Women and Men in The Philippines 1999

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IN THE PHILIPPINES
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Republika ng Pilipinas
PAMBANSANG lUPON SA UGNAYANG PANG.ESTADISTIKA
(NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD)
W@[fili)@ITlBn'~@DU
IN THE PHILIPPINES
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National Statistical Coordination Board

2nd Floor Midland Buendia Building
403 Sen. Gil J. Puyat Avenue
Makati City, Philippines
Tel. 890-9678 895-2439
Fax.896-1730 8903135
E-mail: info@nscb.gov.ph
NSIC LIBRARy
FOREWORD
This is the second publication of the Statistical Handbook on

Women and Men in the Philippines. The first statistical handbook
published in 1995 was an output of the United Nations Economic and
Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN ESCAP) Project on
Improving Gender Statistics funded by the United Nations
Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) and implemented by the
National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB). This project was
undertaken in six Asian countries, namely: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka,
Thailand, Vietnam, and Philippines.
It has been recognized that in many instances, gender

statistics are neither available in the desired form nor accessible to
many users. To address this problem, the NSCB compiled and
presented in this handbook the latest available and relevant gender
statistics in the Philippines. Most tables and figures presented are
updates of the first publication. New tables and figures were added
such as on the distribution of women and men workers by
occupation, unemployment by marital status, reasons for not looking
for work, enrolment in higher and technical vocational education,
activities of out-of-school youth, disability and drug dependency. This
handbook hopes to provide relevant, timely, and user-friendly
information on gender issues which are deemed important to
planners, researchers and other users in gender and development
advocacy, plans, programs and policies.
This update of the statistical handbook on Women and Men

in the Philippines was made possible through the data support of the
following agencies: NSO, DECS, CHED, TESDA, DSWD, PNP, DOH,
DDB, POEA, CFO, DA, DAR, NCRFW, COMELEC, FNRI, CSC, IPC-
ATENEO, UPPI and UPCWS. We wish to acknowledge the continued
invaluable support they extended to us and likewise encourage other
government and non-government agencies to join us in our efforts to
improve gender statistics in the Philippines.
/
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ROMULO A. VIROLA
--
Secretary General
12 June 1999
CONTENTS
Foreword i
Table of Contents iii
List of Tables v
List of Figures ix
Introduction 1
Developments in the Advancement of
Filipino Women in the Philippines 2
Current Statistical Developments 4
Mechanisms for the Advancement of Women 9
Population and Families 11
Work 23
Economic Participation 39
Agriculture 47
Education 57
Health and Nutrition 69
Social Welfare 87
Public Life 97
Migration 105
Peace and Human Rights 119
Violence Against Women 127
What Remains to be Done 139
Annexes 143
Summary of Changes Made in the
Second Edition 145
Technical Notes 152
Acronyms of Agencies 154
List of Data Sources 155
Acronyms of Major Statistical Activities 156
Technical Staff 157
Where to Direct Inquiries 158
iii
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page No.
1 Population and Sex Ratio by Age Group, 16

1995 & 2000
2 Population 10 Years Old and Over by 18

Marital Status, 1990 & 1995
3 Population of Youth Aged 15-24 Years by Age 19

Group, 1995 & 2000
4 Socioeconomic and Demographic 20

Characteristics of the Youth Aged 15-24 Years,
1994
5 Distribution of Households by Size by 21

Sex of Household Head, 1995
6 Employment Indicators: Women and Men Aged 27

15 Years and Over, 1994-1997
7 Distribution of Employed Women and Men by 29

Occupation, October 1997
8 Distribution of Employed Women and Men by 31

Industry, October 1997
9 Employed Persons by Highest Grade 33

Completed by Major Occupation Group,
October 1997
10 Unemployment Rates of Women and Men by 34

Marital Status, October 1997
11 Distribution of Women and Men Outside the 35

Labor Force by Reason for Not Looking for
Work, October 1997
12 Distnbution of Children Aged 5-17 Years by 36

Type of Activity, 1995
13 Distribution of Working Children Aged 5-17 37

Years by Type of Economic Activity, 1995
v
14 Distribution of Out-of-School Youth Aged 6-24 38
Years by Activity Done Most of the Time, 1994
15 Rural Household Income, Expenditures & 43

Savings by Sex of Household Head, 1985 &
1991
16 Average Number of Hours Spent Per Week on 44

Economic and Domestic Activities by Rural
Women and Men in Bicol, 1985, 1987 & 1990
17 Average Number of Hours Spent Per Week on 45

Economic and Domestic Activities by Rural
Women and Men in Mindanao, 1990
18 Distribution of Families by Poor and Non-Poor 46

Category by Sex of Head, 1988,1991 & 1994
19 Distribution of Households by Land Ownership 51

by Sex of Household Head, 1990
20 Women Beneficiaries of Agricultural Credit 53

Through Grameen Bank Replication Program,
1995
21 Distribution of Workers in Agriculture by Class, 54

1990, 1994, 1995 & 1996
22 Holders of Emancipation Patents (EP) and 55

Certificate of Land Ownership Agreement
(CLOA), 1992
23 Land Area Distributed to EP and CLOA 56
Holders, 1992
,
24 Highest Educational Attainment of Population 62
Aged 10 Years and Over, 1990 & 1995
25 Enrolment of Women and Men by Cluster 63

Program, SY 1995-1996
26 Distribution of Graduates by Cluster Program, 64

SY 1995-1996
27 Technical Vocational Education Graduates by 66

Cluster Program, SY 1995-1996
vi
28 Contraceptive Prevalence Rate by Method 74
Used By Age Group, 1998
29 Infant Mortality Rates (IMR) and Child Mortality 77

Rates (CMR), 1998
30 Life Expectancy at Birth, 1995-2020 79
31 Percent Distribution of Women and Men by 80

Nutritional Status, 1993
32 Distribution of Disabled Persons by Type of 81

Disability, 1995
33 Distribution of Drug Dependents by Age Group, 83

1990 & 1994
34 Distribution of HIV Ab Seropositives by Age 85

Group, 1984-1996
35 Distribution of Family Heads and Other Needy 91

Adults Served by the DSWD by Clientele
Category, 1990
36 Distribution of Women in Especially Difficult 92

Situations Served by the DSWD by Clientele
Type, 1995-1997
37 Distribution of Children in Especially Difficult 93

Situations Served by the DSWD , 1998
38 Distribution of Youth in Difficult Situations 94

Served by the DSWD , 1998
39 Distribution of Victims of Calamities and Social 95

Disorganizations by Clientele Category, 1990
40 Members of Congress, 1946-1998 101
41 Number of Elected Women and Men by 102

Position, Election Year 1995 and 1998
42 Number of Women and Men Government 103

Personnel by Major Subdivision, 1997
vii
43 Distribution of Overseas Filipino Workers by 111
Place of Work, 1996

Occupation, 1995-1996

Place of Work and Average Cash Remittance,
1995-1996

Major Occupation and Average Cash
Remittance, 1995-1996
47 Proportion of Women and Men Victims of 123

Crimes by Type of Crime, 1989-1991
48 Levels of Index Crimes in the Philippines, 124

1994-1998
49 Women Victims of Domestic Violence by 131

Selected Characteristics by Type of Violence,
1993
50 Cases of Violence Against Women, 1998 132
51 Perpetrators of Violence Against Women, 1998 133
52 Place of Occurrence of Violence Against 134

Women, 1998
53 Cases of Violence Against Children, 1998 136
54 Perpetrators of Violence Against Children, 137

1998
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page

No.
1 Pyramids of the Philippine Population, 1970-2000 15
2 Average Number of Years an Individual Spends in 17

Single State, 1960-1995
3 Average Number of Children Per Woman, 1973- 22

1998
4 Labor Force Participation Rate by Age Group, 28

October 1997
5 Women and Men by Occupation Group, 30

October 1997
6 Proportion of Women and Men by Industry, 32

October 1997
7 Recipients of Extension Services, 1990-1994 52
8 Simple Literacy Rates of Women and Men Aged 15 61

Years and Over, 1960-1994
9 Proportion of Graduate Women and Men by Cluster 65

10 Proportion of Technical Vocational Education 67

Graduate Women and Men by Cluster Program, SY
1995-1996
11 Recent Levels and Trends in Contraceptive Use, 73

1993-1998
12 Recent Levels and Trends in Maternal Mortality 75
Rates, 1991-1995, 1998
13 Leading Causes of Maternal Deaths, 1993 76
14 Recent Levels and Trends in Infant Mortality Rates, 78

1986-1998
ix
15 Proportion of Disabled Women and Men by Type of 82
Disability, 1995
16 Percent Distribution of Drug Dependents by Age 84

Group, 1994
17 Proportion of Women and Men HIV Ab 86

Seropositives by Age Group, 1984-1996
18 Proportion of Women and Men National 104

Government Personnel by Level of Position, 1997
19 Proportion of Overseas Filipino Workers by Place 112

of Work, 1996
20 Distflbution of Overseas Filipino Workers by Age 113

Group. 1996
21 Proportion of Women and Men Overseas Filipino 115

Workers by Occupation, 1996
22 Population of Filipino Women and Men 118

Permanently Residing Abroad, 1986-1995
23 Distribution of Index Crimes Committed in the 125

Philippines, 1998
24 Distribution of Reported Rape Cases in the 126

Philippines. 1994-1998
25 Distribution of Victims of Violence Against Women 135

by Age-Group, 1998
26 Distflbution of Victims of Violence Against Children 138

by Age-Group, 1998
x
INTRODUCTION
The realization of the visions of the Philippine Plan for Gender

and Development (PPGD) such as gender equity, gender equality, and
women's empowerment requires sound gender advocacy, plans,
programs and policies. Appropriate measures must be undertaken for
women and men to have equal conditions for realizing their full rights to
contribute and benefit from economic, social, political, cultural and
environmental development. Moreover, it is also necessary to enhance
the process of women's and men's awareness and capacity building
leading to greater participation, decision-making, power and control, and
to women's and men's transformative action.
Every effort aimed to advance the status of women requires

timely and accurate information on the situations of women and men.
Understanding where, why and how gender inequality arises is a vital step
in addressing gender and development problems and issues.
In this context, latest available statistics highlighting the

differences between women and men have been compiled and presented
in this handbook in tables and figures with brief comparative analyses.
The handbook focuses on the situation of women relative to men in the
following major areas:
1. Population and Families

2. Work
3. Economic Participation
4. Agriculture
5. Education
6. Health and Nutrition
7. Social Welfare
8. Public Life
9. Migration
10. Peace and Human Rights
11. Violence Against Women and Children
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE ADVANCEMENT OF FILIPINO WOMEN
IN THE PHILIPPINES
The Philippines is a signatory to the 1979 Convention on the

Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. It is also
committed to the implementation of the 1985 Nairobi Forward-Looking
Strategies for the Advancement of Women, the 1993 Declaration on the
Elimination of Violence Against Women and the Beijing Declaration and
Platform for Action adopted during the Fourth World Conference on
Women held in Beijing, China in 1995.
In recognition of the role of women in nation-building, several

policies/ laws/mechanisms have been institutionalized in the Philippines.
These include the following:
1. Art. II, Sec. 14 of the 1987 Philippines Constitution provides:
"The state recognizes the role of women in nation-building, and shall

ensure the fundamental equality before the law of women and men."
2. In the Philippines, there are three government agencies that deal

specifically with the women's issues. These are the following:
a) National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women (NCRFW) - It is

the recognized national machinery on women and is an advisory body
to the President and the cabinet in formulating policies and programs
on women and development;
b) Bureau of Women and Young Workers (BWYW) of the Department of

Labor and Employment (DOLE) -It formulates policies and
promulgates orders, rules and regulations implementing the provisions
of the Labor Code affecting working women and minors;
c) Bureau of Women's Welfare (BWW) of the Department of Social

Welfare and Development (DSWD) -It promotes women's welfare with
specific attention to the prevention or eradication of exploitation of
women in any form such as, but not limited to prostitution and illegal
recruitment, as well as the promotion of skills for employment.
3. The Family Code of the Philippines (1987) has provisions that protect
the equality of women and the family such as the provision that
husband and wife should have joint management of conjugal
properties. .
2
4. The Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP, 1987-
1992) stipulates that gender and development shall be effectively
integrated across sectors at the national and subnational planning
processes.
5. A companion plan to the MTPDP, the Philippine Development Plan

for Women (PDPW), 1982-1992 addresses the need to institute
appropriate policies, strategies, programs/projects and mechanisms
to ensure that women are effectively mobilized in the development
process. Executive Order 348, issued on February 17, 1989 directs
all government agencies to implement the programs and projects
outline in the PDPW.
6. Republic Act No. 6725, enacted on May 12, 1989, prohibits

discrimination against women in employment, promotion and training
opportunities.
7. Republic Act No. 7192, known as the "Women in Development and

Nation-Building Act" enacted on February 12, 1992 is a legislative
milestone in the pursuit of equality among women and men in
development and nation-building. Section 4 of this act directs the
National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) to ensure,
with the assistance of NCRFW, that all agencies which affect the
participation of women in national development collect sex-
disaggregated data and include such data in their program/project
papers, proposals or strategies. As a follow-through to RA 7192,
starting in 1995, Section 27 of the General Appropriation Act of the
Republic of the Philippines states that all departments, bureaus,
offices and agencies shall set aside an amount to be used for gender-
responsive projects. In 1996, the minimum amount to be set was at
5%of an agency's total appropriation.
8. Executive Order No. 273, signed on September 8, 1995 approved

and adopted the Philippine Plan for Gender-Responsive
Development, (PPGD) 1995-2025. The PPGD is a 3D-year
perspective framework for pursuing full equality and development for
women and men in accordance with RA 7192 and the 1987
Constitution as well as the main vehicle for implementing in the
Philippines the Beijing Platform for Action.
9. Executive Order No. 348 which adopted the PDPW in 1989 also
mandates the creation of Gender and Development (GAD) focal
points within an agency, a sector or a locality. The focal points are
tasked to
3
catalyze, coordinate, provide direction to, and serve as technical
adviser on gender and development efforts.
10. Republic Act No. 8353, or the Anti-Rape Law enacted on

September 30,1997 expands the definition of the crime of rape and
reclassifies it as a crime against person instead of a crime against
chastity.
SOME CURRENT STATISTICAL DEVELOPMENTS
1. In addition to what has been achieved in the past to improve the

generation of gender statistics in the Philippines, the NSCB, in
collaboration w.ith the NCRFW and other agencies, is currently
undertaking the following statistical projects with funding assistance
from the Canadian International Development Agency Institutional
Strengthening Project Phase II (CIDA-ISP II):
1.1 Refinement of the Existing Gender and Development Indicators

System (GAD-IS)
The ESCAP project revealed that out of 199 indicators, only 19%
are supported by data in the desired frequency and disaggregation.
Refinement of the existing GAD-IS includes the identification of the core
gender indicators needed to monitor the PPGD both at the national and
subnational levels. The revised GAD-IS is envisioned to be a
comprehensive data system support to gender and development issues,
programs and policies. It shall encompass the three major concerns on
gender and development that were earlier identified in the ESCAP project
: economic, social and special concerns. It shall consist of a well-defined
GAD data framework and an updated database at the NCRFW. It shall
serve as a basis for identifying gender statistics that need to be integrated
into the Philippine Statistical System (PSS).
The refinement and improvement of the GAD-IS depends on two

basic factors: first, the selection of the required gender indicators for the
monitoring and implementation of the PPGD; and second, the capability
of the concerned government agencies to generate the required gender
indicators. On the first, the accumulated experiences of the PSS and the
NCRFW in the production of gender statistics over the years can provide
the technical expertise required to formulate the selection and compilation
methodology for the indicators. On the second, with
4
continuing effort to mainstream gender concerns in economic and social
development programs, various government agencies have incorporated
gender and development concerns in their programs and projects and
regularly submit reports to the NCRFW per the implementing Rules and
Regulations of RA 7162. Likewise, in accordance with the Joint
Department of Budget and Management (DBM)-NEDA Circular No. 1-96
dated 08 March 1996 which implements Section 27 of the General
Provision of the CY 1996 General Appropriation Act, all departments,
bureaus, offices and agencies of the national governments are required
to submit semestral reports on their GAD-Responsible Project,
particularly on their compliance with the 5% allocation to gender-
responsive projects and utilization thereof. The agency compliance
reports submitted however, have not been sufficient to measure progress
on women's concerns. Hence, although there is a growing and expanding
support for gender responsive programs, deficiencies in providing the
required gender indicators by various government agencies stem from
the methodology and basic statistical analysis, not to mention existing
limitation on budget and resources. This underscores the need to improve
the capability of concerned agencies to provide on a regular basis the
data required by the GAD-IS.
Statistical data assessment shall be conducted to determine the

availability, reliability, timeliness and source of the data support to the
core indicators and procedures will be drawn up on how to fill in data
gaps. Under the refined indicator system, the estimation methodology for
each indicator shall be formulated and the most appropriate source
agency and the method of data collection for each data item shall be
identified.
Recognizing the current limitations of various government

agencies in generating sex-disaggregated data, a training manual shall
be developed which will serve as a guide in the collection, tabulation,
estimation, and analysis of the GAD indicators. Statistical training will be
conducted in collaboration with the SRTC for the concerned national
government agencies and priority regions to ensure the provision of
necessary skills in the generation of the GAD indicators.
To institutionalize the collection, generation and processing of

sex-disaggregated data, efforts to enhance the gender-responsiveness of
the PSDP shall be explored and implemented. Appropriate guidelines and
mechanisms shall be developed and disseminated to ensure that sectoral
plans and programs in the PSDP will address sectoral gender issues.
Measures shall be undertaken to implement and effect gender-
5
base statistical activities of concerned agencies at the national and sub-
national levels. The project shall also work toward the inclusion of the
core indicators in the system of designated statistics of the PSS. Since
NSCB has the mandate to monitor the implementation of the PSDP and
to lobby for budgetary support, concerned agencies will be urged to
invoke Section 27 of the General Appropriation Act to ensure funding of
activities to improve the generation of gender statistics needed for the
GAD-IS.
The results and outputs of present initiatives relative to the

establishment of a gender-based indicator system shall be disseminated
as widely as possible to serve as inputs for the formulation and
implementation of gender responsive programs/projects among line
agencies and local governments.
1.2 Development of a Methodology to Generate Statistics on Violence

Against Woman and Children (VAWC);
The lack of hard statistics on the extent of the problem of

violence against women and children makes it difficult to establish
baseline data which could raise the level of awareness among
government agencies and the public on the seriousness of the problem.
However, generating accurate statistics on domestic violence

remains problematic in the Philippines as in other countries. Society in
general and families in particular, consider domestic problem and
difficulties as private affairs and they are not likely to report these events.
Also, the stigma attached to domestic violence discourages victims and
their families from reporting these incidence to authorities. A network of
government and non-government organizations was formed called the
NSCB Technical Working Group on VAWC. The VAWC-TWG members
are composed of the following: Bureau of Women and Young Workers
(BWYW). Commission on Human Rights (CHR), Council for the Welfare
of Children (CWC), Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG),
Department of Health (DOH), Department of Social Welfare and
Development (DSWD), End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and the
Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes (ECPAT), Harnessing Self-
reliant Initiatives and Knowledge, Inc (HASIK), National Police
Commission (NAPOLCOM), National Bureau of Investigation (NBI),
National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women (NCRFW), National
Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), NSCB, Philippine National
Police (PNP), University of the Philippines - Center for Women's Studies
(UPCWS), Women's Crisis Center (WCC)
6
and Women's Legal Bureau (WLB). These member agencies who are
actively involved in providing services to VAWC victims and working
together to form a glossary of standard definition of terms on VAWC.
Meanwhile, the NSCB Regional Units regularly prepare and disseminate
information sheets and publications on VAWC statistics via print, media
and the website.
Recognizing that existing records can present a very limited

picture of VAWC, the study shall also formulate and test various
methodologies for generating information through surveys. This is
admittedly, a challenge to statistical systems because of the nature of the
information being collected. However, in order to effectively guide policy
planning and lawmaking, the extent of the problem on VAWC should be
estimated using a reliable and tested methodology and efforts in this
direction should by all means be exerted.
Current works undertaken are the following: (1) review of related

researches and studies; (2) consolidation of administrative-based VAWC
statistics collected; (3) review of the draft VAWC Glossary of terms in
statistics; and (4) workshop preparation for administrative-based VAWC
Statistics and Glossary of Terms.
1.3 Conduct of a Pilot Time-Use Survey in the Philippines Toward the

Development of a Framework for Measuring Women's and Men's
Contribution in the Economy.
Measuring women's work is one of the data gaps that the

government seeks to address. If women's unpaid work in subsistence
agriculture, housework and family care were fully counted in the labor
force statistics, their participation in the labor force may prove to be equal
to or even greater than men's. And if their unpaid housework and family
care were counted in the System of National Accounts (SNA), measures
of gross national outputs would increase. Without accurate and adequate
information about what women really do and how much they produce, the
government cannot formulate effective internal economic policies that
include women.
Previous attempts have been made in several countries to

qualify/impute monetary value on the work done by women at home.
These attempts found out that with minor modification or improvement, a
time-use survey would be an excellent vehicle to support the data
requirement of measuring women's household activities using various
valuation methods such as the opportunity cost or the market valuation
methods.
7
2. The preparation and dissemination of gender based statistics is a
regular activity of the NSCB central office and its regional units. At
the central office, statistical series showing the economic and social
situation of women and men are published annually and posted at the
NSCB web site for the National Women's Month. Meanwhile, the
regional units have annual factsheets on Women and Men in Regions
I, V, VI, VIII, IX, XI, XII and CAR These infosheets are disseminated
in hard copies, through the media and press releases and the NSCB
RU web pages. Also, all NSCB Central Office infosheets which
present and analyze gender-sensitive indicators are disseminated in
the regions. Likewise, gender statistics are also presented for several
indicators contained in the annual Regional Social and Economic
Trends (RSET) and in the Southern Mindanao Statistical Yearbook.
Issues of the RSET are prepared for Regions I, V, VI, VIII, IX, XII and
CAR. A regional handbook of women and men in the above regions
will be prepared. for dissemination during the women's month
celebration in March 2000.
3. The NSCB Regional Units (RUs) in Regions I, VIII and XII have
ongoing projects which are aimed at establishing and institutionalizing
a gender statistical system in the regions. The NSCB RU I project is
entitled, Institutionalizing the Generation and Dissemination of
Gender Statistics in Region I, is funded under the ISP 2 project funds
subcontracted by the NCRFW to the NEDA I. Meanwhile, the NSCB
RU VIII will be providing technical assistance to NEDA VIII in the
establishment of a gender database for the region. On the other
hand, the NSCB RU XII is now preparing a Handbook of Women and
Men in Region XII with funding assistance from the Local
Government Support Project of the CIDA XII.
4. The NSCB RU XI is a member of the Davao City Gender Watch

Monitoring Committee. This committee was tasked by the Davao City
Sangguniang Panlunsod to develop the monitoring mechanism,
statistical indicators and guidelines for the implementation of the City
Ordinance no. 5004: Women Development Code of Davao City. The
NSCB RU staff shall provide technical assistance in the conduct of
these activities: (a) design of the monitoring tools and forms; (b) field
monitoring; (c) collation and analysis of the field monitoring results;
and provide expertise on gender responsive statistics and database
system.
8
5. The Statistical Research and Training Center (SRTC), also in
collaboration with the NCRFW and with funding assistance from
CIDA-ISP II, developed the training manual on "Statistics for Gender
Regional Local Development Planning." The training manual shall be
used in the conduct of statistical trainings for local government units
(LGUs). The trainings aim to provide the LGUs with necessary skills
to mainstream gender concerns in the development process.
6. The Women's Crisis Center is currently collecting information on

women victims of violence through their research project which will
consolidate "1001 stories of Violence Against Women." The project
aims to give a vivid portrayal of VAW cases in the country.
7. The UP Center for Women Studies (UPCWS) recently concluded the

research project on "Breaking the Silence, the Realities of Family
Violence in the Philippines and Recommendations for Change,"
funded by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). This
research project provided information on 1000 documented cases of
violence against Filipino women and children.
MECHANISMS FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN
In the Philippines, there are three government agencies that deal

specifically with women's issues. These are the NCRFW, the recognized
national machinery on women under the Office of the President, the
Bureau of Women and Young Workers (BWYW) of the Department of
Labor and Employment (DOLE) and the Bureau of Women's Welfare
under the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD).
• NCRFW functions as the advisory body to the President and the

Cabinet in formulating policies and implementing programs for the full
integration and mobilization of women in national development.
• BWYW formulates policies and promulgates orders, rules and

regulations implementing the provisions of the Labor Code affecting
working women and minors. It is mandated to promote women's
welfare with specific attention to the prevention or eradication of
exploitation of women in any form.
9
• GAD Focal Point Mechanism is the primary structure for Philippine
Development Plan for Women (PDPW) implementation. The focal
points are envisioned to serve as catalysts for gender responsive
planning and programming in various line agencies.
• Legislative mechanism. The Senate and House Committee on

Women and Family Relations serve as the Women's mechanism in
the Philippine legislature.
• The academe/NGOs undertake continuing studies and researches on

women's conditions in varied sectors and geographical areas, and on
issues affecting them such as the impact of mainstreaming gender
development programs and policies on Filipino women, violence
against women, reproductive health, overseas work and others.
10
W@[Jili)@OD and liYiI@D'iJ
III18E 'IIUPPIIIES
POPUlATION AND
FAMILIES
POPULATION AND FAMILIES
Rapid population growth has adverse effects on social services

provided by the government. Major changes in households and family life
have given women greater opportunities. But they have made more
complex, and often, more difficult, women's struggle to balance family,
household and economic responsibilities. Below are priority issues in the
sector:
• Serious implications of changing population size, family structure,

emerging typologies of family, composition and distribution vis-a-vis
available resources/services on the status of women;
• Multiple burden due to inclination of family members to define certain

roles for men and women; and
• Need to address gender issues of the youth, elderly and disabled

men and women.
To address some of the above issues, the following policies were

promulgated:
• Enactment of the Family Code which, to date is the most enlightened

piece of legislation to promote equality and justice among family
members; and
• The importance of the Filipino family as the fundamental unit of

society is underscored in the 1987 Constitution and other existing
legislation. The Constitution and other legislation recognize that well-
functioning and happy families constitute the necessary foundation for
social stability, economic progress and development.
13
Figure 1. Pyramids Of The Philippine Population, 1970-2000
75 & ever 75 & over

70-74 70..74
65-69 65-'>9
60-" 60.64
55-59 55.59
50-54 50-54
45-49 45-49
4().44 4l).44
35-39 35-39
30-34 30-34
25-29 25-29
2Q..24 20-24
15-19 15.19
1Q..14 10-14
5-9 5-9
0-4 0-4
1970 1980
15&_ 75 & over

71).7. 70-74
6~69 65-69
60-64 •• 64
55-59 55-59
50-54
50-"
.,." .,."
"""
'>J' """
,."
JO.J4 JO.J4
,>2, 25-29
"."
15-19
21).24
15-19
..,
11).14
..,
10-14
•• ••
1990 2000
Source: , 970, 19BO, and 1990 Censuses of Population, National Statistics Office (NSO)
2000 N~ional and Regional Population Projections, TWG on Population Projections
The Philippine population is still relatively young as shown by the broad

base of the pyramids. However. there is an evident slowly changing
structure of the pyramids from 1970-2000. The pyramids' slant slightly
decreased in 1990 and 2000 as compared to that of 1970 and 1980. This
indicates a slowly increasing share of adults in the population. The slowly
aging trend in the age distribution of the population can be attributed to
decreasing fertility rates, decreasing population grow1hrates and increasing
life expectancy in the Philippines. This trend is evident for both sexes.
15
Table 1. Population and Sex Ratio by Age Group. 1995 & 2000
(Numbers in Thousands)
1995 .,' 2000

Age Female Male Sex Female Male Sex
Group No. % No. % Ratio ~o. % . No. % Ratio
All Ages 33,900 100.0 34,450 100.0 102

c-
37,877 100.0 38,443 100.0 101
Under 5 4,573 13.5 4.897 14.2 107 4,694 12.4-- 4,902 12.8 104
,
5-9 .. 4,254 12.5 4,461 12.9 105 4,514 11.9 4,815 12.5 107
10-14 3,928 11.6 4,029 11.7 103 ~ 4,239 11.2. -4,437 11.5 105
..
15-19 3,570 10.5 3,617 10.5 101 3,917 10.3 4,010 10.4 102
20-24 3,195 9.4 3,207 9.3 100 3,556 9.4 3,590 9.3 101
25-29 2,816 6.3 2,824 8.2 100 3,178 8.4 3,174 8.3 100
30-34 2,421 7.1 2,449 7.1 101 2,797 7.4 2,791 7.3 100
35-39 ~,062 6.1 2,092 6.1 101 2,400 6.3.. 2,414 6.3 101
40-44 1,695 5:0 1,729 5.0 102 2,237 5.4':::;, 2,053 5.3 101
45-49 1,394 4.1 1,416 4.1 102 ~,6G6 4.4':-~l.~1
",-,.-:,'1 •
685 4.4 101
50.54 1,103 3.3 _VOl 3.2 100 1,362 3.6 ';;;'i'.365 3.5 100
> " .•
55-59 881 2.6 862 2.5 98 , 1,005 2.8 '1;042 2.7 98
••~"792:.
60-64 686 2.0 648 1.9 95.
,834 2.2 - 2.1 95
65-69 517 1.5 ~o 472 1.4 __
~27 1,7.~'.. 511 .._' _ 1.5
.. 91 91
70-74 361 1.1 312 0.9 87 .446 1.2 .:- .. '38S~';1.0 87
75-79 218 0.6 170 0.5 78 287 0.8 233 0.6 81
80+ 228 0.7 165 0.5 73 258 0.7 179 0.5 70
Source: 1995 Based National and Regional Population Projections, NSCB
There are more males than females in the Philippines, It was reported that
there were 102 males per 100 females in 1995. This ratio is expected to
decrease to 101 males to 100 females by the year 2000.
Males outnumber females at early ages but females outnumber males at

late ages, The greater number of women among the elderly is attributed to the
longer life expectancy of women than that of men.
16
POPULA TlON AND FAMILIES
Figure 2. Average Number of Years an Individual Spends

in Single State, 1960-1995
-Men -Women
Women marry earlier than men. Based on the 1995 census data, the
average age at marriage of women and men were estimated at 24.2
and 26.6 years, respectively.
More women and men continue to delay their entry to marriage as

indicated by the increasing single mean age at marriage (SMAM)
especially over the period 1980-1995. This would mean a delay in the
exposure of women to childbearing.
17
POPULA HON AND FAMILIES
Table 2. Population 10 Years Old and Over

by Marital Status, 1990 & 1995
(In Thousands)
Marital 1990 1995

Status Number I Percent Number I Percent
Female 22,055 100.0 25,168 100.0

Never Married 9,732 44.1 10,875 43.2
Married 10,776 48.9 12,097 48.1
Widowed 1,293 5.9 1,484 5.9
Divorced/Separated 186 0.8 219 0.9
Common Law/Live-in - - 452 1.8
Not Stated 68 0.3 41 0.2
Male 21,921 100.0 25,288 100.0
Never Married 10,779 49.1 12,221 48.3
Married 10,652 48.5 12,032 47.6
Widowed 396 1.8 457 1.8
Separated 94 0.4 113 0.4
Common law/Live-in - - 435 1.7
Not Stated 54 0.2 30 0.1
- No data.
Source: NSO Philippine Yearbook 1995
There are more widows than widowers. Data show that there were 3
widowed women for every 1 widowed man.
Males who are never married outnumber their female counterparts.
18
Table 3. Population of Youth Aged 15-24 Years by Age Group,

1995 & 2000
(In Thousands)
Women Men
Age Group 1995 2000 1995 2000
15-19 3570 3917 3617 4010

20-24 3195 3556 3207 3590
15-24 6765 7473 6824 7600
There were more men than women among the youth in 1995. It is
also projected that by the year 2000 young men will still outnumber the
young women.
19
Table 4. Socioeconomic and Demographic Characteristics

of the Youth Aged 15-24 Years, 1994
Indicators Women Men
Marital Status
Single 77.0 90.0
Married 23.0 10.0
Educational Attainment
Elementary 44.0 50.0
High School 50.0 47.0
College 6.0 3.0
Main Activity
Studying 44.3 42.5
Working 20.3 38.1
Not Working 3.6 8.3
Housekeeping 26.7 4.6
Others 5.1 6.6
Occupation
Upper White Collar 12.2 4.2
Lower White Collar 23.4 8.5
Agriculture 2.8 35.2
Blue Collar 60.9 52.0
Non-Gainful 0.7 0.1
Source: 1994 Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Survey

University of the Philippines Population Institute (UP PI)
A higher percentage or 23 percent of young women are married as

compared to only 10 percent among the young men.
Young women are more likely to attain higher education than their male
counterparts.
Majority of young working women and men are engaged in blue collar
jobs.
20
POPULA HON AND FAMILIES
Table 5. Distribution of Households by Size by Sex

of Household Head, 1995
(In Thousands)
Household Female-headed Male.headed

Size Number Percent Number Percent
1 212 13 254 2
2 304 18 900 8
3 300 18 1567 13
4 261 16 2119 18
5 204 12 2190 18
6 145 9 1798 15
7 95 6 1252 11
8 63 4 875 7
9 28 2 403 3
10&Over 39 2 500 4
Total 1651 100 11857 100
Source of basic data: 1995 Population Census, NSO
Most households are headed by men. As of 1995, there were 7 male-

headed households for every 1 female.headed household.
Female.headed households are smaller than male.headed

households. The average size of female-headed households in 1995
was about 4 persons while that of male-headed households was about 5
persons.
21
Figure 3. Average Number of Children per Woman,

1973-1998
8.0
7.0
6.0
8.0
5.2
5.0
4.1
4.0 3.7
3.0
2.0
1973 NOS 1978 RPFS 1983 NOS 1986 CPS 1993 NOS 1998 NOHS
Year
Note: Data refer to the total fertility rates of women aged 15-49 years.
Source: Various Surveys
NOS (NSO) - National Demographic Survey
NDHS - National Demographic and Health Survey
RPFS (NSO) - Republic of the Philippines Fertility Survey
CPS (UP?I) - Contraceptive Prevalence Survey
There are 4 children expected to be born per woman. The average number
of children born alive to a woman was estimated at 3.7 based on the 1998
National Demographic and Health Survey.
Fertility remains relatively high although consistently declining at a very

slow rate over the period 1973-1998. Total Fertility Rate was recorded at 6.0
in 1973 and declined to 3.7 in 1998.
22
W@1JDi)@1Ji)and ~@1Ji)
.1 liE PI'U'''IE5
WORK
WORK
With the increasing participation of women' in both formal and

informal sectors of the labor force, problems affecting their productivity
and income shares were experienced. Below are the priority
problems/issues concerning women in the sector:
• Unequal terms and conditions of work and benefits for women,

specifically production workers;
• Unequal pay opportunities between men and women;
• Unequal employment opportunities between men and women;
• Need to strengthen women's participation as leaders in labor
organizations and other associations; and
• Need to increase participation of women in work-based organizations.
The following policy reforms and programs, including a landmark

anti-sexual harassment law, helped reduce inequality between men and
women in both formal and informal sectors:
• The Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995 which was signed into law -
The Philippine Development Plan for Women (PDPW) describes
sexual harassment as consisting of unwanted and inappropriate
remarks about a person's appearance and/or sexual activities which
affect directly or indirectly, one's job performance, promotion or
evaluation;
• The component activity for and by women of the Tulong sa Tao -

NGO Micro-Credit Program (TST/NGO-MCP) - This program of the
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) seeks to address the credit
needs of existing and potential micro-entrepreneurs through the
extensive use of NGOs as conduits for lending and technical
assistance. The women's component is called the Tulong sa
Kababaihan;
• Efforts by DTI to encourage the exploitation of regional comparative

advances have been perceived to create employment in the
countryside, particularly among women;
• Women's equal opportunity in the trade skills training programs of

the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA).
25
• The National Center for Women provide upgraded traditional and
non-traditional trades including twenty-seven (27) training subjects in
nine (9) trade areas. The Research and Development activities
include cOncerns on women's capability development, wider
employmen't opportunities for women and other measures for
enhancing women's status.
26
WORK
Table 6. Employment Indicators: Women and Men

Aged 15 Years and Over, 1994 - 1997
Employment 1994 1995 1996 1997

Indicator Wi M wi M wi M wi M
Labor Force
Participation Rate 47.3 81.6 49.0 82.1 49.0 82.7 48.9 82.4
Unemployment
Rate 9.4 7.9 9.4 7.7 8.2 7.0 8.5 7.5
Employment-
Population Ratio 42.9 75.2 44.4 75.8 44.9 76.9 44.8 76.2
Labor Force 10136 17347 10493 17547 11036 18601 11417 18848
(in thousands)
Source of basic data: October 1994-1997 Integrated Survey of Households, NSO
There are more economically active men than women at all ages. In
1997, 82 percent of the men were in the labor force as compared to only 49
percent of the women.
Meanwhile, employment-population ratio highlights gender

differential in employment status. In 1997. only 45 percent of women
compared to 76 percent of men were employed. Nevertheless, the labor
force participation rate and the employment-population ratio of women were
both growing faster than the men's.
27
WORK
Figure 4. labor Force Participation Rate

by Age Group. October 1997
~....• _.
120.0
Men
100.0
~
~ 80.0
1;1
";;
c
0 60.0
Co
u 40.0
'E
••
c.
20.0
0.0
15-19 20-24 25-34 35-44 55-64 65 & over
Age Group
Source of basic data: October 1997 Integrated Survey of Households Bulletin, NSO
Childbearing could be a major factor preventing women from

participating in the labor market. This is exemplified by the leveling off of
labor force participation of women at the onset of childbearing and reaching
its peak at menopausal ages. The figure f above shows that labor force
participation of women levels off at ages 20-34 years and starts to increase
at ages 35-44 years and peaks at ages 45-54.
28
WORK
Table 7. Distribution of Employed Women and Men

by Occupation, October 1997
Women Men
Occupation Number I Percent Number I Percent
Agricultural Workers 2951 29.1 8200 47.4

Sales Workers 2695 26.6 1283 7.4
Service Workers 1621 16.0 1194 6.9
Production, Transport and
Related Workers 1189 11.7 5317 30.7
Professional, Technical and
Related Workers 1076 10.6 578 3.3
Clerical Workers 716 7.1 490 2.8
Administrative, Executive and
Managerial Workers 185 1.8 346 2.0
Total 10433 100.0 17408 100.0
Source: October 1997 Integrated Survey of Households Bulletin, NSO
Agriculture is the most common occupation among women and men.

Sales work is second among women with production and transport
occupations among men.
29
WORK
Figure 5. Women and Men by Occupation Group,

October 1997
• Women • Men
Percent
Sales, professional, technical, clerical and service workers are

mostly women. In 1997, there were 2 women for every man in sales or
professional occupations and 3 women for every 2 men in clerical or
service occupations.
White collar occupations remain dominated by men. There are 2 men

for every woman in administrative, executive, and managerial
occupations as of 1997.
Production, transport, and agriculture are also still dominated by

men. There are 9 men for every 2 women in production and transport and
3 men for every woman in agriculture.
30
WORK
Table 8. Distribution of Employed Women and Men by Industry,

October 1997
Women Men
Industrv Number I Percent Number I Percent
Agrlcutture, Fishery &

Forestry 3068 30.3 8384 48A
":4ining & auarrying 13 0.1 103 0.6
Manufacturing 1221 12.0 1536 8.9
Elec., Gas & Water 15 0.1 108 0.6
Construction 21 0.2 1552 9.0
Wholesale & Relall Trade 2642 26.1 1420 8.2
Trans;, Storage &
Communication n 0.8 1560 9.1
Finance, Insurance, Real

Estate & Business Services 259 2.6 421 2A
Community, Social & Persona
Services 2817 27.8 2202 12.1
Tolal 10133 100.0 17306 100.0
The biggest number of employed women and men in the country are
engaged in'Janning. In 1997, 30 percent of women and 48 percent of
men aged 15 years and over were in Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry.
Next to Ag~culture, women are employed in Community, Social and
Personal Services (28 percent) and Wholesale and Retail Trade (26
percent). For men, Agriculture is followed by Community, Social and
Personal Services (13 percent) and Transport, Storage and
Communication (9 percent).
I
31
WORK
Figure 6. Proportion of Women and Men by Industry,

October 1997
• Women .Men
Wholesale & Retail Trade
Community, Social & P~nat

Services
Manufacturing
Finance, Insurance, Real Estate &

8usineM Services
Agriculture, Fishery & Forestry
EJec., Gas & Water
Mining & Quarrying
Trans_. Storage & Communicabon
Construction
Percent
Men dominate all industries except Wholesale and Retail Trade and the
Community, Social and Personal Services Sectors. The 1997 data show
that there were 99 men for every woman in Construction, 21 men for every
woman in transport, 8 men for every woman in Mining and Quarrying, 7
men for every woman in Electricity, Gas and Water, 3 men for every woman
in Agriculture, and 3 men for every 2 women in Finance and 5 men for every
4 women in Manufacturing. On the other hand, there were 2 women for
every man in Whosale and Retail Trade and 4 women for every 3 men in
Social, Community and Personal Services.
32
WORK
Table 9. Employed Persons by Highest Grade Completed

by Major Occupation Group, October 1997
(In Percent)
Women Men
Occupation
Elem. &
LOW&!'
I High
School
I College
level
I
Coli..Grad.
& Higher
80m, &
Lower
I High
School
I College ICoILGrad
Level & Higher
Professional, Technical and

Related Workers 0.93 1.46 9.41 46.81 0.32 0.98 4.04 30.57
Administrative, Executive
and Managerial Workers 0.42 1.18 2.81 5.32 0.59 1.32 3.07 11.62
Clerical Workers 0.30 2.31 19.55 22.13 0.54 2.15 8.02 11.25
Sales Workers 22.99 32.43 35.20 14.86 6.55 7.82 11.96 15.25
Service Workers 16.79 22.40 11.58 2.83 2.85 9.06 14.10 9.21
Agricultural Workers 48.29 22.71 9.32 2.32 66.74 36.81 19.52 9.21
Production, Transport and
Related Workers 10.21 17.29 11.88 3.38 22.38 41.73 38.78 12.38
Production Finance,
Insurance, Real Estate &
Business Services 0.70 0.2 0.28 0.33 0.05 0.13 0.46 0.45
Community, Social &
Personal Services
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source: October 1997lnlegrated Survey of Households Bulletin, NSO
Women and men with lower educational background are predominantly

agricultural workers.
M05t women with secondary education are sales, agricultural and service
workers while their men counterparts work as agricultural and production,
transport and related workers.
Women who finish college education and higher are mostly engaged as
professional, technical and related workers, clerical and sales workers while
their men counterparts are professional, technical and related workers, sales,
manaQerial and clerical workers.
33
WORK
Table 10. Unemployment Rates of Women and Men by

Marital
Women Men
Status
Single 16.46 14.95

Married 4.58 3.88
Widowed 6.82 7.25
Separated 8.44 10.32
Note: Data refer to women and men aged 15 years and over.
Financial responsibility in having a family is perhaps the major

driving force for both women and men to get employed. The table
above shows that unemployment rates are lowest among currently
married women and men while highest among single for both sexes.
Widowed and separated women have lower unemployment rates than
that of men with the same marital status. The situation is reversed for
single and married. Single and married women have relatively higher
unemployment rates than single and married men.
34
WORK
Table 11. Distribution of Women and Men Outside the Labor

Force by Reason for Not Looking for Work,
October 1997
Women Men
Reason
Number Percent Number Percent
No work available 249 36.3 389 39.8

Awaiting results of
application 72 10.5 96 9.8
IlinessJDisability 172 25.1 273 27.9
Waiting for rehire. 193 28.1 220 22.5
Total 686 100.0 978 100.0
Large number of women and men outside the labor force are losing
their hope to find a job. Latest survey shows that more than one third of
women and men aged 15 years and over were not looking for work
because they believe no work is available for them.
A big percentage of women (28%) and men (23%) are waiting for
rehire.
About one-fourth or 25 percent of men and women are prevented by

illness or disability from participating in the labor force. The survey
reveal that 25 percent of women and 28 percent of men who are not looking
for a job are hindered by their illness or disability.
35
WORK
Table 12. Distribution of Children Aged 5-17 Years

by Type of Activity, 1995
Type of Girls Boys

Activity Number Percent Number Percent
Working 356 3.3 907 7.9

Studying 8208 75.6 7792 67.6
Working &
Studying 892 8.2 1423 12.3
Housekeeping 627 5.8 500 4.3
Others 775 7.1 904 7.8
Total 10858 100.0 11525 100.0
Source: 1995 Child labor Survey, NSO
The table above shows that 16 percent and 20 percent of girls and boys,
respectively, are not studying. They are either working or engaged in
housekeeping and other activities. Further, 8 percent of girls and 12
percent of boys are working and studying at the same time.
36
WORK
Table 13. Distribution of Working Children Aged 5-17 Years

by Type of Economic Activity, 1995
Economic Girls Boys

Activitv Number I Percent Number I Percent
Agricultural Workers 668294 49.1 2014755 74.8

Sales Workers 329024 24.2 258812 9.6
Service Workers 245399 18.0 94425 3.5
Production, Transport
Equipment Workers 110328 8.1 272922 10.1
Clerical and Related
Workers 5183 0.4 19280 0.7
Others 3421 0.3 34083 1.3
Total 1361649 100.0 2694277 100.0
Source: 1995 Child labor Survey, NSO
Child labor is predominant in agriculture. The 1995 data show that

49 percent and 75 percent of working girls and boys respectively, are
agricultural workers.
Nex1 to agriculture, working girls are in sales and service industries

while working boys are in sales and production, transport and
equipment sectors.
37
WORK
Table 14. Distribution of Out-of-School Youth Aged 6-24 Years by

Activity Done Most of the Time, 1994
Female Male
Activity Number I Percent Number I Percent
All Types 2671 100.0 2015 100.0
Employedllooked for a job 344 12.9 624 30.9

Housekeeping 1530 57.3 207 10.3
Engaged in sports 21 0.8 74 3.6
Participated in community
projects 12 0.4 16 0.8
Went out with friends 253 9.5 563 28.0
Others 511 19.2 531 26.4
Note: Data refer to females and mates aged 6-24 years.

Source of basic data: 1994 FlEMMS, NSO-DECS
Gender differential IS evident in' the activities done most of the time by the
out-of-school youth. In 1994, m31jority or 57 percent of the out-of-school
females were engaged in housekeeping, as compared to only 10 percent of
their male counterparts. On the other hand, only 13 percent of the out-of-
school females are employed or looking for a job as compared to 31
percent of the males.
38
~UiJi)@[1i) and ~@lJi)
IN TIE PHIUPPINES
ECONOMIC
PARTICIPATION
ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION
Counting women's household work is one of the gaps that the

government needs to address. If women's unpaid work in subsistence
agricuiture, housework and family care were fully counted in labor force
statistics, their participation in the labor force may prove to be equal to or
greater than men's. And if their unpaid housework and family care were
counted as productive output in national accounts, measures of gross
national outputs would relatively increase. Without accurate and adequate
information about what women really do and how much they produce, the
government has little incentive to respond to internal economic policies
that include women. Below are priority issues that need to be addressed:
• Lack of visibility and non-quantification of women's contribution in the

economy;
• Women's participation in making economic decisions
• Limited access of women to credit; and
• Impact of economic policies on women
To lift some barriers to women's economic activity, Republic Act

7192 was enacted. Under section 5 of this law, women of legal age,
regardless of civil status, shall have the capacity to enter into contracts
which shall in every respect be equal to that of men under similar
circumstances.
In all contractual situations where married men have the capacity

to act, married women shall have equal rights. To this end:
• Women shall have the capacity to borrow and obtain loans and
execute security and credit arrangements under the same conditions
as men,
41
• Women shall have equal access to all govemment and private sector
programs granting agricultural credit, loans and non-material
resources and shall enjoy equal treatment in agrarian reform and
land resettlement programs;
• Women shall have equal rights to act as incorporators and enter into
insurance contracts; and
• Women shall have rights equal to those of married men in applying

for passports, and securing visas and other travel documents, without
need to secure the consent of their spouses.
42
Table 15. Rural Household Income, Expenditures and Savings

by Sex of Household Head, 1985 & 1991
(In Pesos)
1985 1991
Item Women Men
Women Men
Total P.;rcent* Total Percent Total Percent Total Percent
Average Annual 22,426 100 21,801 100 40.051 100 41,353 100
Income
Average Annual 18,765 83.7 19,483 89.4 32.309 80.7 33,924 82.0
Expenditures .
Average Annual 3,661 16.3 2,318 10.6 7,742 19.3 7,429 18.0
Savings
'.
• Percent = {Item/Average annuallncome)*100

Source of basic data: Family Income and Expenditure Survey, NSO
In 1985, women-headed rural households have slightly higher annual

income than men-headed rural households; however, this was reversed in
1991 where the average annual income of men-headed households is P41,353 as
compared to only P40,051 for women-headed households. '";"-'"
"; ••. (P~
Women-headed households have lower expenditures and'"higher savings

relative to men-headed households. In 1991, women-headed households spent
p.nth"eaverage 80.7 percent and saved 19.3 percent of their income, while men-
.
oel1dedhouseholds spent 82 percent and saved 18 percent of their income.
.
43
ECONOMIC PARTICIPA TION
Table 16. Average Number of Hours Spent Per Week on Economic

and Domestic Activities by Rural Women and Men
in Bicol, 1985, 1987 & 1990
1985 1987 1990

Item
W M W M W M
Economic Activities
Market production-
own account 5.7 8.8 36.0 37.0 19.3 28.8
Rice farming 0.1 3.7 15.0 30.0 2.5 9.0
Other crops 1.0 0.9 - - - -
Livestock!
poultry raising 1.3 3.1 3.7 6.3
Trading 2.2 0.4 21.0 7.0 8.3 7.0
Home industries - - - 4.2 3.7
Others 1.1 0.7 0.6 2.8
Wage work 2.9 5.5 1.0 6.0 13.9 19.9
Total market work 8.6 14.3 37.0 43.0 33.2 48.7
Domestic Activities
Total home
Rroduction time 39.1 15.3 56.0 15.0 44.6 10.5
~ J.~tllJ
Total working time:., 47.7 29.6 93.0 58.0 77.8 59.2

p~urce: Women in Agriculture: The Philippine Case, IPC Ateneo de Manila
s .!\~
Women keep much longer total working hours than men, Besides
producing food or earning wages or profit, women must contend with time-
intensive housework. The total work burden of rural women may be
quantified in terms of hours spent in various production activities. In rainfed
farming systems where households can rarely depend on anyone crop, women
work 78 hours per week vs. men's 59 hours based on this 1990 study.
On the average, men work longer hours on market production activities at 48.7
hours per week compared to 33.2 hours per week spent by women. However,
the amount of time spent by women in domestic activities is 44.6 hours per
week compared to 10.5 hours per week by men.
44
Table 17. Average Number of Hours Spent Per Week on Economic

and Domestic Activities by Rural Women and Men
in Mindanao, 1990
hltem ;:IWomenr:-~,., Men "'"

-
I
I
1:(j~'-.!JCI
Economic Activities ---j
Market production-
own account 13.7 16.0
Rice farming 4.0 10.3
Other crops - - ..
Livestock/poultry
raising 3.2 3.2
Trading 2.9 0.4
Home industries 3.5 1.7
Others 0.1 0.4
Wage work 10.0 25.8
Total market work , 23.7 41.8
Domestic Activities
Total home
--
production time 44.4 11.7
Total working time 68.1 53.5
Source: Women in Agriculture: The Philippine Case, IPC Ateneo de Manila
Similar to the results of special studies conducted in Bicol in 1985,

1987 and 1990. total working time of rural women in Mindanao are
higher than that of men. '
45
ECONOMIC PARTICIPA TlON
Table 18. Distribution of Families by Poor and Non-Poor Category

by Sex of Head, 1988, 1991 & 1994
Yearl Total Families Head

Category Number Percent Women Men
1994
Total Families 12,755 100.0 15.1 84.9
Poor 4,559 35.7 23.7 37.9
Non Poor 8,196 64.3 76.3 62.1
1991
Total Families 11,976 100.0 14.2 85.8
Poor 4,691 39.2 25.8 41.4
Non Poor 7,285 60.8 74.2 58.6
1988
Total Families 10,534 100.0 13.7 86.3
Poor 4,231 40.2 27.1 42.2
Non Poor 6,303 59.8 72.9 57.8
Source: Poverty Statistics: A Profile of the Philippine Poor

by Nelia R. Marquez and Romula A. Virola
Total number of families increased from 11.98 M in 1991 to 12.76 M in

1994. Women headed households represent around 15 percent of the total
families in 1994. The incidence of poor families decreased from 40 percent
in 1988 to 36 percent in 1994.
The poverty incidence of women headed households is much lower

than that of men headed households.
46
~[[fi)@1JU and ~@lJi)
III THEPHIUPPIIIES
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURE
Although women significantly contribute to agricultural

productivity, they remain "invisible" farmers. The limited recognition of
women as productive agricultural workers is perhaps due to a relative
insensitivity of policy-makers, planners and administrators to their role in
agricultural productivity. This has often resulted in a bias in agricultural
development program toward male farmers. Most agricultural and
fisheries plans, programs and projects do not adequately address the
needs of women. The following are the priority issues concerning women
in the sector:
• Limited access of women to land ownership and land use;
• Limited access of women to credit from public banks, cooperatives

and other agricultural inputs/services; and
• Lack of promotion of the rights of women peasants and agricultural
workers to own land and access to support services.
To address the above issues concerning women in the sector the

following policies and programs were formulated and implemented:
• Ratification of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in

December 1994 enjoining all sectors to compete and find a niche in
the world market. Since agriculture and fisheries contribute nearly
one-fourth to the gross national product and employ half of the labor
force, it must be tapped as a springboard for gender development
and for achieving the goals of Philippines 2000;
• Medium-Term Agricultural Development Plan (MTADP) seeks to

enable farmers and fisher folk to raise their income and improve their
living standards;
• The Department of Agriculture was the first agency to formulate

agency-specific guidelines for gender development in the Guidelines
for Integrating Gender Concerns in the DA Planning System;
• Gender concerns were integrated into the training modules on Farm

Systems Development;
49
• Grains Production Enhancement Program (GPEP) Rapid Rural
Appraisal Survey was conducted from September 1992 to March
1993 croppin9 seasons and generated sex-disaggregated data;
• Grameen Bank replication program, which focused on providing

credit access to rural women as well as promoting savings
mobilization and capital build-up formation, was implemented;
• Initiated the development of Small Engineering Technologies for

women;
• The Kasaganaan sa Sakahan at Kalikasan (KASAKAKALIKASAN), a

national integrated pest management program was implemented. It
aims to educate farmers on proper crop husbandry and post
management through intensive training. The project guaranteed the
participation of at least 30 percent of women farmers/technicians
nationwide;
• Development of viable agrarian reform communities (ARCs), in

pursuit of a faster, fairer and more meaningful implementation of
CARP is targeted by DAR in the medium-term period (1993-1998).
The ARCs will serve as operating units which synchronize and
integrate land distribution and support services. delivery.
Interventions provided to the ARCs will redound to increased farm
productions, improved household incomes and promotion of
sustainable development for some 5 million farmers covered by 2
million hectares of agricultural lands.
50
AGRICULTURE
Table 19. Distribution of Households by Land Ownership

by Sex of Household Head, 1990
Type of land All Households Women-headed Men-headed

owned No. % No. % No. %
Total households 11,407 100.0 1,285 100.0 10,122 100.0
Landless HHs 6,296 55.2 627 48.8 5,668 56.0

HHs with land 5,111 44.8 658 51.2 4,454 44.0
*HHs with agri- 2,851 25.0 341 26.5 2,510 24.8

cultural land
• Ownership of agricultural land was made a subsal of land ownership to address the
issue on limited access of women to ownership of agricultural land.
Source of basic data: National Statistics Office
1990 Census of Population and Housing
About 45 percent of all households own land in the country with 25 percent
owning agricultural land.
Landlessness tends to be lower among women-headed households (49

percent) than among men-headed ones (56 percent).
Among women-headed households 27 percent own agricultural lands as

compared to 25 percent among the men-headed households.
51
AGRICULTURE
Figure 7. Recipients of Extension Services, 1990-1994
1400
1263
1200
~
1000
~
~
~
D. 800
1j
~
~
600 604
...
~
400
200
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Year
Source of basic data: Department of Agriculture
During the period 1991 to 1992, there were more women recipients of
agricultural extension services than men. In 1994, however,. men
received more extension services than women.
52
AGRICUL TURE
Table 20. Women Beneficiaries of Agricultural Credit Through

Grameen Bank Replication Program.: 1995
Beneficiaries Number Percent
Women 12610 97
Men 390 3
Total 13000 100
Total Assistance P31.4M
Source of basic data: Department of Agriculture, Agricultural

Credit Policy Council
The Grameen Replication Program is aDA's ACPC credit program

intended to assist rural farmerslfisherfolk. It caters to the bottom 30
percent of rural poor women and grants loans without need for collateral.
Financial assistance provided under the program already totaled P31.4 M

as of 1995. It has so far benefitted almost 13,000 rural folk, 97 percent of
whom are women.
53
AGRICULTURE
Table 21. Distribution of Workers in Agriculture by Class

1990, 1994, 1995 & 1996
Yearl Women Men

Class no. % no. %
1996
Total 3,068 100 8,383 100
Wage and salary 537 18 1,857 22
Own account worker 819 27 4,942 59
Unpaid family worker 1,712 56 1,584 19
1995
Total 2,953 100 8,371 100
1994
Total 2,804 100 8,447 100
1990
Total 2,662 100 7,719 100
Source: Third Quarter Rounds labor Force Surveys, National Statistics Office
The status of women in agriculture remains lower compared to men.

In 1996, 56 percent of women agricultural workers were unpaid family
workers as compared to only 19 percent of men.
54
AGRICULTURE
Table 22. Holders of Emancipation Patents (EP) and Certificate

of Land Ownership Agreement (CLOA), 1992
Category Total Women Men

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
Emancipation
Patents (EP) 270096 100 30103 11.1 239993 88.9
Certificate of
Land Ownership
Award (CLOA) 28445 100 5145 18.1 23310 81.9
Source of basic data: Department of Agrarian Reform
A total of 270,096 emancipation patents were distributed in the country

in 1992. Of the total EP holders, only 11 percent are women and 89
percent are men.
Of the 28,455 beneficiaries of individual Certificate of Land Ownership

Agreements (CLOAs) in 1992, only 18 percent were women
beneficiaries and 82 percent are male beneficiaries.
55
AGRICULTURE
Table 23. Land Area Distributed to EP and CLOA Holders, 1992

(In Hectares)
Category Total Women Men

No. of No. of No. of
Percent Percent Percent
hectares hectares hectares
Emancipation
Patents (EP) 363,276 100. 35,815 10 327,461 90
Ave. land size 1.19 1.36
Certificate of
Land Ownership
Award (CLOA) 89,137 100 12,841 14 76,296 86
Ave. land size 2.49 3.27
TOTAL 452,413 100 48,656 11 403,757 89
Source of basic data: Department of Agrarian Reform
In 1992, a total of 363,276 hectares of agricullurallands were distributed

with Emancipation Patents (EPs), while 89,138 hectares were distributed
with Certificate of Land Ownership Agreements (CLOAs).
Eighty-nine percent of total redistributed land went to men, and only 11

percent to women.
The average land size awarded to women is smaller than that of men.
56
W@UiJil@1ID and ~@IJD
IN THE PHILIPPINES
EDUCATION
EDUCATION
Education opens the door to choices that are not bound by

tradition and enhances a woman's sense of control over her life. With
education and training, women step beyond the confines of marriage and
motherhood. Moreover, the quality of life in the family of an educated
woman becomes a priority. Below are the priority issues concerning
women in the sector:
• Inequitable access of women to services and opportunities in some

areas of education and training;
• Need to promote gender-fair education and training ;and
• Non-responsiveness of education and training to the improvement of
women's status.
To address the issue of accessibility to quality education, the

Philippine government joined the worldwide movement, Education For All
(EFA). Specifically, the government formulated the Philippine Plan of
Action for EFA, a set of clear policy and program directions to achieve the
goal of basic education for all by the year 2000:
• A Women's Studies Consortium was established in 1990 among six

major universities, namely: SI. Scholastica's College, Philippine
Women's University, Miriam College, University of the Philippines,
De la Salle University and Ateneo de Manila University. The
consortium is aimed to accelerate the development of women's
studies as a field of study.
• To address the issue of gender tracking in professions, the Technical

Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) has
institutionalized a program called the Women in Non-Traditional
Trades (WINT). The WINT is aimed at training and involving women
in various non-traditional courses such as automotive, refrigeration
and airconditioning, electricity, welding, plumbing, masonry,
carpe,ltry, etc.
59
EDUCATION
Figure 8. Simple Literacy Rates of Women and Men

Aged 15 Years and Over, 1960-1994
93.3 93.7 93.5 93.7
84.3
74.2
• Women
1960 1970
II 1980 1990 1994'
Source of basic dala: 1960,1970,1980 and 1990 CPH, NSO; '1994 FLEMMS, NSO-DECS
Both the literacy rates for women and men continued to improve from 69.5
and 74.2 percent in 1960 to a high of 93.5 and 93.7 percent, respectively, in
1994. The fast improvement in the literacy of women reduced the difference
in literacy rates between men and women from 4.7 percentage points in
1960 to only 0.2 percentage point in 1994.
61
EDUCATION
Table 24. Highest Educational Attainment of Population

1990 1995
Educational
Female Male Female Male
Attainment
No. I % No. I % No. I % No. I %
No Grade 1,127 5.1 947 4.3 966 3.9 867 3.5

Completed
Pre-School 32 0.1 31 0.1 67 0.3 79 0.3
Elementary 10.310 47.0 10644 48.6 10437 41.9 10983 44.2
High School 6,298 28.7 6482 29.6 8278 33.3 8171 32.9
Post Secondary 553 2.5 535 2.4 611 2.5 729 2.9
College Undergraduate 1,821 8.3 1917 8.8 2016 8.1 2055 8.3
College Graduate and

1.798 8.2 1323 6.0 2509 10.1 1987 8.0
Higher
Total 21.939 100.0 21879 100.0 24084 100.0 24871 100.0
Source: 1990 and 1995 Censuses of Population, NSO
There are more females than males who attain higher levels of
education. 21 percent of women compared to 19 percent of men have
post secondary and higher education. On the other hand, the 1990 and
1995 data indicate that there were more females than males who have
not completed any grade.
However, the educational attainments of females and males are both

improving. The proportion of females with no grade completed declined
in 1995 by 1.2 percent while that of males declined by 0.8 percent.
62
EDUCATION
Table 25. Enrolment of Women and Men by Cluster Program

SY 1995-1996
Cluster Women Men

Program Number I Percent Number I Percent
Total 1066630 100.0 872830 100.0
Business and Related 383107 35.9 181228 20.8

Art and Sciences 220096 20.6 123814 14.2
Medicine and Health
Related 166805 15.6 59374 6.8
Teacher Education 151734 14.2 58991 6.8
Engineering and
Technology 99870 9.4 356477 40.8
Agriculture 33862 3.2 34202 3.9
Criminology and Law 10348 1.0 51290 5.9

Religion and
Theolo\lY 808 0.1 7454 0.9
Source of basic data: Commission on Higher Education
More women than men are pursuing higher education. In SY 1995-1996,

enrolment of women outnumbered enrolment of men by 1.9 million. For
every 6 enroled women there are 5 enroled men in colleges and
universities.
Gender bias is evident in the enrolment of women and men in higher

education programs. Most women enrol in programs that are traditionally
labeled 'for women' while most men enrol in courses traditionally labeled
'for men'. In SY 1995-1996, more than 86 percent of enroled women were
taking up programs in Business, Arts and Sciences, Medicine and Health,
and Teacher Education as compared to only 48.6 percent of men. Only
about 10 percent of women were in Religion, Criminology and Law, and
Engineering and Technology. On the other hand, about 41 percent of
enroled men were taking up programs in Engineering and Technology
alone.
63
EDUCATION
Table 26. Distribution of Graduates by Cluster Program,

SY 1995-1996
Cluster Women Men

Program Number Percent Number Percent
Medicine and Health

Related 36333 20.2 9101 8.5
Teacher Education 30899 17.2 7839 7.3
Business and Related
Program 67573 37.6 19012 17.8
Arts and Sciences 31495 17.5 13750 12.9
Agriculture 5941 3.3 4840 4.5
Criminology and Law 1354 0.8 4794 4.5
Engineering and
Technology 6028 3.4 46560 43.6
ReligionfTheology 62 0.0 964 0.9
Grand Total 179685 100.0 106860 100.0
Source of basic data: Commislon on Higher Education
There are more women completing college education than men. It was
recorded that among the graduates in SY 1995-1996, women outnumbered
men by about 7 million. There are 8 women for every 5 men graduating
from college.
Most women are inclined in fields for female while most men are inclined in
fields for male. In SY 1995-1996, 70 percent of women graduates were
from Business, Medicine and Health, and Teacher Education as compared
to only 34 percent of men graduates. Less than 5 percent of women were
graduates of Religion, Criminology and Law, and Engineering and
Technology. On the other hand, 44 percent of men were Engineering and
Technology graduates.
64
EDUCATION
Figure 9. Proportion of Graduate Women and Men

by Cluster Program, SY 1995-1996
.Women .Men
Medicine and Health Related
Teacher Educalion
Business and Related

Program
At1s and Sciences
Agriculture
Criminology and Law
Engineering and Technology
Religion! Theology
Percent
Source of basic data: Commission on Higher Education
New medical and business professionals, artists and scientists and

teachers are mostly women while new engineers, law enforcers and
prosecutors and religious professionals are mostly men. In SY 1995-
1996, there were 4 women for every man in Medicine and Health,
Teacher Education, and Business and 2 women for every man in Arts
and Sciences. On the other hand, there were 16 men for every woman
in Religion, 8 men for every woman in Engineering and Technology and
4 men for every woman in Criminology and Law.
65
EDUCATION
Table 27. Technical Vocational Education Graduates

by Cluster Program, SY 1995-1996
Cluster Women Men

Program Number Percent Number Percent
Computer Science 18399 48.70 10092 16.08
Commercial &
Business
Administration 5804 15.36 831 1.32
Trade, Craft and
Industrial 4817 12.75 41962 66.87
Health-Related
Programs 2242 5.93 363 0.58
Service Trades 2047 5.42 149 0.24
Transport and
Communication 1979 5.24 5288 8.43
Agricultural, Forestry
and Fisheries 1088 2.88 876 1.40
Others 948 2.51 1944 3.10
Engineering
Techniques/
Architectural & Town
Planning 455 1.20 1246 1.99
Total 37779 100.00 62751 100.00
Source of basIc data: Technical Education and Skills Development Authority
Out of the 100,530 technical vocational education graduates for SY 1995-

1996, only 38 percent are women and 62 percent are men. However, most
women graduates of the technical vocational education are in the field of
service trade, business administration, health related programs, computer
science and agricultural, forestry and fisheries. While men graduates of the
technical vocational education are In the fields of transport and
communication, engineering techniques/architectural and town planning and
trade, craft and indutrial.
Very few women and men took agricultural, forestry and fisheries. It is
notable however that agriculture, forestry and fisheries is taken up by more
women than men.
66
EDUCATION
Figure 10. Proportion of Technical Vocational Education

Graduate Women and Men by Cluster Program,
SY 1995.1996
• Women .Men
Service Trades
Commercial & Business

Administration
Heatth.Related Programs
Computer SCIence
Agricultural, Forestry and

Fisheries
Transport and Communication
Engineering Techniques
'Architectural & Tovm Planning
Trade. Craft and Industrial
Source of basic data: Technical Education and Skills Development Authority
Women predominate in all programs in technical vocational education

except for transport and communication, engineering techniques and
trade, craft and industrial programs.
67
~Dlfi)@[fi) and ~@1Ji)
IN THE PHILIPPINES
HEALTH AND
NUTRITION
HEALTH AND NUTRITION
Women, who constitute half of the country's population, must be

physically and mentally healthy to contribute productively to national
development.
As bearers and rearers of children, women are caught in a cycle

of pregnancy, childbirth and lactation that is marked by malnutrition,
infection, fatigue and emotional stress due to multiple-burdened work.
They suffer from the many conditions of ill-health needs and problems
related to reproduction. Among their concerns, are:
• Inability of the health and delivery system to meet women's health

and reproductive needs;
• Need to further improve the health and nutritional status of women
and children; and
• Need to encourage participation of women in the delivery of health
and nutrition services.
Some of the more recent policies, institutional and program

developments on health and nutrition include the following:
• The Department of Health's (DOH) issuance of policies significant to

gender and development such as: "Periphery as a Bias" and
"Population Management". The first policy states that people in the
periphery, specifically the poor, children, women, indigenous people,
aged and disabled, shall be the priority of the DOH. They shall be
guaranteed health information, education and services to make them
responsible for their health and the health of their communities. The
second policy states that in a humane and gender-sensitive way, the
DOH will provide everyone equal access to information, services and
guidance in planning their families, whether through natural or
artificial methods, as a means to improving their health and well-
being. The underlying priorities are enhancing women's health,
ensuring safe motherhood and promoting child survival through birth
spacing.
• The Women's Health and Safe Motherhood Project (WHSMP) which

began implementation in mid-1995. It aims to improve the health of
women in support of the government's current drive to reduce female
morbidity and mortality. Aside from providing basic health
71
services, the program will support cooperative efforts to empower
women in the communities to improve their health conditions.
• The DOH issuance of more than 100 medical cards to comfort

women in 1994 through the NGO Task Force on Filipino Comfort
Women. To make the Comfort Women Program more effective,
standard procedures and guidelines were formulated to implement
and monitor the program.
• The Maternal and Under-Five Care Program which aims, among

others, to reduce morbidity among mothers during and after
pregnancy. One of its main activities is the expansion of its Female
Functional Literacy Project to seven provinces.
• Recognizing mothers and children as the most vulnerable groups

among the urban poor, the Urban Health and Nutrition Project has
targetled comprehensive maternal and child health services to ensure
survival and development of children and to protect mothers from a
host of ailments that threaten maternal health.
• The Guidelines on HIV/AIDS IEC Activities (print, broadcast and

interpersonal communication) formulated by the Philippine National
AIDS Council which recommend that IEC activities be gender-
sensitive. IEC activities should not portray women as inferior to men,
e.g., women shown as sex objects of men.
72
Figure 11. Recent Levels and Trends in

Contraceptive Use, 1983-1998
60
51 48
i2'so
Q.
47 46
2-
••
~40 36
••uc
25
.!! 30 31
!:30 28
••
37..$
w
Q.
22
••
~
19
1i.20 16 :18
••
u 15
•• ~3
11
810 -Modem
-Tradnlonal
0
1983 1988 1993 1995 1996 1997 1998
Note: Data refer to currently married women aged 15-49 years.

Sources: 1983,1988,1993 NalioMI Demographic Surveys, NSe
1995,1996 and 1997 Family Plannln9 Surveys, Nse
1998 National Demographic and Heanh Survey, Nse
It was recorded in 1998 that only 46 percent of currently married women

aged 15.49 years were using contraceptive methods. 28 percent use
modem methods while 18 percent utilize traditional methods.
Contraceptive prevalence rate consistently increased from 32 percent in

1983 to 51 percent in 1995 but decreased to 46 percent in the period 1996-
1998. This decline was due to the decrease in the use of traditional
methods from 26 percent in 1995 to 18 percent in 1998. The use of modern
methods increased from 25 percent in 1995 to 28 percent in 1998.
73
Table 28. Contraceptive Prevalence Rate by Method Used

by Age Group, 1998
Age Group
Method
15-49 1&-19 20-24 2&-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
Modem Method 28.2 11.4 23.5 29.3 32.5 31.6 28.8 21.5
Pill 9.9 6.2 15.6 15.7 13.9 8.4 2.4 0.8
IUD 3.7 2.3 3.4 4.6 4.8 4.5 2.3 1.3
Condom 1.6 0.0 1.0 1.8 1.9 2.1 1.6 0.9
Female sterilization 10.3 0.0 0.2 3.3 8.8 14.7 19.9 17.5
Male sterilization 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.5
Other methods 2.6 2.9 3.3 3.9 3.1 1.8 2.3 0.5
Traditional Method 18.3 6.9 13.9 19.3 19.5 22.5 19.8 12.8
Natural 8.7 1.6 3.4 6.7 9.6 12.4 12.1 6.6
Withdrawal 8.9 5.3 10.0 11.7 8.9 9.0 7.1 5.9
Other methods 0.7 0.0 0.5 0.9 1.1 1.1 0.6 0.3
Any Method 46.5 18.3 37.4 48.6 52.1 64.1 48.6 34.3
Note: Data refer to currently married women aged 15-49.

Source: 1998 National Demographic and Health Survey, NSO
Contraceptive use is most prevalent among older women aged 30-39

years and is least among women aged 15-19 years.
74
Figure 12. Recent Levels and Trends

in Maternal Mortality Rates, 1991.1995, 1998*
I-Maternal Mortality Rate I
1993 1994 1995 1998'
Source of basic data: 1991-1995 TWG on Maternal and Child Mortality, NSCB
• 1996 National Demographic and Health Survey, NSO
Maternal mortality rate is the number of women who die as a result of

childbearing in a given year per 100,000 births in that year.
Maternal mortality rate from 1991 to 1998 shows a decreasing trend. The
estimated maternal mortality rate was highest in 1991 at 203 and lowest
in 1998 at 172.
75
HEALTH AND NUTRmON
Figure 13. Leading Causes of Maternal Deaths, 1993
Source of basic data: Vital Statistics, NSO
Bleeding after child delivery is the most common complication related to

child bearing that causes maternal deaths. 22 percent of maternal
deaths were related to postpartum hemorrhages. This was followed by
hypertension at 20 percent, abortive pregnancy at 12 percent. and
hemorrhages at 10 percent. More than one third of maternal deaths
were attributed to other complications.
76
Table 29. Infant Mortality Rates (IMR) and

Child Mortality Rates (CMR), 1998'
Girls Boys
Year IMR CMR IMR CMR
1998 32.3 20.8 39.4 18.5
• Data is for the 10 year period preceding the 1998 NDHS

Source: 1998 National Demographic and Health Survey, NSO
The rate at which infants die before reaching age 1 per 1,000 live births is
higher in boys than in girts. On the other hand, the rate at which children die
between exact age one and exact age five is higher in females than in males.
77
HEAL TH AND NUTRITION
Figure 14. Recent Levels and Trends in Infant

Mortality Rates, 1986-1995
60
55
53
50
45
40
35
I-IMRI 35
35
30
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1998'
Source: 1986 and 1993 National Demographic Survey, NSO

*1998 National Demographic and Health Survey, NSO
There are 35 infant deaths per 1000 live births in 1998. Infant mortality
rate has declined continuously from 53 in 1975 to 35 in 1998.
78
Table 30. Life Expectancy at Birth, 1995-2020
Period Women Men
1995-2000 70.83 65.58

2000-2005 72.33 67.08
2005-2010 73.83 68.58
2010-2015 75.03 69.78
2015-2020 76.03 70.98
Women live longer than men. Based on the 1995 Census Based National
and Regional Population Projections. women outlive men by an average of
five years. For the period 1995-2000, the average life expectancy for
women is 71 years compared to only 66 years for men. The longer life
expectancy of women is attributed to the higher survival rates of women at
younger and older ages as indicated by the lower infant mortality rates of
girls than boys and lower sex ratio among the elderly.
79
Table 31. Percent Distribution of Women and Men

by Nutritional Status, 1993
Nutritional Status Women Men
Normal 65.3 74.1

Underweight 16.1 11.5
Overweight 15.2 12.7
Obese 3.4 1.7
Source: 1993 FNRI, OOST Fourth National Nu~rition Survey, 1993
Women are more likely to suffer nutritional problems than men. The
1993 data reveal higher prevalence of obesity and undernutrition
among women than men.
-".
80
Table 32. Distribution of Disabled Persons by Type

of Disability, 1995
Type of Women Men

Disability Number Percent Number Percent
Blindness 235220 52.3 188475 40.1

Deafness 55401 12.3 59974 12.8
Muteness 34056 7.6 40234 8.6
Loss of Limbs 6392 1.4 17815 3.8
Paralysis of Limbs 43860 9.8 71949 15.3
Mentallllnessl
Retardation 43770 9.7 49946 10.6
others 30746 6.8 41454 8.8

0.0 0.0
Total 449445 100.0 469847 100.0
Source: 1995 Census of Population, NSO
There are more men with disabilities than women. Of the 919 thousand Filipinos
with disabilities, 449 thousand were women and 470 thousand were men.
Blindness is the most common disability of both women and men. Among those
with disability, 52 and 40 percent of women and men,.respectively, were suffering
from blindness or sight problems. Next to blindness, deafness and paralysis of
limbs are the most prevalent form of disability among women and men.
81
Figure 15. Proportion of Disabled Women and Men

by Type of Disability, 1995
• Women • Men
Percent
Source of basic data: 1995 Census of Population, NSO.
Males outnumber females in all types of disabilities except for blindness and
sight problems.
82
Table 33. Distribution of Drug Dependents by Age Group

by Sex, 1990 & 1994
1 990 1 994
Age Group Women Men Women Men
No. % No. % No. % No. %
14 & below 17 6.9 70 2.9 26 10.4 76 3.2

15-19 83 33.5 509 21.4 90 35.9 497 21.1
20-24 56 22.6 831 35.0 38 15.1 599 25.4
25-29 37 14.9 549 23.1 41 16.3 551 23.3
30-34 24 9.7 272 11.4 24 9.6 330 14.0
35-39 14 5.6 82 3.4 15 6.0 162 6.9
40 & above 13 5.2 31 1.3 13 5.2 100 4.2
Not specified 4 1.6 33 1.4 4 1.6 45 1.9
Total 248 100.0 2377 100.0 251 100.0 2360 100.0
Source: Dangerous Drugs Board
There are more male drug dependents than females. In 1990, there
were 10 males for every 1 female drug dependent. The ratio slightly
decreased to 9 males for every 1 female in 1994.
83
Figure 16. Percent Distribution of Drug Dependents

by Age Group, 1994
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
below 15 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40 & over
Source: Dangerous Drugs Board
Females are more likely to start using drugs at younger ages relative to
males. More than 36 percent of female drug dependents reported in 1994
were aged 15-19 years while 25 percent of males were aged 20-24 years.
84
Table 34. Distribution of HIV Ab Seropositives.

by Age Group, 1984-1996
Women Men
Age-Grouo Number I Percent Number I Percent
<20 27 7.7 14 2.8

20-29 203 57.8 131 26.5
30-39 88 25.1 202 40.8
40-49 24 6.8 111 22.4
50 & over 9 2.6 37 7.5
Total 351 100.0 495 100.0
• Reported cases of HIV Ab Seropositives from 1984 to 1996;

include asymptomatic + symptomatic (AIDS), whether living or dead.
Source: National Epidemic Sentinel Surveillance System Annual
Report, Department of Health
Incidence of HIV infection is more prevalent among men than among women.
As of 1996, the total cases of HIV Ab Seropositives among men was recorded
at 495 and among women at 351.
Most women infected with HIV are in their 20's while men are in their 30's.
Data show that about 58 percent of HIV Ab Seropositives women were aged
20.29 years while about 41 percent of HIV Ab Seropositives men were aged
30.39 years.
85
Figure 17. Proportion of Women and Men HIV Ab

.Women .Men
below 20
2ll-29
30-39
4ll-49
50 & over
Percent
Source of basic data: National Epidemic Sentinel Surveillance System Annual

Report, Department of Health
More women are infected with HIV at younger ages than men. Among
HIV Ab Seropositives, women outnumbered men at ages below 30
years. However, men outnumbered women at ages 30 years and over.
86
~!iiJil@lJU and ~@lJU
II liE '1IUPPIIES
SOCIAl WElFARE
SOCIAL WELFARE
A second dimension of social development within the context of

women pertains to specific disadvantages that groups of women may
suffer from, barring them from access to the common benefits of
development. Such disadvantages may result from inappropriate and
gender-insensitive policies in the economic or political spheres; or may be
manifestations of social aberrations in gender-related matters. The
following are the priority problems/issues concerning women in the
sector.
• Marginal status of women compared to men among populationwhose

incomes fall below the food threshold; and
• Limited access in proportion to need/utilization of social welfare

services
The following major policies, institutional and program

developments on gender were formulated to address the above issues.
• The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)

established 40 Women's Productivity Centers around the country.
Since 1990, the centers have offered a wide range of training
programs focusing on viable income-generating programs for socially
and economically disadvantaged women.
• Republic Act No. 6972 was enacted in 1990 which mandated the
establishment of day care centers in every barangay. The
implementation of the law provided women with wider avenues for
participation in both community and economic activities.
• Republic Act No. 7882 (Women in Micro and Cottage Enterprise

Assistance) was approved on 20 February 1995 which provides
assistance to women engaged in micro enterprise.
89
SOCIAL WELFARE
Table 35. Distribution of Family Heads and Needy Adults

Served by the DSWD by Clientele Category, 1990
Clientele Both I % to Total

Category I Sexes I Women I Men
Economically needy unemployedl

underemployed heads of families 532985 57.4 42.6
Adults with marital problems 105281 58.9 41.1
Married couples at reproductive ages 269784 59.8 40.2

Parents/surrogate parents with parenting
problems 84883 66.5 33.5
Others 242697 52.7 47.3
Total 1,257,216 57.9 42.1
Source: Department of Social Welfare and Development
Majority of needy family heads and other adult clients served by the
DSWD were women. Sixty-eight (68) percent of solo parents were women
and sixty-six (66) percent of parents or surrogate parents who have
parenting problems were women.
91
SOCIAL WELFARE
Table 36. Distribution of Women in Especially Difficult Situations

Served by the DSWD by Clientele Type, 1995-1997
Clientele Tvpe 1995 1996 1997
Battered Women 5287 7425 7850

VICtims of Rape 529 550 571
VICtims of Incest 124 177 255
VICtims of Forced! Involuntary
Prostitution 875 789 888
VICtims of Illegal Recruitment 520 434 480
Women in Detention 123 80 60
Victims of Armed Conflict 476 62 131
Others (neglected, abandoned, unwed,
strandees) 1036 1069 1250
Total 8,770 10,586 11,465

Source: Bureau of Women's Welfare, DSWD
The number of women in difficult circumstances who received

assistance from the Bureau of Women's Welfare-DSWD continued to
increase. In 1995, women in especially difficult circumstances served
by the DSWD was recorded at 8,770, This increased to 11,465 'in
1997 representing a 31 percent increase.
From 1995 to 1997, most of the women who received assistance from
the DSWD were battered women.
92
SOCIAL WELFARE
Table 37. Distribution of Children in Especially Difficult Situations

Served by the DSWD, 1998
Children in Especially Difficult

Number Percent
Circumstances
Girls 4,345 60.6

Boys 2,831 39.4
Total 7,176 100
Sixty-one percent (61%) of the children in especially difficult situations

served by the DSWD in 1998 were girls with 4,345 total number of cases
served as compared to 2,831 boys.
93
SOCIAL WELFARE
Table 38. Distribution of Youth in Difficult Situations

Served by the DSWD. 1998
Youth Number Percent
Girls 6,622 38.9

Boys 10,383 61.1
Total 17,005 100
Majority of the youths in difficult situations served by the DSWD

were boys.
94
SOCIAL WELFARE
Table 39. Distribution of Victims of Calamities and Social

Clientele Both % to Total

Category Sexes Women Men
Victims of natural and man-

made disasters 5,099,958 51.0 49.0
Evacuees 284,510 50.1 49.9
Rebel returnees 34,358 22.0 78.0
Repatriates 3,602 36.1 63.9
Cultural communities 34,674 43.5 56.5
Relocated squatters 41,707 52.4 47.6
Individuals in critical
situations 361,725 51.0 49.1
Others 4,359 50.3 49.7
Total 5,864,893 50.7 49.3
Source: Department of Social Welfare and Development (OSWD)
Services ex1ended to women and men victims of natural and manmade

disasters and other social disorganizations were nearly equal. However,
there are more men than women served among rebel returnees, repatriates
and in cultural communities.
95
~UiID@[JD and 1R'AJ@lJi)
II TIE PHIUPPtIES
PUBLIC LIFE
PUBLIC LIFE
Women experience discrimination in terms of unequal access to

the decision-making structures that govem society and determine
development issues and peace initiatives. This discrimination promotes
an uneconomic use of women's talents and wastes the valuable human
resources necessary for development and building peace. Women need
to be involved in decision-making to bring their interests and aspirations
into the societal agenda. Below are the priority issues in the sector:
• Low participation of women in decision making processes at all

levels;
• Majority of women occupy the lowest echelons, but their participation
decreases as the position level goes up; and
• Marginal participation of women in political processes .
Women's participation in public life continues to be low compared

with men. However, significant developments have provided women
opportunities to participate actively in political affairs of the country and
other decision-making functions. Some of these include the following:
1. The 1987 Philippine Constitution which provided for the

representation of women in Congress. Both Presidents Aquino and
Ramos appointed women representatives to Congress.
2. The Local Government Code of 1991 (RA 7190) which also provides
for sectoral representation of women in the Sang gun ian level
although this provision has yet to be implemented.
3. The creation of the Senate Committee on Women and Family and its
equivalent Committee in the House of Representatives. Women
legislators have organized a caucus called Philippine Organization of
Women Elected Representatives (POWER) which aims to formulate
laws to support bills that promote women's welfare.
4. Development of Voters' Educational Manual by the Katipunan ng

Bagong Pilipina (Alliance of New Pilipina) and Training Modules
Teaching Women How to Win in Elections and How to Govem When
Elected by the Women in Nation Building.
99
5. Establishment of "Ugnayan ng Kababaihan sa Pulitica" (UKP) or
Women in Politics and Public Policy, an organization composed of
women from NGOs, government agencies, the academe and
electoral bodies. The UKP formulated the Women's Political Agenda
which was signed and adopted by then presidential candidate Fidel V.
Ramos together with most of the women candidates and other
candidates for national positions.
6. The Congressional Research and Training Center (CRTC) which

conducts, among others, training for women and provides a forum for
the discussion of gender issues for possible legislative action.
7. Sustained efforts of the National Commission on the Role of Filipino

Women in pushing Gender and Development Agenda in government
particularly along mainstreaming women/gender concerns in plans,
policies and programs.
8. A "Women and Politics" project of PILIPINA that provides education

and training for women as candidates and public office-holders and
as electoral constituency.
100
PUBLIC LIFE
Table 40. Members of Congress, 1946-1998
EJection Office Positions No. of Elected

Year Filled Women Men
1946 Senate 8 1 7
1947 Senate 8 1 7
1949 House of Representatives 100 1 99
1955 Senate 8 1 7
1961 Senate 8 1 7
House of Representatives 104 2 102
1963 Senate 8 1 7
1965 Senate 8 1 7
1967 Senate 8 2 6
1969 Senate 8 0 8
1971 Senate 8 1 7
1978 Interim Batasang Pambans: 165 9 156
1984 Mambabatas Pambansa 181 10 171
1987 Senate 23 2 21
1992 Senate 24 4 20
1995 Senate 12 3 9
1998 Senate 12 2 10
Source: Commission on Elections
Over the years, men have continued to keep a firm hold on electoral
positions in the country.
In 1998, women legislators in the Philippines occupied only 20 out of 208

positions or 10 percent of the total seats in the House of Representatives.
101
PUBLIC LIFE
Table 41. Number of Elected Women and Men by Position,

Election Year 1995 and 1998
1995 1998
Position Women Men Total Women Men Total
President 0 1 1 0 1 1
Vice-President 0 1 1 1 0 1
Senators 3 9 12 2 10 12
Congressmen 21 183 204 20 188 208
Governors 9 67 76 13 65 78
Vice-Governors 11 65 76 9 69 78
Board Members 77 596 673 93 629 722
Mayors 136 1469 1605 233 1374 1607
Vice-Mayors 135 1470 1605 174 1433 1607
Councilors 1834 11255 13089 2139 11007 13146
Total 2,226 15,116 17,342 2,684 14,776 17,460
Source: Commission on Elections
In 1998, women occupy 2,684 out of a total of 17,460 elected positions from
president to councilors all over the country. This represents only 15 percent
of the total elected positions showing male dominance in Philippine politics.
Compared to 1995, however, the share of elected women had increased in
1998.
102
PUBLIC LIFE
Table 42. Number of Women and Men Government Personnel

by Major Subdivision, 1997
Category of Women Men Total
Service Number I Percent Numberl Percent
National Agencies 537,378 59 376,573 41 913,951
Government Owned and 36,013 37 61,129 63 97,142
Controlled Corporations
Local Government Units 168,417 46 199,134 54 367,551
Total 741,808 54 636,836 46 1,378,644
Source of basic data: Civil Service Commission
Of the total 1.38 million government personnel, women make up a slight

majority. Women outnumber men at the national agencies while men
outnumber women at the local government units as well as in
government owned and controlled corporations.
103
PUBLIC LIFE
Figure 18. Proportion of Women and Men National Government

Personnel by Level of Position, 1997
.Women .Men
Second Level
Third Level
First Level
Percent
Source of basic data: Civil Service Commission
First Level - Clerical trade and crafts involving non-professional and sub-
naYonal work.
Second Level- Technical and scienYfic work in non-supervisory or supervisory
capacity; up to division chief level.
Third Level Career ExecuYve Service (CES); occupying posWons of under-
secretary, bureau director and department chief, and
other oficers idenYfied by CES Board.
Majority or 76 percent of second level employees at the national government

agencies are women. However, the percentage of women at the third level suffer
in comparison with men, with only 28% women and 72% men.
104
~1JDi)@[Ji)and ~@1Ji)
lITRE PHIUPPIIiES
MIGRATION
MIGRATION
Emigration trends have been basically affected by the following

factors: (1) positive outlook of opportunity seekers; (2) the liberalization
of migration policies of host countries; (3) sponsorships by early waves of
migrants; and (4) the increasing number of intermarriages between
Filipinos and foreigners.
The decision to move to other countries, however, is not always a

comfortable alternative for Filipino migrants. Problems normally
characterize initial settlement abroad, especially if migrants are
unprepared for the realities of migration. Most migrants occupy
vulnerable, low-status jobs in domestic service and the entertainment
industry. They are exposed to exploitation by employers and agents, and
suffer from social isolation.
Below are the priority issues concerning migration:
• Absence of local employment opportunities which pushes women to

accept low-paying, time-demanding and ri~ky jobs oversea~;
• Women OCWs deployed as domestic workers and entertainers who

are exposed to sexual abuse and other forms of maltreatment;
• Need to strengthen and expand the coverage of pre-departure

orientation seminars including review of contents to include other
important matters such as customs, traditions, rights privileges,
benefits, laws and customs of receiving countries;
• Limited on-site assistance and services particularly legal aid. and

shelter, to overseas workers;
• Increasing incidence of reported cases of women as victims of illegal

recruitment; and
• Need to promote a more responsive perspective on intermarriages.
Through the years, legislative and policy measures promoting the

welfare and protection of women migrants were actively pursued in both
the executive and legislative branches of government. Some of these
include the following:
107
1. Imposition of a minimum age requirement for those wanting to
work abroad as domestic help, to ensure they are sufficiently
mature and are emotionally and psychologically ready to face the
risks of overseas work.
2. Suspension or temporary ban on the deployment of OCWs to

countries with civil unrest and rising cases of maltreatment and
abuse against migrant workers.
3. Issuance of DOLE Department Order No. 13, Series of 1994

instructing, among others, the development and coordination of
welfare programs for household workers, to be implemented at
the Overseas Centers primarily by the Philippine Overseas Labor
Officers. Subsequently the Philippine Overseas Employment
Agency (POEA) issued a Memorandum Circular creating a
Household Workers Center within POEA, setting standards for
licensed agencies in the deployment of household workers,
registration, training household workers, and accrediting foreign
placement agencies.
4. Raising the minimum age requirement for female performing

artists to 23 years and requiring them to complete academic and
skills training and testing before deployment abroad.
5. Issuance of Executive Order No. 182 in April 1995 creating an

Assistance to Nationals Task Force, a multi-agency task force
mandated to concerns and problems resulting from migration and
to develop effective coordination among government agencies
against illegal recruitment and the exploitation of vulnerable
groups of migrants.
6. The enactment of Republic Act 6955 which forbids the operation

of marriage bureaus and pen pal clubs matching Filipino women
with foreigners for marriage. It also prohibits the advertisement,
publication, printing and distribution of literature promoting mail-
order brides.
7. The issuance by the Department of Foreign Affairs of

Department Order No. 15-89 requiring all Filipinos who are
fiancees or spouses of foreign nationals to attend guidance and
counseling sessions of the Commission on Filipinos Overseas
prior to acquiring a passport.
108
8. Passage of an Act to institute policies on overseas employment
and to establish higher standards of protection and promotion of
the welfare of migrant workers, their families, and overseas
Filipinos in distress. This Act shall be known as the Migrant
Workers and Overseas Act of 1995.
Institutional reforms were likewise adopted by concerned

agencies. For instance, there are now more women officers deployed in
Overseas Workers Welfare Administration's (OWWA's) frontline units
and its operations abroad to attend to the special needs and problems of
women oews. Similarly, a number of programs are already in place to
generate local employment and assist those who choose to work abroad.
109
MIGRATION
Table 43. Distribution of Overseas Filipino Workers

by Place of Work, 1996
Place ,of , Number

Women
Percent Number
Men
Percent
Work
p t: '.
Hongkong 100 25.3 20 4.0
KSA 64 16.2 197 39.1
'0 9.3 11 2.2
Singapore 37
Taiwan ,.-
26 or-6.6 31 6.2
Malaysia 20 5.1 14 2.8
Italy , "', 18 4.5 5 1.0
USA 17 4.3 33 6.5
Japan 16 4.0 41 8.1
UAE 10 2.5 11 2.2
Other Countries 88 22.2 141 28.0
Total - - 396 100 g. 504. 100
Source: 1996 Survey of Overseas ~mpinos, NSO
There were more men than women working abroad. Twenty-five (25)
percent of women employed abroad were in Hongkong while 39 percent of
men counterparts were in Saudi Arabia.
111
MIGRATION
Figure 19. Proportion of Overseas Filipino Workers

by Place of Work, 1996
• Women .Men
Hongkong
Italy
Singapore
Malaysia
UAE
Taiwan
USA
Japan
KSA
Percent
Source: 1996 Survey of Overseas Filipinos, NSO
Among OFWs, there were more women than men in

Hongkong, Italy, Singapore and Malaysia. On the other hand,
men outnumbered women in United Arab Emirates, Taiwan,
USA, Japan and Saudi Arabia.
112
MIGRATION
Figure 20. Distribution of Overseas Filipino Workers

by Age-Group, 1996
120
100
80
80
20 -Men
o
tM.
••••• •• ••••••
Source: 1996 S.-vey 01 0YerMas FUipinoo. NSO
Women working abroad were relatively .younger than their men

counterparts.
More women than men OFWs were below 30 years old while more men
than women OCWs were 30 years old and over.
113
MIGRATION

by Occupation, 1995-1996
1881 1886
OCcupation Women Men Women Men
No. % No. % No. % No. %
Service Wor1<ers 276 72.8 47 11.3 308 n.8 64 12.7

Prori, Tech. & Rei.
Workers 44 11.6 51 12.2 43 10.9 65 12.9
Prod'n, Trans., Equip. &
ReI. Workers 34 9.0 287 68.8 29 7.3 330 65.6
Clerical and ReI. Workers 10 2.6 11 2.6 9 2.3 17 3.

Sales Workers 9 2.4 6 1.' 4 1.0 7 1.'
Agri., Animal Hus.,
Forestry & ReI. Workers 1 0.3 10 2.< 1 0.3 11 2.2
Admin., Exec. &
Manage:rial Workers 1 0.3 2 0.5 . - 4 0.8
Oceup. Not Adequately
Described 4 1.1 3 0.7 2 0.5 5 1.0
Total 378 100 417 100 386 100 503 100

,
"." no data
Source: 1996 Survey of Overseas Filipinos, NSO'
Women and men carry their traditional occupations abroad. Over the
period 1995-1996, 78 percent of the women OFWs were employed as
service workers while 66 percent OFW men were employed as
production, transport, equipment and related workers.
114
MIGRATION
Figure 21. Proportion of Overseas Filipino

.Women
Pron. Ted\. &. Rei. Workers
SalesWor1<:ers
Oerical and Rei. Wof1(ers
Agl., ArlrnaI Hus., Forerty &

Rel Workers
Prod'n. Trans., E~. & Rei.

W"",,,,
Percent
Working men abroad outnumber their women counterparts in all types of

occupation except in service occupations. In 1996, there were 11 men
for every woman in production, transport, equipment and related
occupations, 9 men for every woman in agriculture, 7 men for every 4
women in clerical and related workers. Men have higher representations
than women in sales and professional, technical and related work.
However, there were 4 women service workers for every man service
worker.
115
MIGRATION
Table 45. Average Cash Remittance of Overseas Filipino

Workers by Place of Work, 1995-1996
(Numbers in Pesos)
Place of 1995 1996

Work Women Men Women Men
Japan 23,584 36,229 27,701 38,005

USA 28,199 36,544 25.671 61,936
Italy 31,809 25,351 23,116 41,178
Taiwan 28,813 41,274 20,637 26,844
Hongkong 19,118 25,930 20,370 28,025
KSA 18,854 27,693 17,982 26,527
Singapore 13,222 38,352 16,514 45,594
UAE 12,902 52,050 14,376 39,114
Malaysia 11,286 17,794 9,122 22,700
Average 19,622 32,004 19,389 33,508
Men working abroad have higher average cash remittances than their
women counterparts regardless of their place of work. In 1996, the
average cash remittances of men is higher than the women's by 73
percent. Among women, those working in Japan had the highest average
cash remittances with P27,701. On the other hand, among men, those
working in USA had the highest average cash remittances with P61,936.
116
MIGRATION

by Major Occupation and Average Cash Remittance, 1995-1996
(Numbers in Pesos)
1995 1996
Occupation
Women Men Women Men
Profl, Tech. & ReI.

Workers 20,834 43,421 28,770 48.272
Prod'n, Trans., Equip. &
Rei. Workers 29,860 31,371 27,733 30.008
Clerical and Rei. Workers 37,875 29,459 22,527 33,503

Agri., Animal Hus.,
Forestry & ReI. Workers 14,884 23,789 20,000 22,368
Service Workers 17,912 25,700 17,251 35,374
Sales Workers 16,742 36,741 16,731 34,633
Admin., Exec. &
Managerial Workers 11,252 32,106 - 69,541
Occup. Not Adequately
Described 13,213 15,811 32,033 34,014
Total 19,622 32,004 19,389 33,508
"." no data
Men working abroad have higher average cash remittances than their
women counterparts in all types of occupation. In 1996, women whose
occupation is not adequately described had the highest average cash
remittances with P32,033 followed by professional, technical and related
work (P28,770). On the other hand, men in administrative, executive
and managerial work had the highest average cash remittances with
P69,541.
117
MIGRATION
Figure 22. Population of Filipino Women and Men Permanently

Residing Abroad, 1986-1995
---'-"""""""------ ....• ,
-Females
-Mates
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 •
Sourceof basic data: Commission on Filipinos Overseas
There were more women than men permanently residing abroad. This
was evident over the period 1986-1995. In general, the number of
Filipinos residing abroad was increasing though it declined in 1989 and'
continued to increase up to 1990s. It can be observed that the
proportion of Filipinos residing abroad started to show a decreasing trend
in 1994.
118
~1JiJU@1Ji) and [}YA]@[Jl)
INliE PHILIPPINES
PEACEANO
HUMAN RIGHTS
PEACE AND HUMAN RIGHTS
The situation of armed conflict in the Philippines has given rise to

the following major issues and concerns:
• Displacement of families from their own communities, affecting

women, particularly their health, education and income opportunities;
• Women in armed conflict areas as vulnerable to sexual harassment,

abuse and other forms of violence;
• Need for increased leadership roles for women as peace-

makers; and
• Need to heighten awareness of all sectors on women's rights as

human rights, and to formulate and implement policies to safeguard
these rights.
The government is currently pursuing the peace process through

peace talks with three of the armed/insurgent groups. However, only two
women sit in the three government peace panels.
Women have taken more significant roles in NGO peace groups,

and it is in these peace organizations that women have a greater
percentage of leadership positions (compared to other issue and sectoral
movements).
A significant gain at the international level was the affirmation of

women's rights as human rights at the World Conference on Human
Rights in 1993 (Vienna). The conference also called for the elimination of
gender-based violence and all forms of sexual harassment and
exploitation.
The Philippines, a signatory to the Convention on the Elimination

of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), has been
represented in the CEDAW committee for three terms.
121
Table 47. Proportion of Women and Men Victims of Crimes

by Type of Crime, 1989-1991
YearlType of Crime Women Men Unknown
1989
All Crimes 22.5 66.1 11.4
Index 21 74.3 4.7
Non-Index 24.6 54.7 20.7
1990
All Crimes 21.2 67.8 11
Index 19.2 77.5 3.3
Non-Index 23.7 55.2 21.1
1991
All Crimes 21.5 65.4 13.1
Index 19.3 77.3 3.4
Non-Index 24.4 49.4 26.2
Source: Philippine National Police Computer Center
Men constituted more than half of crime victims during the years 1989-1991
123
I
Table 48. Levels of Index Crimes in the Philippines, 1994 -1998
Index Crimes 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Crime vs Person 31,104 26,324 24,908 22,992 25127

Murder 6,446 6,096 6,141 5,766 5913
Homicide 6,390 5,546 5,167 4,540 4467
Physical Injuries 18,268 14,682 13,600 12,686 11716
Rape 2,475 2,346 2,505 2,913 3031
Crime vs Property 21,931 15,823 14,967 12,873 12378

Robbery 9,434 7,042 6,428 5,795 5519
Theft 12,497 8,781 8,539 7,078 6859
Total 53,035 42,147 39,875 35,865 37,505
The lolal number of index crimes reported consistently decreased over the
period 1994-1997 but increased in 1998. Index crimes were reported at
35,865 in 1997 and increased to 37,505 in 1998.
Homicide, physical injuries, robbery and theft exhibited a declining trend

from 1994 to 1998. Murder was also decreasing from 1994-1997 but slightly
increased in 1998. On lhe other hand, rape showed an increasing trend
over the five year period. Reported rape cases rose by 22 percent from
2,475 in 1994103,031 in 1998.
124
Figure 23. Distribution of Index Crimes Committed

in the Philippines, 1998
Murder
16%
Homicide
12%
Robbery
15%
Physical Injuries
31%
Physical injuries constituted 31 percent of the total index crimes committed in

1998. This is followed by theft (18%), murder (16%), robbery (15%), homicide
(12%) and rape (8%).
125
Figure 24. Distribution of Reported Rape Cases in the Philippines, 1994-1998
3200
3031
3000
2800
2600
2400 2346
2200
2000
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
For the period 1993-1998, the reported rape cases continued to rise. In 1998,
there were 3,031 rape cases reported to authorities. On the average, eight
women were raped every day in the Philippines. However, the growth of rape
cases went down to 4 percent in 1998 as compared to 16 percent in 1997.
126
~!JiJil@[]i) and ~@lJi)
II liE '11U'PlIES
VIOLENCE
AGAINST WOMEN
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
Awareness about the widespread and endemic violence against

women in Philippine society and the many forms it takes has risen
considerably in recent years. Several measures were taken to inciude
legal reforms and better implementation mechanisms, various attempts to
improve reporting of crimes, counseling and rehabilitation of victims, and
community education. In spite of ail this, a great deal needs to be done in
these areas. Below are the priority issues and concerns of women in the
sector:
• Increase in known cases of violence: rape, incest, battering, sexual

harassment and pornography;
• Increase in known cases of prostitution and sex trafficking;
• Inadequacy of laws (especiaily on rape) to protect women; probiems
in iaw enforcement and prosecution;
• Inadequacy of support services for women victims/survivors of
violence.
A major development has been the passage of R.A. 7877 or the

Anti-Sexual Harassment Law that criminalizes sexuai harassment in the
workplace and educational institutions.
There have also been more concrete responses to the problem of

violence against women, such as the establishment of more women's
crisis support centers, several of these being local GO-NGO network
initiatives. Community-based support for women survivors of Violence
Against Women (VAW) have been started and there is growing
recognition of the need for feminist counseling to help the women.
A presidential directive dated March 8, 1993 mandated the

setting up of policewomen's desks in priority areas, and the conduct of
training toward a more gender-sensitive response by law enforcers to
cases of violence against women.
129
Table 49. Women Victims of Domestic Violence by Selected

Characteristics by Type of Violence, 1993
Selected Number Of Type Of Domestic Violence

Characteristic Respondents Rape Physical Harm
Total During Pregnancy.

Age Group
<20 113 3.7 14.5 6.4
20-34 4177 2.5 10.2 3.1
35+ 4191 2.7 9.1 2.5
Education
No Educ.lPrimary 3739 3 11.4 3.7
Sec.Noc.rrech. 2968 2.7 10.1 2.7
College 1772 1.5 5.5 1.3
Residence
Urban 4383 2.5 9.7 2.7
Rural 4098 2.7 9.8 3.0
Total 8481 2.6 9.7 2.8
-hit, slapped, kicked or hurt physically while pregnant

Source: 1993 Safe Motherhood Survey, NSO
One in ten respondents had been physically harmed by someone close to

them; about a third of these also reported being harmed during pregnancy.
Cases of rape and physical harm were most frequently reported by

respondents under 20 years of age, and least frequently reported by more
educated respondents. The problem is as likely to occur in urban as in rural
areas.
The characteristics of respondents who reported physical harm during

pregnancy are very similar to those who reported having been physically
harmed.
131
Table 50. Cases of Violence Against Women, 1998
Classification of Cases
Offenses Number Percent
Physical Injury 2633 40.4

Rape 1054 16.2
Acts of Lasciviousness 426 6.5
Sexual Harassment 151 2.3
Attempted Rape 25 0.4
Prostitution 12 0.,
Others 2217 34.0
Total 6518 100
Source: Philippine National Police
Forty percent (40%) of the cases of violence against women filed to the
PNP are physical injuries. This is followed by rape (16%) and acts of
lasciviousness (6%).
132
Table 51. Perpetrators of Violence Against Women, 1998
Cases of Violence
Perpetrator
Percent
No relation 58.7
Husband 24.7
Relatives 6.9
Live-in 5.2
Father 1.9
Wife 1.0
Stepfather 0.8
BoylGirifriend 0.7
Mother 0.1
Total 100
(in numbers) 6518
The main perpetrators of violence against women are those with no

relation to the victims. They account for more than half (59 percent) of
the perpetrators of violence against women followed by husbands
accounting for 25 percent.
133
Table 52. Place of Occurrence of Violence Against Women, 1998
Cases of Violence
Place of Occurrence
Percent
House 64.5
Public Places 15.4
Motel/Hotel/Inn 2.4
Office 1.8
School 1.4
Others 14.5
Total 100
(in numbers) 6518
More than half of the cases of violence against women occurred in

the house.
134
Figure 25. Distribution of Victims of Violence Against Women

by Age-Group, 1998
700
600
500
300
200
100 70 73
o
18-20 21.25 28-30 31-35 ~
Age Group
41-45 46-50 51-55 5e-«)
.
61•
"""
Source: Philippine Notional Police

Note: Numbeni may not add up 10total due 10victims Who did not report their age.
Most victims of violence against women are relatively young.

Majority of the victims are 40 years old and below showing a
declining trend as the age of the victim increases.
135
Table 53. Cases of Violence Against Children, 1998
Classification of Cases
Offenses Number Percent
Rape 1917 42.2

Physical Injuries 688 15.1
Acts of Lasciviousness 664 14.6
Violation of 761 O-Child 516 11.4
Abuse
Attempted Rape 139 3.1
Maltreatment 139 3.1
Missing/Abduction 106 2.3
Child Labor/Exploitation 58 1.3
Grave Threats 32 0.7
Child Prostitution 31 0.7
Sexual Harassment 7 0.2
NeglecUAbandonment 79 1.7
Others 16 0.4
Total 4543 100
Forty-two percent (42%) of the cases of violence against children filed to

the PNP are rape cases. This is followed by cases of physical injuries
and acts of lasciviousness (15%) and child abuse (11 %).
136
e
Table 54. Perpetrators of Violence Against Children, 1998
Cases of Violence
Perpetrator
Percent
No relation 74.4
Relative 12.9
Father 8.3
Stepfather 4.2
-
Mother 0.1
Total 100
(in numbers) 4543
The perpetrators of violence against children are those with no relation to

the victims. They account for almost three-fourths (74 percent) of the
total number of perpetrators of violence against children while 26 percent
of the perpetrators are related to the victim.
137
Figure 26. Distribution of Victims of Violence Against Children

by Age-Group. 1998
8-12 yrs
44%
Forty-four percent (44%) of the victims of violence against children are

between ages 8 -12. Twenty-nine (29) percent are between ages 1-7
while those ages 13-17 comprise 27 percent of the total cases of
violence against children reported in 1998.
138
~[]Ui)@DU and ~@DlJ
II liE 'IIUPPIIES
WHAT REMAINS
TO BE DONE
WHAT REMAINS TO BE DONE
The Statistical Booklet has provided information on women

related to such areas as violence, migration, and peace which have not
been given focus in traditional statistical publications but critical to
improving the status of women. As a tool of advocacy, statistical
information seeks to increase awareness of the population on issues that
concern both women and men.' At the same time, statistics should
continue to be a tool to assist planners and decision-makers to identify
and locate problem areas for effective interventions.
There are persistent concerns in the Philippine Statistical System

(PSS) that need to be addressed relating to statistics on gender issues.
These include:
• problems in comparability and consistency of concepts, definitions

and classifications;
• gender data in raw form which remain unprocessed;
• data gaps on critical issues which need substantial resources to

collect;
• inadequate systems for storage, retrieval and use of statistics on

women; and
• lack of geographic disaggregation, at the provincial level.
As a step in developing gender statistics to address the foregoing

concerns, data improvement within the PSS covering censuses, surveys
and administrative sources are geared towards the following:
• development of tools or methodologies in generating indicators on

special concerns, e.g., quantification of housework and violence
against women and children;
• sex disaggregation of designated relevant statistics;
• development of GAD indicators system;
141
• institutionalization of gender concerns in the subnational statistical
system particularlyin Local Government Units;
• strengthened networking among users and producers of gender

statistics;
• gender sensitive administrative reporting forms; and
• formulation and implementation of gender sensitive statistical

programs and policies.
The production of statistics remains the re$ponsibilily of the national

statistical system. This will continue to be a collaborative process
between statisticians and users. ,.
142
~[fili}@llil and ~@0iJ
I. liE •• IU•••• ES
ANNEXES
Summary of Changes Made in the Second Edition of the
Women and Men: 1998 Statistical Handbook
Updated Tables and Figures
Table 1 Population and Sex Ratio by Age Group,

1995 & 2000
Table 2 Population 10 Years Old and Over by

Marital Status, 1990 & 1995
Table 3 Population of Youth Aged 15-24 Years by Age

Group, 1995 & 2000
Table 4 Socioeconomic and Demographic Characteristics

of the Youth Aged 15-24 Years, 1994
Table 5 Distribution of Households by Size by

Table 18 Distribution of Families by Poor and Non-Poor

Category by Sex of Head, 1988,1991 & 1994
Table 21 Distribution of Workers in Agriculture by Class,

1990, 1994, 1995 & 1996
Table 24 Highest Educational Attainment of Population

Table 26 Distribution of Graduates by Cluster Program,

SY 1995-1996
Table 28 Contraceptive Prevalence Rate by Method Used

By Age Group, 1998
Table 29 Infant Mortality Rates (IMR) and Child Mortality

Rates (CMR), 1998
Table 30 Life Expectancy at Birth, 1995-2020
Table 37 Distribution of Children in Especially Difficult

Situations Served by the DSWD, 1998
145
Table 38 Distribution of Youth in Difficult Situations Served
by the DSWD, 1998
Table 40 Members of Congress, 1946-1998
Table 41 Number of Elected Women and Men

Position, Election Year 1995 and 1998
Table 45 Distribution of Overseas Filipino Workers by Place of

Work and Average Cash Remittance, 1995-1996
Table 46 Distribution of Overseas Filipino Workers by Major

Occupation and Average Cash Remittance, 1995-
1996
Table 48 Levels of Index Crimes in the

Philippines, 1994-1998
Figure 1 Pyramids of the Philippine Population, 1970-2000
Figure 2 Average Number of Years an Individual Spends in

Single State, 1960-1995
Figure 3 Average Number of Children Per Woman,

1973-1998
Figure 4 Labor Force Participation Rate by Age Group,

October 1997
Figure 5 Women and Men by Occupation Group,

October 1997
Figure 6 Proportion of Women and Men by Industry,

October 1997
Figure 8 Simple Literacy Rates of Women and Men Aged

Figure 9 Proportion of Graduate Women and Men by

Figure 11 Recent Levels and Trends in Contraceptive Use,

1983-1998
146
Figure 12 Recent Levels and Trends in Maternal Mortality
Rates, 1991-1995, 1998
Figure 13 Leading Causes of Maternal Deaths, 1993
Figure 14 Recent Levels and Trends in Infant Mortality

Rates, 1986-1998
Figure 17 Proportion of Women and Men HIV Ab

Figure 18 Proportion of Women and Men National

Government Personnel by Level of Position, 1997
Figure 21 Proportion of Women and Men Overseas Filipino

Figure 22 Population of Filipino Women and Men Permanently

Residing Abroad, 1986-1995
Retained Tables and Figures
Table 15 Rural Household Income, Expenditures & Savings

by Sex of Household Head, 1985 & 1991
Table 16 Average Number of Hours Spent Per Week on

Economic and Domestic Activities by Women and
Men in Bicol, 1985, 1987 & 1990
Table 17 Average Number of Hours Spent Per Week on

Economic and Domestic Activities by Women and
Men in Mindanao,1990
Table 19 Distribution of Households by Land Ownership by

Table 20 Women Beneficiaries of Agricultural Credit

Through Grameen Bank Replication Program, 1995
Table 22 Holders of Emancipation Patents (EP) and

Certificate of Land Ownership Agreement (CLOA), 1992
147
Table 23 Land Area Distributed to EP and CLOA Holders, 1992
Table 31 Percent Distribution of Women and Men by

Nutritional Status, 1993
Table 35 Distribution of Family Heads and Other Needy

Adults SelVed by the DSWD by Clientele Category, 1990
Tabie 39 Distribution of Victims of Calamities and Social

Table 47 Proportion of Women and Men Victims of Crimes by

Type of Crime, 1989-1991
Figure 7 Recipients of Extension SelVices, 1990-1994
Additional Tables and Figures
Table 6 Employment Indicators: Women and Men Aged

Table 7 Distribution of Employed Women and Men by

Occupation, October 1997
Table 8 Distribution of Employed Women and Men by

Industry, October 1997
Table 9 Employed Persons by Highest Grade Completed

by Major Occupation Group, October 1997
Table 10 Unemployment Rates of Women and Men by

Table 11 Distribution of Women and Men Outside the

Labor Force by Reason for Not Looking for Work,
October 1997
Table 12 Distribution of Children Aged 5-17 Years by Type

of Activity, 1995
148
Table 13 Distribution of Working Children Aged 5-17 Years
by Type of Economic Activity, 1995
Table 14 Distribution of Out-of-School Youth Aged 6-24 Years

by Type of Activity Done Most of the Time, 1994
Table 25 Enrolment of Women and Men by Cluster

Table 27 Technical Vocational Education Graduates by

Table 32 Distribution of Disabled Persons by Type of

Disability, 1995
Table 33 Distribution of Drug Dependents by Age Group,

1990 & 1994
Table 34 Distribution of HIV Ab Seropositives by

Age Group, 1984-1996
Table 36 Distribution of Women in Especially Difficult

Situations Served by the DSWD by
Clientele Type, 1995-1997
Table 42 Number of Women and Men Government

Personnel by Major Subdivision, 1997
Table 43 Distribution of Overseas Filipino Workers by Place

of Work, 1996
Table 44 Distribution of Overseas Filipino Workers by

Occupation, 1996
Table 49 Women Victims of Domestic Violence by Selected

Characteristics by Type of Violence, 1993
Table 50 Cases of Violence Against Women, 1998
Table 51 Perpetrators of Violence Against Women, 1998
149
Table 52 Place of Occurrence of Violence Against Women,
1998
Table 53 Cases of Violence Against Children, 1998
Table 54 Perpetrators of Violence Against Children, 1998
Figure 10 Proportion of Technical Vocational Education

Graduate Women and Men by Cluster Program,
SY 1995-1996
Figure 15 Proportion of Disabled Women and Men by

Type of Disability, 1995
Figure 16 Percent Distribution of Drug Dependents by

Age Group, 1994
Figure 19 Proportion of Overseas Filipino Workers by Place of

Work,1996
Figure 20 Distribution of Overseas Filipino Workers by

Age Group, 1996
Figure 23 Distribution of Index Crimes Committed in the

Philippines, 1998
Figure 24 Distribution of Reported Rape Cases in the

Philippines, 1994-1998
Figure 25 Distribution of Victims of Violence Against Women

by Age-Group, 1998
Figure 26 Distribution of Victims of Violence Against Children

by Age-Group, 1998
150
Deleted Tables and Figures
Sex Ratio
Distribution of Household Heads by

Marital Status, Urban-Rural, 1990
Advancing Literacy of Rural Women
Enrolment in Public Schools by Level of

Education, SY 1993-1994
Socially Disadvantaged Women S~rved,

By Category, 1990
Government Personnel by Category of Service,

1991
Distribution of Overseas Contract Workers Per

World Region, 1992-1994
Filipinos Residing Abroad, 1981-1994
Deployed Landbased Filipino Overseas Contract

Workers, 1992-1994
Factory and Household Workers in Selected

Asian Countries, (New Hires) 1992-1994
Number of Internal Refugees, 1991-1992
151
TECHNICAL NOTES
Career Service
- characterized by entrance based on merit and fitness to be

determined as far as practicable by competitive examination, or
based on highly technical qualifications; opportunity for
advancement to higher career positions; and security of tenure.
Child Mortality Rate
- the number of deaths among children aged 1-4 per 1,000

population in the same age group
CLOA Holder
- refers to a farmer-beneficiary who was awarded a Certificate of

Land Ownership Agreement (CLOA) for the land he or she tills
under Executive Order No. 228 and Republic Act No. 6657
otherwise known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law.
The CLOA is also a title issued to farmer-beneficiaries either
individually or collectively.
Crime Rate - number of crimes committed per 100,000 population.
Economic Activities
- include activities such as primary production, processing of

primary products and fixed capital formation,
Emancipation Patents (EPs) Holder
- refers to a farmer-beneficiary in rice and corn lands covered

by Presidential Decree No.27 who was issued an Emancipation
Patent (EP). The EP is the title issued to farmer-beneficiaries
upon fulfillment of all government requirements. It symbolizes
the tiller's full emancipation from the bondage of tenancy.
Household
- consists of a group of persons who sleep in the same

dwelling unit and have common arrangements for the
preparation and consumption of food; a person living alone
constitutes one separate household.
152
Incidence of Poor Families
- refers to the number of families who fall below the poverty

incidence.
Index Crimes
- crimes which are sufficiently significant and which occuf with

sufficient regularity to be meaningful. Included in this category are
the following: murder, physical injury, robbery, theft and rape.
Infant Mortality Rate
- the number of deaths among infants (below 1 year old) per

1,000 livebirths
Labor Force
-refers to population 15 years old and over who are either

employed or unemployed.
Labor Force Participation Rate
- the ratio of the total number of persons in the labor force to the
total population 15 years old and over.
Literacy Rate
- the percentage of population which can read and write a simple

message in any language or dialect.
Maternal Mortality Rate
- the number of deaths among women associated with

pregnancy, labor and the puerperal or lying-in period
immediately before or after delivery per 1,000 livebirths
Non-I ndex Crimes
- all types of crimes not considered as index crimes.
153
Own-Account Worker
- a person who operates his or her own economic enterprise or

engages independently in a profession or trade, and hires no
employees for most of the days that his or her business or trade
was in operation during the reference period.
Unpaid Family Workers
- these are family members who assist another member in the

operation of a family firm or business enterprise without receiving
any wage or remuneration for their work.
Wage and Salary Workers
- these are employed persons working for wages, salaries,

commissions, tips, pay in kind or at piece-rates for a private
employer or for the government.
Youth
refers to population between 15 to 30 years old.
ACRONYMS OF AGENCIES
ACPC Agricultural Credit Policy Council

BAExt Bureau of Agricultural Extension
BHE Bureau of Higher Education
BWW Bureau of Women's Welfare
BWYW Bureau of Women and Young Workers
BLES Bureau of Labor and Employment Statistics
CSC Civil Service Commission
COMELEC Commission on Elections
CFO Commission on Filipinos Overseas
CHR Commission on Human Rights
DAR Department of Agrarian Reform
DA Department of Agriculture
DECS Department of Education, Culture and Sports
DFA Department of Foreign Affairs
DOH Department of Health
154
DOLE Department of Labor and Employment
DND Department of National Defense
DOST Department of Science and Technology
DSWD Department of Social Welfare and Development
ECDFC Ecumenical Commission for Displaced Families
and Communities
EMPJ Ecumenical Movement for Peace and Justice
FNRJ Food and Nutrition Research Institute
NCRFW National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women
NEDA National Economic and Development Authority
NSCB National Statistical Coordination Board
NSO National Statistics Office
NGO Non-Government Organization
OWWA Overseas Workers Welfare Administration
PNP Philippine National Police
PRC Professionai Regulations Commission
SC Supreme Court
TESDA Technical Education and Skills Development Authority
UPPI University of the Philippines Population Institute
LIST OF DATA SOURCES
1. National Statistics Office

Census of Population and Housing (1970,1980,1990, &1995)
Family Income and Expenditure Surveys (1985 & 1991)
Functional Literacy, Education, and Mass Media Survey (1994)
Integrated Survey of Households (October 1994-1996)
National Demograhic Surveys (1973,1983,1988,1993)
Republic of the Philippines Fertility Survey (1978)
Safe Motherhood Survey (1993)
Survey of Overseas Filipinos (1995)
Vital Statistics (1991-1995)
2. Commission on Elections
3. Commission on Filipino Overseas
4. Civil Service Commission
5. Career Executive Service Board
6. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Credit Policy Council
7. Food and Nutrition Research Institute
Fourth National Nutrition Survey (1993)
155
8. Dangerous Drugs Board
9. University of the Philippines Population Institute
Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Survey (1994)
10. University of the Philippines Center for Women's Studies Foundation,
Inc.
11. Philippine Overseas Employment Administration
12. Department of Health
National Epidemic Sentinel Surveillance System Annual Report
13. Department of Social Welfare and Development
14. Philippine National Police Computer Center
15. Ecumenical Commission for Displaced Families and Communities
16. Task Force on Detainees
17. National Statistical Coordination Board
Updated Population Projections, 1990-2000,
TWG on Population Projections
Final Report of the Task Force on Infant Mortality Rate
18. National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women
19. Commission on Higher Education
20. Technical Education and Skills Development Authority
ACRONYMS OF MAJOR STATISTICAL ACTIVITIES
CPH Census of Population and Housing

CPS Contraceptive Prevaience Survey
FIES Family Income and Expenditures Survey
FLEMMS Functional Literacy, Education and Mass Media Survey
ISH Integrated Survey of Households
LFS Labor Force Survey
NDS National Demographic Survey
NNS National Nutrition Survey
RPFS Republic of the Philippines Fertility Survey
SHOA Survey of Household-Operated Activities
SMS Safe Motherhood Survey
YAFSS Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Survey
156
NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD (NSCB)
Romulo A. Virola
Secretary General
Carmelita N. Ericta
Assistant Secretary General
STATISTICAL PROGRAMS AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OFFICE

(SPRMO)
Francisco K. Mallion
Director
Lina V. Castro
Assistant Director
SOCIAL SECTORS DIVISION (SSD)
Teresita B. Deveza
Division Chief
Emelyn G. Quinto
Raquel Susan V. Obedoza
Marietta V. Gumela
Laodicea F. Delos Santos
Rodrigo M. Sugano
Jessamyn O. Encarnacion
157
.r •.
WHERE TO DIRECT INQUIRIES
The Social Sectors Division (SSD)

Statistical Programs and Resource Management Office (SPRMO)
National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB)
2/F Midland Buendia Building
403 Senator Gil J. Puyat Ave.
Makati City, Metro Manila
Tel. No. 890-96-78
Fax No. 896-17-30
Email address:tb.deveza@nscb.gov.ph
158

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W@ITiJi)@ITiJlIA 0 (JO .

National Statistical Coordination Board

This is the second publication of the Statistical Handbook on

It has been recognized that in many instances, gender

This update of the statistical handbook on Women and Men

Table No. Title Page No.

1 Population and Sex Ratio by Age Group, 16

2 Population 10 Years Old and Over by 18

3 Population of Youth Aged 15-24 Years by Age 19

4 Socioeconomic and Demographic 20

5 Distribution of Households by Size by 21

6 Employment Indicators: Women and Men Aged 27

7 Distribution of Employed Women and Men by 29

8 Distribution of Employed Women and Men by 31

9 Employed Persons by Highest Grade 33

10 Unemployment Rates of Women and Men by 34

11 Distribution of Women and Men Outside the 35

12 Distnbution of Children Aged 5-17 Years by 36

13 Distribution of Working Children Aged 5-17 37

15 Rural Household Income, Expenditures & 43

16 Average Number of Hours Spent Per Week on 44

17 Average Number of Hours Spent Per Week on 45

18 Distribution of Families by Poor and Non-Poor 46

19 Distribution of Households by Land Ownership 51

20 Women Beneficiaries of Agricultural Credit 53

21 Distribution of Workers in Agriculture by Class, 54

22 Holders of Emancipation Patents (EP) and 55

25 Enrolment of Women and Men by Cluster 63

26 Distribution of Graduates by Cluster Program, 64

27 Technical Vocational Education Graduates by 66

29 Infant Mortality Rates (IMR) and Child Mortality 77

30 Life Expectancy at Birth, 1995-2020 79

31 Percent Distribution of Women and Men by 80

32 Distribution of Disabled Persons by Type of 81

33 Distribution of Drug Dependents by Age Group, 83

34 Distribution of HIV Ab Seropositives by Age 85

35 Distribution of Family Heads and Other Needy 91

36 Distribution of Women in Especially Difficult 92

37 Distribution of Children in Especially Difficult 93

38 Distribution of Youth in Difficult Situations 94

39 Distribution of Victims of Calamities and Social 95

40 Members of Congress, 1946-1998 101

41 Number of Elected Women and Men by 102

42 Number of Women and Men Government 103

44 Distribution of Overseas Filipino Workers by 114

45 Distribution of Overseas Filipino Workers by 116

46 Distribution of Overseas Filipino Workers by 117

47 Proportion of Women and Men Victims of 123

48 Levels of Index Crimes in the Philippines, 124

49 Women Victims of Domestic Violence by 131

50 Cases of Violence Against Women, 1998 132

51 Perpetrators of Violence Against Women, 1998 133

52 Place of Occurrence of Violence Against 134

53 Cases of Violence Against Children, 1998 136

54 Perpetrators of Violence Against Children, 137

Figure No. Title Page

1 Pyramids of the Philippine Population, 1970-2000 15