[eepwretentedh Three wells, A, Band C, are located ina triangle direction with a Spree of 3.000" arpas thm, The conor elevations atthe tespetve pel ere 65,40 and 20 neal water level inthe well are 3, 20 and & n( og) The oeeeer—CsC Se 50 mito. Determine the a) deen of the gwoundvaer ow, @) hydralle irae and () veloc ofthe groundwater ow ‘Key Concept Groundwater moves from the areas of higher elevation or higher pressure/hydraulic head (recharge areas) 10 the areas of lower bal = bolre aroma, Lowe Upgre o abrwe Sta tim fae elevation or pressure/hydraulic head. This is where the groundwater is released into streams, lakes, wetlands or springs (discharge areas). The base flow of streams and rivers, which is the sustained flow between the storm events, is provided by groundwater. The direction of groundwater flow rhormally follows the general topography of the land surface, depending "upon the porosity and permeability of the ground material, and gravity of the water, which gives information on the hydraulic gradient and velocity of the groundwater flow.wet Tl "The flow of groundwater isin longitudinal direction in an alluvial valley of unconfined aquifer (Figure 26.1). Hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer ‘material is 30 miday. Two piezometers are located at @ distance of 500 m apart from the central line of the valley. The water level inthe piezometer I (located at upstream side) is 1.0 m and is 15 m in the piezometer II (located at downstream side) from the ground surface. The average height of the aquifer material between these two piezometes is 60 m and the average width of the aquifer material is 3,000 m. ‘Work out the following with neat sketch: ‘a. What is the velocity of the groundwater flow? ’. Ifthe porosity of the aquifer material is 30%, compute the travelling time of water from the head of the valley to the point of 15 km downstream. If the consumption of water per head day is 140 litre (I), estimate the Population which acquires groundwater. Key Concept The movement, travelling distance and travelling time of the groundwater from one area (upstream) to another area (downstream) depend ‘on the porosity and permeability of the aquifer material (including thickness ‘and width) with respect to the topography. This gives clue on the velocity of ‘groundwater flow, travelling time of water and availability of the ‘groundwater resources. According to the usage of the available ‘groundwater, it can be possible to estimate the population which acquires groundwater.‘Hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer material Distance between the two piezometers = 500 m Difference of water levels between the two piezometers = 05 m (1.5 ~ 1.0, m) Average height ofthe aquifer material = 60 m ‘Width of the aquifer material = 3,000 m Porosity ofthe aquifer material = 30% or 0.30, ‘Travelling distance of water or length = 15 km or 15,000 m ‘Consumption of water per head per day = 140 1 Uptran 190m Dore FIGURE 264 Gunite flow na longtinaldection in anallval valley of confi! anfer