule kilogram Kelvin BTU per pounds Rankine
(J/mol K) (BTU/mol R)